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Manzoli R, Badenetti L, Bruzzone M, Macario MC, Rubin M, Dal Maschio M, Roveri A, Moro E. Mucopolysaccharidosis type II zebrafish model exhibits early impaired proteasomal-mediated degradation of the axon guidance receptor Dcc. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:269. [PMID: 38627369 PMCID: PMC11021486 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06661-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Most of the patients affected by neuronopathic forms of Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II), a rare lysosomal storage disorder caused by defects in iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) activity, exhibit early neurological defects associated with white matter lesions and progressive behavioural abnormalities. While neuronal degeneration has been largely described in experimental models and human patients, more subtle neuronal pathogenic defects remain still underexplored. In this work, we discovered that the axon guidance receptor Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (Dcc) is significantly dysregulated in the brain of ids mutant zebrafish since embryonic stages. In addition, thanks to the establishment of neuronal-enriched primary cell cultures, we identified defective proteasomal degradation as one of the main pathways underlying Dcc upregulation in ids mutant conditions. Furthermore, ids mutant fish-derived primary neurons displayed higher levels of polyubiquitinated proteins and P62, suggesting a wider defect in protein degradation. Finally, we show that ids mutant larvae display an atypical response to anxiety-inducing stimuli, hence mimicking one of the characteristic features of MPS II patients. Our study provides an additional relevant frame to MPS II pathogenesis, supporting the concept that multiple developmental defects concur with early childhood behavioural abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Manzoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy.
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Badenetti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, 35128, Padova, Italy
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica "Città Della Speranza", 35127, Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Bruzzone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
- Padua Neuroscience Center - PNC, University of Padova, 35129, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Macario
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Michela Rubin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Dal Maschio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
- Padua Neuroscience Center - PNC, University of Padova, 35129, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonella Roveri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Enrico Moro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy.
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2
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Hoving JJA, Harford-Wright E, Wingfield-Digby P, Cattin AL, Campana M, Power A, Morgan T, Torchiaro E, Quereda V, Lloyd AC. N-cadherin directs the collective Schwann cell migration required for nerve regeneration through Slit2/3-mediated contact inhibition of locomotion. eLife 2024; 13:e88872. [PMID: 38591541 PMCID: PMC11052573 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration is fundamental for the development of organisms and in the adult for tissue regeneration and in pathological conditions such as cancer. Migration as a coherent group requires the maintenance of cell-cell interactions, while contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL), a local repulsive force, can propel the group forward. Here we show that the cell-cell interaction molecule, N-cadherin, regulates both adhesion and repulsion processes during Schwann cell (SC) collective migration, which is required for peripheral nerve regeneration. However, distinct from its role in cell-cell adhesion, the repulsion process is independent of N-cadherin trans-homodimerisation and the associated adherens junction complex. Rather, the extracellular domain of N-cadherin is required to present the repulsive Slit2/Slit3 signal at the cell surface. Inhibiting Slit2/Slit3 signalling inhibits CIL and subsequently collective SC migration, resulting in adherent, nonmigratory cell clusters. Moreover, analysis of ex vivo explants from mice following sciatic nerve injury showed that inhibition of Slit2 decreased SC collective migration and increased clustering of SCs within the nerve bridge. These findings provide insight into how opposing signals can mediate collective cell migration and how CIL pathways are promising targets for inhibiting pathological cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian JA Hoving
- UCL Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and the UCL Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Harford-Wright
- UCL Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and the UCL Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Patrick Wingfield-Digby
- UCL Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and the UCL Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Anne-Laure Cattin
- UCL Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and the UCL Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Mariana Campana
- UCL Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and the UCL Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alex Power
- UCL Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and the UCL Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Toby Morgan
- UCL Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and the UCL Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Erica Torchiaro
- UCL Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and the UCL Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Victor Quereda
- UCL Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and the UCL Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alison C Lloyd
- UCL Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and the UCL Cancer Institute, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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3
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Priest JM, Nichols EL, Smock RG, Hopkins JB, Mendoza JL, Meijers R, Shen K, Özkan E. Structural insights into the formation of repulsive netrin guidance complexes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj8083. [PMID: 38363837 PMCID: PMC10871540 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj8083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Netrins dictate attractive and repulsive responses during axon growth and cell migration, where the presence of the receptor Uncoordinated-5 (UNC-5) on target cells results in repulsion. Here, we showed that UNC-5 is a heparin-binding protein, determined its structure bound to a heparin fragment, and could modulate UNC-5-heparin affinity using a directed evolution platform or structure-based rational design. We demonstrated that UNC-5 and UNC-6/netrin form a large, stable, and rigid complex in the presence of heparin, and heparin and UNC-5 exclude the attractive UNC-40/DCC receptor from binding to UNC-6/netrin to a large extent. Caenorhabditis elegans with a heparin-binding-deficient UNC-5 fail to establish proper gonad morphology due to abrogated cell migration, which relies on repulsive UNC-5 signaling in response to UNC-6. Combining UNC-5 mutations targeting heparin and UNC-6/netrin contacts results in complete cell migration and axon guidance defects. Our findings establish repulsive netrin responses to be mediated through a glycosaminoglycan-regulated macromolecular complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Priest
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ev L. Nichols
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert G. Smock
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Site, c/o DESY, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jesse B. Hopkins
- The Biophysics Collaborative Access Team (BioCAT), Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
- Department of Physics, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - Juan L. Mendoza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rob Meijers
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Site, c/o DESY, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Protein Innovation (IPI), Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kang Shen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Engin Özkan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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4
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Mohammed Butt A, Rupareliya V, Hariharan A, Kumar H. Building a pathway to recovery: Targeting ECM remodeling in CNS injuries. Brain Res 2023; 1819:148533. [PMID: 37586675 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex and dynamic network of proteoglycans, proteins, and other macromolecules that surrounds cells in tissues. The ECM provides structural support to cells and plays a critical role in regulating various cellular functions. ECM remodeling is a dynamic process involving the breakdown and reconstruction of the ECM. This process occurs naturally during tissue growth, wound healing, and tissue repair. However, in the context of central nervous system (CNS) injuries, dysregulated ECM remodeling can lead to the formation of fibrotic and glial scars. CNS injuries encompass various traumatic events, including concussions and fractures. Following CNS trauma, the formation of glial and fibrotic scars becomes prominent. Glial scars primarily consist of reactive astrocytes, while fibrotic scars are characterized by an abundance of ECM proteins. ECM remodeling plays a pivotal and tightly regulated role in the development of these scars after spinal cord and brain injuries. Various factors like ECM components, ECM remodeling enzymes, cell surface receptors of ECM molecules, and downstream pathways of ECM molecules are responsible for the remodeling of the ECM. The aim of this review article is to explore the changes in ECM during normal physiological conditions and following CNS injuries. Additionally, we discuss various approaches that target various factors responsible for ECM remodeling, with a focus on promoting axon regeneration and functional recovery after CNS injuries. By targeting ECM remodeling, it may be possible to enhance axonal regeneration and facilitate functional recovery after CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayub Mohammed Butt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Vimal Rupareliya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - A Hariharan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
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5
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Cengiz Winter N, Karakaya M, Mosen P, Brusius I, Anlar B, Haliloglu G, Winter D, Wirth B. Proteomic Investigation of Differential Interactomes of Glypican 1 and a Putative Disease-Modifying Variant of Ataxia. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:3081-3095. [PMID: 37585105 PMCID: PMC10476613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
In a currently 13-year-old girl of consanguineous Turkish parents, who developed unsteady gait and polyneuropathy at the ages of 3 and 6 years, respectively, we performed whole genome sequencing and identified a biallelic missense variant c.424C>T, p.R142W in glypican 1 (GPC1) as a putative disease-associated variant. Up to date, GPC1 has not been associated with a neuromuscular disorder, and we hypothesized that this variant, predicted as deleterious, may be causative for the disease. Using mass spectrometry-based proteomics, we investigated the interactome of GPC1 WT and the missense variant. We identified 198 proteins interacting with GPC1, of which 16 were altered for the missense variant. This included CANX as well as vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) and the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) complex members, whose dysregulation could have a potential impact on disease severity in the patient. Importantly, these proteins are novel interaction partners of GPC1. At 10.5 years, the patient developed dilated cardiomyopathy and kyphoscoliosis, and Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) was suspected. Given the unusually severe phenotype in a patient with FRDA carrying only 104 biallelic GAA repeat expansions in FXN, we currently speculate that disturbed GPC1 function may have exacerbated the disease phenotype. LC-MS/MS data are accessible in the ProteomeXchange Consortium (PXD040023).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Cengiz Winter
- Institute
of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center
for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University
of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mert Karakaya
- Institute
of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center
for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University
of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center
for Rare Diseases Cologne, University Hospital
of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Mosen
- Institute
for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Isabell Brusius
- Institute
of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Banu Anlar
- Department
of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Goknur Haliloglu
- Department
of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dominic Winter
- Institute
for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Wirth
- Institute
of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center
for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University
of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center
for Rare Diseases Cologne, University Hospital
of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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6
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Cramer TML, Pinan-Lucarre B, Cavaccini A, Damilou A, Tsai YC, Bhat MA, Panzanelli P, Rama N, Mehlen P, Benke D, Karayannis T, Bessereau JL, Tyagarajan SK. Adamtsl3 mediates DCC signaling to selectively promote GABAergic synapse function. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112947. [PMID: 37572323 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular code that controls synapse formation and maintenance in vivo has remained quite sparse. Here, we identify that the secreted protein Adamtsl3 functions as critical hippocampal synapse organizer acting through the transmembrane receptor DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer). Traditionally, DCC function has been associated with glutamatergic synaptogenesis and plasticity in response to Netrin-1 signaling. We demonstrate that early post-natal deletion of Adamtsl3 in neurons impairs DCC protein expression, causing reduced density of both glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses. Adult deletion of Adamtsl3 in either GABAergic or glutamatergic neurons does not interfere with DCC-Netrin-1 function at glutamatergic synapses but controls DCC signaling at GABAergic synapses. The Adamtsl3-DCC signaling unit is further essential for activity-dependent adaptations at GABAergic synapses, involving DCC phosphorylation and Src kinase activation. These findings might be particularly relevant for schizophrenia because genetic variants in Adamtsl3 and DCC have been independently linked with schizophrenia in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M L Cramer
- University of Zurich, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Anna Cavaccini
- University of Zurich, Brain Research Institute, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angeliki Damilou
- University of Zurich, Brain Research Institute, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yuan-Chen Tsai
- University of Zurich, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Musadiq A Bhat
- University of Zurich, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrizia Panzanelli
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Nicolas Rama
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Dietmar Benke
- University of Zurich, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Theofanis Karayannis
- University of Zurich, Brain Research Institute, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Bessereau
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5284, INSERM U 1314, Melis, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Shiva K Tyagarajan
- University of Zurich, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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7
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DeGroot MS, Williams B, Chang TY, Maas Gamboa ML, Larus IM, Hong G, Fromme JC, Liu J. SMOC-1 interacts with both BMP and glypican to regulate BMP signaling in C. elegans. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002272. [PMID: 37590248 PMCID: PMC10464977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted modular calcium-binding proteins (SMOCs) are conserved matricellular proteins found in organisms from Caenorhabditis elegans to humans. SMOC homologs characteristically contain 1 or 2 extracellular calcium-binding (EC) domain(s) and 1 or 2 thyroglobulin type-1 (TY) domain(s). SMOC proteins in Drosophila and Xenopus have been found to interact with cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) to exert both positive and negative influences on the conserved bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway. In this study, we used a combination of biochemical, structural modeling, and molecular genetic approaches to dissect the functions of the sole SMOC protein in C. elegans. We showed that CeSMOC-1 binds to the heparin sulfate proteoglycan GPC3 homolog LON-2/glypican, as well as the mature domain of the BMP2/4 homolog DBL-1. Moreover, CeSMOC-1 can simultaneously bind LON-2/glypican and DBL-1/BMP. The interaction between CeSMOC-1 and LON-2/glypican is mediated specifically by the EC domain of CeSMOC-1, while the full interaction between CeSMOC-1 and DBL-1/BMP requires full-length CeSMOC-1. We provide both in vitro biochemical and in vivo functional evidence demonstrating that CeSMOC-1 functions both negatively in a LON-2/glypican-dependent manner and positively in a DBL-1/BMP-dependent manner to regulate BMP signaling. We further showed that in silico, Drosophila and vertebrate SMOC proteins can also bind to mature BMP dimers. Our work provides a mechanistic basis for how the evolutionarily conserved SMOC proteins regulate BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa S. DeGroot
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Byron Williams
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Timothy Y. Chang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria L. Maas Gamboa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Isabel M. Larus
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Garam Hong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - J. Christopher Fromme
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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8
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Wei H, Wu X, Withrow J, Cuevas-Diaz Duran R, Singh S, Chaboub LS, Rakshit J, Mejia J, Rolfe A, Herrera JJ, Horner PJ, Wu JQ. Glial progenitor heterogeneity and key regulators revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing provide insight to regeneration in spinal cord injury. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112486. [PMID: 37149868 PMCID: PMC10511029 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed the heterogeneous nature of astrocytes; however, how diverse constituents of astrocyte-lineage cells are regulated in adult spinal cord after injury and contribute to regeneration remains elusive. We perform single-cell RNA sequencing of GFAP-expressing cells from sub-chronic spinal cord injury models and identify and compare with the subpopulations in acute-stage data. We find subpopulations with distinct functional enrichment and their identities defined by subpopulation-specific transcription factors and regulons. Immunohistochemistry, RNAscope experiments, and quantification by stereology verify the molecular signature, location, and morphology of potential resident neural progenitors or neural stem cells in the adult spinal cord before and after injury and uncover the populations of the intermediate cells enriched in neuronal genes that could potentially transition into other subpopulations. This study has expanded the knowledge of the heterogeneity and cell state transition of glial progenitors in adult spinal cord before and after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Wei
- The Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xizi Wu
- The Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joseph Withrow
- The Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Raquel Cuevas-Diaz Duran
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, Mexico
| | - Simranjit Singh
- The Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lesley S Chaboub
- Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jyotirmoy Rakshit
- The Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Julio Mejia
- Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrew Rolfe
- The Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Juan J Herrera
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Philip J Horner
- Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Jia Qian Wu
- The Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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9
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Meier M, Gupta M, Akgül S, McDougall M, Imhof T, Nikodemus D, Reuten R, Moya-Torres A, To V, Ferens F, Heide F, Padilla-Meier GP, Kukura P, Huang W, Gerisch B, Mörgelin M, Poole K, Antebi A, Koch M, Stetefeld J. The dynamic nature of netrin-1 and the structural basis for glycosaminoglycan fragment-induced filament formation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1226. [PMID: 36869049 PMCID: PMC9984387 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36692-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Netrin-1 is a bifunctional chemotropic guidance cue that plays key roles in diverse cellular processes including axon pathfinding, cell migration, adhesion, differentiation, and survival. Here, we present a molecular understanding of netrin-1 mediated interactions with glycosaminoglycan chains of diverse heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and short heparin oligosaccharides. Whereas interactions with HSPGs act as platform to co-localise netrin-1 close to the cell surface, heparin oligosaccharides have a significant impact on the highly dynamic behaviour of netrin-1. Remarkably, the monomer-dimer equilibrium of netrin-1 in solution is abolished in the presence of heparin oligosaccharides and replaced with highly hierarchical and distinct super assemblies leading to unique, yet unknown netrin-1 filament formation. In our integrated approach we provide a molecular mechanism for the filament assembly which opens fresh paths towards a molecular understanding of netrin-1 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Meier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Monika Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Serife Akgül
- Center for Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Imhof
- Center for Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Denise Nikodemus
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Raphael Reuten
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Obsterics and Gynecology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Vu To
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Fraser Ferens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Fabian Heide
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | - Philipp Kukura
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Wenming Huang
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Birgit Gerisch
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Kate Poole
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert Roessle Str 10, Berlin-Buch, Germany.,EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adam Antebi
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany. .,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany.
| | - Manuel Koch
- Center for Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany. .,Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany. .,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Jörg Stetefeld
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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10
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DeGroot MS, Williams B, Chang TY, Maas Gamboa ML, Larus I, Fromme JC, Liu J. C. elegans SMOC-1 interacts with both BMP and glypican to regulate BMP signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.06.523017. [PMID: 36711863 PMCID: PMC9881921 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.06.523017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Secreted modular calcium binding (SMOC) proteins are conserved matricellular proteins found in organisms from C. elegans to humans. SMOC homologs characteristically contain one or two extracellular calcium (EC) binding domain(s) and one or two thyroglobulin type-1 (TY) domain(s). SMOC proteins in Drosophila and Xenopus have been found to interact with cell surface heparan sulfate protein glycans (HSPGs) to exert both positive and negative influences on the conserved bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway. In this study, we used a combination of biochemical, structural modeling, and molecular genetic approaches to dissect the functions of the sole SMOC protein in C. elegans . We showed that SMOC-1 binds LON-2/glypican, as well as the mature domain of DBL-1/BMP. Moreover, SMOC-1 can simultaneously bind LON-2/glypican and DBL-1/BMP. The interaction between SMOC-1 and LON-2/glypican is mediated by the EC domain of SMOC-1, while the interaction between SMOC-1 and DBL-1/BMP involves full-length SMOC-1. We further showed that while SMOC-1(EC) is sufficient to promote BMP signaling when overexpressed, both the EC and TY domains are required for SMOC-1 function at the endogenous locus. Finally, when overexpressed, SMOC-1 can promote BMP signaling in the absence of LON-2/glypican. Taken together, our findings led to a model where SMOC-1 functions both negatively in a LON-2-dependent manner and positively in a LON-2-independent manner to regulate BMP signaling. Our work provides a mechanistic basis for how the evolutionarily conserved SMOC proteins regulate BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa S. DeGroot
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Byron Williams
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Timothy Y Chang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Maria L. Maas Gamboa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Isabel Larus
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | | | - Jun Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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11
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Cortés E, Pak JS, Özkan E. Structure and evolution of neuronal wiring receptors and ligands. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:27-60. [PMID: 35727136 PMCID: PMC10084454 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the fundamental properties of a neuronal circuit is the map of its connections. The cellular and developmental processes that allow for the growth of axons and dendrites, selection of synaptic targets, and formation of functional synapses use neuronal surface receptors and their interactions with other surface receptors, secreted ligands, and matrix molecules. Spatiotemporal regulation of the expression of these receptors and cues allows for specificity in the developmental pathways that wire stereotyped circuits. The families of molecules controlling axon guidance and synapse formation are generally conserved across animals, with some important exceptions, which have consequences for neuronal connectivity. Here, we summarize the distribution of such molecules across multiple taxa, with a focus on model organisms, evolutionary processes that led to the multitude of such molecules, and functional consequences for the diversification or loss of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cortés
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joseph S Pak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Engin Özkan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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12
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Akkermans O, Delloye-Bourgeois C, Peregrina C, Carrasquero-Ordaz M, Kokolaki M, Berbeira-Santana M, Chavent M, Reynaud F, Raj R, Agirre J, Aksu M, White ES, Lowe E, Ben Amar D, Zaballa S, Huo J, Pakos I, McCubbin PTN, Comoletti D, Owens RJ, Robinson CV, Castellani V, Del Toro D, Seiradake E. GPC3-Unc5 receptor complex structure and role in cell migration. Cell 2022; 185:3931-3949.e26. [PMID: 36240740 PMCID: PMC9596381 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neural migration is a critical step during brain development that requires the interactions of cell-surface guidance receptors. Cancer cells often hijack these mechanisms to disseminate. Here, we reveal crystal structures of Uncoordinated-5 receptor D (Unc5D) in complex with morphogen receptor glypican-3 (GPC3), forming an octameric glycoprotein complex. In the complex, four Unc5D molecules pack into an antiparallel bundle, flanked by four GPC3 molecules. Central glycan-glycan interactions are formed by N-linked glycans emanating from GPC3 (N241 in human) and C-mannosylated tryptophans of the Unc5D thrombospondin-like domains. MD simulations, mass spectrometry and structure-based mutants validate the crystallographic data. Anti-GPC3 nanobodies enhance or weaken Unc5-GPC3 binding and, together with mutant proteins, show that Unc5/GPC3 guide migrating pyramidal neurons in the mouse cortex, and cancer cells in an embryonic xenograft neuroblastoma model. The results demonstrate a conserved structural mechanism of cell guidance, where finely balanced Unc5-GPC3 interactions regulate cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onno Akkermans
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Céline Delloye-Bourgeois
- MeLis, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5284, INSERM U1314, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 8 avenue Rockefeller 69008 Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Claudia Peregrina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Carrasquero-Ordaz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maria Kokolaki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Miguel Berbeira-Santana
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthieu Chavent
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Florie Reynaud
- MeLis, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5284, INSERM U1314, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 8 avenue Rockefeller 69008 Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Ritu Raj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jon Agirre
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - Metin Aksu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor S White
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Edward Lowe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dounia Ben Amar
- MeLis, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5284, INSERM U1314, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 8 avenue Rockefeller 69008 Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sofia Zaballa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jiandong Huo
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK; Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Irene Pakos
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Patrick T N McCubbin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Davide Comoletti
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Raymond J Owens
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, UK; Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carol V Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Valérie Castellani
- MeLis, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5284, INSERM U1314, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 8 avenue Rockefeller 69008 Lyon, Lyon, France.
| | - Daniel Del Toro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Elena Seiradake
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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13
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Godini R, Fallahi H, Pocock R. The regulatory landscape of neurite development in Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:974208. [PMID: 36090252 PMCID: PMC9453034 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.974208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal communication requires precise connectivity of neurite projections (axons and dendrites). Developing neurites express cell-surface receptors that interpret extracellular cues to enable correct guidance toward, and connection with, target cells. Spatiotemporal regulation of neurite guidance molecule expression by transcription factors (TFs) is critical for nervous system development and function. Here, we review how neurite development is regulated by TFs in the Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system. By collecting publicly available transcriptome and ChIP-sequencing data, we reveal gene expression dynamics during neurite development, providing insight into transcriptional mechanisms governing construction of the nervous system architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Godini
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Rasoul Godini,
| | - Hossein Fallahi
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Roger Pocock
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Roger Pocock,
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14
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Das S, Min S, Prahlad V. Gene bookmarking by the heat shock transcription factor programs the insulin-like signaling pathway. Mol Cell 2021; 81:4843-4860.e8. [PMID: 34648748 PMCID: PMC8642288 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Maternal stress can have long-lasting epigenetic effects on offspring. To examine how epigenetic changes are triggered by stress, we examined the effects of activating the universal stress-responsive heat shock transcription factor HSF-1 in the germline of Caenorhabditis elegans. We show that, when activated in germ cells, HSF-1 recruits MET-2, the putative histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9) methyltransferase responsible for repressive H3K9me2 (H3K9 dimethyl) marks in chromatin, and negatively bookmarks the insulin receptor daf-2 and other HSF-1 target genes. Increased H3K9me2 at these genes persists in adult progeny and shifts their stress response strategy away from inducible chaperone expression as a mechanism to survive stress and instead rely on decreased insulin/insulin growth factor (IGF-1)-like signaling (IIS). Depending on the duration of maternal heat stress exposure, this epigenetic memory is inherited by the next generation. Thus, paradoxically, HSF-1 recruits the germline machinery normally responsible for erasing transcriptional memory but, instead, establishes a heritable epigenetic memory of prior stress exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijit Das
- Department of Biology, Aging Mind and Brain Initiative, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324, USA
| | - Sehee Min
- Department of Biology, Aging Mind and Brain Initiative, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324, USA
| | - Veena Prahlad
- Department of Biology, Aging Mind and Brain Initiative, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324, USA; Department of Biology, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, 169 Newton Road, 2312 Pappajohn Biomedical Discovery Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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15
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Loss of the Extracellular Matrix Protein DIG-1 Causes Glial Fragmentation, Dendrite Breakage, and Dendrite Extension Defects. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:jdb9040042. [PMID: 34698211 PMCID: PMC8544517 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) guides and constrains the shape of the nervous system. In C. elegans, DIG-1 is a giant ECM component that is required for fasciculation of sensory dendrites during development and for maintenance of axon positions throughout life. We identified four novel alleles of dig-1 in three independent screens for mutants affecting disparate aspects of neuronal and glial morphogenesis. First, we find that disruption of DIG-1 causes fragmentation of the amphid sheath glial cell in larvae and young adults. Second, it causes severing of the BAG sensory dendrite from its terminus at the nose tip, apparently due to breakage of the dendrite as animals reach adulthood. Third, it causes embryonic defects in dendrite fasciculation in inner labial (IL2) sensory neurons, as previously reported, as well as rare defects in IL2 dendrite extension that are enhanced by loss of the apical ECM component DYF-7, suggesting that apical and basolateral ECM contribute separately to dendrite extension. Our results highlight novel roles for DIG-1 in maintaining the cellular integrity of neurons and glia, possibly by creating a barrier between structures in the nervous system.
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16
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Ma K, Xing S, Luan Y, Zhang C, Liu Y, Fei Y, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Chen X. Glypican 4 Regulates Aβ Internalization in Neural Stem Cells Partly via Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:732429. [PMID: 34552470 PMCID: PMC8450433 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.732429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) damage has been reported in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Intracellular Aβ plays a vital role in NSC damage. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are potent mediators of Aβ enrichment in the brain. We hypothesized the heparan sulfate proteoglycan glypican 4 (Gpc4) regulates Aβ internalization by NSCs. We evaluated Gpc4 expression in NSCs from P0–P2 generations using immunofluorescence. Adenovirus and lentivirus were used to regulate Gpc4 expression in NSCs and APP/PS1 mice, respectively. Co-immunoprecipitation was used to determine the relationship between Gpc4, Aβ, and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). Intracellular Aβ concentrations were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence. The role of Gpc4/LRP1 on toxic/physical Aβ-induced effects was evaluated using the JC-1 kit, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUPT nick end labeling, and western blotting. Gpc4 was stably expressed in NSCs, neurons, and astrocytes. Gpc4 was upregulated by Aβ in NSCs and regulated Aβ internalization. Gpc4 attenuation reduced Aβ uptake; Gpc4 overexpression increased Aβ uptake. Gpc4 regulated Aβ internalization through LRP1 and contributed to Aβ internalization and toxic/physical concentrations of Aβ-induced mitochondrial membrane potential and cell apoptosis, partly via LRP1. Therefore, Gpc4 is a key regulator of Aβ enrichment in NSCs. Inhibiting Gpc4 rescued the Aβ-induced toxic effect and attenuated the nontoxic Aβ enrichment into intracellular toxic concentrations. Gpc4 contributed to Aβ internalization and toxic/physical concentrations of Aβ-induced mitochondrial membrane potential damage and cell apoptosis, partly via LRP1. These findings suggest a potential role of Gpc4 in treating Alzheimer’s disease at an early stage, by targeting NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaige Ma
- Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Shan Xing
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Luan
- Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Chenglin Zhang
- 2018 Grade, Zonglian College, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yingfei Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yulang Fei
- Medical College, Xijing University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinlin Chen
- Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
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17
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Hayes AJ, Melrose J. Neural Tissue Homeostasis and Repair Is Regulated via CS and DS Proteoglycan Motifs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:696640. [PMID: 34409033 PMCID: PMC8365427 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.696640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is the most abundant and widely distributed glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in the human body. As a component of proteoglycans (PGs) it has numerous roles in matrix stabilization and cellular regulation. This chapter highlights the roles of CS and CS-PGs in the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS/PNS). CS has specific cell regulatory roles that control tissue function and homeostasis. The CNS/PNS contains a diverse range of CS-PGs which direct the development of embryonic neural axonal networks, and the responses of neural cell populations in mature tissues to traumatic injury. Following brain trauma and spinal cord injury, a stabilizing CS-PG-rich scar tissue is laid down at the defect site to protect neural tissues, which are amongst the softest tissues of the human body. Unfortunately, the CS concentrated in gliotic scars also inhibits neural outgrowth and functional recovery. CS has well known inhibitory properties over neural behavior, and animal models of CNS/PNS injury have demonstrated that selective degradation of CS using chondroitinase improves neuronal functional recovery. CS-PGs are present diffusely in the CNS but also form denser regions of extracellular matrix termed perineuronal nets which surround neurons. Hyaluronan is immobilized in hyalectan CS-PG aggregates in these perineural structures, which provide neural protection, synapse, and neural plasticity, and have roles in memory and cognitive learning. Despite the generally inhibitory cues delivered by CS-A and CS-C, some CS-PGs containing highly charged CS disaccharides (CS-D, CS-E) or dermatan sulfate (DS) disaccharides that promote neural outgrowth and functional recovery. CS/DS thus has varied cell regulatory properties and structural ECM supportive roles in the CNS/PNS depending on the glycoform present and its location in tissue niches and specific cellular contexts. Studies on the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have provided insightful information on neural interconnectivity and the role of the ECM and its PGs in neural development and in tissue morphogenesis in a whole organism environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Hayes
- Bioimaging Research Hub, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St. Leonard’s, NSW, Australia
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18
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Zhou X, Vachon C, Cizeron M, Romatif O, Bülow HE, Jospin M, Bessereau JL. The HSPG syndecan is a core organizer of cholinergic synapses. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212450. [PMID: 34213535 PMCID: PMC8258370 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202011144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix has emerged as an active component of chemical synapses regulating synaptic formation, maintenance, and homeostasis. The heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) syndecans are known to regulate cellular and axonal migration in the brain. They are also enriched at synapses, but their synaptic functions remain more elusive. Here, we show that SDN-1, the sole orthologue of syndecan in C. elegans, is absolutely required for the synaptic clustering of homomeric α7-like acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) and regulates the synaptic content of heteromeric AChRs. SDN-1 is concentrated at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) by the neurally secreted synaptic organizer Ce-Punctin/MADD-4, which also activates the transmembrane netrin receptor DCC. Those cooperatively recruit the FARP and CASK orthologues that localize α7-like-AChRs at cholinergic NMJs through physical interactions. Therefore, SDN-1 stands at the core of the cholinergic synapse organization by bridging the extracellular synaptic determinants to the intracellular synaptic scaffold that controls the postsynaptic receptor content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 5310, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon, France
| | - Camille Vachon
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 5310, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon, France
| | - Mélissa Cizeron
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 5310, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon, France
| | - Océane Romatif
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 5310, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon, France
| | - Hannes E Bülow
- Department of Genetics and Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Maëlle Jospin
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 5310, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Louis Bessereau
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 5310, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon, France
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19
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Yin C, Peterman E, Rasmussen JP, Parrish JZ. Transparent Touch: Insights From Model Systems on Epidermal Control of Somatosensory Innervation. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:680345. [PMID: 34135734 PMCID: PMC8200473 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.680345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatosensory neurons (SSNs) densely innervate our largest organ, the skin, and shape our experience of the world, mediating responses to sensory stimuli including touch, pressure, and temperature. Historically, epidermal contributions to somatosensation, including roles in shaping innervation patterns and responses to sensory stimuli, have been understudied. However, recent work demonstrates that epidermal signals dictate patterns of SSN skin innervation through a variety of mechanisms including targeting afferents to the epidermis, providing instructive cues for branching morphogenesis, growth control and structural stability of neurites, and facilitating neurite-neurite interactions. Here, we focus onstudies conducted in worms (Caenorhabditis elegans), fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), and zebrafish (Danio rerio): prominent model systems in which anatomical and genetic analyses have defined fundamental principles by which epidermal cells govern SSN development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jay Z. Parrish
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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20
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Melrose J, Hayes AJ, Bix G. The CNS/PNS Extracellular Matrix Provides Instructive Guidance Cues to Neural Cells and Neuroregulatory Proteins in Neural Development and Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5583. [PMID: 34070424 PMCID: PMC8197505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracellular matrix of the PNS/CNS is unusual in that it is dominated by glycosaminoglycans, especially hyaluronan, whose space filling and hydrating properties make essential contributions to the functional properties of this tissue. Hyaluronan has a relatively simple structure but its space-filling properties ensure micro-compartments are maintained in the brain ultrastructure, ensuring ionic niches and gradients are maintained for optimal cellular function. Hyaluronan has cell-instructive, anti-inflammatory properties and forms macro-molecular aggregates with the lectican CS-proteoglycans, forming dense protective perineuronal net structures that provide neural and synaptic plasticity and support cognitive learning. AIMS To highlight the central nervous system/peripheral nervous system (CNS/PNS) and its diverse extracellular and cell-associated proteoglycans that have cell-instructive properties regulating neural repair processes and functional recovery through interactions with cell adhesive molecules, receptors and neuroregulatory proteins. Despite a general lack of stabilising fibrillar collagenous and elastic structures in the CNS/PNS, a sophisticated dynamic extracellular matrix is nevertheless important in tissue form and function. CONCLUSIONS This review provides examples of the sophistication of the CNS/PNS extracellular matrix, showing how it maintains homeostasis and regulates neural repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Anthony J. Hayes
- Bioimaging Research Hub, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK;
| | - Gregory Bix
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
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21
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Mutalik SP, Gupton SL. Glycosylation in Axonal Guidance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105143. [PMID: 34068002 PMCID: PMC8152249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
How millions of axons navigate accurately toward synaptic targets during development is a long-standing question. Over decades, multiple studies have enriched our understanding of axonal pathfinding with discoveries of guidance molecules and morphogens, their receptors, and downstream signalling mechanisms. Interestingly, classification of attractive and repulsive cues can be fluid, as single guidance cues can act as both. Similarly, guidance cues can be secreted, chemotactic cues or anchored, adhesive cues. How a limited set of guidance cues generate the diversity of axonal guidance responses is not completely understood. Differential expression and surface localization of receptors, as well as crosstalk and spatiotemporal patterning of guidance cues, are extensively studied mechanisms that diversify axon guidance pathways. Posttranslational modification is a common, yet understudied mechanism of diversifying protein functions. Many proteins in axonal guidance pathways are glycoproteins and how glycosylation modulates their function to regulate axonal motility and guidance is an emerging field. In this review, we discuss major classes of glycosylation and their functions in axonal pathfinding. The glycosylation of guidance cues and guidance receptors and their functional implications in axonal outgrowth and pathfinding are discussed. New insights into current challenges and future perspectives of glycosylation pathways in neuronal development are discussed.
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22
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Amran A, Pigatto L, Pocock R, Gopal S. Functions of the extracellular matrix in development: Lessons from Caenorhabditis elegans. Cell Signal 2021; 84:110006. [PMID: 33857577 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell-extracellular matrix interactions are crucial for the development of an organism from the earliest stages of embryogenesis. The main constituents of the extracellular matrix are collagens, laminins, proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans that form a network of interactions. The extracellular matrix and its associated molecules provide developmental cues and structural support from the outside of cells during development. The complex nature of the extracellular matrix and its ability for continuous remodeling poses challenges when investigating extracellular matrix-based signaling during development. One way to address these challenges is to employ invertebrate models such as Caenorhabditis elegans, which are easy to genetically manipulate and have an invariant developmental program. C. elegans also expresses fewer extracellular matrix protein isoforms and exhibits reduced redundancy compared to mammalian models, thus providing a simpler platform for exploring development. This review summarizes our current understanding of how the extracellular matrix controls the development of neurons, muscles and the germline in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqilah Amran
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Lara Pigatto
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Roger Pocock
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sandeep Gopal
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Abstract
Establishment of neural circuits requires reproducible and precise interactions between growing axons, dendrites and their tissue environment. Cell adhesion molecules and guidance factors are involved in the process, but how specificity is achieved remains poorly understood. Glycans are the third major class of biopolymers besides nucleic acids and proteins, and are usually covalently linked to proteins to form glycoconjugates. Common to most glycans is an extraordinary level of molecular diversity, making them attractive candidates to contribute specificity during neural development. Indeed, many genes important for neural development encode glycoproteins, or enzymes involved in synthesizing or modifying glycans. Glycoconjugates are classified based on both the types of glycans and type of attachment that link them to proteins. Here I discuss progress in understanding the function of glycans, glycan modifications and glycoconjugates during neural development in Caenorhabditis elegans. I will also highlight relevance to human disease and known roles of glycoconjugates in regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes E Bülow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
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24
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Gopal S, Arokiasamy S, Pataki C, Whiteford JR, Couchman JR. Syndecan receptors: pericellular regulators in development and inflammatory disease. Open Biol 2021; 11:200377. [PMID: 33561383 PMCID: PMC8061687 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The syndecans are the major family of transmembrane proteoglycans, usually bearing multiple heparan sulfate chains. They are present on virtually all nucleated cells of vertebrates and are also present in invertebrates, indicative of a long evolutionary history. Genetic models in both vertebrates and invertebrates have shown that syndecans link to the actin cytoskeleton and can fine-tune cell adhesion, migration, junction formation, polarity and differentiation. Although often associated as co-receptors with other classes of receptors (e.g. integrins, growth factor and morphogen receptors), syndecans can nonetheless signal to the cytoplasm in discrete ways. Syndecan expression levels are upregulated in development, tissue repair and an array of human diseases, which has led to the increased appreciation that they may be important in pathogenesis not only as diagnostic or prognostic agents, but also as potential targets. Here, their functions in development and inflammatory diseases are summarized, including their potential roles as conduits for viral pathogen entry into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Gopal
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Samantha Arokiasamy
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Csilla Pataki
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Biocentre 1.3.16, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - James R. Whiteford
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - John R. Couchman
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Biocentre 1.3.16, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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25
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Synaptic Protein Degradation Controls Sexually Dimorphic Circuits through Regulation of DCC/UNC-40. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4128-4141.e5. [PMID: 32857970 PMCID: PMC7658809 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sexually dimorphic circuits underlie behavioral differences between the sexes, yet the molecular mechanisms involved in their formation are poorly understood. We show here that sexually dimorphic connectivity patterns arise in C. elegans through local ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation in selected synapses of one sex but not the other. Specifically, synaptic degradation occurs via binding of the evolutionary conserved E3 ligase SEL-10/FBW7 to a phosphodegron binding site of the netrin receptor UNC-40/DCC (Deleted in Colorectal Cancer), resulting in degradation of UNC-40. In animals carrying an undegradable unc-40 gain-of-function allele, synapses were retained in both sexes, compromising the activity of the circuit without affecting neurite guidance. Thus, by decoupling the synaptic and guidance functions of the netrin pathway, we reveal a critical role for dimorphic protein degradation in controlling neuronal connectivity and activity. Additionally, the interaction between SEL-10 and UNC-40 is necessary not only for sex-specific synapse pruning, but also for other synaptic functions. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms that generate sex-specific differences in neuronal connectivity, activity, and function. Sex-specific synapse pruning during development is regulated by the ubiquitin pathway The E3 ligase SEL-10 targets the UNC-40 netrin receptor via binding to a CPD motif UNC-40 degradation leads to synapse removal only in hermaphrodites, not males CPD mutations disrupt synaptic functions of UNC-40, leaving axon guidance intact
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26
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Characterization of C. elegans Chondroitin Proteoglycans and Their Large Functional and Structural Heterogeneity; Evolutionary Aspects on Structural Differences Between Humans and the Nematode. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 21:155-170. [PMID: 32185697 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans regulate important cellular pathways in essentially all metazoan organisms. While considerable effort has been devoted to study structural and functional aspects of proteoglycans in vertebrates, the knowledge of the core proteins and proteoglycan-related functions in invertebrates is relatively scarce, even for C.elegans. This nematode produces a large amount of non-sulfated chondroitin in addition to small amount of low-sulfated chondroitin chains (Chn and CS chains, respectively). Until recently, 9 chondroitin core proteins (CPGs) had been identified in C.elegans, none of which showed any homology to vertebrate counterparts or to other invertebrate core proteins. By using a glycoproteomic approach, we recently characterized the chondroitin glycoproteome of C.elegans, resulting in the identification of 15 novel CPG core proteins in addition to the 9 previously established. Three of the novel core proteins displayed homology to human proteins, indicating that CPG and CSPG core proteins may be more conserved throughout evolution than previously perceived. Bioinformatic analysis of the primary amino acid sequences revealed that the core proteins contained a broad range of functional domains, indicating that specialization of proteoglycan-mediated functions may have evolved early in metazoan evolution. This review specifically discusses our recent data in relation to previous knowledge of core proteins and GAG-attachment sites in Chn and CS proteoglycans of C.elegans and humans, and point out both converging and diverging aspects of proteoglycan evolution.
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27
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Meijers R, Smock RG, Zhang Y, Wang JH. Netrin Synergizes Signaling and Adhesion through DCC. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 45:6-12. [PMID: 31704057 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Netrin is a prototypical axon guidance cue. Structural studies have revealed how netrin interacts with the deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) receptor, other receptors, and co-factors for signaling. Recently, genetic studies suggested that netrin is involved in neuronal haptotaxis, which requires a reversible adhesion process. Structural data indicate that netrin can also mediate trans-adhesion between apposing cells decorated with its receptors on the condition that the auxiliary guidance cue draxin is present. Here, we propose that netrin is involved in conditional adhesion, a reversible and localized process that can contribute to cell adhesion and migration. We suggest that netrin-mediated adhesion and signaling are linked, and that local environmental factors in the ventricular zone, the floor plate, or other tissues coordinate its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Meijers
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Robert G Smock
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jia-Huai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871 China; Department of Medical Oncology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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28
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Ye X, Qiu Y, Gao Y, Wan D, Zhu H. A Subtle Network Mediating Axon Guidance: Intrinsic Dynamic Structure of Growth Cone, Attractive and Repulsive Molecular Cues, and the Intermediate Role of Signaling Pathways. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:1719829. [PMID: 31097955 PMCID: PMC6487106 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1719829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental feature of both early nervous system development and axon regeneration is the guidance of axonal projections to their targets in order to assemble neural circuits that control behavior. In the navigation process where the nerves grow toward their targets, the growth cones, which locate at the tips of axons, sense the environment surrounding them, including varies of attractive or repulsive molecular cues, then make directional decisions to adjust their navigation journey. The turning ability of a growth cone largely depends on its highly dynamic skeleton, where actin filaments and microtubules play a very important role in its motility. In this review, we summarize some possible mechanisms underlying growth cone motility, relevant molecular cues, and signaling pathways in axon guidance of previous studies and discuss some questions regarding directions for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyue Ye
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center for Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yan Qiu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center for Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuqing Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center for Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dong Wan
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Huifeng Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center for Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400715, China
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29
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Stepp MA, Pal-Ghosh S, Tadvalkar G, Williams AR, Pflugfelder SC, de Paiva CS. Reduced Corneal Innervation in the CD25 Null Model of Sjögren Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123821. [PMID: 30513621 PMCID: PMC6320862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased corneal innervation is frequent in patients with Sjögren Syndrome (SS). To investigate the density and morphology of the intraepithelial corneal nerves (ICNs), corneal sensitivity, epithelial cell proliferation, and changes in mRNA expression of genes that are involved in autophagy and axon targeting and extension were assessed using the IL-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25 null) model of SS. ICN density and thickness in male and female wt and CD25 null corneas were assessed at 4, 6, 8, and 10/11 wk of age. Cell proliferation was assessed using ki67. Mechanical corneal sensitivity was measured. Quantitative PCR was performed to quantify expression of beclin 1, LC3, Lamp-1, Lamp-2, CXCL-1, BDNF, NTN1, DCC, Unc5b1, Efna4, Efna5, Rgma, and p21 in corneal epithelial mRNA. A significant reduction in corneal axon density and mechanical sensitivity were observed, which negatively correlate with epithelial cell proliferation. CD25 null mice have increased expression of genes regulating autophagy (beclin-1, LC3, LAMP-1, LAMP-2, CXCL1, and BDNF) and no change was observed in genes that were related to axonal targeting and extension. Decreased anatomic corneal innervation in the CD25 null SS model is accompanied by reduced corneal sensitivity, increased corneal epithelial cell proliferation, and increased expression of genes regulating phagocytosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Stepp
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | - Sonali Pal-Ghosh
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | - Gauri Tadvalkar
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | - Alexa R Williams
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | - Stephen C Pflugfelder
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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30
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Smock RG, Meijers R. Roles of glycosaminoglycans as regulators of ligand/receptor complexes. Open Biol 2018; 8:rsob.180026. [PMID: 30282658 PMCID: PMC6223220 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play a widespread role in embryonic development, as deletion of enzymes that contribute to GAG synthesis lead to deficiencies in cell migration and tissue modelling. Despite the biochemical and structural characterization of individual protein/GAG interactions, there is no concept available that links the molecular mechanisms of GAG/protein engagements to tissue development. Here, we focus on the role of GAG polymers in mediating interactions between cell surface receptors and their ligands. We categorize several switches that lead to ligand activation, inhibition, selection and addition, based on recent structural studies of select receptor/ligand complexes. Based on these principles, we propose that individual GAG polymers may affect several receptor pathways in parallel, orchestrating a cellular response to an environmental cue. We believe that it is worthwhile to study the role of GAGs as molecular switches, as this may lead to novel drug candidates to target processes such as angiogenesis, neuroregeneration and tumour metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Smock
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rob Meijers
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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31
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Yang T, Huang H, Shao Q, Yee S, Majumder T, Liu G. miR-92 Suppresses Robo1 Translation to Modulate Slit Sensitivity in Commissural Axon Guidance. Cell Rep 2018; 24:2694-2708.e6. [PMID: 30184503 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporospatial regulation of guidance signaling is essential for axon outgrowth and pathfinding in the developing nervous system. Regulation of Robo1 levels in commissural neurons modulates Slit sensitivity facilitating proper axon guidance. The mechanisms underlying this regulation in the vertebrate nervous system are not well understood. Here, we report that miR-92, a highly conserved microRNA (miRNA), regulates chicken Robo1 expression in commissural neurons by binding to the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of Robo1 mRNA. miR-92 and Robo1 are differentially expressed in the developing spinal cord. miR-92 interacts with the Robo1 3'UTR to cause translational repression, but not mRNA degradation. Disruption of the miR-92/Robo1 3' UTR interaction induces premature responsiveness to Slit2 repulsion of precrossing commissural axons (CAs) in vitro and causes CA projection defects in vivo. These results indicate that miR-92 represses Robo1 expression thereby regulating Slit sensitivity to control CA projection and midline crossing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, M.S. 601, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Huai Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, M.S. 601, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Qiangqiang Shao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, M.S. 601, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Shirley Yee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, M.S. 601, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Tanushree Majumder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, M.S. 601, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Guofa Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, M.S. 601, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
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32
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Boyer NP, Gupton SL. Revisiting Netrin-1: One Who Guides (Axons). Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:221. [PMID: 30108487 PMCID: PMC6080411 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper patterning of the nervous system requires that developing axons find appropriate postsynaptic partners; this entails microns to meters of extension through an extracellular milieu exhibiting a wide range of mechanical and chemical properties. Thus, the elaborate networks of fiber tracts and non-fasciculated axons evident in mature organisms are formed via complex pathfinding. The macroscopic structures of axon projections are highly stereotyped across members of the same species, indicating precise mechanisms guide their formation. The developing axon exhibits directionally biased growth toward or away from external guidance cues. One of the most studied guidance cues is netrin-1, however, its presentation in vivo remains debated. Guidance cues can be secreted to form soluble or chemotactic gradients or presented bound to cells or the extracellular matrix to form haptotactic gradients. The growth cone, a highly specialized dynamic structure at the end of the extending axon, detects these guidance cues via transmembrane receptors, such as the netrin-1 receptors deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) and UNC5. These receptors orchestrate remodeling of the cytoskeleton and cell membrane through both chemical and mechanotransductive pathways, which result in traction forces generated by the cytoskeleton against the extracellular environment and translocation of the growth cone. Through intracellular signaling responses, netrin-1 can trigger either attraction or repulsion of the axon. Here we review the mechanisms by which the classical guidance cue netrin-1 regulates intracellular effectors to respond to the extracellular environment in the context of axon guidance during development of the central nervous system and discuss recent findings that demonstrate the critical importance of mechanical forces in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P. Boyer
- Neurobiology Curriculum, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Stephanie L. Gupton
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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33
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Synaptogenesis Is Modulated by Heparan Sulfate in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2018; 209:195-208. [PMID: 29559501 PMCID: PMC5937176 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.300837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The nervous system regulates complex behaviors through a network of neurons interconnected by synapses. How specific synaptic connections are genetically determined is still unclear. Male mating is the most complex behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans It is composed of sequential steps that are governed by > 3000 chemical connections. Here, we show that heparan sulfates (HS) play a role in the formation and function of the male neural network. HS, sulfated in position 3 by the HS modification enzyme HST-3.1/HS 3-O-sulfotransferase and attached to the HS proteoglycan glypicans LON-2/glypican and GPN-1/glypican, functions cell-autonomously and nonautonomously for response to hermaphrodite contact during mating. Loss of 3-O sulfation resulted in the presynaptic accumulation of RAB-3, a molecule that localizes to synaptic vesicles, and disrupted the formation of synapses in a component of the mating circuits. We also show that the neural cell adhesion protein NRX-1/neurexin promotes and the neural cell adhesion protein NLG-1/neuroligin inhibits the formation of the same set of synapses in a parallel pathway. Thus, neural cell adhesion proteins and extracellular matrix components act together in the formation of synaptic connections.
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34
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Yu P, Pearson CS, Geller HM. Flexible Roles for Proteoglycan Sulfation and Receptor Signaling. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:47-61. [PMID: 29150096 PMCID: PMC5748001 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) in the extracellular matrix (ECM) play vital roles in axon growth and navigation, plasticity, and regeneration of injured neurons. Different classes of PGs may support or inhibit cell growth, and their functions are determined in part by highly specific structural features. Among these, the pattern of sulfation on the PG sugar chains is a paramount determinant of a diverse and flexible set of outcomes. Recent studies of PG sulfation illustrate the challenges of attributing biological actions to specific sulfation patterns, and suggest ways in which highly similar molecules may exert opposing effects on neurons. The receptors for PGs, which have yet to be fully characterized, display a similarly nuanced spectrum of effects. Different classes of PG function via overlapping families of receptors and signaling pathways. This enables them to control axon growth and guidance with remarkable specificity, but it poses challenges for determining the precise binding interactions and downstream effects of different PGs and their assorted sulfated epitopes. This review examines existing and emerging evidence for the roles of PG sulfation and receptor interactions in determining how these complex molecules influence neuronal development, growth, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Yu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration; Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Craig S Pearson
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Saied-Santiago K, Bülow HE. Diverse roles for glycosaminoglycans in neural patterning. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:54-74. [PMID: 28736980 PMCID: PMC5866094 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The nervous system coordinates the functions of most multicellular organisms and their response to the surrounding environment. Its development involves concerted cellular interactions, including migration, axon guidance, and synapse formation. These processes depend on the molecular constituents and structure of the extracellular matrices (ECM). An essential component of ECMs are proteoglycans, i.e., proteins containing unbranched glycan chains known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). A defining characteristic of GAGs is their enormous molecular diversity, created by extensive modifications of the glycans during their biosynthesis. GAGs are widely expressed, and their loss can lead to catastrophic neuronal defects. Despite their importance, we are just beginning to understand the function and mechanisms of GAGs in neuronal development. In this review, we discuss recent evidence suggesting GAGs have specific roles in neuronal patterning and synaptogenesis. We examine the function played by the complex modifications present on GAG glycans and their roles in regulating different aspects of neuronal patterning. Moreover, the review considers the function of proteoglycan core proteins in these processes, stressing their likely role as co-receptors of different signaling pathways in a redundant and context-dependent manner. We conclude by discussing challenges and future directions toward a better understanding of these fascinating molecules during neuronal development. Developmental Dynamics 247:54-74, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannes E. Bülow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461
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36
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Guidance of retinal axons in mammals. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 85:48-59. [PMID: 29174916 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to navigate through the surrounding environment many mammals, including humans, primarily rely on vision. The eye, composed of the choroid, sclera, retinal pigmented epithelium, cornea, lens, iris and retina, is the structure that receives the light and converts it into electrical impulses. The retina contains six major types of neurons involving in receiving and modifying visual information and passing it onto higher visual processing centres in the brain. Visual information is relayed to the brain via the axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), a projection known as the optic pathway. The proper formation of this pathway during development is essential for normal vision in the adult individual. Along this pathway there are several points where visual axons face 'choices' in their direction of growth. Understanding how these choices are made has advanced significantly our knowledge of axon guidance mechanisms. Thus, the development of the visual pathway has served as an extremely useful model to reveal general principles of axon pathfinding throughout the nervous system. However, due to its particularities, some cellular and molecular mechanisms are specific for the visual circuit. Here we review both general and specific mechanisms involved in the guidance of mammalian RGC axons when they are traveling from the retina to the brain to establish precise and stereotyped connections that will sustain vision.
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Saied-Santiago K, Townley RA, Attonito JD, da Cunha DS, Díaz-Balzac CA, Tecle E, Bülow HE. Coordination of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans with Wnt Signaling To Control Cellular Migrations and Positioning in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2017; 206:1951-1967. [PMID: 28576860 PMCID: PMC5560800 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.198739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfates (HS) are linear polysaccharides with complex modification patterns, which are covalently bound via conserved attachment sites to core proteins to form heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). HSPGs regulate many aspects of the development and function of the nervous system, including cell migration, morphology, and network connectivity. HSPGs function as cofactors for multiple signaling pathways, including the Wnt-signaling molecules and their Frizzled receptors. To investigate the functional interactions among the HSPG and Wnt networks, we conducted genetic analyses of each, and also between these networks using five cellular migrations in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans We find that HSPG core proteins act genetically in a combinatorial fashion dependent on the cellular contexts. Double mutant analyses reveal distinct redundancies among HSPGs for different migration events, and different cellular migrations require distinct heparan sulfate modification patterns. Our studies reveal that the transmembrane HSPG SDN-1/Syndecan functions within the migrating cell to promote cellular migrations, while the GPI-linked LON-2/Glypican functions cell nonautonomously to establish the final cellular position. Genetic analyses with the Wnt-signaling system show that (1) a given HSPG can act with different Wnts and Frizzled receptors, and that (2) a given Wnt/Frizzled pair acts with different HSPGs in a context-dependent manner. Lastly, we find that distinct HSPG and Wnt/Frizzled combinations serve separate functions to promote cellular migration and establish position of specific neurons. Our studies suggest that HSPGs use structurally diverse glycans in coordination with Wnt-signaling pathways to control multiple cellular behaviors, including cellular and axonal migrations and, cellular positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert A Townley
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - John D Attonito
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Dayse S da Cunha
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Carlos A Díaz-Balzac
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Eillen Tecle
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Hannes E Bülow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
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Neural Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Proteins in Synaptic Specification. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:931-945. [PMID: 28743494 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins are a specialized class of lipid-associated neuronal membrane proteins that perform diverse functions in the dynamic control of axon guidance, synaptic adhesion, cytoskeletal remodeling, and localized signal transduction, particularly at lipid raft domains. Recent studies have demonstrated that a subset of GPI-anchored proteins act as critical regulators of synapse development by modulating specific synaptic adhesion pathways via direct interactions with key synapse-organizing proteins. Additional studies have revealed that alteration of these regulatory mechanisms may underlie various brain disorders. In this review, we highlight the emerging role of GPI-anchored proteins as key synapse organizers that aid in shaping the properties of various types of synapses and circuits in mammals.
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Sharma V, Roy S, Sekler I, O'Halloran DM. The NCLX-type Na +/Ca 2+ Exchanger NCX-9 Is Required for Patterning of Neural Circuits in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5364-5377. [PMID: 28196860 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.758953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
NCLX is a Na+/Ca2+ exchanger that uses energy stored in the transmembrane sodium gradient to facilitate the exchange of sodium ions for ionic calcium. Mammals have a single NCLX, which has been shown to function primarily at the mitochondrion and is an important regulator of neuronal physiology by contributing to neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. The role of NCLX in developmental cell patterning (e.g. in neural circuits) is largely unknown. Here we describe a novel role for the Caenorhabditis elegans NCLX-type protein, NCX-9, in neural circuit formation. NCX-9 functions in hypodermal seam cells that secrete the axon guidance cue UNC-129/BMP, and our data revealed that ncx-9-/- mutant animals exhibit development defects in stereotyped left/right axon guidance choices within the GABAergic motor neuron circuit. Our data also implicate NCX-9 in a LON-2/heparan sulfate and UNC-6/netrin-mediated, RAC-dependent signaling pathway to guide left/right patterning within this circuit. Finally, we also provide in vitro physiology data supporting the role for NCX-9 in handling calcium exchange at the mitochondrion. Taken together, our work reveals the specificity by which the handling by NCLX of calcium exchange can map to neural circuit patterning and axon guidance decisions during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Sharma
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and.,the Institute for Neuroscience, George Washington University, Washington, D. C. 20052 and
| | - Soumitra Roy
- the Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8499000, Israel
| | - Israel Sekler
- the Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8499000, Israel
| | - Damien M O'Halloran
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and .,the Institute for Neuroscience, George Washington University, Washington, D. C. 20052 and
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Blanchette CR, Thackeray A, Perrat PN, Hekimi S, Bénard CY. Functional Requirements for Heparan Sulfate Biosynthesis in Morphogenesis and Nervous System Development in C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006525. [PMID: 28068429 PMCID: PMC5221758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of cell migration is essential to animal development and physiology. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans shape the interactions of morphogens and guidance cues with their respective receptors to elicit appropriate cellular responses. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans consist of a protein core with attached heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains, which are synthesized by glycosyltransferases of the exostosin (EXT) family. Abnormal HS chain synthesis results in pleiotropic consequences, including abnormal development and tumor formation. In humans, mutations in either of the exostosin genes EXT1 and EXT2 lead to osteosarcomas or multiple exostoses. Complete loss of any of the exostosin glycosyltransferases in mouse, fish, flies and worms leads to drastic morphogenetic defects and embryonic lethality. Here we identify and study previously unavailable viable hypomorphic mutations in the two C. elegans exostosin glycosyltransferases genes, rib-1 and rib-2. These partial loss-of-function mutations lead to a severe reduction of HS levels and result in profound but specific developmental defects, including abnormal cell and axonal migrations. We find that the expression pattern of the HS copolymerase is dynamic during embryonic and larval morphogenesis, and is sustained throughout life in specific cell types, consistent with HSPGs playing both developmental and post-developmental roles. Cell-type specific expression of the HS copolymerase shows that HS elongation is required in both the migrating neuron and neighboring cells to coordinate migration guidance. Our findings provide insights into general principles underlying HSPG function in development. During animal development, cells and neurons navigate long distances to reach their final target destinations. Migrating cells are guided by extracellular molecular cues, and cellular responses to these cues are regulated by heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are proteins with long heparan sulfate polysaccharide chains attached. Here we identify and study previously unavailable viable mutants that disrupt the elongation of the heparan sulfate chains in the nematode C. elegans. Our analysis shows that these HS-chain-elongation mutations affect the development of the nervous system as they result in misguided migrations of neurons and axons. Furthermore, we find that heparan sulfate chain elongation occurs in numerous cell types during development and that the coordinated production of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, in both the migrating cell and neighboring tissues, ensures proper migration. Our findings highlight the critical roles of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in nervous system development and the evolutionary conservation of the molecular mechanisms driving guided migrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra R. Blanchette
- Department of Neurobiology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrea Thackeray
- Department of Neurobiology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paola N. Perrat
- Department of Neurobiology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Claire Y. Bénard
- Department of Neurobiology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail: ,
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41
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Kalichamy SS, Lee TY, Yoon KH, Lee JI. Hypergravity hinders axonal development of motor neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2666. [PMID: 27833821 PMCID: PMC5101602 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As space flight becomes more accessible in the future, humans will be exposed to gravity conditions other than our 1G environment on Earth. Our bodies and physiology, however, are adapted for life at 1G gravity. Altering gravity can have profound effects on the body, particularly the development of muscles, but the reasons and biology behind gravity’s effect are not fully known. We asked whether increasing gravity had effects on the development of motor neurons that innervate and control muscle, a relatively unexplored area of gravity biology. Using the nematode model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, we examined changes in response to hypergravity in the development of the 19 GABAergic DD/VD motor neurons that innervate body muscle. We found that a high gravity force above 10G significantly increases the number of animals with defects in the development of axonal projections from the DD/VD neurons. We showed that a critical period of hypergravity exposure during the embryonic/early larval stage was sufficient to induce defects. While characterizing the nature of the axonal defects, we found that in normal 1G gravity conditions, DD/VD axonal defects occasionally occurred, with the majority of defects occurring on the dorsal side of the animal and in the mid-body region, and a significantly higher rate of error in the 13 VD axons than the 6 DD axons. Hypergravity exposure increased the rate of DD/VD axonal defects, but did not change the distribution or the characteristics of the defects. Our study demonstrates that altering gravity can impact motor neuron development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tong Young Lee
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University , Wonju , South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Hye Yoon
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University , Wonju , South Korea
| | - Jin Il Lee
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University , Wonju , South Korea
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Chisholm AD, Hutter H, Jin Y, Wadsworth WG. The Genetics of Axon Guidance and Axon Regeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2016; 204:849-882. [PMID: 28114100 PMCID: PMC5105865 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.186262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The correct wiring of neuronal circuits depends on outgrowth and guidance of neuronal processes during development. In the past two decades, great progress has been made in understanding the molecular basis of axon outgrowth and guidance. Genetic analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans has played a key role in elucidating conserved pathways regulating axon guidance, including Netrin signaling, the slit Slit/Robo pathway, Wnt signaling, and others. Axon guidance factors were first identified by screens for mutations affecting animal behavior, and by direct visual screens for axon guidance defects. Genetic analysis of these pathways has revealed the complex and combinatorial nature of guidance cues, and has delineated how cues guide growth cones via receptor activity and cytoskeletal rearrangement. Several axon guidance pathways also affect directed migrations of non-neuronal cells in C. elegans, with implications for normal and pathological cell migrations in situations such as tumor metastasis. The small number of neurons and highly stereotyped axonal architecture of the C. elegans nervous system allow analysis of axon guidance at the level of single identified axons, and permit in vivo tests of prevailing models of axon guidance. C. elegans axons also have a robust capacity to undergo regenerative regrowth after precise laser injury (axotomy). Although such axon regrowth shares some similarities with developmental axon outgrowth, screens for regrowth mutants have revealed regeneration-specific pathways and factors that were not identified in developmental screens. Several areas remain poorly understood, including how major axon tracts are formed in the embryo, and the function of axon regeneration in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harald Hutter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Yishi Jin
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, and
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, and
| | - William G Wadsworth
- Department of Pathology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
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Morales D, Kania A. Cooperation and crosstalk in axon guidance cue integration: Additivity, synergy, and fine-tuning in combinatorial signaling. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 77:891-904. [PMID: 27739221 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neural circuit development involves the coordinated growth and guidance of axons to their targets. Following the identification of many guidance cue molecules, recent experiments have focused on the interactions of their signaling cascades, which can be generally classified as additive or non-additive depending on the signal convergence point. While additive (parallel) signaling suggests limited molecular interaction between the pathways, non-additive signaling involves crosstalk between pathways and includes more complex synergistic, hierarchical, and permissive guidance cue relationships. Here the authors have attempted to classify recent studies that describe axon guidance signal integration according to these divisions. They also discuss the mechanistic implications of such interactions, as well as general ideas relating signal integration to the generation of diversity of axon guidance responses. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 891-904, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Morales
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Quebec, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Artur Kania
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Quebec, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, H3A 2B2, Canada.,Department of Biology, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, H3A 2B2, Canada.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada
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The Caenorhabditis elegans Ephrin EFN-4 Functions Non-cell Autonomously with Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans to Promote Axon Outgrowth and Branching. Genetics 2015; 202:639-60. [PMID: 26645816 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.185298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Eph receptors and their cognate ephrin ligands play key roles in many aspects of nervous system development. These interactions typically occur within an individual tissue type, serving either to guide axons to their terminal targets or to define boundaries between the rhombomeres of the hindbrain. We have identified a novel role for the Caenorhabditis elegans ephrin EFN-4 in promoting primary neurite outgrowth in AIY interneurons and D-class motor neurons. Rescue experiments reveal that EFN-4 functions non-cell autonomously in the epidermis to promote primary neurite outgrowth. We also find that EFN-4 plays a role in promoting ectopic axon branching in a C. elegans model of X-linked Kallmann syndrome. In this context, EFN-4 functions non-cell autonomously in the body-wall muscle and in parallel with HS modification genes and HSPG core proteins. This is the first report of an epidermal ephrin providing a developmental cue to the nervous system.
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