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Burgos MA, Bastir M, Pérez-Ramos A, Sanz-Prieto D, Heuzé Y, Maréchal L, Esteban-Ortega F. Assessing nasal airway resistance and symmetry: An approach to global perspective through computational fluid dynamics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2024:e3830. [PMID: 38700070 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the variability in nasal airflow patterns among different sexes and populations using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). We focused on evaluating the universality and applicability of dimensionless parameters R (bilateral nasal resistance) and ϕ (nasal flow asymmetry), initially established in a Caucasian Spanish cohort, across a broader spectrum of human populations to assess normal breathing function in healthy airways. In this retrospective study, CT scans from Cambodia (20 males, 20 females), Russia (20 males, 18 females), and Spain (19 males, 19 females) were analyzed. A standardized CFD workflow was implemented to calculate R-ϕ parameters from these scans. Statistical analyses were conducted to assess and compare these parameters across different sexes and populations, emphasizing their distribution and variances. Our results indicated no significant sex-based differences in the R parameter across the populations. However, moderate sexual dimorphism in the ϕ parameter was observed in the Cambodian group. Notably, no geographical differences were found in either R or ϕ parameters, suggesting consistent nasal airflow characteristics across the diverse human groups studied. The study also emphasized the importance of using dimensionless variables to effectively analyze the relationships between form and function in nasal airflow. The observed consistency of R-ϕ parameters across various populations highlights their potential as reliable indicators in both medical practice and further CFD research, particularly in diverse human populations. Our findings suggest the potential applicability of dimensionless CFD parameters in analyzing nasal airflow, highlighting their utility across diverse demographic and geographic contexts. This research advances our understanding of nasal airflow dynamics and underscores the need for additional studies to validate these parameters in broader population cohorts. The approach of employing dimensionless parameters paves the way for future research that eliminates confounding size effects, enabling more accurate comparisons across different populations and sexes. The implications of this study are significant for the advancement of personalized medicine and the development of diagnostic tools that accommodate individual variations in nasal airflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Burgos
- Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Engineering Group, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Markus Bastir
- Department of Paleobiology, Paleoanthropology Group, National Museum of Natural Sciences - Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Ramos
- Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology and Geology, Paleobiology, Paleoclimatology and Paleogeography Group, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Faculty of Science, Department of Surgery, Paleobiology, Paleoclimatology and Paleogeography Group, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Daniel Sanz-Prieto
- Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Engineering Group, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yann Heuzé
- PACEA UMR 5199, University of Bordeaux, French National Centre for Scientific Research, Ministère de la Culture, Pessac, France
| | - Laura Maréchal
- PACEA UMR 5199, University of Bordeaux, French National Centre for Scientific Research, Ministère de la Culture, Pessac, France
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Xie M, Kaiser M, Gershtein Y, Schnyder D, Deviatiiarov R, Gazizova G, Shagimardanova E, Zikmund T, Kerckhofs G, Ivashkin E, Batkovskyte D, Newton PT, Andersson O, Fried K, Gusev O, Zeberg H, Kaiser J, Adameyko I, Chagin AS. The level of protein in the maternal murine diet modulates the facial appearance of the offspring via mTORC1 signaling. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2367. [PMID: 38531868 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of craniofacial skeletal structures is fascinatingly complex and elucidation of the underlying mechanisms will not only provide novel scientific insights, but also help develop more effective clinical approaches to the treatment and/or prevention of the numerous congenital craniofacial malformations. To this end, we performed a genome-wide analysis of RNA transcription from non-coding regulatory elements by CAGE-sequencing of the facial mesenchyme of human embryos and cross-checked the active enhancers thus identified against genes, identified by GWAS for the normal range human facial appearance. Among the identified active cis-enhancers, several belonged to the components of the PI3/AKT/mTORC1/autophagy pathway. To assess the functional role of this pathway, we manipulated it both genetically and pharmacologically in mice and zebrafish. These experiments revealed that mTORC1 signaling modulates craniofacial shaping at the stage of skeletal mesenchymal condensations, with subsequent fine-tuning during clonal intercalation. This ability of mTORC1 pathway to modulate facial shaping, along with its evolutionary conservation and ability to sense external stimuli, in particular dietary amino acids, indicate that the mTORC1 pathway may play a role in facial phenotypic plasticity. Indeed, the level of protein in the diet of pregnant female mice influenced the activity of mTORC1 in fetal craniofacial structures and altered the size of skeletogenic clones, thus exerting an impact on the local geometry and craniofacial shaping. Overall, our findings indicate that the mTORC1 signaling pathway is involved in the effect of environmental conditions on the shaping of craniofacial structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Flemingsberg, Sweden
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Markéta Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Yaakov Gershtein
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Schnyder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ruslan Deviatiiarov
- Regulatory Genomics Research Center, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
- Endocrinology Research Center, Moscow, Russia
- Life Improvement by Future Technologies (LIFT) Center, Moscow, Russia
- Intractable Disease Research Center, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Guzel Gazizova
- Regulatory Genomics Research Center, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Elena Shagimardanova
- Regulatory Genomics Research Center, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
- Life Improvement by Future Technologies (LIFT) Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tomáš Zikmund
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Greet Kerckhofs
- Biomechanics Lab, Institute of Mechanics, Materials, and Civil Engineering (iMMC), UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Pole of Morphology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, Woluwe, Belgium
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evgeny Ivashkin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Developmental and Comparative Physiology, N.K. Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dominyka Batkovskyte
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Phillip T Newton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olov Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kaj Fried
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oleg Gusev
- Regulatory Genomics Research Center, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
- Endocrinology Research Center, Moscow, Russia
- Life Improvement by Future Technologies (LIFT) Center, Moscow, Russia
- Intractable Disease Research Center, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hugo Zeberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andrei S Chagin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Bastir M, Sanz-Prieto D, Burgos MA, Pérez-Ramos A, Heuzé Y, Maréchal L, Evteev A, Toro-Ibacache V, Esteban-Ortega F. Beyond skeletal studies: A computational analysis of nasal airway function in climate adaptation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024:e24932. [PMID: 38516761 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ecogeographic variation in human nasal anatomy has historically been analyzed on skeletal morphology and interpreted in the context of climatic adaptations to respiratory air-conditioning. Only a few studies have analyzed nasal soft tissue morphology, actively involved in air-conditioning physiology. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used in vivo computer tomographic scans of (N = 146) adult individuals from Cambodia, Chile, Russia, and Spain. We conducted (N = 438) airflow simulations during inspiration using computational fluid dynamics to analyze the air-conditioning capacities of the nasal soft tissue in the inflow, functional, and outflow tract, under three different environmental conditions: cold-dry; hot-dry; and hot-humid. We performed statistical comparisons between populations and sexes. RESULTS Subjects from hot-humid regions showed significantly lower air-conditioning capacities than subjects from colder regions in all the three conditions, specifically within the isthmus region in the inflow tract, and the anterior part of the internal functional tract. Posterior to the functional tract, no differences were detected. No differences between sexes were found in any of the tracts and under any of the conditions. DISCUSSION Our statistical analyses support models of climatic adaptations of anterior nasal soft tissue morphology that fit with, and complement, previous research on dry skulls. However, our results challenge a morpho-functional model that attributes air-conditioning capacities exclusively to the functional tract located within the nasal cavity. Instead, our findings support studies that have suggested that both, the external nose and the intra-facial soft tissue airways contribute to efficiently warming and humidifying air during inspiration. This supports functional interpretations in modern midfacial variation and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bastir
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural Sciences-Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Sanz-Prieto
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural Sciences-Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
- Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Engineering Group, Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel A Burgos
- Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Engineering Group, Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Ramos
- Paleobiology, Paleoclimatology, and Paleogeography Group, Department of Ecology and Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Yann Heuzé
- CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Laura Maréchal
- CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Andrej Evteev
- Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Viviana Toro-Ibacache
- Center for Quantitative Analysis in Dental Anthropology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Schraiber JG, Edge MD. Heritability within groups is uninformative about differences among groups: Cases from behavioral, evolutionary, and statistical genetics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2319496121. [PMID: 38470926 PMCID: PMC10962975 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2319496121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Without the ability to control or randomize environments (or genotypes), it is difficult to determine the degree to which observed phenotypic differences between two groups of individuals are due to genetic vs. environmental differences. However, some have suggested that these concerns may be limited to pathological cases, and methods have appeared that seem to give-directly or indirectly-some support to claims that aggregate heritable variation within groups can be related to heritable variation among groups. We consider three families of approaches: the "between-group heritability" sometimes invoked in behavior genetics, the statistic [Formula: see text] used in empirical work in evolutionary quantitative genetics, and methods based on variation in ancestry in an admixed population, used in anthropological and statistical genetics. We take up these examples to show mathematically that information on within-group genetic and phenotypic information in the aggregate cannot separate among-group differences into genetic and environmental components, and we provide simulation results that support our claims. We discuss these results in terms of the long-running debate on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G. Schraiber
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90089-2911
| | - Michael D. Edge
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90089-2911
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Hautavoine H, Arnaud J, Balzeau A, Mounier A. Quantifying hominin morphological diversity at the end of the middle Pleistocene: Implications for the origin of Homo sapiens. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024:e24915. [PMID: 38444398 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Middle Pleistocene (MP) saw the emergence of new species of hominins: Homo sapiens in Africa, H. neanderthalensis, and possibly Denisovans in Eurasia, whose most recent common ancestor is thought to have lived in Africa around 600 ka ago. However, hominin remains from this period present a wide range of morphological variation making it difficult to securely determine their taxonomic attribution and their phylogenetic position within the Homo genus. This study proposes to reconsider the phenetic relationships between MP hominin fossils in order to clarify evolutionary trends and contacts between the populations they represent. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used a Geometric Morphometrics approach to quantify the morphological variation of the calvarium of controversial MP specimens from Africa and Eurasia by using a comparative sample that can be divided into 5 groups: H. ergaster, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis, and H. sapiens, as well as individuals from current modern human populations. We performed a Generalized Procrustes Analysis, a Principal Component Analysis, and Multinomial Principal Component Logistic Regressions to determine the phenetic affinities of the controversial Middle Pleistocene specimens with the other groups. RESULTS MP African and Eurasian specimens represent several populations, some of which show strong affinities with H. neanderthalensis in Europe or H. sapiens in Africa, others presenting multiple affinities. DISCUSSION These MP populations might have contributed to the emergence of these two species in different proportions. This study proposes a new framework for the human evolutionary history during the MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Hautavoine
- PaléoFED, Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique (HNHP, UMR 7194), MNHN/CNRS/UPVD, Paris, France
| | - Julie Arnaud
- PaléoFED, Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique (HNHP, UMR 7194), MNHN/CNRS/UPVD, Paris, France
- Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antoine Balzeau
- PaléoFED, Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique (HNHP, UMR 7194), MNHN/CNRS/UPVD, Paris, France
- Département de Zoologie Africaine, Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Aurélien Mounier
- PaléoFED, Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique (HNHP, UMR 7194), MNHN/CNRS/UPVD, Paris, France
- Turkana Basin Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Moulton DE, Aubert-Kato N, Almet AA, Sato A. A multiscale computational framework for the development of spines in molluscan shells. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011835. [PMID: 38427695 PMCID: PMC10936779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
From mathematical models of growth to computer simulations of pigmentation, the study of shell formation has given rise to an abundant number of models, working at various scales. Yet, attempts to combine those models have remained sparse, due to the challenge of combining categorically different approaches. In this paper, we propose a framework to streamline the process of combining the molecular and tissue scales of shell formation. We choose these levels as a proxy to link the genotype level, which is better described by molecular models, and the phenotype level, which is better described by tissue-level mechanics. We also show how to connect observations on shell populations to the approach, resulting in collections of molecular parameters that may be associated with different populations of real shell specimens. The approach is as follows: we use a Quality-Diversity algorithm, a type of black-box optimization algorithm, to explore the range of concentration profiles emerging as solutions of a molecular model, and that define growth patterns for the mechanical model. At the same time, the mechanical model is simulated over a wide range of growth patterns, resulting in a variety of spine shapes. While time-consuming, these steps only need to be performed once and then function as look-up tables. Actual pictures of shell spines can then be matched against the list of existing spine shapes, yielding a potential growth pattern which, in turn, gives us matching molecular parameters. The framework is modular, such that models can be easily swapped without changing the overall working of the method. As a demonstration of the approach, we solve specific molecular and mechanical models, adapted from available theoretical studies on molluscan shells, and apply the multiscale framework to evaluate the characteristics of spines from three distinct populations of Turbo sazae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek E. Moulton
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Axel A. Almet
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Atsuko Sato
- Department of Biology, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
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Vaill M, Kawanishi K, Varki N, Gagneux P, Varki A. Comparative physiological anthropogeny: exploring molecular underpinnings of distinctly human phenotypes. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2171-2229. [PMID: 36603157 PMCID: PMC10151058 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00040.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogeny is a classic term encompassing transdisciplinary investigations of the origins of the human species. Comparative anthropogeny is a systematic comparison of humans and other living nonhuman hominids (so-called "great apes"), aiming to identify distinctly human features in health and disease, with the overall goal of explaining human origins. We begin with a historical perspective, briefly describing how the field progressed from the earliest evolutionary insights to the current emphasis on in-depth molecular and genomic investigations of "human-specific" biology and an increased appreciation for cultural impacts on human biology. While many such genetic differences between humans and other hominids have been revealed over the last two decades, this information remains insufficient to explain the most distinctive phenotypic traits distinguishing humans from other living hominids. Here we undertake a complementary approach of "comparative physiological anthropogeny," along the lines of the preclinical medical curriculum, i.e., beginning with anatomy and considering each physiological system and in each case considering genetic and molecular components that are relevant. What is ultimately needed is a systematic comparative approach at all levels from molecular to physiological to sociocultural, building networks of related information, drawing inferences, and generating testable hypotheses. The concluding section will touch on distinctive considerations in the study of human evolution, including the importance of gene-culture interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vaill
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kunio Kawanishi
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nissi Varki
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Pascal Gagneux
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ajit Varki
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Li Q, Chen J, Faux P, Delgado ME, Bonfante B, Fuentes-Guajardo M, Mendoza-Revilla J, Chacón-Duque JC, Hurtado M, Villegas V, Granja V, Jaramillo C, Arias W, Barquera R, Everardo-Martínez P, Sánchez-Quinto M, Gómez-Valdés J, Villamil-Ramírez H, Silva de Cerqueira CC, Hünemeier T, Ramallo V, Wu S, Du S, Giardina A, Paria SS, Khokan MR, Gonzalez-José R, Schüler-Faccini L, Bortolini MC, Acuña-Alonzo V, Canizales-Quinteros S, Gallo C, Poletti G, Rojas W, Rothhammer F, Navarro N, Wang S, Adhikari K, Ruiz-Linares A. Automatic landmarking identifies new loci associated with face morphology and implicates Neanderthal introgression in human nasal shape. Commun Biol 2023; 6:481. [PMID: 37156940 PMCID: PMC10167347 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04838-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a genome-wide association study of facial features in >6000 Latin Americans based on automatic landmarking of 2D portraits and testing for association with inter-landmark distances. We detected significant associations (P-value <5 × 10-8) at 42 genome regions, nine of which have been previously reported. In follow-up analyses, 26 of the 33 novel regions replicate in East Asians, Europeans, or Africans, and one mouse homologous region influences craniofacial morphology in mice. The novel region in 1q32.3 shows introgression from Neanderthals and we find that the introgressed tract increases nasal height (consistent with the differentiation between Neanderthals and modern humans). Novel regions include candidate genes and genome regulatory elements previously implicated in craniofacial development, and show preferential transcription in cranial neural crest cells. The automated approach used here should simplify the collection of large study samples from across the world, facilitating a cosmopolitan characterization of the genetics of facial features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jieyi Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Pierre Faux
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - Miguel Eduardo Delgado
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China
- División Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, República Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Buenos Aires, República Argentina
| | - Betty Bonfante
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - Macarena Fuentes-Guajardo
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, 1000000, Chile
| | - Javier Mendoza-Revilla
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 31, Perú
- Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
| | - J Camilo Chacón-Duque
- Division of Vertebrates and Anthropology, Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Malena Hurtado
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 31, Perú
| | - Valeria Villegas
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 31, Perú
| | - Vanessa Granja
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 31, Perú
| | - Claudia Jaramillo
- GENMOL (Genética Molecular), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, 5001000, Colombia
| | - William Arias
- GENMOL (Genética Molecular), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, 5001000, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo Barquera
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National School of Anthropology and History, Mexico City, 14050, Mexico, 6600, Mexico
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Paola Everardo-Martínez
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National School of Anthropology and History, Mexico City, 14050, Mexico, 6600, Mexico
| | - Mirsha Sánchez-Quinto
- Forensic Science, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), Mexico City, 06320, Mexico
| | - Jorge Gómez-Valdés
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National School of Anthropology and History, Mexico City, 14050, Mexico, 6600, Mexico
| | - Hugo Villamil-Ramírez
- Unidad de Genomica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, 4510, Mexico
| | | | - Tábita Hünemeier
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Virginia Ramallo
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90040-060, Brazil
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn, U9129ACD, Argentina
| | - Sijie Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Siyuan Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Andrea Giardina
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
| | - Soumya Subhra Paria
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
| | - Mahfuzur Rahman Khokan
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
| | - Rolando Gonzalez-José
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn, U9129ACD, Argentina
| | - Lavinia Schüler-Faccini
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90040-060, Brazil
| | - Maria-Cátira Bortolini
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90040-060, Brazil
| | - Victor Acuña-Alonzo
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National School of Anthropology and History, Mexico City, 14050, Mexico, 6600, Mexico
| | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genomica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, 4510, Mexico
| | - Carla Gallo
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 31, Perú
| | - Giovanni Poletti
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 31, Perú
| | - Winston Rojas
- GENMOL (Genética Molecular), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, 5001000, Colombia
| | - Francisco Rothhammer
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Arica, 1000000, Chile
| | - Nicolas Navarro
- Biogéosciences, UMR 6282 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, 21000, France
- EPHE, PSL University, Paris, 75014, France
| | - Sijia Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Kaustubh Adhikari
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, United Kingdom.
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Andrés Ruiz-Linares
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China.
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, 13005, France.
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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9
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Wilke F, Herrick N, Matthews H, Hoskens H, Singh S, Shaffer JR, Weinberg SM, Shriver MD, Claes P, Walsh S. Exploring regional aspects of 3D facial variation within European individuals. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3708. [PMID: 36879022 PMCID: PMC9988837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30855-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Facial ancestry can be described as variation that exists in facial features that are shared amongst members of a population due to environmental and genetic effects. Even within Europe, faces vary among subregions and may lead to confounding in genetic association studies if unaccounted for. Genetic studies use genetic principal components (PCs) to describe facial ancestry to circumvent this issue. Yet the phenotypic effect of these genetic PCs on the face has yet to be described, and phenotype-based alternatives compared. In anthropological studies, consensus faces are utilized as they depict a phenotypic, not genetic, ancestry effect. In this study, we explored the effects of regional differences on facial ancestry in 744 Europeans using genetic and anthropological approaches. Both showed similar ancestry effects between subgroups, localized mainly to the forehead, nose, and chin. Consensus faces explained the variation seen in only the first three genetic PCs, differing more in magnitude than shape change. Here we show only minor differences between the two methods and discuss a combined approach as a possible alternative for facial scan correction that is less cohort dependent, more replicable, non-linear, and can be made open access for use across research groups, enhancing future studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Wilke
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W Michigan St, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Noah Herrick
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W Michigan St, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Harold Matthews
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Medical Imaging Research Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hanne Hoskens
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Imaging Research Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sylvia Singh
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W Michigan St, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - John R Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mark D Shriver
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Peter Claes
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Medical Imaging Research Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susan Walsh
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W Michigan St, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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10
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McKenney EA, Hale AR, Anderson J, Larsen R, Grant C, Dunn RR. Hidden diversity: comparative functional morphology of humans and other species. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15148. [PMID: 37123005 PMCID: PMC10135406 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) morphology plays an important role in nutrition, health, and epidemiology; yet limited data on GI variation have been collected since 1885. Here we demonstrate that students can collect reliable data sets on gut morphology; when they do, they reveal greater morphological variation for some structures in the GI tract than has been documented in the published literature. We discuss trait variability both within and among species, and the implications of that variability for evolution and epidemiology. Our results show that morphological variation in the GI tract is associated with each organ's role in food processing. For example, the length of many structures was found to vary significantly with feeding strategy. Within species, the variability illustrated by the coefficients of variation suggests that selective constraints may vary with function. Within humans, we detected significant Pearson correlations between the volume of the liver and the length of the appendix (t-value = 2.5278, df = 28, p = 0.0174, corr = 0.4311) and colon (t-value = 2.0991, df = 19, p = 0.0494, corr = 0.4339), as well as between the lengths of the small intestine and colon (t-value = 2.1699, df = 17, p = 0.0445, corr = 0.4657), which are arguably the most vital organs in the gut for nutrient absorption. Notably, intraspecific variation in the small intestine can be associated with life history traits. In humans, females demonstrated consistently and significantly longer small intestines than males (t-value15 = 2.245, p = 0.0403). This finding supports the female canalization hypothesis, specifically, increased female investment in the digestion and absorption of lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. McKenney
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Amanda R. Hale
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- SNA International for the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, HI, United States of America
| | - Janiaya Anderson
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Roxanne Larsen
- Office of Curricular Affairs, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Colleen Grant
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Robert R. Dunn
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
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11
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Maréchal L, Dumoncel J, Santos F, Astudillo Encina W, Evteev A, Prevost A, Toro-Ibacache V, Venter RG, Heuzé Y. New insights into the variability of upper airway morphology in modern humans. J Anat 2022; 242:781-795. [PMID: 36585765 PMCID: PMC10093156 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological adaptation of the human lineage to its environment is a recurring question in paleoanthropology. Particularly, how eco-geographic factors (e.g., environmental temperature and humidity) have shaped upper airway morphology in hominins have been subject to continuing debate. Nasal shape is the result of many intertwined factors that include, but are not limited to, genetic drift, sexual selection, or adaptation to climate. A quantification of nasal airway (NA) morphological variation in modern human populations is crucial to better understand these multiple factors. In the present research, we study 195 in vivo CT scans of adult individuals collected in five different geographic areas (Chile, France, Cambodia, Russia, and South Africa). After segmentation of the nasal airway, we reconstruct 3D meshes that are analyzed with a landmark-free geometric morphometrics method based on surface deformation. Our results highlight subtle but statistically significant morphological differences between our five samples. The two morphologically closest groups are France and Russia, whose NAs are longer and narrower, with an important protrusion of the supero-anterior part. The Cambodian sample is the most morphologically distinct and clustered sample, with a mean NA that is wider and shorter. On the contrary, the Chilean sample form the most scattered cluster with the greatest intra-population variation. The South African sample is morphologically close to the Cambodian sample, but also partially overlaps the French and Russian variation. Interestingly, we record no correlation between NA volume and geographic groups, which raises the question of climate-related metabolic demands for oxygen consumption. The other factors of variation (sex and age) have no influence on the NA shape in our samples. However, NA volume varies significantly according both to sex and age: it is higher in males than in females and tends to increase with age. In contrast, we observe no effect of temperature or humidity on NA volume. Finally, we highlight the important influence of asymmetries related to nasal septum deviations in NA shape variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maréchal
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, Pessac, France
| | - Jean Dumoncel
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, Pessac, France
| | - Frédéric Santos
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, Pessac, France
| | | | - Andrej Evteev
- Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alice Prevost
- Plastic and Maxillo-facial Surgery Department, University Hospital Center of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Viviana Toro-Ibacache
- Centro de Análisis Cuantitativo en Antropología Dental, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rudolph G Venter
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Tygerberg Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yann Heuzé
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, Pessac, France
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12
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Sarkodie FK, Abaidoo CS, Diby TK, Appiah AK, Darko ND, Nketsiah J. A cross-sectional study of the anthropometry of the face among Bonos and Ewes in the Bono region of Ghana. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-022-00289-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Growth and development of craniofacial structures are of importance since their anthropometry is useful in maxillofacial surgery, plastic surgery, orthodontics and forensic medicine. Surgeons consider the specific facial structures of such patients to help obtain accurate results. Ghana is however less-endowed with data regarding facial anthropometry for the aforementioned applications. Therefore, the study aimed to bring out the differences between the facial measurements of the male and female participants in order to generate baseline data for Ghanaians, taking into consideration the Bonos and Ewes living in the Bono region of Ghana. Twenty-four anthropometric facial measurements were taken from a total of 291 healthy individuals (152 Bonos and 139 Ewes), aged 18–60 years using Shahe Vernier callipers.
Results
The study revealed Bono males had significantly longer faces than that of the Bono females (upper face height 2 and total face height). For maxillary height, mandibular width and mouth width, the mean values of Bono males were significantly greater than that of the Ewe males. There was a statistically significant difference concerning nasal length and anatomical nose width among the participants (p < 0.05). Bono male participants had significantly greater values than Ewe males in both endocanthion-exocanthion and endocanthion-endocanthion measurements.
Conclusions
The results of this study support the assertion regarding the existence of tribal variations and sexual dimorphism associated with facial measurements and have provided additional data for facial morphology for biometric and forensic applications as well as facial reconstruction especially among the study populations in Ghana.
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13
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Mardikasari SA, Sipos B, Csóka I, Katona G. Nasal route for antibiotics delivery: Advances, challenges and future opportunities applying the quality by design concepts. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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14
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Naqvi S, Hoskens H, Wilke F, Weinberg SM, Shaffer JR, Walsh S, Shriver MD, Wysocka J, Claes P. Decoding the Human Face: Challenges and Progress in Understanding the Genetics of Craniofacial Morphology. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2022; 23:383-412. [PMID: 35483406 PMCID: PMC9482780 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-120121-102607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Variations in the form of the human face, which plays a role in our individual identities and societal interactions, have fascinated scientists and artists alike. Here, we review our current understanding of the genetics underlying variation in craniofacial morphology and disease-associated dysmorphology, synthesizing decades of progress on Mendelian syndromes in addition to more recent results from genome-wide association studies of human facial shape and disease risk. We also discuss the various approaches used to phenotype and quantify facial shape, which are of particular importance due to the complex, multipartite nature of the craniofacial form. We close by discussing how experimental studies have contributed and will further contribute to our understanding of human genetic variation and then proposing future directions and applications for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahin Naqvi
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; , .,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hanne Hoskens
- Center for Processing Speech and Images, Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; , .,Medical Imaging Research Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Franziska Wilke
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; ,
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; , .,Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John R Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; , .,Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Susan Walsh
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; ,
| | - Mark D Shriver
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Joanna Wysocka
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; , .,Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Peter Claes
- Center for Processing Speech and Images, Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; , .,Medical Imaging Research Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Zhang M, Wu S, Du S, Qian W, Chen J, Qiao L, Yang Y, Tan J, Yuan Z, Peng Q, Liu Y, Navarro N, Tang K, Ruiz-Linares A, Wang J, Claes P, Jin L, Li J, Wang S. Genetic variants underlying differences in facial morphology in East Asian and European populations. Nat Genet 2022; 54:403-411. [PMID: 35393595 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Facial morphology-a conspicuous feature of human appearance-is highly heritable. Previous studies on the genetic basis of facial morphology were performed mainly in European-ancestry cohorts (EUR). Applying a data-driven phenotyping and multivariate genome-wide scanning protocol to a large collection of three-dimensional facial images of individuals with East Asian ancestry (EAS), we identified 244 variants in 166 loci (62 new) associated with typical-range facial variation. A newly proposed polygenic shape analysis indicates that the effects of the variants on facial shape in EAS can be generalized to EUR. Based on this, we further identified 13 variants related to differences between facial shape in EUR and EAS populations. Evolutionary analyses suggest that the difference in nose shape between EUR and EAS populations is caused by a directional selection, due mainly to a local adaptation in Europeans. Our results illustrate the underlying genetic basis for facial differences across populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sijie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyuan Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieyi Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Qiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingze Tan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyu Yuan
- Fudan-Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, China
| | - Qianqian Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Nicolas Navarro
- Biogéosciences, UMR 6282 CNRS-EPHE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Kun Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Andrés Ruiz-Linares
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France.,Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jiucun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan-Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, China
| | - Peter Claes
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,Fudan-Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, China.
| | - Jiarui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Sijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
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16
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Campbell RM, Vinas G, Henneberg M. Relationships between the hard and soft dimensions of the nose in Pan troglodytes and Homo sapiens reveal the positions of the nasal tips of Plio-Pleistocene hominids. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0259329. [PMID: 35192639 PMCID: PMC8863275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
By identifying homogeneity in bone and soft tissue covariation patterns in living hominids, it is possible to produce facial approximation methods with interspecies compatibility. These methods may be useful for producing facial approximations of fossil hominids that are more realistic than currently possible. In this study, we conducted an interspecific comparison of the nasomaxillary region in chimpanzees and modern humans with the aim of producing a method for predicting the positions of the nasal tips of Plio-Pleistocene hominids. We addressed this aim by first collecting and performing regression analyses of linear and angular measurements of nasal cavity length and inclination in modern humans (Homo sapiens; n = 72) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes; n = 19), and then performing a set of out-of-group tests. The first test was performed on four subjects that belonged to the same genus as the training sample, i.e., Homo (n = 2) and Pan (n = 2), and the second test, which functioned as an interspecies compatibility test, was performed on Pan paniscus (n = 1), Gorilla gorilla (n = 3), Pongo pygmaeus (n = 1), Pongo abelli (n = 1), Symphalangus syndactylus (n = 3), and Papio hamadryas (n = 3). We identified statistically significant correlations in both humans and chimpanzees with slopes that displayed homogeneity of covariation. Prediction formulae combining these data were found to be compatible with humans and chimpanzees as well as all other African great apes, i.e., bonobos and gorillas. The main conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that our set of regression models for approximating the position of the nasal tip are homogenous among humans and African apes, and can thus be reasonably extended to ancestors leading to these clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Campbell
- Adelaide Medical School, Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Gabriel Vinas
- Sculpture Department, Herberger Institute for Design and the Arts, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Maciej Henneberg
- Adelaide Medical School, Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Morphological Uniqueness: The Concept and Its Relationship to Indicators of Biological Quality of Human Faces from Equatorial Africa. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13122408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial symmetry, averageness, and the level of sex-typical development of dimorphic traits are traditionally associated with various biological quality indicators and should be, therefore, preferred in mate choice. The aim of this study is to propose a concept of morphological uniqueness and uncover its possible associations to putative phenotypic cues of biological quality. In contrast to typicality expressed by averageness, morphological uniqueness quantifies the degree of possessing characteristics unique to particular groups. I employed a combination of geometric morphometric and Bayesian multiple regression to analyze 300 Cameroonian faces, while an additional 1153 faces from eight distinct populations from across four continents were used as a reference sample of the global population to calculate the morphological uniqueness of Cameroonians. I found that morphological uniqueness is positively associated with a feminine facial shape in women and negatively with morphological masculinity in men. Facial symmetry was positively associated with female faces with greater levels of uniqueness; the result for male faces was inconclusive. The faces of both sexes perceived as more attractive had lower levels of morphological uniqueness. Facial distinctiveness showed no relationship to morphological uniqueness in either sex, which indicates that morphological uniqueness and distinctiveness are two complementary approaches to studying facial typicality. In the conclusion, the evolutionary significance of the proposed concept and its potential applicability is discussed.
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18
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Bastir M, Sanz-Prieto D, Burgos M. Three-dimensional form and function of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx in humans and chimpanzees. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:1962-1973. [PMID: 34636487 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The facial differences between recent Pan troglodytes and Homo sapiens can be used as a proxy for the reduction of facial prognathism that happened during evolutionary transition between Australopithecines and early Homo. The projecting nasal morphology of Homo has been considered both a passive consequence of anatomical reorganization related to brain and integrated craniofacial evolution as well as an adaptation related to air-conditioning during physiological and behavioral shifts in human evolution. Yet, previous research suggested impaired air-conditioning in Homo challenging respiratory adaptations based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and airflow simulations. Here we improved CFD model at the inflow region and also carried out three-dimensional (3D) geometric morphometrics to address the hypothesis of impaired air-conditioning in humans and species differences in airway shape. With the new CFD model we simulated pressure, velocity, and temperature changes in airflow of six adult humans and six chimpanzees and analyzed 164 semi-landmarks of 10 humans and 10 chimpanzees for 3D size and shape comparisons. Our finding shows significantly different internal 3D nasal airways. Also, species means of pressure, velocity, and temperature differed statistically significantly. However, form-related differences in temperature exchanges seem subtle and may question adaptive disadvantages. We rather support a hypothesis of craniofacial changes in the Australopithecus-Homo transition that are related to brain evolution and craniofacial integration with facial and nasal modifications that contribute to maintain respiratory adaptations related to air conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bastir
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Sanz-Prieto
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Ingeniería Térmica y Fluidos, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Manuel Burgos
- Departamento de Ingeniería Térmica y Fluidos, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
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19
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Butaric LN, Nicholas CL, Kravchuk K, Maddux SD. Ontogenetic variation in human nasal morphology. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:1910-1937. [PMID: 34549897 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Internal nasal cavity morphology has long been thought to reflect respiratory pressures related to heating and humidifying inspired air. Yet, despite the widely recognized importance of ontogeny in understanding climatic and thermoregulatory adaptations, most research on nasal variation in modern and fossil humans focuses on static adult morphology. This study utilizes cross-sectional CT data of three morphologically distinct samples (African, European, Arctic) spanning from infancy to adulthood (total n = 321). Eighteen landmarks capturing external and internal regions of the face and nose were subjected to generalized Procrustes and form-space principal component analyses (separately conducted on global and individual samples) to ascertain when adult-specific nasal morphology emerges during ontogeny. Across the global sample, PC1 (67.18% of the variation) tracks age-related size changes regardless of ancestry, while PC2 (6.86%) differentiates between the ancestral groups irrespective of age. Growth curves tracking morphological changes by age-in-years indicate comparable growth trajectories across all three samples, with the majority of nasal size and shape established early in ontogeny (<5 years of age). Sex-based trends are also evident, with females exhibiting a more truncated growth period than males, particularly for nasal height dimensions. Differences are also evident between the anterior and posterior nose, with the height and breadth dimensions of the anterior nasal aperture and nasal cavity showing differential ontogenetic patterns compared to the choanae. Cumulatively, these results suggest that multiple selective pressures influence human nasal morphology through ontogenetic processes, including metabolic demands for sufficient oxygen intake and climatic demands for adequate intranasal air conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Butaric
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Christina L Nicholas
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Katherine Kravchuk
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Scott D Maddux
- Center for Anatomical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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20
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Population affinity and variation of sexual dimorphism in three-dimensional facial forms: comparisons between Turkish and Japanese populations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16634. [PMID: 34404851 PMCID: PMC8371176 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Examining the extent to which sex differences in three-dimensional (3D) facial soft tissue configurations are similar across diverse populations could suggest the source of the indirect evolutionary benefits of facial sexual dimorphism traits. To explore this idea, we selected two geographically distinct populations. Three-dimensional model faces were derived from 272 Turkish and Japanese men and women; their facial morphologies were evaluated using landmark and surface-based analyses. We found four common facial features related to sexual dimorphism. Both Turkish and Japanese females had a shorter lower face height, a flatter forehead, greater sagittal cheek protrusion in the infraorbital region but less prominence of the cheek in the parotid-masseteric region, and an antero-posteriorly smaller nose when compared with their male counterparts. The results indicated the possible phylogenetic contribution of the masticatory organ function and morphogenesis on sexual dimorphism of the human face in addition to previously reported biological and psychological characteristics, including sexual maturity, reproductive potential, mating success, general health, immune response, age, and personality.
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21
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Tran CNH, Schroeder L. Common evolutionary patterns in the human nasal region across a worldwide sample. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 176:422-433. [PMID: 34331455 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Variation in the external nasal region among human populations has long been proposed in the literature to reflect adaptations to facilitate thermoregulation, air conditioning, and moisture retention in local climates and environments. More specifically, adaptations in populations living in colder climates have often been assumed due to correlational relationships found between variation in the nasal region and climatic variables. Here, we test this hypothesis by applying a quantitative genetics approach based on the Lande model to assess whether variation in the nasal region can be explained by random neutral processes (e.g., genetic drift) or if non-random forces (i.e., adaptation) have contributed significantly to its diversity. MATERIALS AND METHODS A mixed-sex sample representing 28 population groups from Howells' craniometric dataset were analyzed (n = 2504). Twenty standard measurements were chosen to reflect the external skeletal morphology of the nasal region. We apply statistical tests developed from evolutionary quantitative genetics theory to analyze patterns of within- and between-population divergence under a null hypothesis of genetic drift. RESULTS This study finds a rejection of genetic drift in all analyses, across tests that involve all 28 populations, exclusively cold-climate populations, and with cold-climate populations excluded, indicating that non-random evolutionary forces have contributed significantly to variation in the nasal region overall. DISCUSSION These results show that nasal region adaptation is not exclusive to cold-climate populations, which have often been implicated in the literature to drive nasal variation, instead suggesting that the propensity for adaptation in the nasal region is shared among all human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Ngọc Hân Tran
- Forensic Science Program, Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada.,Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lauren Schroeder
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada.,Human Evolution Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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22
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Perspective of the Relationship between the Susceptibility to Initial SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity and Optimal Nasal Conditioning of Inhaled Air. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157919. [PMID: 34360686 PMCID: PMC8348706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as with the influenza virus, has been shown to spread more rapidly during winter. Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which can follow SARS-CoV-2 infection, disproportionately affects older persons and males as well as people living in temperate zone countries with a tropical ancestry. Recent evidence on the importance of adequately warming and humidifying (conditioning) inhaled air in the nasal cavity for reducing SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in the upper respiratory tract (URT) is discussed, with particular reference to: (i) the relevance of air-borne SARS-CoV-2 transmission, (ii) the nasal epithelium as the initial site of SARS-CoV-2 infection, (iii) the roles of type 1 and 3 interferons for preventing viral infection of URT epithelial cells, (iv) weaker innate immune responses to respiratory viral infections in URT epithelial cells at suboptimal temperature and humidity, and (v) early innate immune responses in the URT for limiting and eliminating SARS-CoV-2 infections. The available data are consistent with optimal nasal air conditioning reducing SARS-CoV-2 infectivity of the URT and, as a consequence, severe COVID-19. Further studies on SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and viral loads in the nasal cavity and nasopharynx in relation to inhaled air temperature, humidity, age, gender, and genetic background are needed in this context. Face masks used for reducing air-borne virus transmission can also promote better nasal air conditioning in cold weather. Masks can, thereby, minimise SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and are particularly relevant for protecting more vulnerable persons from severe COVID-19.
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Ghosh S, Kasher M, Malkina I, Livshits G. Is craniofacial morphology and body composition related by common genes: Comparative analysis of two ethnically diverse populations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 176:249-261. [PMID: 34297355 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The overarching hypothesis of the present paper is that ethnically and/or genetically diverse human populations may exhibit similarity in correlations between various aspects of human phenotypes due to the morphological integration process during the ontogenetic stages. To test this we investigated whether an association between craniofacial (CF) features and body composition (BC) variations is present in humans and the extent to which such possible associations are comparable in different populations. Furthermore, the paper examines the contribution of common genetic (additive) and shared familial environmental factors in assessing the correlation between CF and BC characteristics in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two pedigree-based samples were collected from two distinct populations, including India (Santhal) and Europe (Chuvash). Canonical correlation analysis was used to compare the association between CF and BC characteristics in the two studied samples. The contribution of genetic and familial environmental factors on the correlation between CF and BC features was analyzed through variance decomposition analysis by implementing the Mendelian Analysis package (MAN). RESULTS Our study suggests that CF morphology is significantly (p < 0.001) associated with BC variation in both samples. CF characteristics and BC phenotypes revealed a consistent trend in both samples where condensed and broad CF morphology was significantly associated with increased fat accumulation, with slight variations between the Santhal and Chuvash samples. Despite the variations observed between the samples, the heritability estimates were impressively equivalent for traits like total facial height (55.6%Santhal vs.56.1%Chuvash ) and nasal index (42.8%Santhal vs. 43.3%Chuvash ). DISCUSSION The genetic contribution of CF morphology appeared to be extensive and the contribution of common genetic and shared family environmental correlations between CF and BC measures were suggestively substantial. Accordingly, these correlations were consistently observed across ethnically diverse populations, despite drastic morphological differences between the samples under comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Ghosh
- Department of Anthropology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Melody Kasher
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ida Malkina
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gregory Livshits
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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24
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Shah Y, Kurelek JW, Peterson SD, Yarusevych S. Experimental investigation of indoor aerosol dispersion and accumulation in the context of COVID-19: Effects of masks and ventilation. PHYSICS OF FLUIDS (WOODBURY, N.Y. : 1994) 2021; 33:073315. [PMID: 34335009 PMCID: PMC8320385 DOI: 10.1063/5.0057100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of aerosol dispersion in disease transmission in indoor environments. The present study experimentally investigates the dispersion and build-up of an exhaled aerosol modeled with polydisperse microscopic particles (approximately 1 μm mean diameter) by a seated manikin in a relatively large indoor environment. The aims are to offer quantitative insight into the effect of common face masks and ventilation/air purification, and to provide relevant experimental metrics for modeling and risk assessment. Measurements demonstrate that all tested masks provide protection in the immediate vicinity of the host primarily through the redirection and reduction of expiratory momentum. However, leakages are observed to result in notable decreases in mask efficiency relative to the ideal filtration efficiency of the mask material, even in the case of high-efficiency masks, such as the R95 or KN95. Tests conducted in the far field ( 2 m distance from the subject) capture significant aerosol build-up in the indoor space over a long duration ( 10 h ). A quantitative measure of apparent exhalation filtration efficiency is provided based on experimental data assimilation to a simplified model. The results demonstrate that the apparent exhalation filtration efficiency is significantly lower than the ideal filtration efficiency of the mask material. Nevertheless, high-efficiency masks, such as the KN95, still offer substantially higher apparent filtration efficiencies (60% and 46% for R95 and KN95 masks, respectively) than the more commonly used cloth (10%) and surgical masks (12%), and therefore are still the recommended choice in mitigating airborne disease transmission indoors. The results also suggest that, while higher ventilation capacities are required to fully mitigate aerosol build-up, even relatively low air-change rates ( 2 h - 1 ) lead to lower aerosol build-up compared to the best performing mask in an unventilated space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Shah
- Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - John W. Kurelek
- Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sean D. Peterson
- Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Serhiy Yarusevych
- Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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25
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Raza RZ, Ma L, Zhang Z, Bao Y, Abbasi AA. Selection trends on nasal-associated SNP variants across human populations. Meta Gene 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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26
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Abstract
Some of the genes responsible for the evolution of light skin pigmentation in Europeans show signals of positive selection in present-day populations. Recently, genome-wide association studies have highlighted the highly polygenic nature of skin pigmentation. It is unclear whether selection has operated on all of these genetic variants or just a subset. By studying variation in over a thousand ancient genomes from West Eurasia covering 40,000 y, we are able to study both the aggregate behavior of pigmentation-associated variants and the evolutionary history of individual variants. We find that the evolution of light skin pigmentation in Europeans was driven by frequency changes in a relatively small fraction of the genetic variants that are associated with variation in the trait today. Skin pigmentation is a classic example of a polygenic trait that has experienced directional selection in humans. Genome-wide association studies have identified well over a hundred pigmentation-associated loci, and genomic scans in present-day and ancient populations have identified selective sweeps for a small number of light pigmentation-associated alleles in Europeans. It is unclear whether selection has operated on all of the genetic variation associated with skin pigmentation as opposed to just a small number of large-effect variants. Here, we address this question using ancient DNA from 1,158 individuals from West Eurasia covering a period of 40,000 y combined with genome-wide association summary statistics from the UK Biobank. We find a robust signal of directional selection in ancient West Eurasians on 170 skin pigmentation-associated variants ascertained in the UK Biobank. However, we also show that this signal is driven by a limited number of large-effect variants. Consistent with this observation, we find that a polygenic selection test in present-day populations fails to detect selection with the full set of variants. Our data allow us to disentangle the effects of admixture and selection. Most notably, a large-effect variant at SLC24A5 was introduced to Western Europe by migrations of Neolithic farming populations but continued to be under selection post-admixture. This study shows that the response to selection for light skin pigmentation in West Eurasia was driven by a relatively small proportion of the variants that are associated with present-day phenotypic variation.
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27
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Hoskens H, Liu D, Naqvi S, Lee MK, Eller RJ, Indencleef K, White JD, Li J, Larmuseau MHD, Hens G, Wysocka J, Walsh S, Richmond S, Shriver MD, Shaffer JR, Peeters H, Weinberg SM, Claes P. 3D facial phenotyping by biometric sibling matching used in contemporary genomic methodologies. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009528. [PMID: 33983923 PMCID: PMC8118281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of contemporary genomic data typically operates on one-dimensional phenotypic measurements (e.g. standing height). Here we report on a data-driven, family-informed strategy to facial phenotyping that searches for biologically relevant traits and reduces multivariate 3D facial shape variability into amendable univariate measurements, while preserving its structurally complex nature. We performed a biometric identification of siblings in a sample of 424 children, defining 1,048 sib-shared facial traits. Subsequent quantification and analyses in an independent European cohort (n = 8,246) demonstrated significant heritability for a subset of traits (0.17-0.53) and highlighted 218 genome-wide significant loci (38 also study-wide) associated with facial variation shared by siblings. These loci showed preferential enrichment for active chromatin marks in cranial neural crest cells and embryonic craniofacial tissues and several regions harbor putative craniofacial genes, thereby enhancing our knowledge on the genetic architecture of normal-range facial variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Hoskens
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dongjing Liu
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sahin Naqvi
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Myoung Keun Lee
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ryan J. Eller
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Karlijne Indencleef
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julie D. White
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jiarui Li
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten H. D. Larmuseau
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Socioecology and Social Evolution, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Histories vzw, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Greet Hens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joanna Wysocka
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Susan Walsh
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Stephen Richmond
- Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D. Shriver
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John R. Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hilde Peeters
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Seth M. Weinberg
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Peter Claes
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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28
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Zhang X, Liu Q, Zhang H, Zhao S, Huang J, Sovannary T, Bunnath L, Aun HS, Samnom H, Su B, Chen H. The distinct morphological phenotypes of Southeast Asian aborigines are shaped by novel mechanisms for adaptation to tropical rainforests. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 9:nwab072. [PMID: 35371514 PMCID: PMC8970429 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwab072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Southeast Asian aborigines, the hunter-gatherer populations living in tropical rainforests, exhibit distinct morphological phenotypes, including short stature, dark skin, curly hair and a wide and snub nose. The underlying genetic architecture and evolutionary mechanism of these phenotypes remain a long-term mystery. We conducted whole genome deep sequencing of 81 Cambodian aborigines from eight ethnic groups. Through a genome-wide scan of selective sweeps, we discovered key genes harboring Cambodian-enriched mutations that may contribute to their phenotypes, including two hair morphogenesis genes (TCHH and TCHHL1), one nasal morphology gene (PAX3) and a set of genes (such as ENTPD1-AS1) associated with short stature. The identified new genes and novel mutations suggest an independent origin of the distinct phenotypes in Cambodian aborigines through parallel evolution, refuting the long-standing argument on the common ancestry of these phenotypes among the worldwide rainforest hunter-gatherers. Notably, our discovery reveals that various types of molecular mechanisms, including antisense transcription and epigenetic regulation, contribute to human morphogenesis, providing novel insights into the genetics of human environmental adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Qi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
- School of Future Technology and Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Shilei Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
- School of Future Technology and Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tuot Sovannary
- Department of Geography and Land Management, Royal University of Phnom Penh, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | - Long Bunnath
- Department of Geography and Land Management, Royal University of Phnom Penh, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | - Hong Seang Aun
- Department of Geography and Land Management, Royal University of Phnom Penh, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | - Ham Samnom
- Capacity Development Facilitator for Handicap International Federation and Freelance Research, Battambang 02358, Cambodia
| | - Bing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Hua Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China
- School of Future Technology and Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
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29
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Steiper ME, Grube NT, Gagnon CM. Elevated diversity in loci linked to facial morphology is consistent with the hypothesis that individual facial recognition is important across hominoids. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 174:785-791. [PMID: 33454958 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The ability to use visual signals to identify individuals is an important feature of primate social groups, including humans. Sheehan and Nachman (2014) showed that loci linked to facial morphology had elevated levels of diversity and interpreted this as evidence that the human face is under frequency-dependent selection to enhance individual recognition (Nature Communications 5). In our study, we tested whether this pattern is found in non-human ape species, to help understand whether individual recognition might also play a role in species other than humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined levels of genetic diversity in an available population genomic dataset of humans, chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans for three sets of loci, (1) loci linked to facial morphology, (2) loci linked to height, and (3) neutrally evolving regions. We tested whether loci linked to facial morphology were more variable than loci linked to height or neutrally evolving loci in each of these species. RESULTS We found significantly elevated diversity in loci linked to facial morphology in chimpanzees, gorillas, and Sumatran and Bornean orangutans. DISCUSSION Our findings closely parallel those of Sheehan and Nachman and are consistent with the idea that selection for facial diversity and individual recognition has not only shaped the evolution of the human face, but it has similarly shaped the evolution of most of our closest primate relatives. We also discuss alternative hypotheses for this pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Steiper
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, New York, USA.,Program in Anthropology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, New York, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, New York, USA
| | - Natalia T Grube
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
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Population history and ecology, in addition to climate, influence human stature and body proportions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:274. [PMID: 33431970 PMCID: PMC7801440 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79501-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide variation in human stature and limb proportions is widely accepted to reflect thermal adaptation, but the contribution of population history to this variation is unknown. Furthermore, stature and relative lower limb length (LLL) show substantial plastic responses to environmental stressors, e.g., nutrition, pathogen load, which covary with climate. Thus ecogeographic patterns may go beyond temperature-based selection. We analysed global variation in stature, sitting height and absolute and relative LLL using large worldwide samples of published anthropometric data from adult male (n = 571) and female (n = 268) populations in relation to temperature, humidity, and net primary productivity (NPP). Population history was modeled using spatial eigenvector mapping based on geographic distances reflecting the hypothesized pattern for the spread of modern humans out of Africa. Regression models account for ~ 50% of variation in most morphological variables. Population history explains slightly more variation in stature, sitting height and LLL than the environmental/climatic variables. After adjusting for population history, associations between (usually maximum) temperature and LLL are consistent with Allen's "rule" and may drive similar relationships with stature. NPP is a consistent negative predictor of anthropometry, which may reflect the growth-limiting effects of lower environmental resource accessibility (inversely related to NPP) and/or pathogen load.
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31
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Hanson RL, Van Hout CV, Hsueh WC, Shuldiner AR, Kobes S, Sinha M, Baier LJ, Knowler WC. Assessment of the potential role of natural selection in type 2 diabetes and related traits across human continental ancestry groups: comparison of phenotypic with genotypic divergence. Diabetologia 2020; 63:2616-2627. [PMID: 32886191 PMCID: PMC7642101 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Prevalence of type 2 diabetes differs among human ancestry groups, and many hypotheses invoke differential natural selection to account for these differences. We sought to assess the potential role of differential natural selection across major continental ancestry groups for diabetes and related traits, by comparison of genetic and phenotypic differences. METHODS This was a cross-sectional comparison among 734 individuals from an urban sample (none of whom was more closely related to another than third-degree relatives), including 83 African Americans, 523 American Indians and 128 European Americans. Participants were not recruited based on diabetes status or other traits. BMI was calculated, and diabetes was diagnosed by a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. In those with normal glucose tolerance (n = 434), fasting insulin and 30 min post-load insulin, adjusted for 30 min glucose, were taken as measures of insulin resistance and secretion, respectively. Whole exome sequencing was performed, resulting in 97,388 common (minor allele frequency ≥ 5%) variants; the coancestry coefficient (FST) was calculated across all markers as a measure of genetic divergence among ancestry groups. The phenotypic divergence index (PST) was also calculated from the phenotypic differences and heritability (which was estimated from genetic relatedness calculated empirically across all markers in 761 American Indian participants prior to the exclusion of close relatives). Under evolutionary neutrality, the expectation is PST = FST, while for traits under differential selection PST is expected to be significantly greater than FST. A bootstrap procedure was used to test the hypothesis PST = FST. RESULTS: With adjustment for age and sex, prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 34.0% in American Indians, 12.4% in African Americans and 10.4% in European Americans (p = 2.9 × 10-10 for difference among groups). Mean BMI was 36.3, 33.4 and 33.0 kg/m2, respectively (p = 1.9 × 10-7). Mean fasting insulin was 63.8, 48.4 and 45.2 pmol/l (p = 9.2 × 10-5), while mean 30 min insulin was 559.8, 553.5 and 358.8 pmol/l, respectively (p = 5.7 × 10-8). FST across all markers was 0.130, while PST for liability to diabetes, adjusted for age and sex, was 0.149 (p = 0.35 for difference with FST). PST was 0.094 for BMI (p = 0.54), 0.095 for fasting insulin (p = 0.54) and 0.216 (p = 0.18) for 30 min insulin. For type 2 diabetes and BMI, the maximum divergence between populations was observed between American Indians and European Americans (PST-MAX = 0.22, p = 0.37, and PST-MAX = 0.14, p = 0.61), which suggests that a relatively modest 22% or 14% of the genetic variance, respectively, can potentially be explained by differential selection (assuming the absence of neutral drift). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These analyses suggest that while type 2 diabetes and related traits differ significantly among continental ancestry groups, the differences are consistent with neutral expectations based on heritability and genetic distances. While these analyses do not exclude a modest role for natural selection, they do not support the hypothesis that differential natural selection is necessary to explain the phenotypic differences among these ancestry groups. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Hanson
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | | | - Wen-Chi Hsueh
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Sayuko Kobes
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Madhumita Sinha
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Leslie J Baier
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - William C Knowler
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Arumuru V, Pasa J, Samantaray SS. Experimental visualization of sneezing and efficacy of face masks and shields. PHYSICS OF FLUIDS (WOODBURY, N.Y. : 1994) 2020; 32:115129. [PMID: 33244217 PMCID: PMC7684680 DOI: 10.1063/5.0030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, we propose and demonstrate a simple experimental visualization to simulate sneezing by maintaining dynamic similarity to actual sneezing. A pulsed jet with Reynolds number Re = 30 000 is created using compressed air and a solenoid valve. Tracer particles are introduced in the flow to capture the emulated turbulent jet formed due to a sneeze. The visualization is accomplished using a camera and laser illumination. It is observed that a typical sneeze can travel up to 25 ft in ∼22 s in a quiescent environment. This highlights that the present widely accepted safe distance of 6 ft is highly underestimated, especially under the act of a sneeze. Our study demonstrates that a three-layer homemade mask is just adequate to impede the penetration of fine-sized particles, which may cause the spreading of the infectious pathogen responsible for COVID-19. However, a surgical mask cannot block the sneeze, and the sneeze particle can travel up to 2.5 ft. We strongly recommend using at least a three-layer homemade mask with a social distancing of 6 ft to combat the transmission of COVID-19 virus. In offices, we recommend the use of face masks and shields to prevent the spreading of droplets carrying the infectious pathogen. Interestingly, an N-95 mask blocks the sneeze in the forward direction; however, the leakage from the sides and top spreads the sneeze in the backward direction up to 2 ft. We strongly recommend using the elbow or hands to prevent droplet leakage even after wearing a mask during sneezing and coughing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venugopal Arumuru
- Applied Fluids Group, School of Mechanical Sciences, Indian Institute of
Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
| | - Jangyadatta Pasa
- Applied Fluids Group, School of Mechanical Sciences, Indian Institute of
Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
| | - Sidhartha Sankar Samantaray
- Applied Fluids Group, School of Mechanical Sciences, Indian Institute of
Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
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Koch SL, Liebowitz C, Shriver MD, Jablonski NG. Microscopical discrimination of human head hairs sharing a mitochondrial haplogroup. J Forensic Sci 2020; 66:56-71. [PMID: 32956521 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In forensic analyses, determining the level of consensus among examiners for hair comparison conclusions and ancestry identifications is important for assessing the scientific validity of microscopical hair examinations. Here, we present data from an interlaboratory study on the accuracy of microscopical hair comparisons among a subset of experienced hair examiners currently analyzing hair in forensic laboratories across the United States. We examined how well microscopical analysis of hair can reliably be used to differentiate hair samples, many of which were macroscopically similar. Using cut hair samples, many sharing similar macroscopic and microscopic features, collected from individuals who share the same mitochondrial haplogroup as an indication of genetic relatedness, we tested multiple aspects that could impact hair comparisons. This research tested the extent to which morphological features related to ancestry and hair length influence conclusions. Microscopical hair examinations yielded accurate assessments of inclusion/exclusion relative to the reference samples among 85% of the pairwise comparisons. We found shorter hairs had reduced levels of accuracy and hairs from populations examiners were not familiar with may have impacted their ability to resolve features. The reliability of ancestry determinations is not yet clear, but we found indications that the existing categories are only somewhat related to current ethnic and genetic variation. Our results provide support for the continued utility of microscopical comparison of hairs within forensic laboratories and to advocate for a combined analytical approach using both microscopical analysis and mtDNA data on all forensic analyses of hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Koch
- McCrone Associates, Westmont, IL, USA.,Anthropology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Corey Liebowitz
- Anthropology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Mark D Shriver
- Anthropology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Nina G Jablonski
- Anthropology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Bastir M, Megía I, Torres-Tamayo N, García-Martínez D, Piqueras FM, Burgos M. Three-dimensional analysis of sexual dimorphism in the soft tissue morphology of the upper airways in a human population. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 171:65-75. [PMID: 31837016 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several studies have analyzed the sexual dimorphism of the skeletal cranial airways. This study aimed to quantify the three-dimensional (3D) morphology of the soft tissues of the upper airways in a human population. We addressed hypotheses about morphological features related to respiratory and energetic aspects of nasal sexual dimorphism. METHODS We reconstructed 3D models of 41 male and female soft tissue nasal airways from computed tomography data. We measured 280 landmarks and semilandmarks for 3D-geometric morphometric analyses to test for differences in size and 3D morphology of different functional compartments of the soft tissue airways. RESULTS We found statistical evidence for sexual dimorphism: Males were larger than females. 3D features indicated taller and wider inflow tracts, taller outflow tracts and slightly taller internal airways in males. These characteristics are compatible with greater airflow in males. DISCUSSION The differences in 3D nasal airway morphology are compatible with the respiratory-energetics hypothesis according to which males differ from females because of greater energetic demands. Accordingly, structures related to inflow and outflow of air show stronger signals than structures relevant for air-conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bastir
- Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Megía
- Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicole Torres-Tamayo
- Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francisco M Piqueras
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital General Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Burgos
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Ingeniería Térmica y de Fluidos, Cartagena, Spain
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Mathieson I. Human adaptation over the past 40,000 years. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 62:97-104. [PMID: 32745952 PMCID: PMC7484260 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years several methodological and data-driven advances have greatly improved our ability to robustly detect genomic signatures of selection in humans. New methods applied to large samples of present-day genomes provide increased power, while ancient DNA allows precise estimation of timing and tempo. However, despite these advances, we are still limited in our ability to translate these signatures into understanding about which traits were actually under selection, and why. Combining information from different populations and timescales may allow interpretation of selective sweeps. Other modes of selection have proved more difficult to detect. In particular, despite strong evidence of the polygenicity of most human traits, evidence for polygenic selection is weak, and its importance in recent human evolution remains unclear. Balancing selection and archaic introgression seem important for the maintenance of potentially adaptive immune diversity, but perhaps less so for other traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Mathieson
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States.
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36
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Puckett EE, Sherratt E, Combs M, Carlen EJ, Harcourt‐Smith W, Munshi‐South J. Variation in brown rat cranial shape shows directional selection over 120 years in New York City. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4739-4748. [PMID: 32551057 PMCID: PMC7297766 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Urbanization exposes species to novel environments and selection pressures that may change morphological traits within a population. We investigated how the shape and size of crania and mandibles changed over time within a population of brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) living in Manhattan, New York, USA, a highly urbanized environment. We measured 3D landmarks on the cranium and mandible of 62 adult individuals sampled in the 1890s and 2010s. Static allometry explained approximately 22% of shape variation in crania and mandible datasets, while time accounted for approximately 14% of variation. We did not observe significant changes in skull size through time or between the sexes. Estimating the P-matrix revealed that directional selection explained temporal change of the crania but not the mandible. Specifically, rats from the 2010s had longer noses and shorter upper molar tooth rows, traits identified as adaptive to colder environments and higher quality or softer diets, respectively. Our results highlight the continual evolution to selection pressures. We acknowledge that urban selection pressures impacting cranial shape likely began in Europe prior to the introduction of rats to Manhattan. Yet, our study period spanned changes in intensity of artificial lighting, human population density, and human diet, thereby altering various aspects of rat ecology and hence pressures on the skull.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. Puckett
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of MemphisMemphisTNUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesLouis Calder Center‐Biological Field StationFordham UniversityArmonkNYUSA
| | - Emma Sherratt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological SciencesThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Matthew Combs
- Department of Biological SciencesLouis Calder Center‐Biological Field StationFordham UniversityArmonkNYUSA
- Present address:
Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental BiologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Elizabeth J. Carlen
- Department of Biological SciencesLouis Calder Center‐Biological Field StationFordham UniversityArmonkNYUSA
| | - William Harcourt‐Smith
- Division of PaleontologyAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of AnthropologyThe Graduate CenterCity University of New YorkNew YorkNYUSA
- Lehman CollegeCity University of New YorkBronxNYUSA
| | - Jason Munshi‐South
- Department of Biological SciencesLouis Calder Center‐Biological Field StationFordham UniversityArmonkNYUSA
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Yarragudi SB, Kumar H, Jain R, Tawhai M, Rizwan S. Olfactory Targeting of Microparticles Through Inhalation and Bi-directional Airflow: Effect of Particle Size and Nasal Anatomy. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2020; 33:258-270. [PMID: 32423267 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2019.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Targeting drugs to the olfactory region in the nasal cavity can bypass the restrictive blood-brain barrier and enhance their direct delivery to the brain. However, complex nasal geometry and its demographical variations can pose challenges for targeted drug deposition in the olfactory region. Deposition of particles in the nasal cavity is influenced by particle size, airflow rate, and nasal geometry. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of these parameters on regional microparticle deposition with the view to provide insights into the nose-to-brain delivery of drugs. Methods: In this study, three anatomically accurate human nasal cavities were reconstructed in silico and deposition of microparticles under nebulization and bi-directional airflow conditions was simulated. Microparticle deposition data were analyzed to gain insight into the effect of particle size and nasal geometry. Results: Maximum olfactory deposition was observed with particles in the size range of 8 to 12 μm under nebulization and 14 to 18 μm under bi-directional airflow condition. Geometric differences between subjects were shown to significantly impact overall and regional particle deposition and introduced inter-subject variability. Significant intra-subject variability in microparticle deposition was also observed in the bi-directional delivery cases. Conclusions: The data from this study suggest that tailoring particle size, combined with a delivery protocol, may provide a unique and pragmatic way to target drugs to the olfactory region. Differences in nasal anatomy among humans can cause variability in particle deposition and need to be considered in any future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haribalan Kumar
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ravi Jain
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Merryn Tawhai
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shakila Rizwan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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White JD, Ortega-Castrillon A, Virgo C, Indencleef K, Hoskens H, Shriver MD, Claes P. Sources of variation in the 3dMDface and Vectra H1 3D facial imaging systems. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4443. [PMID: 32157192 PMCID: PMC7064576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As technology advances and collaborations grow, our ability to finely quantify and explore morphological variation in 3D structures can enable important discoveries and insights into clinical, evolutionary, and genetic questions. However, it is critical to explore and understand the relative contribution of potential sources of error to the structures under study. In this study, we isolated the level of error in 3D facial images attributable to four sources, using the 3dMDface and Vectra H1 camera systems. When the two camera systems are used separately to image human participants, this analysis finds an upper bound of error potentially introduced by the use of the 3dMDface or Vectra H1 camera systems, in conjunction with the MeshMonk registration toolbox, at 0.44 mm and 0.40 mm, respectively. For studies using both camera systems, this upper bound increases to 0.85 mm, on average, and there are systematic differences in the representation of the eyelids, nostrils, and mouth by the two camera systems. Our results highlight the need for careful assessment of potential sources of error in 3D images, both in terms of magnitude and position, especially when dealing with very small measurements or performing many tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie D White
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.
| | - Alejandra Ortega-Castrillon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ciara Virgo
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Karlijne Indencleef
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hanne Hoskens
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark D Shriver
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Peter Claes
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Keustermans W, Huysmans T, Schmelzer B, Sijbers J, Dirckx JJ. The effect of nasal shape on the thermal conditioning of inhaled air: Using clinical tomographic data to build a large-scale statistical shape model. Comput Biol Med 2020; 117:103600. [PMID: 32072966 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the heating function of the nasal cavity qualitatively, using a high-quality, large-scale statistical shape model. This model consists of a symmetrical and an asymmetrical part and provides a new and unique way of examining changes in nasal heating function resulting from natural variations in nasal shape (as obtained from 100 clinical CT scans). Data collected from patients suffering from different nasal or sinus-related complaints are included. Parameterized models allow us to investigate the effect of continuous deviations in shape from the mean nasal cavity. This approach also enables us to avoid many of the compounded effects on flow and heat exchange, which one would encounter when comparing different patient-specific models. The effects of global size, size-related features, and turbinate size are investigated using the symmetrical shape model. The asymmetrical model is used to investigate different types of septal deviation using Mladina's classification. The qualitative results are discussed and compared with findings from the existing literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Keustermans
- Physics Department, University of Antwerp, Laboratory of Biophysics and Biomedical Physics, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Toon Huysmans
- Section on Applied Ergonomics and Design, Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Landbergstraat 15, 2628, CE Delft, Netherlands
| | - Bert Schmelzer
- ENT Department, ZNA Middelheim Hospital, Lindendreef 1, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Sijbers
- Physics Department, University of Antwerp, Imec-Vision Lab, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joris Jj Dirckx
- Physics Department, University of Antwerp, Laboratory of Biophysics and Biomedical Physics, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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40
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Lee UY, Kim H, Song JK, Kim DH, Ahn KJ, Kim YS. Assessment of nasal profiles for forensic facial approximation in a modern Korean population of known age and sex. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2019; 42:101646. [PMID: 31751793 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2019.101646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The nose is a valuable facial feature for facial recognition and approximation. We propose the use of regression functions to predict nasal profiles comprising the structures around the piriform aperture using CT-based 3D models. We examined craniofacial reconstruction models acquired from computed tomographic images of Korean adults (188 males and 201 females). Eighteen measurements using 16 craniometric landmarks were measured on 3D craniofacial models. We conducted a descriptive analysis with comparisons according to sex, and simple linear regression analyses to obtain regression functions. Using multiple regression analyses with sex and age as independent variables, multiple regression equations were developed with coefficient of determination R2 ranging from 0.314 to 0.724, meaning that the equations for known sex and age were better for the prediction of nasal profiles than equations that assumed only known sex. These equations are useful and practical for reconstructing nasal profiles in forensic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- U-Young Lee
- Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy·Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-Gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; Center for Korean Studies, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 1881 East-West Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822, United States
| | - Hankyu Kim
- Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy·Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-Gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyoung Song
- Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy·Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-Gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Kim
- Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy·Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-Gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Kook-Jin Ahn
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-Gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Suk Kim
- Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy·Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-Gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea.
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Cheng WJ, Liang SJ, Huang CS, Lin CL, Pien LC, Hang LW. Air Pollutants Are Associated With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity in Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep. J Clin Sleep Med 2019; 15:831-837. [PMID: 31138380 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.7830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The relationship between seasonal variation of obstructive sleep apnea and ambient temperature and pollutants has been inconsistent in previous studies. It is also unknown whether the seasonal variation in apnea-hypopnea index influences continuous positive airway pressure treatment dose. This study aims to examine the seasonality of obstructive sleep apnea and continuous positive airway pressure treatment, and the association between air pollutants and apnea-hypopnea index in adults with different sleep apnea severity during different sleep stages. METHODS Polysomnography of 5,413 patients referred to one sleep center during 2008-2015 were examined retrospectively. Ambient conditions and air pollutants levels were collected from the official air condition surveillance database. Cosinor analysis was used to examine seasonal variances. The general linear model was used to examine associations between air conditions and apnea-hypopnea index adjusted for seasonality. Models for apnea-hypopnea index in different sleep stages, sex groups, and obstructive sleep apnea severity groups were analyzed separately. RESULTS Seasonal variations for continuous positive airway pressure treatment were not significant. Particulate matter less than or equal to 10 μm, ozone, sulfur dioxide, and relative humidity were associated with apnea-hypopnea index only in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea. The association was significant only in non-rapid eye movement sleep. CONCLUSIONS An adjustment for continuous positive airway treatment dose by season is not warranted. Protection for air pollutant-vulnerable groups should be provided. The exact mechanism of the associations between apnea-hypopnea index and air conditions only in non-rapid eye movement sleep must be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ju Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Jye Liang
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Sleep Medicine Center, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Sen Huang
- Sleep Medicine Center, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Li Lin
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chung Pien
- Department of Nursing, Cardinal Tien Junior College of Healthcare and Management, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Wen Hang
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Sleep Medicine Center, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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42
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Li Y, Zhao W, Li D, Tao X, Xiong Z, Liu J, Zhang W, Ji A, Tang K, Liu F, Li C. EDAR, LYPLAL1, PRDM16, PAX3, DKK1, TNFSF12, CACNA2D3, and SUPT3H gene variants influence facial morphology in a Eurasian population. Hum Genet 2019; 138:681-689. [PMID: 31025105 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In human society, the facial surface is visible and recognizable based on the facial shape variation which represents a set of highly polygenic and correlated complex traits. Understanding the genetic basis underlying facial shape traits has important implications in population genetics, developmental biology, and forensic science. A number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with human facial shape variation, mostly in European populations. To bridge the gap between European and Asian populations in term of the genetic basis of facial shape variation, we examined the effect of these SNPs in a European-Asian admixed Eurasian population which included a total of 612 individuals. The coordinates of 17 facial landmarks were derived from high resolution 3dMD facial images, and 136 Euclidean distances between all pairs of landmarks were quantitatively derived. DNA samples were genotyped using the Illumina Infinium Global Screening Array and imputed using the 1000 Genomes reference panel. Genetic association between 125 previously reported facial shape-associated SNPs and 136 facial shape phenotypes was tested using linear regression. As a result, a total of eight SNPs from different loci demonstrated significant association with one or more facial shape traits after adjusting for multiple testing (significance threshold p < 1.28 × 10-3), together explaining up to 6.47% of sex-, age-, and BMI-adjusted facial phenotype variance. These included EDAR rs3827760, LYPLAL1 rs5781117, PRDM16 rs4648379, PAX3 rs7559271, DKK1 rs1194708, TNFSF12 rs80067372, CACNA2D3 rs56063440, and SUPT3H rs227833. Notably, the EDAR rs3827760 and LYPLAL1 rs5781117 SNPs displayed significant association with eight and seven facial phenotypes, respectively (2.39 × 10-5 < p < 1.28 × 10-3). The majority of these SNPs showed a distinct allele frequency between European and East Asian reference panels from the 1000 Genomes Project. These results showed the details of above eight genes influence facial shape variation in a Eurasian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, National Engineering Laboratory for Forensic Science, Institute of Forensic Science, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Li
- CAS-MPG Partner Institute and Key Laboratory for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianming Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyi Xiong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, National Engineering Laboratory for Forensic Science, Institute of Forensic Science, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, National Engineering Laboratory for Forensic Science, Institute of Forensic Science, Beijing, China
| | - Anquan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, National Engineering Laboratory for Forensic Science, Institute of Forensic Science, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Tang
- CAS-MPG Partner Institute and Key Laboratory for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Caixia Li
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, National Engineering Laboratory for Forensic Science, Institute of Forensic Science, Beijing, China.
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43
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Kleisner K, Pokorný Š, Čížková M, Froment A, Černý V. Nomadic pastoralists and sedentary farmers of the Sahel/Savannah Belt of Africa in the light of geometric morphometrics based on facial portraits. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 169:632-645. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Kleisner
- Department of Philosophy and History of Science, Faculty of ScienceCharles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Šimon Pokorný
- Department of Philosophy and History of Science, Faculty of ScienceCharles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Martina Čížková
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of ScienceCharles University Prague Czech Republic
- Archaeogenetics LaboratoryInstitute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague Czech Republic
| | - Alain Froment
- UMR 208‐PalocIRD‐MNHN, Musée de l'Homme Paris France
| | - Viktor Černý
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of ScienceCharles University Prague Czech Republic
- Archaeogenetics LaboratoryInstitute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague Czech Republic
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44
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Marks TN, Maddux SD, Butaric LN, Franciscus RG. Climatic adaptation in human inferior nasal turbinate morphology: Evidence from Arctic and equatorial populations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 169:498-512. [PMID: 30993687 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The nasal turbinates directly influence the overall size, shape, and surface area of the nasal passages, and thus contribute to intranasal heat and moisture exchange. However, unlike the encapsulating walls of the nasal cavity, ecogeographic variation in nasal turbinate morphology among humans has not yet been established. Here we investigate variation in inferior nasal turbinate morphology in two populations from climatically extreme environments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-three linear measurements of the inferior turbinate, nasal cavity walls, and airway passages were collected from CT scans of indigenous modern human crania from Equatorial Africa (n = 35) and the Arctic Circle (n = 35). MANOVA and ANCOVA were employed to test for predicted regional and sex differences in morphology between the samples. RESULTS Significant morphological differences were identified between the two regional samples, with no evidence of significant sexual dimorphism or region-sex interaction effect. Individuals from the Arctic Circle possessed superoinferiorly and mediolaterally larger inferior turbinates compared to Equatorial Africans. In conjunction with the surrounding nasal cavity walls, these differences in turbinate morphology produced airway dimensions that were both consistent with functional expectations and more regionally distinct than either skeletal component independently. CONCLUSION This study documents the existence of ecogeographic variation in human nasal turbinate morphology reflecting climate-mediated evolutionary demands on intranasal heat and moisture exchange. Humans adapted to cold-dry environments exhibit turbinate morphologies that enhance contact between respired air and nasal mucosa to facilitate respiratory air conditioning. Conversely, humans adapted to hot-humid environments exhibit turbinate morphologies that minimize air-to-mucosa contact, likely to minimize airflow resistance and/or facilitate expiratory heat-shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarah N Marks
- Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Scott D Maddux
- Center for Anatomical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
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45
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Li C, Jiang J, Kim K, Otto BA, Farag AA, Cowart BJ, Pribitkin EA, Dalton P, Zhao K. Nasal Structural and Aerodynamic Features That May Benefit Normal Olfactory Sensitivity. Chem Senses 2019; 43:229-237. [PMID: 29474516 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjy013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasal airflow that effectively transports ambient odors to the olfactory receptors is important for human olfaction. Yet, the impact of nasal anatomical variations on airflow pattern and olfactory function is not fully understood. In this study, 22 healthy volunteers were recruited and underwent computed tomographic scans for computational simulations of nasal airflow patterns. Unilateral odor detection thresholds (ODT) to l-carvone, phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) and d-limonene were also obtained for all participants. Significant normative variations in both nasal anatomy and aerodynamics were found. The most prominent was the formation of an anterior dorsal airflow vortex in some but not all subjects, with the vortex size being significantly correlated with ODT of l-carvone (r = 0.31, P < 0.05). The formation of the vortex is likely the result of anterior nasal morphology, with the vortex size varying significantly with the nasal index (ratio of the width and height of external nose, r = -0.59, P < 0.001) and nasal vestibule "notch" index (r = 0.76, P < 0.001). The "notch" is a narrowing of the upper nasal vestibule cartilage region. The degree of the notch also significantly correlates with ODT for PEA (r = 0.32, P < 0.05) and l-carvone (r = 0.33, P < 0.05). ODT of d-limonene, a low mucosal soluble odor, does not correlate with any of the anatomical or aerodynamic variables. The current study revealed that nasal anatomy and aerodynamics might have a significant impact on normal olfactory sensitivity, with greater airflow vortex and a narrower vestibule region likely intensifying the airflow vortex toward the olfactory region and resulting in greater olfactory sensitivity to high mucosal soluble odors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jianbo Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kanghyun Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Bradley A Otto
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alexander A Farag
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Beverly J Cowart
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edmund A Pribitkin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pamela Dalton
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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46
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Rohner PT, Roy J, Schäfer MA, Blanckenhorn WU, Berger D. Does thermal plasticity align with local adaptation? An interspecific comparison of wing morphology in sepsid flies. J Evol Biol 2019; 32:463-475. [PMID: 30776168 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although genetic and plastic responses are sometimes considered as unrelated processes, their phenotypic effects may often align because genetic adaptation is expected to mirror phenotypic plasticity if adaptive, but run counter to it when maladaptive. Because the magnitude and direction of this alignment has further consequences for both the tempo and mode of adaptation, they are relevant for predicting an organisms' reaction to environmental change. To better understand the interplay between phenotypic plasticity and genetic change in mediating adaptive phenotypic variation to climate variability, we here quantified genetic latitudinal variation and thermal plasticity in wing loading and wing shape in two closely related and widespread sepsid flies. Common garden rearing of 16 geographical populations reared across multiple temperatures revealed that wing loading decreases with latitude in both species. This pattern could be driven by selection for increased dispersal capacity in the cold. However, although allometry, sexual dimorphism, thermal plasticity and latitudinal differentiation in wing shape all show similar patterns in the two species, the relationship between the plastic and genetic responses differed between them. Although latitudinal differentiation (south to north) mirrored thermal plasticity (hot to cold) in Sepsis punctum, there was no relationship in Sepsis fulgens. While this suggests that thermal plasticity may have helped to mediate local adaptation in S. punctum, it also demonstrates that genetic wing shape differentiation and its relation to thermal plasticity may be complex and idiosyncratic, even among ecologically similar and closely related species. Hence, genetic responses can, but do not necessarily, align with phenotypic plasticity induced by changing environmental selection pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Rohner
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeannine Roy
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin A Schäfer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolf U Blanckenhorn
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Berger
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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47
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Nojo S, Ihara Y. The effect of sexual selection on phenotypic diversification among human populations: A simulation study. J Theor Biol 2019; 462:1-11. [PMID: 30391647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite the generally low level of inter-population genetic differentiation in humans as compared with great apes, it has long been acknowledged that there is a considerable amount of geographic variations in human phenotypes, for example, skin pigmentation, cranial morphology, and soft-tissue facial morphology, to name but a few. Indeed, recent studies have suggested that the extent of inter-population diversity in some human phenotypes is greater than expected from random drift alone. Such an excess of phenotypic diversity is often attributed to adaptation to local environment. However, this account is valid only if populations differ in some ecological aspects that elicit differential selection acting on a given phenotypic feature. Another long-standing hypothesis is the sexual selection hypothesis, which claims that phenotypic diversity arises and/or is maintained owing to variations in preference for mating partners. In this paper, we explore the plausibility of the sexual selection hypothesis by means of computer simulations, in which the inter-population diversity of a quantitative trait is evaluated against the expectation from random drift, using the QST-FST comparison. As possible driving factors of sexual selection, we consider two types of mate-choice preference: preference for the population average and preference for a culturally-transmitted arbitrary trend. Our simulations suggest that sexual selection can, under certain circumstances, maintain and/or generate a detectable amount of inter-population phenotypic diversity, even when populations are ecologically identical and loosely connected to each other by mutual migration. Since mating decisions in humans are considerably affected by social learning, human mate-choice preference may be more readily diversified between populations than in other animals. We suggest, therefore, that some of the observed human phenotypic variations may be better understood as a product of cultural, rather than ecological, diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Nojo
- Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Ihara
- Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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48
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Jacobs LF. The navigational nose: a new hypothesis for the function of the human external pyramid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:222/Suppl_1/jeb186924. [PMID: 30728230 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.186924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the outstanding questions in evolution is why Homo erectus became the first primate species to evolve the external pyramid, i.e. an external nose. The accepted hypothesis for this trait has been its role in respiration, to warm and humidify air as it is inspired. However, new studies testing the key assumptions of the conditioning hypothesis, such as the importance of turbulence to enhance heat and moisture exchange, have called this hypothesis into question. The human nose has two functions, however, respiration and olfaction. It is thus also possible that the external nose evolved in response to selection for olfaction. The genus Homo had many adaptations for long-distance locomotion, which allowed Homo erectus to greatly expand its species range, from Africa to Asia. Long-distance navigation in birds and other species is often accomplished by orientation to environmental odors. Such olfactory navigation, in turn, is enhanced by stereo olfaction, made possible by the separation of the olfactory sensors. By these principles, the human external nose could have evolved to separate olfactory inputs to enhance stereo olfaction. This could also explain why nose shape later became so variable: as humans became more sedentary in the Neolithic, a decreasing need for long-distance movements could have been replaced by selection for other olfactory functions, such as detecting disease, that would have been critical to survival in newly dense human settlements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia F Jacobs
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, 2121 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA
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49
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Koch SL, Shriver MD, Jablonski NG. Variation in human hair ultrastructure among three biogeographic populations. J Struct Biol 2019; 205:60-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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50
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Chacón-Duque JC, Adhikari K, Fuentes-Guajardo M, Mendoza-Revilla J, Acuña-Alonzo V, Barquera R, Quinto-Sánchez M, Gómez-Valdés J, Everardo Martínez P, Villamil-Ramírez H, Hünemeier T, Ramallo V, Silva de Cerqueira CC, Hurtado M, Villegas V, Granja V, Villena M, Vásquez R, Llop E, Sandoval JR, Salazar-Granara AA, Parolin ML, Sandoval K, Peñaloza-Espinosa RI, Rangel-Villalobos H, Winkler CA, Klitz W, Bravi C, Molina J, Corach D, Barrantes R, Gomes V, Resende C, Gusmão L, Amorim A, Xue Y, Dugoujon JM, Moral P, González-José R, Schuler-Faccini L, Salzano FM, Bortolini MC, Canizales-Quinteros S, Poletti G, Gallo C, Bedoya G, Rothhammer F, Balding D, Hellenthal G, Ruiz-Linares A. Latin Americans show wide-spread Converso ancestry and imprint of local Native ancestry on physical appearance. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5388. [PMID: 30568240 PMCID: PMC6300600 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07748-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Historical records and genetic analyses indicate that Latin Americans trace their ancestry mainly to the intermixing (admixture) of Native Americans, Europeans and Sub-Saharan Africans. Using novel haplotype-based methods, here we infer sub-continental ancestry in over 6,500 Latin Americans and evaluate the impact of regional ancestry variation on physical appearance. We find that Native American ancestry components in Latin Americans correspond geographically to the present-day genetic structure of Native groups, and that sources of non-Native ancestry, and admixture timings, match documented migratory flows. We also detect South/East Mediterranean ancestry across Latin America, probably stemming mostly from the clandestine colonial migration of Christian converts of non-European origin (Conversos). Furthermore, we find that ancestry related to highland (Central Andean) versus lowland (Mapuche) Natives is associated with variation in facial features, particularly nose morphology, and detect significant differences in allele frequencies between these groups at loci previously associated with nose morphology in this sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Camilo Chacón-Duque
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kaustubh Adhikari
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Macarena Fuentes-Guajardo
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, 1000009, Chile
| | - Javier Mendoza-Revilla
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 31, Peru
| | - Victor Acuña-Alonzo
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City, 14030, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Barquera
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City, 14030, Mexico
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Mirsha Quinto-Sánchez
- Ciencia Forense, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Jorge Gómez-Valdés
- Posgrado en Antropología Física, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City, 14030, Mexico
| | - Paola Everardo Martínez
- Posgrado en Antropología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Hugo Villamil-Ramírez
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Tábita Hünemeier
- Departamento de Genética e Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Virginia Ramallo
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas-Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn, U912OACD, Argentina
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Caio C Silva de Cerqueira
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Malena Hurtado
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 31, Peru
| | - Valeria Villegas
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 31, Peru
| | - Vanessa Granja
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 31, Peru
| | - Mercedes Villena
- Instituto Boliviano de Biología de Altura (IBBA), Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), La Paz, 2070, Bolivia
| | - René Vásquez
- Instituto Boliviano de Biología de Altura (IBBA), Universidad Autónoma Tomás Frías, Potosí, 53820, Bolivia
| | - Elena Llop
- Programa de Genetica Humana, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 1027, Chile
| | - José R Sandoval
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Lima, 12, Peru
| | | | - Maria-Laura Parolin
- Instituto de Diversidad y Evolución Austral (IDEAus), Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn, U912OACD, Argentina
| | - Karla Sandoval
- National Laboratory of Genomics and Biodiversity (LANGEBIO), CINVESTAV, Irapuato, 36821, Mexico
| | - Rosenda I Peñaloza-Espinosa
- Department of Biological Systems, Division of Biological and Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Mexico City, 04960, Mexico
| | - Hector Rangel-Villalobos
- Instituto de Investigación en Genética Molecular, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, 1115, Mexico
| | - Cheryl A Winkler
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - William Klitz
- Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Claudio Bravi
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular, CONICET, La Plata, B1906APO, Argentina
| | - Julio Molina
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, 01011, Guatemala
| | - Daniel Corach
- Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genéticas and CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Ramiro Barrantes
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 2060, Costa Rica
| | - Verónica Gomes
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Carlos Resende
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Leonor Gusmão
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
- DNA Diagnostic Laboratory (LDD), Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 23968-000, Brazil
| | - Antonio Amorim
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Yali Xue
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jean-Michel Dugoujon
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, 31330, France
| | - Pedro Moral
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08007, Spain
| | - Rolando González-José
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas-Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn, U912OACD, Argentina
| | - Lavinia Schuler-Faccini
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Francisco M Salzano
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Maria-Cátira Bortolini
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Giovanni Poletti
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 31, Peru
| | - Carla Gallo
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 31, Peru
| | - Gabriel Bedoya
- Genética Molecular (GENMOL), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, 5001000, Colombia
| | - Francisco Rothhammer
- Programa de Genetica Humana, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 1027, Chile
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, 1000009, Chile
| | - David Balding
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Schools of BioSciences and Mathematics & Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Garrett Hellenthal
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Andrés Ruiz-Linares
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, 13007, France.
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