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Carrera LC, Piedra L, Torres-Cosme R, Castillo AM, Bruno A, Ramírez JL, Martínez D, Rodríguez MM, Bisset JA. Insecticide resistance status and mechanisms in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus from different dengue endemic regions of Panama. Trop Med Health 2024; 52:69. [PMID: 39385264 PMCID: PMC11462824 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00637-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue is a serious public health problem worldwide, including Panama. During the last years, the number of dengue cases has increased. This may be due to the presence of mosquito populations resistant to insecticides. The aim of this study was to characterize the resistance status, its enzymatic mechanisms and Kdr mutations in wild populations of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. METHODS Standard WHO bioassays were performed using insecticide-treated filter papers to determine resistance in populations Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus to pyrethroids insecticides, organophosphates, to the carbamate propoxur and to the organochlorine DDT. Biochemical assays were conducted to detect metabolic resistance mechanisms and real-time PCR was performed to determine the frequencies of the Kdr mutations Val1016IIe and F1534C. RESULTS The strains Ae. aegypti El Coco showed confirmed resistance to deltamethrin (78.5% mortality) and lambda-cyhalothrin (81%), Aguadulce to deltamethrin (79.3%), David to deltamethrin (74.8%) and lambda-cyhalothrin (87.5%) and Puerto Armuelles to permethrin (83%). Aedes aegypti El Empalme showed confirmed resistance to pirimiphos-methyl (62.3% mortality), chlorpyrifos-methyl (55.5%) and propoxur (85.3%). All strains of Ae. albopictus showed possible resistance to PYs and five strains to DDT. Only Ae. albopictus Canto del Llano showed confirmed resistance to pirimiphos-methyl (70% mortality) and malathion (62%). Esterase activity was variable across sites with the most frequent expression of α-EST compared to β-EST in Ae. aegypti populations. In Ae. Albopictus, the expressed enzymes were β-EST and MFOs. Through ANOVA, significant differences were established in the levels of enzymatic activity of α- and β-EST, MFOs and GST, with p < 0.001 in the Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. The Kdr Val1016IIe mutation was detected in Ae. aegypti Aguadulce, El Coco and David. The odds ratio for the Val1016Ile mutation ranged from 0.8 to 20.8 in resistant mosquitoes, indicating the association between pyrethroid phenotypic resistance and the kdr mutation. CONCLUSION The presence of a varied and generalized resistance, enzymatic mechanisms and the Val1016IIe mutation may be associated with the intensive use and possibly misuse of the different insecticides applied to control Aedes populations. These results highlight the need to develop a program for resistance management. Also, alternative approaches to mosquito control that do not involve insecticides should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cáceres Carrera
- Departamento de Entomología Médica del Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, PO. Box 0816-02593, Panamá, Panamá.
| | - Luis Piedra
- Deparatamento de Control de Vectores del Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kourí", La Habana, Cuba
| | - Rolando Torres-Cosme
- Departamento de Entomología Médica del Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, PO. Box 0816-02593, Panamá, Panamá
| | - Anakena M Castillo
- Departamento de Entomología Médica del Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, PO. Box 0816-02593, Panamá, Panamá
| | - Antonio Bruno
- Departamento de Química de Alimentos y Aguas del Laboratorio Central de Referencia en Salud Pública del Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - José Luis Ramírez
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Dan Martínez
- Departamento de Entomología Médica del Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, PO. Box 0816-02593, Panamá, Panamá
| | - María Magdalena Rodríguez
- Deparatamento de Control de Vectores del Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kourí", La Habana, Cuba
| | - Juan A Bisset
- Deparatamento de Control de Vectores del Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kourí", La Habana, Cuba
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Estep AS, Sanscrainte ND, Okech BA. Aedes aegypti Knockdown Resistance Mutations and Dengue Virus Infection in Haiti. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2024; 40:102-108. [PMID: 38547924 DOI: 10.2987/23-7160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Haiti is home to approximately 11 million people and has a high incidence of vector-borne disease, including more than 70,000 cases of dengue per year. Vector control is difficult in Haiti and adulticide spray of malathion is the main method of control employed during the outbreak of disease although pyrethroids are used in both bed net campaigns and in widely available aerosol cans for personal use. However, limited pathogen or insecticide resistance surveillance data are available for making operational decisions. In this study, we assessed Aedes aegypti from serial surveillance collections from 3 locations for the presence of dengue virus serotypes 1-3 (DENV1-3) by polymerase chain reaction and assessed, by melt curve analysis, samples from 10 locations in 2 departments for the presence of two mutations (V1016I and F1534C), that in combination, are linked to strong pyrethroid insecticide resistance. Only one of the 32 tested pools was positive for the presence of dengue virus. The two knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations were present in all locations. The 1016I mutation frequency varied from 0.29 to 0.91 and was in all sites lower than the 0.58-1.00 frequency of the 1534C mutation. We also observed that the genotype homozygous for both mutations (IICC), which has been linked to strong pyrethroid resistance, varied from 13 to 86% in each population. Notably, 3 locations - Ti Cousin and Christianville in Ouest department and Camp Coq in Nord department had more than 30% of the tested population without the presence of kdr mutations. These results indicate that the kdr markers of pyrethroid resistance are present in Haiti, at high frequency in several locations and, based on previous studies linking kdr genotypes and phenotypic resistance, that operational interventions with pyrethroids are not likely to be as effective as expected.
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Enayati A, Valadan R, Bagherzadeh M, Cheraghpour M, Nikookar SH, Fazeli-Dinan M, Hosseini-Vasoukolaei N, Sahraei Rostami F, Shabani Kordshouli R, Raeisi A, Nikpour F, Mirolyaei A, Bagheri F, Sedaghat MM, Zaim M, Weetman D, Hemigway J. Kdr genotyping and the first report of V410L and V1016I kdr mutations in voltage-gated sodium channel gene in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Iran. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:34. [PMID: 38273349 PMCID: PMC10811842 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06123-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti is the main vector of arboviral diseases worldwide. The species invaded and became established in southern Iran in 2020. Insecticide-based interventions are primarily used for its control. With insecticide resistance widespread, knowledge of resistance mechanisms is vital for informed deployment of insecticidal interventions, but information from Iranian Ae. aegypti is lacking. METHODS Fifty-six Ae. aegypti specimens were collected from the port city of Bandar Lengeh in Hormozgan Province in the South of Iran in 2020 and screened for kdr mutations. The most common kdr mutations in Latin America and Asia (V410L, S989P, V1016G/I and F1534C), especially when present in combinations, are highly predictive of DDT and pyrethroid resistance were detected. Phylogenetic analyses based on the diversity of S989P and V1016G/I mutations were undertaken to assess the phylogeography of these kdr mutations. RESULTS Genotyping all four kdr positions of V410L, S989P, V1016G/I and F1534C revealed that only 16 out of the 56 (28.57%) specimens were homozygous wild type for all kdr mutation sites. Six haplotypes including VSVF (0.537), VSVC (0.107), LSVF (0.016), LSIF (0.071), VPGC (0.257) and LPGC (0.011) were detected in this study. For the first time, 11 specimens harbouring the V410L mutation, and 8 samples with V1016I mutation were found. V410L and V1016I were coincided in 8 specimens. Also, six specimens contained 1016G/I double mutation which was not reported before. CONCLUSIONS The relatively high frequency of these kdr mutations in Iranian Ae. aegypti indicates a population exhibiting substantial resistance to pyrethroid insecticides, which are used widely in control operations and household formulations. The detection of the 410L/1016I kdr mutant haplotype in Iranian Ae. aegypti suggests possible convergence of invasive populations from West Africa or Latin America. However, as Iran has very limited maritime/air connections with those African countries, a Latin American origin for the invasive Ae. aegypti in Iran is more plausible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmadali Enayati
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Reza Valadan
- Department of Immunology and Molecular and Cellular Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Bagherzadeh
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Student Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Cheraghpour
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Student Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Hassan Nikookar
- Health Sciences Research Center, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Fazeli-Dinan
- Health Sciences Research Center, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Nasibeh Hosseini-Vasoukolaei
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Sahraei Rostami
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Razieh Shabani Kordshouli
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmad Raeisi
- Vector Borne Diseases Control Department, Iran CDC, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nikpour
- Vector Borne Diseases Control Department, Iran CDC, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Mirolyaei
- Vector Borne Diseases Control Department, Iran CDC, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Bagheri
- Hormozgan Provincial Health Center, Department of Communicable Diseases Control, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Zaim
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - David Weetman
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Janet Hemigway
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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Penilla-Navarro P, Solis-Santoyo F, Lopez-Solis A, Rodriguez AD, Vera-Maloof F, Lozano S, Contreras-Mejía E, Vázquez-Samayoa G, Torreblanca-Lopez R, Perera R, Black IV WC, Saavedra-Rodriguez K. Pyrethroid susceptibility reversal in Aedes aegypti: A longitudinal study in Tapachula, Mexico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011369. [PMID: 38166129 PMCID: PMC10786364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti has become widespread after almost two decades of frequent applications to reduce the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. Because few insecticide classes are available for public health use, insecticide resistance management (IRM) is proposed as a strategy to retain their use. A key hypothesis of IRM assumes that negative fitness is associated with resistance, and when insecticides are removed from use, susceptibility is restored. In Tapachula, Mexico, pyrethroids (PYRs) were used exclusively by dengue control programs for 15 years, thereby contributing to selection for high PYR resistance in mosquitoes and failure in dengue control. In 2013, PYRs were replaced by organophosphates-insecticides from a class with a different mode of action. To test the hypothesis that PYR resistance is reversed in the absence of PYRs, we monitored Ae. aegypti's PYR resistance from 2016 to 2021 in Tapachula. We observed significant declining rates in the lethal concentration 50 (LC50), for permethrin and deltamethrin. For each month following the discontinuation of PYR use by vector control programs, we observed increases in the odds of mosquitoes dying by 1.5% and 8.4% for permethrin and deltamethrin, respectively. Also, knockdown-resistance mutations (kdr) in the voltage-gated sodium channel explained the variation in the permethrin LC50s, whereas variation in the deltamethrin LC50s was only explained by time. This trend was rapidly offset by application of a mixture of neonicotinoid and PYRs by vector control programs. Our results suggest that IRM strategies can be used to reverse PYR resistance in Ae. aegypti; however, long-term commitment by operational and community programs will be required for success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Penilla-Navarro
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Francisco Solis-Santoyo
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Alma Lopez-Solis
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Americo D. Rodriguez
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Farah Vera-Maloof
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Saul Lozano
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Elsa Contreras-Mejía
- Jurisdiccion Sanitaria VII, Tapachula Chiapas, Antiguo Hospital General de Tapachula, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Geovanni Vázquez-Samayoa
- Jurisdiccion Sanitaria VII, Tapachula Chiapas, Antiguo Hospital General de Tapachula, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Rene Torreblanca-Lopez
- Jurisdiccion Sanitaria VII, Tapachula Chiapas, Antiguo Hospital General de Tapachula, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Rushika Perera
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Colorado State University, 1685 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - William C. Black IV
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Colorado State University, 1685 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Colorado State University, 1685 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Murray HL, Hribar LJ. Resistance and inhibitor testing on Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Culicidae: Diptera) populations in the Florida Keys. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2023; 49:53-63. [PMID: 38147301 DOI: 10.52707/1081-1710-49.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the species of greatest concern for mosquito-borne disease in the Florida Keys. Previous locally transmitted dengue outbreaks in Key West (2009-2010) and Key Largo (2020) illustrate the need for an immediate and effective response plan to maintain Ae. aegypti populations below threshold levels. An important part of the Florida Keys Mosquito Control District's vector response plan is adulticide application because it can provide an immediate reduction in Ae. aegypti adults in the community. It has become apparent that in the Florida Keys, and throughout Florida, Ae. aegypti resistance to the adulticide permethrin is prevalent. This study uses the CDC bottle bioassay method to look at resistance in Ae. aegypti collected from Key Largo, Vaca Key, and Key West, FL. Resistance was found in all three populations when exposed to permethrin and Sumithrin® but not malathion. Inhibitor testing revealed that esterase and glutathione transferase activity is involved in resistance to permethrin in Key Largo and Key West Ae. aegypti populations while oxidase activity is involved in resistance to permethrin in Ae. aegypti from Vaca Key. Lack of knockdown at the diagnostic time and previous studies detecting the presence of kdr-associated allele mutations suggest knockdown resistance in all three populations. Results from this study show that there are multiple factors involved with resistance in the Ae. aegypti populations in the Florida Keys and that resistance mechanisms vary between islands. Continued surveillance will remain important so the most effective active ingredients can be used in response to future disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi L Murray
- Florida Keys Mosquito Control District, Marathon, FL 33050, U.S.A.,
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Yeo H, Tan HZ, Tang Q, Tan TRH, Puniamoorthy N, Rheindt FE. Dense residential areas promote gene flow in dengue vector mosquito Aedes albopictus. iScience 2023; 26:107577. [PMID: 37680477 PMCID: PMC10481301 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aedes albopictus is a successful disease vector due to its ability to survive in a wide range of habitats. Despite its ubiquity and impact on public health, little is known about its differential gene flow capabilities across different city habitats. We obtained a comprehensive dataset of >27,000 genome-wide DNA markers across 105 wild-caught Ae. albopictus individuals from Singapore, a dengue-endemic tropical city with heterogeneous landscapes from densely populated urban areas to forests. Despite Singapore's challenging small-scale heterogeneity, our landscape-genomic approach indicated that dense urban areas are characterized by higher Aedes gene flow rates than managed parks and forests. We documented the incidence of Wolbachia infections of Ae. albopictus involving two strains (wAlbA and wAlbB). Our results dispel the misconception that substantial dispersal of Ae. albopictus is limited to urban greenery, with wide implications for vector management and critical insights into urban planning strategies to combat dengue transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Yeo
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Hui Zhen Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Qian Tang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Tyrone Ren Hao Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Nalini Puniamoorthy
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Frank E. Rheindt
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
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Cáceres L, Ayarza C, Bernal D. Evaluation of the biological efficacy and susceptibility in Aedes aegypti to the pyrethroid insecticides deltamethrin and cyfluthrin during the Zika virus outbreak in Kuna Yala, Panama. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2023; 43:222-243. [PMID: 37433163 PMCID: PMC10506694 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.6746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction. The development of resistance to insecticides in Aedes aegypti represents a major threat to public health. Surveillance and monitoring of the behavior of bioefficacy and susceptibility of insecticides is of fundamental importance to prolong the useful life of insecticide molecules. Objective. To evaluate the bioefficacy and susceptibility of the insecticides deltamethrin and cyfluthrin in Aedes aegypti during the zika epidemic outbreak in Kuna Yala, Panama. Methods and materials. The bioefficacy and susceptibility of deltamethrin and cyfluthrin in Aedes aegypti Ustupo using WHO standardized bioassays during the Zika epidemic outbreak in Kuna Yala, Panama. Results. In the bioassays with Aedes aegypti Ustupo, possible resistance to deltamethrin and cyfluthrin was observed, with a mortality rate of 95,3% and 94%, respectively. The bioefficacy results with Aedes aegypti Ustupo registered low bioefficacy of deltamethrin and cyfluthrin with average percentages of mortality in the intradomicile of 75% and 31,1%, respectively, while in the peridomicile it was 63,7% and 26,1%, respectively. Conclusion. The results of this study represent a challenge that the National Aedes Control Program must face in order to care for and maintain the toxic effect of insecticides applied against Aedes populations. It is necessary for the National Aedes Control Program to establish a resistance management program to evaluate resistance and its distribution in order to guarantee the sustainability of anti-vector interventions against Aedes populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cáceres
- Departamento de Entomología Médica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá.
| | - Cipriano Ayarza
- Sección de Control de Vectores, Región de Salud, Kuna Yala, Panamá.
| | - Damaris Bernal
- Departamento de Entomología Médica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá.
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Al-Amin HM, Gyawali N, Graham M, Alam MS, Lenhart A, Hugo LE, Rašić G, Beebe NW, Devine GJ. Insecticide resistance compromises the control of Aedes aegypti in Bangladesh. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023. [PMID: 36942761 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With no effective drugs or widely available vaccines, dengue control in Bangladesh is dependent on targeting the primary vector Aedes aegypti with insecticides and larval source management. Despite these interventions, the dengue burden is increasing in Bangladesh, and the country experienced its worst outbreak in 2019 with 101 354 hospitalized cases. This may be partially facilitated by the presence of intense insecticide resistance in vector populations. Here, we describe the intensity and mechanisms of resistance to insecticides commonly deployed against Ae. aegypti in Dhaka, Bangladesh. RESULTS Dhaka Ae. aegypti colonies exhibited high-intensity resistance to pyrethroids. Using CDC bottle assays, we recorded 2-24% mortality (recorded at 24 h) to permethrin and 48-94% mortality to deltamethrin, at 10× the diagnostic dose. Bioassays conducted using insecticide-synergist combinations suggested that metabolic mechanisms were contributing to pyrethroid resistance, specifically multi-function oxidases, esterases, and glutathione S-transferases. In addition, kdr alleles were detected, with a high frequency (78-98%) of homozygotes for the V1016G mutation. A large proportion (≤ 74%) of free-flying and resting mosquitoes from Dhaka colonies survived exposure to standard applications of pyrethroid aerosols in an experimental free-flight room. Although that exposure affected the immediate host-seeking behavior of Ae. aegypti, the effect was transient in surviving mosquitoes. CONCLUSION The intense resistance characterized in this study is likely compromising the operational effectiveness of pyrethroids against Ae. aegypti in Dhaka. Switching to alternative chemical classes may offer a medium-term solution, but ultimately a more sustainable and effective approach to controlling dengue vectors is required. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Narayan Gyawali
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melissa Graham
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mohammad Shafiul Alam
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Leon E Hugo
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gordana Rašić
- Mosquito Genomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nigel W Beebe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- CSIRO, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gregor J Devine
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Cattel J, Minier M, Habchi-Hanriot N, Pol M, Faucon F, Gaude T, Gaborit P, Issaly J, Ferrero E, Chandre F, Pocquet N, David JP, Dusfour I. Impact of selection regime and introgression on deltamethrin resistance in the arbovirus vector Aedes aegypti - a comparative study between contrasted situations in New Caledonia and French Guiana. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:5589-5598. [PMID: 34398490 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyrethroid insecticides such as deltamethrin have been massively used against Aedes aegypti leading to the spread of resistance alleles worldwide. In an insecticide resistance management context, we evaluated the temporal dynamics of deltamethrin resistance using two distinct populations carrying resistant alleles at different frequencies. Three different scenarios were followed: a continuous selection, a full release of selection, or a repeated introgression with susceptible individuals. The responses of each population to these selection regimes were measured across five generations by bioassays and by monitoring the frequency of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations and the transcription levels and copy number variations of key detoxification enzymes. RESULTS Knockdown resistance mutations, overexpression and copy number variations of detoxification enzymes as a mechanism of metabolic resistance to deltamethrin was found and maintained under selection across generations. On comparison, the release of insecticide pressure for five generations did not affect resistance levels and resistance marker frequencies. However, introgressing susceptible alleles drastically reduced deltamethrin resistance in only three generations. CONCLUSION The present study confirmed that strategies consisting to stop deltamethrin spraying are likely to fail when the frequencies of resistant alleles are too high and the fitness cost associated to resistance is low. In dead-end situations like in French Guiana where alternative insecticides are not available, alternative control strategies may provide a high benefit for vector control, particularly if they favor the introgression of susceptible alleles in natural populations. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Cattel
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), UMR 5553 CNRS - Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Symbiosis Technologies for Insect Control (SymbioTIC), Plateforme de Recherche Cyroi, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion
| | - Marine Minier
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie (IPNC), Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie
| | - Nausicaa Habchi-Hanriot
- Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
- ARS La Réunion, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion
| | - Morgane Pol
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie (IPNC), Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie
| | - Frederic Faucon
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), UMR 5553 CNRS - Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Thierry Gaude
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), UMR 5553 CNRS - Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Pascal Gaborit
- Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Jean Issaly
- Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Emma Ferrero
- Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Ynsect, Damparis, France
| | - Fabrice Chandre
- MIVEGEC, UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Pocquet
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie (IPNC), Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie
| | - Jean-Philippe David
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), UMR 5553 CNRS - Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Dusfour
- MIVEGEC, UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Département de Santé Globale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- MIVEGEC, UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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10
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Hernandez JR, Longnecker M, Fredregill CL, Debboun M, Pietrantonio PV. Kdr genotyping (V1016I, F1534C) of the Nav channel of Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquito populations in Harris County (Houston), Texas, USA, after Permanone 31-66 field tests and its influence on probability of survival. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009833. [PMID: 34735439 PMCID: PMC8568202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti (L.) is an important mosquito vector of emerging arboviruses such as Zika, dengue, yellow fever, and chikungunya. To quell potential disease outbreaks, its populations are controlled by applying pyrethroid insecticides, which selection pressure may lead to the development of insecticide resistance. Target site insensitivity to pyrethroids caused by non-synonymous knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in the voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channel is a predominant mechanism of resistance in mosquitoes. To evaluate the potential impact of pyrethroid resistance on vector control, Ae. aegypti eggs were collected from eight mosquito control operational areas in Harris County, Texas, and emerged females were treated in field tests at four different distances from the pyrethroid Permanone 31-66 source. The females were genotyped by melting curve analyses to detect two kdr mutations (V1016I and F1534C) in the NaV channel. Harris County females had higher survivorship rates at each distance than the pyrethroid-susceptible Orlando strain females. Survivorship increased with distance from the pyrethroid source, with 39% of field-collected mosquitoes surviving at 7.62 m and 82.3% at 22.86 m from the treatment source. Both the V1016I and F1534C pyrethroid resistant genotypes were widely distributed and at high frequency, with 77% of the females being double homozygous resistant (II/CC), this being the first report of kdr mutations in Ae. aegypti in Harris County. Analysis of the probability of survival for each mutation site independently indicated that the CC genotype had similar probability of survival as the FC heterozygous, while the II genotype had higher survival than both the VI and VV, that did not differ. The double homozygous resistant genotype (II/CC) had the highest probability of survival. A linear model estimated probability of survival for areas and genotypes. The high frequency and widespread distribution of double-homozygote pyrethroid-resistant Ae. aegypti may jeopardize disease vector control efforts in Harris County.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Hernandez
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael Longnecker
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chris L. Fredregill
- Harris County Public Health, Mosquito and Vector Control Division (HCPH-MVCD), Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mustapha Debboun
- Harris County Public Health, Mosquito and Vector Control Division (HCPH-MVCD), Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Patricia V. Pietrantonio
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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11
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Solis-Santoyo F, Rodriguez AD, Penilla-Navarro RP, Sanchez D, Castillo-Vera A, Lopez-Solis AD, Vazquez-Lopez ED, Lozano S, Black WC, Saavedra-Rodriguez K. Insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti from Tapachula, Mexico: Spatial variation and response to historical insecticide use. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009746. [PMID: 34570792 PMCID: PMC8475978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide use continues as the main strategy to control Aedes aegypti, the vector of dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever. In the city of Tapachula, Mexico, mosquito control programs switched from pyrethroids to organophosphates for outdoor spatial spraying in 2013. Additionally, the spraying scheme switched from total coverage to focused control, prioritizing areas with higher entomological-virological risk. Five years after this strategy had been implemented, we evaluated the status and variability of insecticide resistance among Ae. aegypti collected at 26 sites in Tapachula. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We determined the lethal concentrations at 50% of the tested populations (LC50) using a bottle bioassay, and then, we calculated the resistance ratio (RR) relative to the susceptible New Orleans strain. Permethrin and deltamethrin (pyrethroids), chlorpyrifos and malathion (organophosphates), and bendiocarb (carbamate) were tested. The frequencies of the substitutions V1016I and F1534C, which are in the voltage-gated sodium channel and confer knockdown-resistance (kdr) to pyrethroid insecticides, were calculated. Despite 5 years having passed since the removal of pyrethroids from the control programs, Ae. aegypti remained highly resistant to permethrin and deltamethrin (RR > 10-fold). In addition, following 5 years of chlorpyrifos use, mosquitoes at 15 of 26 sites showed moderate resistance to chlorpyrifos (5- to 10-fold), and the mosquitoes from one site were highly resistant. All sites had low resistance to malathion (< 5-fold). Resistance to bendiocarb was low at 19 sites, moderate at five, and high at two. Frequencies of the V1016I ranged from 0.16-0.71, while C1534 approached fixation at 23 sites (0.8-1). Resistance profiles and kdr allele frequencies varied across Tapachula. The variability was not associated with a spatial pattern at the scale of the sampling. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Mosquito populations respond to selection pressure at a focal scale in the field. Spatial variation across sites highlights the importance of testing multiple sites within geographical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Solis-Santoyo
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Americo D. Rodriguez
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - R. Patricia Penilla-Navarro
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Daniel Sanchez
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Tapachula, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | | | - Alma D. Lopez-Solis
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Eduardo D. Vazquez-Lopez
- Jurisdicción Sanitaria VII, Tapachula Chiapas, Antiguo Hospital General de Tapachula, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Saul Lozano
- Centers for Diseases Prevention and Control, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - William C. Black
- Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez
- Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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12
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Black WC, Snell TK, Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Kading RC, Campbell CL. From Global to Local-New Insights into Features of Pyrethroid Detoxification in Vector Mosquitoes. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12040276. [PMID: 33804964 PMCID: PMC8063960 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The threat of mosquito-borne diseases continues to be a problem for public health in subtropical and tropical regions of the world; in response, there has been increased use of adulticidal insecticides, such as pyrethroids, in human habitation areas over the last thirty years. As a result, the prevalence of pyrethroid-resistant genetic markers in natural mosquito populations has increased at an alarming rate. This review details recent advances in the understanding of specific mechanisms associated with pyrethroid resistance, with emphasis on features of insecticide detoxification and the interdependence of multiple cellular pathways. Together, these advances add important context to the understanding of the processes that are selected in resistant mosquitoes. Specifically, before pyrethroids bind to their targets on motoneurons, they must first permeate the outer cuticle and diffuse to inner tissues. Resistant mosquitoes have evolved detoxification mechanisms that rely on cytochrome P450s (CYP), esterases, carboxyesterases, and other oxidation/reduction (redox) components to effectively detoxify pyrethroids to nontoxic breakdown products that are then excreted. Enhanced resistance mechanisms have evolved to include alteration of gene copy number, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, as well as changes to cellular signaling mechanisms. Here, we outline the variety of ways in which detoxification has been selected in various mosquito populations, as well as key gene categories involved. Pathways associated with potential new genes of interest are proposed. Consideration of multiple cellular pathways could provide opportunities for development of new insecticides.
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13
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Janich AJ, Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Vera-Maloof FZ, Kading RC, Rodríguez AD, Penilla-Navarro P, López-Solis AD, Solis-Santoyo F, Perera R, Black WC. Permethrin Resistance Status and Associated Mechanisms in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) From Chiapas, Mexico. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:739-748. [PMID: 33034352 PMCID: PMC7954096 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There are major public health concerns regarding the spread of mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya, which are mainly controlled by using insecticides against the vectors, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse). Pyrethroids are the primary class of insecticides used for vector control, due to their rapid knockdown effect and low toxicity to vertebrates. Unfortunately, continued use of pyrethroids has led to widespread insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti; however, we lack information for Ae. albopictus-a sympatric species in Chiapas since 2002. In this study, we evaluated the permethrin resistance status of Ae. albopictus collected from Mexico and Texas. We also selected for permethrin resistance in the laboratory and investigated the potential mechanisms conferring resistance in this species. Knockdown resistance mutations, specifically F1534C, in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene, and increased activity of detoxifying enzymes were evaluated. Low levels of permethrin resistance (<2.4-fold) were observed in our field populations of Ae. albopictus and the F1534C mutation was not detected in any of the sites. Low levels of resistance were also observed in the artificially selected strain. There was significantly higher cytochrome P450 activity in our permethrin-selected and nonselected strains from Mexico compared to the control strain. Our results suggest the Ae. albopictus sampled from 2016 are mostly susceptible to pyrethroids. These results contrast with the high levels of permethrin resistance (>58-fold) found in Ae. aegypti from the same sites in Mexico. This research indicates the importance of continued monitoring of Ae. albopictus populations to prevent resistance from developing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Janich
- Arthropod Borne Infectious Disease Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | | | - Farah Z Vera-Maloof
- Arthropod Borne Infectious Disease Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Rebekah C Kading
- Arthropod Borne Infectious Disease Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Américo D Rodríguez
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | | | - Alma D López-Solis
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | | | - Rushika Perera
- Arthropod Borne Infectious Disease Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - William C Black
- Arthropod Borne Infectious Disease Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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14
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Chen TY, Smartt CT, Shin D. Permethrin Resistance in Aedes aegypti Affects Aspects of Vectorial Capacity. INSECTS 2021; 12:71. [PMID: 33466960 PMCID: PMC7830706 DOI: 10.3390/insects12010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti, as one of the vectors transmitting several arboviruses, is the main target in mosquito control programs. Permethrin is used to control mosquitoes and Aedes aegypti get exposed due to its overuse and are now resistant. The increasing percentage of permethrin resistant Aedes aegypti has become an important issue around the world and the potential influence on vectorial capacity needs to be studied. Here we selected a permethrin resistant (p-s) Aedes aegypti population from a wild Florida population and confirmed the resistance ratio to its parental population. We used allele-specific PCR genotyping of the V1016I and F1534C sites in the sodium channel gene to map mutations responsible for the resistance. Two important factors, survival rate and vector competence, that impact vectorial capacity were checked. Results indicated the p-s population had 20 times more resistance to permethrin based on LD50 compared to the parental population. In the genotyping study, the p-s population had more homozygous mutations in both mutant sites of the sodium channel gene. The p-s adults survived longer and had a higher dissemination rate for dengue virus than the parental population. These results suggest that highly permethrin resistant Aedes aegypti populations might affect the vectorial capacity, moreover, resistance increased the survival time and vector competence, which should be of concern in areas where permethrin is applied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chelsea T. Smartt
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA;
| | - Dongyoung Shin
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA;
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Scott ML, Hribar LJ, Leal AL, McAllister JC. Characterization of Pyrethroid Resistance Mechanisms in Aedes aegypti from the Florida Keys. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:1111-1122. [PMID: 33432904 PMCID: PMC7941856 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The status of insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti is of concern in areas where Aedes-borne arboviruses like chikungunya, dengue, and Zika occur. In recent years, outbreaks involving these arboviruses have occurred, for which vaccines do not exist; therefore, disease prevention is only through vector control and personal protection. Aedes aegypti are present on every inhabited island within the Florida Keys. The resistance status of Ae. aegypti in the Florida Keys was assessed to guide knowledge of the best choice of chemical for use during an outbreak. Mosquito eggs were collected using ovitraps placed on Key West, Stock Island, Vaca Key, Upper Matecumbe Key, Plantation Key, and Key Largo. Bottle bioassays were conducted at the Florida Keys Mosquito Control District using Biomist® 30+30 (Clarke Mosquito Control Products, Inc., Roselle, IL). Further bottle testing using malathion and permethrin occurred at the CDC, Fort Collins, CO, in addition to molecular and biochemical assays. Levels of resistance varied between islands with different underlying mechanisms present. Resistance was seen to Biomist® 30+30 but not to permethrin, indicating that piperonyl butoxide (PBO) or the inert ingredients may be involved in resistance. No study has been conducted to date examining the role of PBO in resistance. Key Largo was treated the most with adulticides and expressed the highest levels of alpha and beta esterases, oxidases, glutathione-S-transferases, and frequency of the V1016I knockdown mutation from all sites tested. Knowledge of localized resistance and underlying mechanisms helps in making rational decisions in selection of appropriate and effective insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah L. Scott
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | - Andrea L. Leal
- Florida Keys Mosquito Control District, Key West, Florida
| | - Janet C. McAllister
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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16
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Screening of insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti populations collected from parishes in Eastern Jamaica. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008490. [PMID: 32716942 PMCID: PMC7410332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to the increased reports in Aedes-borne diseases in the Caribbean and Latin America, the United States Agency for International Development assisted the Jamaican Ministry of Health and Wellness in conducting insecticide susceptibility tests on Aedes aegypti populations. Sentinel sites were established in seven parishes of Jamaica (St. Catherine, Kingston and St. Andrew, St. Thomas, Portland, St. Mary and St. Ann) and Aedes aegypti eggs were collected, reared to adults per collected population and their susceptibility to varying pyrethroids and organophosphates were tested using the World Health Organization paper bioassays for these insecticides. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention bottle bioassay was used to assess susceptibility to the carbamate, bendiocarb. The voltage gated sodium channel gene mutations V1016I and I1011V, normally associated with pyrethroid resistance, were also analysed. The results showed that Aedes aegypti collected from all parishes exhibited resistance to pyrethroids at the following concentrations, permethrin 0.25–2.5%; deltamethrin 0.03–0.15%; lambda-cyhalothrin 0.03–0.3%; and etofenprox 0.5–2.5%. The insecticide deltamethrin at concentration 0.3% was the only pyrethroid tested that resulted in high mortality, 94.9 ± 0.34% knockdown within 1 hour of exposure and 98.95 ± 0.01% mortality (p <0.01) at 24 hours post exposure. The frequency of the voltage gated sodium channel gene mutation V1016I was high in the tested population, possibly accounting for the reduced sensitivity to pyrethroids. Organophosphate resistance was also observed in all populations tested. Mortality rates for 0.8% Malathion was 0.8 ± 0.70–60.68 ± 0.38% after 24 hour and 0.00–47.10 ± 3.02%, for pirimiphos-methyl 0.21%. Bendiocarb applied as 12.5 μg/ bottle resulted in mortality rates of 76.25 ± 4.30–100 ± 0.00% after 30 minutes of exposure. The results showed that Ae. aegypti from the seven parishes analysed demonstrated resistance to the insecticides tested. Deltamethrin and bendiocarb at concentrations 0.3% and 12.5μg respectively, were considered most effective, causing high mortality in the local populations. Routine monitoring and evaluations of Ae. aegypti populations from the included parishes are recommended. Additionally, the study results represent the most comprehensive testing to date with local Aedes aegypti populations distributed across different parishes of Jamaica and should be useful to guide national and sub national strategies for vector control and surveillance. The recent outbreaks of chikungunya, Zika and dengue viruses in the Caribbean and Latin America during 2013–2018, have motivated local health authorities in individual countries to seek international assistance from multiple agencies and adjust their vector management strategies in order to contain the transmission of Aedes-borne diseases. Countries within the region rely mainly on the use of commercially available insecticides to manage the mosquito populations and by extension, reduce the transmission of vector-borne diseases. However, this practice is stymied by the ability of these insects to develop resistance mechanisms to insecticides of frequent use. Many countries in the Caribbean and Latin America regions lack the facilities and supplies to conduct routine insecticide susceptibility testing. In an effort to ascertain knowledge on the presence of insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti populations, and to determine which insecticide is more effective to reduce vector populations of Jamaica, we conducted an array of bioassays with three different types of insecticides (pyrethroid, organophosphate, carbamate) to use local evidence and inform public health authorities on vector control status and alternatives.
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17
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Villanueva-Segura K, Ponce-Garcia G, Lopez-Monroy B, Mora-Jasso E, Perales L, Gonzalez-Santillan FJ, Ontiveros-Zapata K, Davila-Barboza JA, Flores AE. Multiplex PCR for simultaneous genotyping of kdr mutations V410L, V1016I and F1534C in Aedes aegypti (L.). Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:325. [PMID: 32586378 PMCID: PMC7318494 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knockdown resistance (kdr) is the main mechanism that confers resistance to pyrethroids and DDT. This is a product of non-synonymous mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) gene, and these mutations produce a change of a single amino acid which reduces the affinity of the target site for the insecticide molecule. In Mexico, V410L, V1016I and F1534C mutations are common in pyrethroid-resistant Aedes aegypti (L.) populations. METHODS A multiplex PCR was developed to detect the V410L, V1016I and F1534C mutations in Ae. aegypti. The validation of the technique was carried out by DNA sequencing using field populations previously characterized for the three mutations through allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) and with different levels of genotypic frequencies. RESULTS The standardized protocol for multiplex end-point PCR was highly effective in detecting 15 genotypes considering the three mutations V410L, V1106I and F1534C, in 12 field populations of Ae. aegypti from Mexico. A complete concordance with AS-PCR and DNA sequencing was found for the simultaneous detection of the three kdr mutations. CONCLUSIONS Our diagnostic method is highly effective for the simultaneous detection of V410L, V1016I and F1534C, when they co-occur. This technique represents a viable alternative to complement and strengthen current monitoring and resistance management strategies against Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Villanueva-Segura
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Av, Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - Gustavo Ponce-Garcia
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Av, Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - Beatriz Lopez-Monroy
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Av, Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - Esteban Mora-Jasso
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Av, Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - Lucia Perales
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Av, Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - Francisco J Gonzalez-Santillan
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Av, Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - Kevin Ontiveros-Zapata
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Av, Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - Jesus A Davila-Barboza
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Av, Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - Adriana E Flores
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Av, Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico.
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18
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Tancredi A, Papandrea D, Marconcini M, Carballar-Lejarazu R, Casas-Martinez M, Lo E, Chen XG, Malacrida AR, Bonizzoni M. Tracing temporal and geographic distribution of resistance to pyrethroids in the arboviral vector Aedes albopictus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008350. [PMID: 32569337 PMCID: PMC7332087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The arboviral vector Aedes albopictus became established on all continents except Antarctica in the past 50 years. A consequence of its rapid global invasion is the transmission of diseases previously confined to the tropics and subtropics occurring in temperate regions of the world, including the re-emergence of chikungunya and dengue in Europe. Application of pyrethroids is among the most widely-used interventions for vector control, especially in the presence of an arboviral outbreak. Studies are emerging that reveal phenotypic resistance and monitor mutations at the target site, the para sodium channel gene, primarily on a local scale. METHODS A total of 512 Ae. albopictus mosquitoes from twelve geographic sites, including those from the native home range and invaded areas, were sampled between 2011 and 2018, and were analyzed at five codons of the para sodium channel gene with mutations predictive of resistance phenotype. Additionally, to test for the origin of unique kdr mutations in Mexico, we analyzed the genetic connectivity of southern Mexico mosquitoes with mosquitoes from home range, the Reunion Island, America and Europe. RESULTS We detected mutations at all tested positions of the para sodium channel gene, with heterozygotes predominating and rare instance of double mutants. We observed an increase in the distribution and frequency of F1534C/L/S mutations in the ancestral China population and populations in the Mediterranean Greece, the appearance of the V1016G/I mutations as early as 2011 in Italy and mutations at position 410 and 989 in Mexico. The analyses of the distribution pattern of kdr alleles and haplotype network analyses showed evidence for multiple origins of all kdr mutations. CONCLUSIONS Here we provide the most-up-to-date survey on the geographic and temporal distribution of pyrethroid-predictive mutations in Ae. albopictus by combining kdr genotyping on current and historical samples with published data. While we confirm low levels of pyrethroid resistance in most analyzed samples, we find increasing frequencies of F1534C/S and V1016G in China and Greece or Italy, respectively. The observed patterns of kdr allele distribution support the hypothesis that on site emergence of resistance has contributed more than spread of resistance through mosquito migration/invasions to the current widespread of kdr alleles, emphasizing the importance of local surveillance programs and resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Tancredi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Lombardy, Italy
| | - Davide Papandrea
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Lombardy, Italy
| | - Michele Marconcini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Lombardy, Italy
| | | | - Mauricio Casas-Martinez
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Eugenia Lo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Guang Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University of Guangzhou, China
| | - Anna R. Malacrida
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Lombardy, Italy
| | - Mariangela Bonizzoni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Lombardy, Italy
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Chen M, Du Y, Nomura Y, Zhorov BS, Dong K. Chronology of sodium channel mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 104:e21686. [PMID: 32378259 PMCID: PMC8060125 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the primary mosquito vector of dengue, yellow fever, Zika and chikungunya. Current strategies to control Ae. aegypti rely heavily on insecticide interventions. Pyrethroids are a major class of insecticides used for mosquito control because of their fast acting, highly insecticidal activities and low mammalian toxicity. However, Ae. aegypti populations around the world have begun to develop resistance to pyrethroids. So far, more than a dozen mutations in the sodium channel gene have been reported to be associated with pyrethroid resistance in Ae. aegypti. Co-occurrence of resistance-associated mutations is common in pyrethroid-resistant Ae. aegypti populations. As global use of pyrethroids in mosquito control continues, new pyrethroid-resistant mutations keep emerging. In this microreview, we compile pyrethroid resistance-associated mutations in Ae. aegypti in a chronological order, as they were reported, and summarize findings from functional evaluation of these mutations in an in vitro sodium channel expression system. We hope that the information will be useful for tracing possible evolution of pyrethroid resistance in this important human disease vector, in addition to the development of methods for global monitoring and management of pyrethroid resistance in Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of life sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuzhe Du
- USDA-ARS, Biological Control of Pest Research Unit, 59 Lee Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Yoshiko Nomura
- Department of Entomology, Genetics and Neuroscience Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Boris S. Zhorov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194223, Russia
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Entomology, Genetics and Neuroscience Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Mundis SJ, Estep AS, Waits CM, Ryan SJ. Spatial variation in the frequency of knockdown resistance genotypes in Florida Aedes aegypti populations. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:241. [PMID: 32393364 PMCID: PMC7216362 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of insecticide resistance in disease-vectoring mosquito species can lead to vector control failure and disease resurgence. However, insecticide applications remain an essential public health intervention. In Florida, insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti, an anthropophilic mosquito species capable of transmitting dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus, is a major concern. Understanding the location, scale, and driving factors of insecticide resistance can enhance the ability of vector control organizations to target populations effectively. METHODS We used previously collected data on frequencies of mutations that confer resistance to commonly used pyrethroid insecticides in Ae. aegypti specimens from 62 sites distributed across 18 counties in Florida. To determine the scale of clustering for the most resistant variant, we used a Ripley's K function. We also used a spatial scanning statistic technique to identify locations of clusters where higher than expected frequencies of susceptible or resistant mosquitoes occurred. We then tested for associations between landscape, demographic, and insecticide-use factors using a beta regression modelling approach and evaluated the effect of spatial lag and spatial error terms on overall explanatory power of these models. RESULTS The scale at which maximum clustering of the most resistant variant occurs is approximately 20 kilometers. We identified statistically significant clusters of genotypes associated with resistance in several coastal cities, although some of these clusters were near significant clusters of susceptible mosquitoes, indicating selection pressures vary at the local scale. Vegetation density, distance from roads, and pyrethroid-use by vector control districts were consistently significant predictors of knockdown resistance genotype frequency in the top-performing beta regression models, although pyrethroid use surprisingly had a negatively associated with resistance. The incorporation of spatial lags resulted in improvements to the fit and explanatory power of the models, indicating an underlying diffusion process likely explains some of the spatial patterns observed. CONCLUSIONS The genetic mutations that confer resistance to pyrethroids in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in Florida exhibit spatial autocorrelation and patterns that can be partially explained by landscape and insecticide-use factors. Further work at local scales should be able to identify the mechanisms by which these variables influence selection for alleles associated with resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J. Mundis
- Quantitative Disease Ecology and Conservation (QDEC) Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607 USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA
| | - Alden S. Estep
- Navy Entomology Center of Excellence, R&D Department, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA
| | - Christy M. Waits
- Navy Entomology Center of Excellence, R&D Department, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA
| | - Sadie J. Ryan
- Quantitative Disease Ecology and Conservation (QDEC) Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607 USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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21
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Contreras-Perera Y, Ponce-Garcia G, Villanueva-Segura K, Lopez-Monroy B, Rodríguez-Sanchez IP, Lenhart A, Manrique-Saide P, Flores AE. Impact of deltamethrin selection on kdr mutations and insecticide detoxifying enzymes in Aedes aegypti from Mexico. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:224. [PMID: 32375862 PMCID: PMC7201803 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insecticide resistance is a serious problem for vector control programmes worldwide. Resistance is commonly attributed to mutations at the insecticide’s target site or increased activity of detoxification enzymes. Methods We determined the knockdown concentration (KC50) and lethal concentration (LC50) of deltamethrin in six natural populations of adult Aedes aegypti from southeastern Mexico. These populations were then selected over five generations using the LC50 from the preceding generation that underwent selection, and the heritability of deltamethrin resistance was quantified. For each generation, we also determined the frequency of the kdr alleles L410, I1016 and C1534, and the levels of activity of three enzyme families (α- and β-esterases, mixed-function oxidases and glutathione S-transferases (GST)) associated with insecticide detoxification. Results There was an increase in KC50 and LC50 values in the subsequent generations of selection with deltamethrin (FS5vs FS0). According to the resistance ratios (RRs), we detected increases in LC50 ranging from 1.5 to 5.6 times the values of the parental generation and in KC50 ranging from 1.3–3.8 times the values of the parental generation. Triple homozygous mutant individuals (tri-locus, LL/II/CC) were present in the parental generations and increased in frequency after selection. The frequency of L410 increased from 1.18-fold to 2.63-fold after selection with deltamethrin (FS5vs FS0) in the populations analyzed; for I1016 an increase between 1.19-fold to 2.79-fold was observed, and C1534 was fixed in all populations after deltamethrin selection. Enzymatic activity varied significantly over the generations of selection. However, only α- esterase activity remained elevated in multiple populations after five generations of deltamethrin selection. We observed an increase in the mean activity levels of GSTs in two of the six populations analyzed. Conclusions The high levels of resistance and their association with high frequencies of kdr mutations (V410L, V1016I and F1534C) obtained through artificial selection, suggest an important role of these mutations in conferring resistance to deltamethrin. We highlight the need to implement strategies that involve the monitoring of kdr frequencies in insecticide resistance monitoring and management programmes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamili Contreras-Perera
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Cd, Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., CP. 66455, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Ponce-Garcia
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Cd, Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., CP. 66455, Mexico
| | - Karina Villanueva-Segura
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Cd, Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., CP. 66455, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Lopez-Monroy
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Cd, Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., CP. 66455, Mexico
| | - Iram P Rodríguez-Sanchez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Cd, Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., CP. 66455, Mexico
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomologicos, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Campus de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Adriana E Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Cd, Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., CP. 66455, Mexico.
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22
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Fan Y, O'Grady P, Yoshimizu M, Ponlawat A, Kaufman PE, Scott JG. Evidence for both sequential mutations and recombination in the evolution of kdr alleles in Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008154. [PMID: 32302303 PMCID: PMC7164583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti is a globally distributed vector of human diseases including dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika. Pyrethroid insecticides are the primary means of controlling adult A. aegypti populations to suppress arbovirus outbreaks, but resistance to pyrethroid insecticides has become a global problem. Mutations in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (Vssc) gene are a major mechanism of pyrethroid resistance in A. aegypti. Vssc resistance alleles in A. aegypti commonly have more than one mutation. However, our understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of how alleles with multiple mutations arose is poorly understood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We examined the geographic distribution and association between the common Vssc mutations (V410L, S989P, V1016G/I and F1534C) in A. aegypti by analyzing the relevant Vssc fragments in 25 collections, mainly from Asia and the Americas. Our results showed all 11 Asian populations had two types of resistance alleles: 1534C and 989P+1016G. The 1534C allele was more common with frequencies ranging from 0.31 to 0.88, while the 989P+1016G frequency ranged from 0.13 to 0.50. Four distinct alleles (410L, 1534C, 410L+1534C and 410L+1016I+1534C) were detected in populations from the Americas. The most common was 410L+1016I+1534C with frequencies ranging from 0.50 to 1.00, followed by 1534C with frequencies ranging from 0.13 to 0.50. Our phylogenetic analysis of Vssc supported multiple independent origins of the F1534C mutation. Our results indicated the 410L+1534C allele may have arisen by addition of the V410L mutation to the 1534C allele, or by a crossover event. The 410L+1016I+1534C allele was the result of one or two mutational steps from a 1534C background. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our data corroborated previous geographic distributions of resistance mutations and provided evidence for both recombination and sequential accumulation of mutations contributing to the molecular evolution of resistance alleles in A. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Fan
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Patrick O'Grady
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Melissa Yoshimizu
- Vector-Borne Disease Section, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | | | - Phillip E. Kaufman
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey G. Scott
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Vera-Maloof FZ, Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Penilla-Navarro RP, D. Rodriguez-Ramirez A, Dzul F, Manrique-Saide P, Black WC. Loss of pyrethroid resistance in newly established laboratory colonies of Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007753. [PMID: 32176693 PMCID: PMC7117762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in Aedes aegypti has become widespread after almost two decades of the frequent use of these pesticides to reduce arbovirus transmission. Despite this resistance, pyrethroids continue to be used because they are relatively inexpensive and have low human toxicity. Resistance management has been proposed as a way to retain the use of pyrethroids in natural populations. A key component of resistance management is the assumption that negative fitness is associated with resistance alleles such that resistance alleles will decline in frequency when the insecticides are removed. At least three studies in Ae. aegypti have demonstrated a decrease in pyrethroid resistance once the insecticide has been removed. Methods/Principal findings The present study aims to evaluate variation in the loss of pyrethroid resistance among newly established laboratory populations of Ae. aegypti from Mexico. Eight field collections were maintained for up to eight generations, and we recorded changes in the frequencies of the mutations at the V1,016I locus and at the F1,534C locus in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (VGSC). I1,016 and C1,534 confer resistance. We also examined resistance ratios (RR) with type 1 and 2 pyrethroids. Conclusions/Significance We demonstrate that, in general, the frequency of the Ae. aegypti pyrethroid-resistance alleles I1,016 and C1,534 decline when they are freed from pyrethroid pressure in the laboratory. However, the pattern of decline is strain dependent. In agreement with earlier studies, the RR was positively correlated with the frequencies of the resistance allele I1,016 and showed significant protection against permethrin, and deltamethrin, whereas F1,534C showed protection against permethrin but not against deltamethrin. The author is interested in the evolution of genes that confer resistance to insecticides, especially when this evolution affects the binding of insecticides to their target sites. The Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel gene provides an excellent opportunity to understand how mutations at the target site(s) affect the evolution of resistance in many different pest insect species, including Aedes aegypti, which is the primary vector of the dengue, yellow fever, Zika and chikungunya viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Z. Vera-Maloof
- Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez
- Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rosa P. Penilla-Navarro
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Colonia Centro, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Americo D. Rodriguez-Ramirez
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Colonia Centro, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Felipe Dzul
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Benjamín Franklin, Escandón, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, México, Parque Santa Lucia, Centro, Mérida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - William C. Black
- Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Villanueva-Segura OK, Ontiveros-Zapata KA, Lopez-Monroy B, Ponce-Garcia G, Gutierrez-Rodriguez SM, Davila-Barboza JA, Mora-Jasso EDJ, Flores AE. Distribution and Frequency of the kdr Mutation V410L in Natural Populations of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) From Eastern and Southern Mexico. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:218-223. [PMID: 31504686 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti (L.) is the primary vector of the viruses that cause dengue, Zika, and chikungunya, for which effective vaccines and drugs are still lacking. Current strategies for suppressing arbovirus outbreaks based on insecticide use pose a challenge because of the rapid increase in resistance. The widespread and excessive use of pyrethroid-based insecticides has created a large selection pressure for a kdr-type resistance, caused by mutations in the para gene of the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc). Our objective was to evaluate the allelic frequency of natural populations of Ae. aegypti of Mexico at codon 410 of the para gene. Twenty-six Ae. aegypti populations from east and southern Mexico were genotyped for the codon 410 using allele-specific PCR. The frequencies of the L410 allele in Ae. aegypti ranged from 0.10 to 0.99; however, most of the frequencies were in the range of 0.36 to 0.64. The highest frequencies were found in three populations from the state of Veracruz, namely, Minatitlan with 0.99, Poza Rica with 0.82, and Jose Cardel with 0.97, along with populations from Cancun in Quintana Roo with 0.93, Frontera in Tabasco with 0.91, and Ciudad del Carmen in Campeche with 0.86. The frequency of the L410 allele was high in all populations of Ae. aegypti with higher values in populations of the southeast of the country. The knowledge of specific substitutions in vgsc and their interaction to confer resistance is essential to predict and develop future strategies for resistance management in Ae. aegypti in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga K Villanueva-Segura
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas. Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L. Mexico
| | - Kevin A Ontiveros-Zapata
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas. Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L. Mexico
| | - Beatriz Lopez-Monroy
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas. Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L. Mexico
| | - Gustavo Ponce-Garcia
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas. Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L. Mexico
| | - Selene M Gutierrez-Rodriguez
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas. Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L. Mexico
| | - Jesus A Davila-Barboza
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas. Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L. Mexico
| | - Esteban de J Mora-Jasso
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas. Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L. Mexico
| | - Adriana E Flores
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas. Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L. Mexico
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Correa-Morales F, Riestra-Morales M, Bibiano-Marín W, Dzul-Manzanilla F, Del Castillo-Centeno LF, Palacio-Vargas JA, Che-Mendoza A, Gonzalez-Olvera G, Lopez-Monroy B, Vazquez-Prokopec G, Manrique-Saide P. Bioefficacy of Two Nonpyrethroid Insecticides for Targeted Indoor Residual Spraying Against Pyrethroid-Resistant Aedes aegypti. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2019; 35:291-294. [PMID: 31922939 DOI: 10.2987/19-6866.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the efficacy of bendiocarb (Ficam W® 80%) and pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic 300CS® 28.16%), applied to different surfaces potentially sprayable within houses during the application of a targeted indoor residual spraying (TIRS) against a field pyrethroid-resistant strain of Aedes aegypti. Bioassays with cones were performed on cement (walls), wood (doors), and textile (cloth) surfaces within typical houses in the Mexican city of Merida (n = 10). Optimal residual efficacy (>80% of mean mortality) of bendiocarb ranged from 3 months (cement) to 2 months (wood and textiles). Residual efficacy of pirimiphos-methyl ranged from 5 months (cement) to 2 months (wood and textiles). Both insecticides proved to be effective as adulticides against field Ae. aegypti and may be useful in mosquito control programs implementing TIRS with pyrethroid-resistant populations.
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Williams T, Farfán JL, Mercado G, Valle J, Abella A, Marina CF. Efficacy of Spinosad Granules and Lambda-Cyhalothrin Contrasts with Reduced Performance of Temephos for Control of Aedes spp. in Vehicle Tires in Veracruz, Mexico. INSECTS 2019; 10:E242. [PMID: 31390780 PMCID: PMC6723916 DOI: 10.3390/insects10080242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the efficacy of λ-cyhalothrin, pyriproxyfen and granular formulations of spinosad and temephos for the control of mosquito larvae present in experimental tires in Veracruz State, Mexico in the period 2015-2016. Both λ-cyhalothrin and spinosad granules provided control of larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Culex spp. in used tires in Veracruz State, Mexico, over a 9-12 week period, although numbers of Culex were low. The numbers of Aedes larvae + pupae in pyriproxyfen and temephos-treated tires were slightly less than half of the untreated control tires, probably a result the pupicidal characteristics of pyriproxyfen and possible resistance in the case of temephos. Spinosad was less harmful to predatory Toxorhynchites spp. than λ-cyhalothrin or temephos. The reduced susceptibility to temephos in Aedes populations was confirmed at five other sites in Veracruz. Public health authorities should consider incorporating spinosad as a larvicide in coastal areas at a high risk of dengue, chikungunya and Zika outbreaks in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Williams
- Instituto de Ecología AC (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico.
| | - Juan L Farfán
- Instituto de Ecología AC (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Mercado
- Instituto de Ecología AC (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Javier Valle
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico
| | - Antonio Abella
- Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio-FMVZ, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Carlos F Marina
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública-INSP, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico
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Dzul-Manzanilla F, Correa-Morales F, Medina-Barreiro A, Bibiano-Marín W, Vadillo-Sanchez J, Riestra-Morales M, Del Castillo-Centeno LF, Morales-Rios E, Martin-Park A, Gonzalez-Olvera G, Elizondo-Quiroga AE, Lenhart A, Vazquez-Prokopec G, Che-Mendoza A, Manrique-Saide P. Field Efficacy Trials of Aerial Ultra-Low-Volume Application of Insecticides Against Caged Aedes aegypti in Mexico. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2019; 35:140-146. [PMID: 31442128 DOI: 10.2987/18-6796.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the efficacy of aerial ultra-low-volume (ULV) insecticide spraying in field bioassays with caged Aedes aegypti in May 2017 in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico. The insecticides tested included an organophosphate (Mosquitocida UNO ULV) and a neonicotinoid-pyrethroid combination (Cielo). Two Ae. aegypti populations were evaluated: a field pyrethroid-resistant local strain (Puerto Vallarta) and an insecticide-susceptible laboratory strain (New Orleans). Knockdown after 1 h by both products was ≥97.0%, and mortality after 24 h was ≥98% for the susceptible laboratory strain. Knockdown of the local Puerto Vallarta field strain by both products after 1 h was ≥96.5%; and mosquito mortality after 24 h was also very high (≥98%). Meteorological conditions during this evaluation were favorable for aerial mosquito control and represented conditions that typically occur during adulticide space spray applications. Temperature oscillated between 24°C and 26°C with winds between 6 and 10 km/h. The majority of droplets met the droplet distribution criteria required for the insecticides. The evaluation demonstrated an acceptable performance of both products for Ae. aegypti control when applied undiluted at a rate of 199.4 ml/ha and 73.07 ml/ha for Mosquitocida UNO ULV and Cielo, respectively. The volume median diameter (VMD) droplet size was characterized at 31.3 μm and 37.3 μm, respectively.
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Valle D, Bellinato DF, Viana-Medeiros PF, Lima JBP, Martins Junior ADJ. Resistance to temephos and deltamethrin in Aedes aegypti from Brazil between 1985 and 2017. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2019; 114:e180544. [PMID: 31038548 PMCID: PMC6489372 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760180544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti populations in Brazil have been subjected to insecticide selection pressures with variable levels and sources since 1967. Therefore, the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MoH) coordinated the activities of an Ae. aegypti insecticide resistance monitoring network (MoReNAa) from 1999 to 2012. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to consolidate all information available from between 1985 and 2017 regarding the resistance status and mechanisms of Brazilian Ae. aegypti populations against the main insecticide compounds used at the national level, including the larvicide temephos (an organophosphate) and the adulticide deltamethrin (a pyrethroid). METHODS Data were gathered from two sources: a bibliographic review of studies published from 1985 to 2017, and unpublished data produced by our team within the MoReNAa between 1998 and 2012. A total of 146 municipalities were included, many of which were evaluated several times, totalling 457 evaluations for temephos and 274 for deltamethrin. Insecticide resistance data from the five Brazilian regions were examined separately using annual records of both the MoH supply of insecticides to each state and the dengue incidence in each evaluated municipality. FINDINGS Ae. aegypti resistance to temephos and deltamethrin, the main larvicide and adulticide, respectively, employed against mosquitoes in Brazil for a long time, was found to be widespread in the country, although with some regional variations. Comparisons between metabolic and target-site resistance mechanisms showed that one or another of these was the main component of pesticide resistance in each studied population. MAIN CONCLUSIONS (i) A robust dataset on the assessments of the insecticide resistance of Brazilian Ae. aegypti populations performed since 1985 was made available through our study. (ii) Our findings call into question the efficacy of chemical control as the sole methodology of vector control. (iii) It is necessary to ensure that sustainable insecticide resistance monitoring is maintained as a key component of integrated vector management. (iv) Consideration of additional parameters, beyond the supply of insecticides distributed by the MoH or the diverse local dynamics of dengue incidence, is necessary to find consistent correlations with heterogeneous vector resistance profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Valle
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Diogo Fernandes Bellinato
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - José Bento Pereira Lima
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Instituto de Biologia do Exército, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ademir de Jesus Martins Junior
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Instituto de Biologia do Exército, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Aponte A, Penilla RP, Rodríguez AD, Ocampo CB. Mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance in Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti from Colombia. Acta Trop 2019; 191:146-154. [PMID: 30552882 PMCID: PMC6447284 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In Colombia Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti is the main vector of urban arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika. This urban mosquito has a well-established capacity to develop insecticide resistance to different types of insecticides (pyrethroids, organochlorides, organophosphates), using multiple resistance mechanisms. An understanding of ongoing resistance mechanisms is critical to determining the activities of vector control programs. In order to identify the biochemical and molecular mechanisms associated with pyrethroid resistance in Colombia, three laboratory-selected strains resistant to DDT, Propoxur and lambdacyhalothrin, and 7 field-collected strains were evaluated. CDC bioassays were performed to measure the susceptibility status to pyrethroid type I (permethrin) and II (deltamethrin and lambdacyhalothrin), and potential cross-resistance to different types of insecticides; organochlorine (DDT), carbamates (propoxur) and organophosphates (malathion). The enzymatic activity of esterases, glutathione S-transferases (GST) and P450 monooxygenases were biochemically determined. Frequencies of kdr mutations Val1016Ile and Phe1534cys were determined through real-time PCR. The Rockefeller strain of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti was used as the susceptible control. The laboratory-selected strains "propoxur" and "lambdacyhalothrin" and one field population (Medellín (BF) F2 were resistant to all evaluated pyrethroids. Six of the seven field populations as well as the laboratory- selected "DDT" strain were resistant to permethrin. All the evaluated strains were resistant to DDT. Cross-resistance between lambdacyhalothrin and propoxur was observed in the laboratory-selected strains; however, all field-collected strains were susceptible to propoxur and no evidence of malathion resistance was found. The main biochemical mechanism for resistance observed in the field-collected strains was related to the enzyme GST. Further, the frequencies of kdr mutations alleles associated with insecticide resistance were high and ranged from 0.02 to 0.72 for Ile1016 and from 0.44 to 0.99 for Cys1534. Strains with high frequencies of both kdr mutations were resistant to both type I and II pyrethroids. These results suggest that Ae. aegypti from Colombia have developed multiple resistance mechanisms associated with pyrethroid resistance; therefore a resistance management strategy against these field populations of Ae. Aegypti, incorporating these findings is strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Aponte
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas CIDEIM, Carrera 125 N 19-225, Cali, Colombia.
| | - R Patricia Penilla
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública de México, Avenida 4 Norte 19 calle poniente, CP 307000, Chiapas, Tapachula, Mexico.
| | - Américo D Rodríguez
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública de México, Avenida 4 Norte 19 calle poniente, CP 307000, Chiapas, Tapachula, Mexico.
| | - Clara B Ocampo
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas CIDEIM, Carrera 125 N 19-225, Cali, Colombia; Universidad ICESI, Calle 18 N 122-135, Cali, Colombia.
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Campbell CL, Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Kubik TD, Lenhart A, Lozano-Fuentes S, Black WC. Vgsc-interacting proteins are genetically associated with pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211497. [PMID: 30695054 PMCID: PMC6350986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Association mapping of factors that condition pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti has consistently identified genes in multiple functional groups. Toward better understanding of the mechanisms involved, we examined high throughput sequencing data (HTS) from two Aedes aegypti aegypti collections from Merida, Yucatan, Mexico treated with either permethrin or deltamethrin. Exome capture enrichment for coding regions and the AaegL5 annotation were used to identify genes statistically associated with resistance. The frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were compared between resistant and susceptible mosquito pools using a contingency χ2 analysis. The -log10(χ2p value) was calculated at each SNP site, with a weighted average determined from all sites in each gene. Genes with -log10(χ2p value) ≥ 4.0 and present among all 3 treatment groups were subjected to gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). We found that several functional groups were enriched compared to all coding genes. These categories were transport, signal transduction and metabolism, in order from highest to lowest statistical significance. Strikingly, 21 genes with demonstrated association to synaptic function were identified. In the high association group (n = 1,053 genes), several genes were identified that also genetically or physically interact with the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC). These genes were eg., CHARLATAN (CHL), a transcriptional regulator, several ankyrin-domain proteins, PUMILIO (PUM), a translational repressor, and NEDD4 (E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase). There were 13 genes that ranked among the top 10%: these included VGSC; CINGULIN, a predicted neuronal gap junction protein, and the aedine ortholog of NERVY (NVY), a transcriptional regulator. Silencing of CHL and NVY followed by standard permethrin bottle bioassays validated their association with permethrin resistance. Importantly, VGSC levels were also reduced about 50% in chl- or nvy-dsRNA treated mosquitoes. These results are consistent with the contribution of a variety of neuronal pathways to pyrethroid resistance in Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey L Campbell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tristan D Kubik
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Saul Lozano-Fuentes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - William C Black
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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31
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Grossman MK, Rodriguez J, Barreiro AM, Lenhart A, Manrique-Saide P, Vazquez-Prokopec GM. Fine-scale spatial and temporal dynamics of kdr haplotypes in Aedes aegypti from Mexico. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:20. [PMID: 30626410 PMCID: PMC6327429 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As resistance to insecticides increases in disease vectors, it has become exceedingly important to monitor populations for susceptibility. Most studies of field populations of Aedes aegypti have largely characterized resistance patterns at the spatial scale of the city or country, which may not be completely informative given that insecticide application occurs at the scale of the house or city block. Phenotypic resistance to pyrethroids dominates in Ae. aegypti, and it has been partially explained by mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene. Here, we assess community-level patterns of four knockdown resistance (kdr) haplotypes (C1534/I1016, F1534/I1016, C1534/V1016 and F1534/V1016) in Ae. aegypti in 24 randomly chosen city blocks from a city in Yucatán State, Mexico, during both the dry and wet season and over two years. RESULTS Three of the four haplotypes, C1534/I1016, C1534/V1016 and F1534/V1016 were heterogeneous between city blocks at all four sampling time points, and the double mutant haplotype, C1534/I1016, showed a significant increase following the wet season. The F1534/I1016 haplotype was rarely detected, similar to other studies. However, when haplotype frequencies were aggregated to a coarser spatial scale, the differences in space and time were obscured. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide empirical evidence that the selection of kdr alleles is occurring at fine spatial scales, indicating that future studies should include this scale to better understand evolutionary processes of resistance in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa K Grossman
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Julian Rodriguez
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anuar Medina Barreiro
- Departamento de Zoología, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Center for Global Health/Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria/Entomology Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Departamento de Zoología, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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Current Status of Aedes aegypti Insecticide Resistance Development from Banjarmasin, Kalimantan, Indonesia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1735358. [PMID: 30671445 PMCID: PMC6317097 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1735358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti represents the principal vector of many arthropod-borne diseases in tropical areas worldwide. Since mosquito control strategies are mainly based on use of insecticides, resistance development can be expected to occur in frequently exposed Ae. aegypti populations. Surveillance on resistance development as well as testing of insecticide susceptibility is therefore mandatory and needs further attention by national/international public health authorities. In accordance, we here conducted a study on Ae. aegypti resistance development towards several often used insecticides, i.e., malathion, deltamethrin, permethrin, λ-cyhalothrin, bendiocarb, and cyfluthrin, in the periurban area of Banjarmasin city, Kalimantan, Indonesia. Our results clearly showed resistance development of Ae. aegypti populations against tested insecticides. Mortalities of Ae. aegypti were less than 90% with the highest resistance observed against 0.75% permethrin. Collected mosquitoes from Banjarmasin also presented high level of resistance development to 0.1% bendiocarb. Molecular analysis of voltage-gated sodium channel (Vgsc) gene showed significant association of V1016G gene point mutation in resistance Ae. aegypti phenotypes against 0.75% permethrin. However, F1534C gene point mutation did not correlate to Ae. aegypti insecticide resistance to 0.75% permethrin. Irrespective of periurban areas in Kalimantan considered as less densed island of Indonesia, Ae. aegypti-derived resistance to different routinely applied insecticides occurred. Our findings evidence that Ae. aegypti insecticide resistance is most likely spreading into less populated areas and thus needs further surveillance in order to delay Ae. aegypti resistance development.
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33
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Balasubramani S, Sabapathi G, Moola AK, Solomon RV, Venuvanalingam P, Bollipo Diana RK. Evaluation of the Leaf Essential Oil from Artemisia vulgaris and Its Larvicidal and Repellent Activity against Dengue Fever Vector Aedes aegypti-An Experimental and Molecular Docking Investigation. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:15657-15665. [PMID: 30556010 PMCID: PMC6288777 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is a mosquito vector that spreads dengue fever and yellow fever worldwide in tropical and subtropical countries. Essential oil isolated from Artemisia vulgaris is found to have larvicidal and repellent action against this vector. The dried leaves were subjected to hydrodistillation using a clevenger-type apparatus for 4 h. The isolated essential oil was analyzed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the major insecticidal compounds were identified as α-humulene (0.72%), β-caryophyllene (0.81%), and caryophyllene oxide (15.87%). Larvicidal activity results revealed that the essential oil exposure for 24 h period against the third stage larvae was LC50 = 6.87, LC90 = 59.197 ppm and for the fourth stage larvae LC50 = 4.269, LC90 = 50.363 ppm. Highest mortality rates were observed at 24 h exposure period of third and fourth stages, and the exposed A. aegypti larvae were subjected to histo chemical studies, and the studies revealed that larvae cells got totally damaged (midgut and cortex). The repellent activity results revealed that at 50% concentration of the essential oil showed the highest repellent activity at 60 min protection time against the A. aegypti female mosquitoes. To gain further insights into the insecticidal activity, density functional theory and molecular docking calculations were performed with the active components of this essential oil as the ligand and NS3 protease domain (PDB ID: 2FOM) as a receptor. Molecular docking calculation results show that (E)-β-caryophyllene strongly binds with NS3 protease domain than (Z)-β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, and β-caryophyllene oxide and is the major active component for the insecticidal action. It primarily interacts with the receptor through hydrophobic and ionic forces and using water bridges between the amino acid residues in the binding pocket and (E)-β-caryophyllene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundararajan Balasubramani
- Department
of Botany and Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory,
School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gopal Sabapathi
- Department
of Botany and Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory,
School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anil Kumar Moola
- Department
of Botany and Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory,
School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajadurai Vijay Solomon
- Department
of Chemistry, Madras Christian College (Autonomous), Chennai 600059, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ponnambalam Venuvanalingam
- Department
of Botany and Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory,
School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ranjitha Kumari Bollipo Diana
- Department
of Botany and Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory,
School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
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Chi-Chim WA, Bocanegra-Garcia V, Reyes-Solis G, García-Rejon JE, Baak-Baak CM, Machain-Williams C, Chan-Orilla JA, Gomez-Garcia C, Ballina-Gomez HS, Reyes-Lopez MA. Frequency of the L1014F Mutation in the Sodium Channel Gene, in Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations From Rural and Urban Areas of Yucatan State, Mexico. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:1633-1637. [PMID: 30060188 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) is a mosquito species that has attracted a lot of attention from a medical and veterinary point of view; however, little is known about the frequency of L1014F mutations that have been found in the sodium channel gene, with this being a target for DDT and pyrethroid insecticides. The distribution and frequency of the L1014F mutation in Cx. quinquefasciatus populations was determined in rural and urban areas of Yucatan, Mexico from January 2015 to March 2016. Nine hundred fifty adult females out of 17,727 immature states were collected and analyzed in all sites sampled (n = 10). Susceptible homozygotes were identified (L1014/L1014) in 12% (114/950), heterozygous individuals (F1014/L1014) in 34% (323/950), and mutated homozygotes (F1014/F1014) in 54% (513/950) during the dry and rainy seasons. In this work, study areas with a high frequency of L1014F mutation were identified. These findings may help guarantee a more effective and efficient use of the resources available for the control of this vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilbert A Chi-Chim
- Conservation Medicine Lab. Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Blvd. del Maestro S/N esq. Elias Piña, Narcizo Mendoza, Cd. Reynosa, Mexico
| | - Virgilio Bocanegra-Garcia
- Conservation Medicine Lab. Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Blvd. del Maestro S/N esq. Elias Piña, Narcizo Mendoza, Cd. Reynosa, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Reyes-Solis
- Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, colonia Inalambrica, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Julian E García-Rejon
- Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, colonia Inalambrica, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Carlos M Baak-Baak
- Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, colonia Inalambrica, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Carlos Machain-Williams
- Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, colonia Inalambrica, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Julio A Chan-Orilla
- Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, colonia Inalambrica, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Consuelo Gomez-Garcia
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular I. Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (ENMyH-IPN), México
| | | | - Miguel Angel Reyes-Lopez
- Conservation Medicine Lab. Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Blvd. del Maestro S/N esq. Elias Piña, Narcizo Mendoza, Cd. Reynosa, Mexico
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Estep AS, Sanscrainte ND, Waits CM, Bernard SJ, Lloyd AM, Lucas KJ, Buckner EA, Vaidyanathan R, Morreale R, Conti LA, Becnel JJ. Quantification of permethrin resistance and kdr alleles in Florida strains of Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006544. [PMID: 30356237 PMCID: PMC6218098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of locally transmitted dengue and Zika viruses in Florida have placed more emphasis on integrated vector management plans for Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus Skuse. Adulticiding, primarily with pyrethroids, is often employed for the immediate control of potentially arbovirus-infected mosquitoes during outbreak situations. While pyrethroid resistance is common in Ae. aegypti worldwide and testing is recommended by CDC and WHO, resistance to this class of products has not been widely examined or quantified in Florida. To address this information gap, we performed the first study to quantify both pyrethroid resistance and genetic markers of pyrethroid resistance in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus strains in Florida. Using direct topical application to measure intrinsic toxicity, we examined 21 Ae. aegypti strains from 9 counties and found permethrin resistance (resistance ratio (RR) = 6-61-fold) in all strains when compared to the susceptible ORL1952 control strain. Permethrin resistance in five strains of Ae. albopictus was very low (RR<1.6) even when collected from the same containers producing resistant Ae. aegypti. Characterization of two sodium channel kdr alleles associated with pyrethroid-resistance showed widespread distribution in 62 strains of Ae. aegypti. The 1534 phenylalanine to cysteine (F1534C) single nucleotide polymorphism SNP was fixed or nearly fixed in all strains regardless of RR. We observed much more variation in the 1016 valine to isoleucine (V1016I) allele and observed that an increasing frequency of the homozygous V1016I allele correlates strongly with increased RR (Pearson corr = 0.905). In agreement with previous studies, we observed a very low frequency of three kdr genotypes, IIFF, VIFF, and IIFC. In this study, we provide a statewide examination of pyrethroid resistance, and demonstrate that permethrin resistance and the genetic markers for resistance are widely present in FL Ae. aegypti. Resistance testing should be included in an effective management program. Aedes aegypti (Yellow-fever mosquito) and Aedes albopictus (Asian Tiger mosquito) can vector a variety of arboviruses that cause diseases and are thus a public health concern. Pyrethroid insecticide resistance is common in Ae. aegypti in many locations worldwide and can adversely affect vector control operations. However, the resistance status of these vectors in Florida is largely unreported and recent local transmission of dengue and Zika viruses has made this information critical for effective control operations. In this study, we showed that permethrin resistance and two common SNPs of the voltage gated sodium channel (V1016I and F1534C) previously associated with pyrethroid resistance were widely present in Florida Ae. aegypti strains. We also observed a strong correlation between the dilocus knock down response (kdr) genotype and resistance ratio (RR) as determined by topical application, which suggests, as have others, that kdr frequency may be a useful indicator of resistance in Aedes aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alden S. Estep
- CMAVE Detachment, Navy Entomology Center of Excellence, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Neil D. Sanscrainte
- Mosquito and Fly Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Christy M. Waits
- CMAVE Detachment, Navy Entomology Center of Excellence, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Sarah J. Bernard
- CMAVE Detachment, Navy Entomology Center of Excellence, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Aaron M. Lloyd
- Pasco County Mosquito Control District, Odessa, FL, United States of America
| | - Keira J. Lucas
- Collier Mosquito Control District, Naples, FL, United States of America
| | - Eva A. Buckner
- Manatee Mosquito Control District, Palmetto, FL, United States of America
| | | | - Rachel Morreale
- Lee County Mosquito Control, Lehigh Acres, FL, United States of America
| | - Lisa A. Conti
- Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Tallahassee, FL, United States of America
| | - James J. Becnel
- Mosquito and Fly Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
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Insecticide Resistance and Fitness: The Case of Four Aedes aegypti Populations from Different Brazilian Regions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6257860. [PMID: 30402487 PMCID: PMC6198578 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6257860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Chemical control is still a major strategy to constrain vector density and mitigate pathogen transmission. However, insecticide overuse poses a high selective pressure, favouring the spread of resistance alleles in natural populations. In an insecticide-free environment, a fitness cost is expected in resistant insects when compared to susceptible counterparts. This study investigates whether insecticide resistance to an organophosphate (temephos) and a pyrethroid (deltamethrin) is associated with fitness traits in four Aedes aegypti wild populations sampled every three months over one year. Findings We measured development time from larvae to adult, female survival, wing length, fecundity, and adult resistance to starvation in field insecticide resistant Ae. aegypti populations four times over a year. These results were confronted with resistance levels to temephos and deltamethrin and with potentially related mechanisms, including a kdr mutation in the pyrethroid target site. No differences in fitness cost were found after contrasting mosquitoes from the same population collected throughout a year, irrespective of differences in insecticide resistance levels. Additionally, significant differences were not observed among field populations. However, compared to the reference strain Rockefeller, field females survived significantly less. Moreover, larval development was equal or slower in three out of four field populations. In no case differences were evidenced in starvation tolerance, wing length, and fecundity. Conclusions Overall, field resistant mosquitoes seemed to have a slight fitness disadvantage when compared with the Rockefeller susceptible strain which might represent a potential fitness cost of insecticide resistance. However, after comparing Ae. aegypti from the same population but sampled at different moments, or from different field populations, mosquito life-history traits varied independently of resistance ratios. The metabolic deviations necessary to overcome the adverse effects of insecticides may cause an energy trade-off that affects energy allocation and ultimately basic demands of insect biology. The extent of fitness cost due to insecticide resistance is critical information to delay the evolution of resistance in wild vector populations.
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Aedes aegypti(Linnaeus) larvae from dengue outbreak areas in Selangor showing resistance to pyrethroids but susceptible to organophosphates. Acta Trop 2018; 185:115-126. [PMID: 29758171 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The resistance status of Selangor Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) larvae against four major groups of insecticides (i.e., organochlorines, carbamates, organophosphates and pyrethroids) was investigated. Aedes aegypti were susceptible against temephos (organophosphate), although resistance (RR50 = 0.21-2.64) may be developing. The insecticides susceptibility status of Ae. aegypti larvae were found heterogeneous among the different study sites. Results showed that Ae. aegypti larvae from Klang, Sabak Bernam and Sepang were susceptible against all insecticides tested. However, other study sites exhibited low to high resistance against all pyrethroids (RR50 = 1.19-32.16). Overall, the application of synergists ethacrynic acid, S.S.S.- tributylphosphorotrithioate and piperonyl butoxide increased the toxicity of insecticides investigated. However, the application failed to increase the mortality to susceptible level (>97%) for certain populations, therefore there are chances of alteration of target site resistance involved. Biochemical assays revealed that α-esterase, (Gombak, Kuala Langat, Kuala Selangor and Sabak Bernam strains) β-esterase (Klang and Sabak Bernam strains), acetylcholinesterase (Kuala Selangor and Sabak Bernam strains), glutathione-S-transferase (Kuala Selangor and Sabak Bernam strains) and mono-oxygenases (Gombak, Hulu Langat, Hulu Selangor and Kuala Langat strains) were elevated. Spearman rank-order correlation indicated a significant correlation between resistance ratios of: DDT and deltamethrin (r = 0.683, P = 0.042), cyfluthrin and deltamethrin (r = 0.867, P =0.002), cyflyuthrin and lambdacyhalothrin (r = 0.800, P =0.010), cyfluthrin and permethrin (r = 0.770, P =0.015) deltamethrin and permethrin (r = 0.803, P =0.088), propoxur and malathion (r = 0.867, P = 0.002), malathion and temephos (r = 0.800, P = 0.010), etofenprox and MFO enzyme (r = 0.667, P =0.050). The current study provides baseline information for vector control programs conducted by local authorities. The susceptibility status of Ae. aegypti should be monitored sporadically to ensure the effectiveness of current vector control strategy in Selangor.
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Gray L, Florez SD, Barreiro AM, Vadillo-Sánchez J, González-Olvera G, Lenhart A, Manrique-Saide P, Vazquez-Prokopec GM. Experimental evaluation of the impact of household aerosolized insecticides on pyrethroid resistant Aedes aegypti. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12535. [PMID: 30135460 PMCID: PMC6105583 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30968-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive reliance on insecticides to control Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and disrupt transmission of dengue, chikungunya and Zika has fueled the emergence of widespread resistance to insecticides. Mismatch between the frequency of pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes and the occurrence of pyrethroid-based insecticide applications for vector control is often hypothesized to be due to household use of commercial insecticide products. We experimentally quantified phenotypic and genotypic responses of four Ae. aegypti strains (three field, pyrethroid resistant, and one laboratory, pyrethroid susceptible) after exposure to two commonly used household aerosol insecticide products (a space spray and a residual spray formulation) containing pyrethroid active ingredients. Experiments were performed within homes of Mérida, Mexico. After exposure to the products, all three pyrethroid resistant field Ae. aegypti strains had significantly lower mortality rates (averaging 41% and 50% for the two products, respectively) than the controls (99%). Applying insecticides as surface sprays led to a significant increase in the frequency of I1016 kdr homozygotes in surviving Ae. aegypti, suggesting strong selection pressure for this allele. Given the large-scale use of household aerosol insecticide products in areas that are endemic for Ae. aegypti–transmitted diseases, their role as a pyrethroid resistance selection source, particularly when used as space sprays, should be taken into consideration when designing resistance management plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey Gray
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sergio Dzib Florez
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias. Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Anuar Medina Barreiro
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias. Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - José Vadillo-Sánchez
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias. Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Gabriela González-Olvera
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias. Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias. Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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Levels of Resistance to Pyrethroid among Distinct kdr Alleles in Aedes aegypti Laboratory Lines and Frequency of kdr Alleles in 27 Natural Populations from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:2410819. [PMID: 30112367 PMCID: PMC6077680 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2410819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Several mutations in voltage gated sodium channel (NaV) have been identified in Aedes aegypti populations worldwide. However, only few are related to knockdown resistance to pyrethroids, most of which with variations in the 1016 and 1534 NaV sites. In Brazil, at least two NaV alleles are known: NaVR1, with a substitution in the 1534 (1016 Val+ + 1534 Ilekdr) and NaVR2, with substitutions in both 1016 and sites (1016Ilekdr + 1534Cyskdr). There is also the duplication in the NaV gene, with one copy carrying the substitution Ile1011Met, although its effects on pyrethroid resistance remain to be clarified. Our goals in this study were (1) to determine the role of each kdr NaV allele and the duplication on pyrethroid resistance and (2) to screen the frequency of the kdr alleles in 27 several natural Ae. aegypti populations from the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. Methods Pyrethroid resistance was evaluated by a knockdown time (KdT) assay, an adaptation of the WHO test tubes with paper impregnated with deltamethrin. We used laboratory-selected Ae. aegypti lineages: R1R1 and R2R2 (homozygous for the kdr NaVR1 and NaVR2 alleles, respectively), Dup (with duplication in the NaV gene), Rockefeller (the susceptibility reference control), and F1 hybrids among them. Genotyping of both 1016 and 1534 NaV sites was performed in 811 Ae. aegypti sampled from 27 localities from Rio de Janeiro (17), Niterói (6) and Nova Iguaçu (4) cities, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, with a TaqMan real time PCR approach. Results The laboratory lineages R1R1, R2R2, and R1R2 were the only ones that needed more than 60 minutes to knock down all the insects exposed to the pyrethroid, being the KdT R2R2 > R1R2 > R1R1, corroborating the recessive nature of the kdr mutations. Frequency of kdr alleles NaVR1 and NaVR2 in field-caught mosquitoes varied from 0 to 52% and 43 to 86%, respectively, evidencing high levels of “resistant genotypes” (R1R1, R1R2, and R2R2), which together summed 60 to 100% in Ae. aegypti populations from Rio de Janeiro. Conclusions The NaVR1 and NaVR2 kdr alleles confer resistance to the pyrethroid deltamethrin in homozygotes and R1R2 heterozygotes, being the R2R2 most resistant genotype. The allele containing duplication in the NaV gene, with a mutation in the 1011 site, did not confer resistance under the tested conditions. The frequencies of the “resistant genotypes” are elevated in Ae. aegypti natural populations from Rio de Janeiro.
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Son-Un P, Choovattanapakorn N, Saingamsook J, Yanola J, Lumjuan N, Walton C, Somboon P. Effect of Relaxation of Deltamethrin Pressure on Metabolic Resistance in a Pyrethroid-Resistant Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Strain Harboring Fixed P989P and G1016G kdr Alleles. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:975-981. [PMID: 29590378 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mutation of the voltage-gated sodium channel genes or knockdown resistance (kdr) and metabolic resistance in Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) are important resistance mechanisms against pyrethroids. The present study investigated the effect of relaxation of deltamethrin selection pressure on the level of mixed-function oxidases (MFO), when the allele frequency of S989P+V1016G mutations is fixed in a resistant Ae. aegypti strain (UPK-R) from Chiang Mai, Thailand. The mosquitoes were divided into two groups, exposure and nonexposure groups, and maintained for 12 generations in an insectary room. Adults of the exposure group (F3 to F12) were treated with 0.05% deltamethrin-impregnated papers. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) of deltamethrin of larvae were determined by World Health Organization (WHO) bioassay. MFO activity was determined in F0 and F12. The results revealed that there was a decreasing trend of adult mortality rates in the exposure group over time. The larval LC50 values of the exposure group were gradually increased, whereas those of the nonexposure group were gradually decreased. The level of MFO activity in the nonexposure group (F12) was lower than the parent and exposure groups (F12) by 1.5 and 4-fold in the larvae, respectively, and 1.5 and 2.5-fold in the adult females, respectively. However, the frequency of P989+G1016 alleles in both groups was 100% up to F12 when the experiment ended. This study indicates that there was a significant but small reduction in the activity levels of MFOs when pyrethroid selection pressure is relaxed in this kdr strain of Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patchamon Son-Un
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thail
| | | | - Jassada Saingamsook
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thail
| | - Jintana Yanola
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thail
| | - Nongkran Lumjuan
- Center for Molecular and Cell Biology for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thail
| | - Catherine Walton
- Ecology and Evolution Group, School of Earth and Environment, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Pradya Somboon
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thail
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The Use of Insecticide-Treated Curtains for Control of Aedes aegypti and Dengue Virus Transmission in "Fraccionamiento" Style Houses in México. J Trop Med 2018; 2018:4054501. [PMID: 30018645 PMCID: PMC6029453 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4054501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika viruses transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are major public health threats in the tropical and subtropical world. In México, construction of large tracts of “fraccionamientos” high density housing to accommodate population growth and urbanization has provided fertile ground for Ae. aegypti-transmitted viruses. We investigated the utility of pyrethroid-treated window curtains to reduce both the abundance of Ae. aegypti and to prevent dengue virus (DENV) transmission in fraccionamiento housing. Windows and doors of fraccionamiento homes in urban/suburban areas, where Ae. aegypti pyrethroid resistance associated with the Ile1016 knock down resistance (kdr) mutation in the voltage gated sodium channel gene was high, and in rural areas, where kdr resistance was low, were fitted with either insecticide-treated curtains (ITCs) or non-treated curtains (NTCs). The homes were monitored for mosquito abundance and DENV infection. ITCs reduced the indoor abundance of Ae. aegypti and the number of DENV-infected mosquitoes in homes in rural but not in urban/suburban study sites. The presence of non-treated screens also was associated with reduced numbers of mosquitoes in homes. “Super-infested” homes, yielding more than 50 mosquitoes, including DENV-infected mosquitoes, provide a significant public health risk to occupants, visitors, and people in neighboring homes.
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Amelia-Yap ZH, Chen CD, Sofian-Azirun M, Low VL. Pyrethroid resistance in the dengue vector Aedes aegypti in Southeast Asia: present situation and prospects for management. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:332. [PMID: 29866193 PMCID: PMC5987412 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2899-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human arboviral diseases transmitted by Aedes aegypti such as dengue, Zika, chikungunya and yellow fever remain global public health threats to date. Of these diseases, dengue fever is particularly prevalent in Southeast Asia. Relentless vector control efforts are performed to curtail disease transmissions through which pyrethroid insecticides are broadly used as the first line of defense to control Ae. aegypti, especially in the course of disease outbreaks. Here, we compile the largest contemporary database for susceptibility profiles and underlying mechanisms involved in Ae. aegypti resistant to pyrethroids in Southeast Asia. The extensive use of pyrethroids inevitably elicit different levels of resistance to numerous populations despite the presence of geographical isolation. The most common mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance that have been identified in Ae. aegypti includes mutations in the voltage sensitive sodium channel gene (Vssc gene) and metabolic-mediated insecticide resistance. Aedes aegypti develops resistance to pyrethroids by acquisition of one or several amino acid substitution(s) in this Vssc gene. Enzymes involved in metabolic-mediated detoxification (i.e. monooxygenases, glutathione-S-transferases and esterases) have been reported to be related to pyrethroid resistance but many specific contributory enzymes are not completely studied. An inadequate amount of data from some countries indicates an urgent need for further study to fill the knowledge gaps. Perspectives and future research needs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Hua Amelia-Yap
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Chee Dhang Chen
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Sofian-Azirun
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Van Lun Low
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Grossman MK, Uc-Puc V, Rodriguez J, Cutler DJ, Morran LT, Manrique-Saide P, Vazquez-Prokopec GM. Restoration of pyrethroid susceptibility in a highly resistant Aedes aegypti population. Biol Lett 2018; 14:20180022. [PMID: 29899128 PMCID: PMC6030600 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticide resistance has evolved in disease vectors worldwide, creating the urgent need to either develop new control methods or restore insecticide susceptibility to regain use of existing tools. Here we show that phenotypic susceptibility can be restored in a highly resistant field-derived strain of Aedes aegypti in only 10 generations through rearing them in the absence of insecticide.
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44
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Lien NTK, Ngoc NTH, Hien NT, Hoang NH, Binh NTH. Two novel mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel associated with knockdown resistance (kdr) in the dengue vector Aedes aegypti in Vietnam. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2018; 43:184-189. [PMID: 29757514 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Kim Lien
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Hong Ngoc
- National Institute of Malariology Parasitology and Entomology, 35 Trung Van Rd, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thu Hien
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Huy Hoang
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Huong Binh
- National Institute of Malariology Parasitology and Entomology, 35 Trung Van Rd, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Kuri-Morales PA, Correa-Morales F, González-Acosta C, Moreno-Garcia M, Santos-Luna R, Román-Pérez S, Salazar-Penagos F, Lombera-González M, Sánchez-Tejeda G, González-Roldán JF. Insecticide susceptibility status in Mexican populations of Stegomyia aegypti (= Aedes aegypti): a nationwide assessment. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 32:162-174. [PMID: 29165810 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In Mexico, mosquito vector-borne diseases are of public health concern as a result of their impact on human morbidity and mortality. The use of insecticides against adult mosquitoes is one of the most common ways of controlling mosquito population densities. However, the use of these compounds has resulted in the development of insecticide resistance. The aim of this study was to estimate susceptibility to six pyrethroids, two carbamates and two organophosphates in Mexican populations of Stegomyia aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (= Aedes aegypti) (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes. Bottle insecticide susceptibility tests, with 1 h exposure, were performed on adult mosquitoes from 75 localities across 28 states. At 30 min of exposure, the proportion of fallen mosquitoes was recorded. After 60 min of exposure, mosquitoes were recovered in non-treated containers and mortality was determined at 24 h after the set-up of the experiment. In general, the carbamate insecticides represented the most effective group in terms of the proportion of mosquitoes fallen at 30 min (72-100%) and 24-h mortality (97-100%). High and widespread resistance to pyrethroids Types I and II and, to a lesser extent, to organophosphates was observed. Insecticide susceptibility among and within states was highly variable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Correa-Morales
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - C González-Acosta
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Moreno-Garcia
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Bioensayo, Centro Regional de Control de Vectores Panchimalco, Servicios de Salud de Morelos, Morelos, Mexico
| | - R Santos-Luna
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - S Román-Pérez
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | | | - G Sánchez-Tejeda
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J F González-Roldán
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Mexico City, Mexico
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46
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Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Maloof FV, Campbell CL, Garcia-Rejon J, Lenhart A, Penilla P, Rodriguez A, Sandoval AA, Flores AE, Ponce G, Lozano S, Black WC. Parallel evolution of vgsc mutations at domains IS6, IIS6 and IIIS6 in pyrethroid resistant Aedes aegypti from Mexico. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6747. [PMID: 29712956 PMCID: PMC5928250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the primary urban mosquito vector of viruses causing dengue, Zika and chikungunya fevers –for which vaccines and effective pharmaceuticals are still lacking. Current strategies to suppress arbovirus outbreaks include removal of larval-breeding sites and insecticide treatment of larval and adult populations. Insecticidal control of Ae. aegypti is challenging, due to a recent rapid global increase in knockdown-resistance (kdr) to pyrethroid insecticides. Widespread, heavy use of pyrethroid space-sprays has created an immense selection pressure for kdr, which is primarily under the control of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (vgsc). To date, eleven replacements in vgsc have been discovered, published and shown to be associated with pyrethroid resistance to varying degrees. In Mexico, F1,534C and V1,016I have co-evolved in the last 16 years across Ae. aegypti populations. Recently, a novel replacement V410L was identified in Brazil and its effect on vgsc was confirmed by electrophysiology. Herein, we screened V410L in 25 Ae. aegypti historical collections from Mexico, the first heterozygote appeared in 2002 and frequencies have increased in the last 16 years alongside V1,016I and F1,534C. Knowledge of the specific vgsc replacements and their interaction to confer resistance is essential to predict and to develop strategies for resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Farah Vera Maloof
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Corey L Campbell
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Julian Garcia-Rejon
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Patricia Penilla
- Centro Regional de Investigacion en Salud Publica, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Americo Rodriguez
- Centro Regional de Investigacion en Salud Publica, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Arturo Acero Sandoval
- Centro Regional de Investigacion en Salud Publica, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Adriana E Flores
- Laboratorio de Entomologia Medica, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Ponce
- Laboratorio de Entomologia Medica, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Saul Lozano
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - William C Black
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America.
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Lopez-Monroy B, Gutierrez-Rodriguez SM, Villanueva-Segura OK, Ponce-Garcia G, Morales-Forcada F, Alvarez LC, Flores AE. Frequency and intensity of pyrethroid resistance through the CDC bottle bioassay and their association with the frequency of kdr mutations in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Mexico. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:2176-2184. [PMID: 29575404 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The control of Aedes aegypti (L.), the main urban vector that causes arboviral diseases such as dengue, Chikungunya and Zika, has proved to be a challenge because of a rapid increase in insecticide resistance. Therefore, adequate monitoring of insecticide resistance is an essential element in the control of Ae. aegypti and the diseases it transmits. We estimated the frequency and intensity (Resistance Frequency Rapid Diagnostic Test [F-RDT] and Resistance Intensity Rapid Diagnostic Test [I-RDT]) of pyrethroid resistance in populations of Ae. aegypti from Mexico using the bottle bioassay and results were related to the frequencies of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations V1016I and F1534C. RESULTS All populations under study were resistant to the pyrethroids: bifenthrin (99%), d-(cis-trans)-phenothrin (6.3% cis, 91.7% trans) and permethrin (99.5%) according to F-RDT, and showed moderate to high-intensity resistance at 10× the diagnostic dose (DD) in I-RDT. Frequencies of the kdr mutation V1016I in Ae. aegypti populations were correlated with moderate permethrin resistance at 10× DD, whereas F1534C mutation frequencies were correlated with high bifenthrin resistance at 5× DD. Both I1016 and C1535 were highly correlated with high-intensity phenothrin resistance at 1× to 10× DD. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that high frequencies of kdr mutations V1016I and F1534C are reflected in the results of F-RDT and I-RDT tests. Bioassays in conjunction with the characterization of genetic resistance mechanisms are indispensable in the strategic and rational management of resistance in mosquitoes. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Lopez-Monroy
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Departamento de Zoologia de Invertebrados, San Nicolas de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Selene M Gutierrez-Rodriguez
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Departamento de Zoologia de Invertebrados, San Nicolas de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Olga Karina Villanueva-Segura
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Departamento de Zoologia de Invertebrados, San Nicolas de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Ponce-Garcia
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Departamento de Zoologia de Invertebrados, San Nicolas de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Franco Morales-Forcada
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Departamento de Zoologia de Invertebrados, San Nicolas de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Leslie C Alvarez
- Universidad de los Andes, Nucleo Universitario Rafael Rangel, estado Trujillo, Venezuela
| | - Adriana E Flores
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Departamento de Zoologia de Invertebrados, San Nicolas de los Garza, Mexico
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48
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Kuri-Morales PA, Correa-Morales F, González-Acosta C, Moreno-Garcia M, Dávalos-Becerril E, Benitez-Alva JI, Peralta-Rodriguez J, Salazar-Bueyes V, González-Roldán JF. Efficacy of 13 Commercial Household Aerosol Insecticides Against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) From Morelos, Mexico. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:417-422. [PMID: 29228197 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In Mexico, Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) is the primary vector of Dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya viruses. Control programs include community participation using personal protection such as household aerosol insecticides. In both, urban or rural areas, the use of aerosol insecticides is a common practice to avoiding mosquito biting. Thus, information on the efficacy of commercial products must be available. This study reports the efficacy of 13 household aerosol insecticides against Ae. aegypti from an endemic dengue area in Mexico. To test each insecticide, six netting cages, containing 10 non-blood fed female mosquitoes each one, were placed in different locations inside a bedroom. Readings at 30 min and 24 h after exposure were recorded. No products showed 100% mortality after 30 min of exposure. Only three products killed the 100% of the individuals 24 h after exposure. Results showed a high mortality variance among insecticides. Location in the room also impacts the insecticide efficacy. Mosquitoes located inside cabinets or with behind an obstacle (preventing an accurate insecticide exposure) showed lower mortalities. Products and spraying methods could and should be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Miguel Moreno-Garcia
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Mexico
- Unidad de Bioensayo-Centro Regional de Control de Vectores Panchimalco, Servicios de Salud de Morelos, Mexico
| | | | | | - Jorge Peralta-Rodriguez
- Unidad de Bioensayo-Centro Regional de Control de Vectores Panchimalco, Servicios de Salud de Morelos, Mexico
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49
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Garcia GDA, David MR, Martins ADJ, Maciel-de-Freitas R, Linss JGB, Araújo SC, Lima JBP, Valle D. The impact of insecticide applications on the dynamics of resistance: The case of four Aedes aegypti populations from different Brazilian regions. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006227. [PMID: 29432488 PMCID: PMC5833288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the tropics, the utilization of insecticides is still an important strategy for controlling Aedes aegypti, the principle vector of dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses. However, increasing insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti populations might hinder insecticide efficacy on a long-term basis. It will be important to understand the dynamics and evolution of insecticide resistance by assessing its frequency and the mechanisms by which it occurs. Methodology/Principal findings The insecticide resistance status of four Brazilian Ae. aegypti populations was monitored. Quantitative bioassays with the major insecticides employed in the country was performed: the adulticide deltamethrin (a pyrethroid—PY) and the larvicides, temephos (an organophosphate) and diflubenzuron (a chitin synthesis inhibitor). Temephos resistance was detected in all populations although exhibiting a slight decrease over time probably due to the interruption of field use. All vector populations were susceptible to diflubenzuron, recently introduced in the country to control Ae. aegypti. Resistance against deltamethrin was extremely high in three populations. Molecular assays investigated substitutions in the voltage gated sodium channel (NaV), the PY target site, at positions 1011, 1016 and 1534. Elevated frequencies of substitutions Val1016Ile and Phe1534Cys related to high PY resistance levels were identified. Biochemical assays detected alterations in the activities of two detoxifying enzyme classes related to metabolic resistance, glutathion-S-transferases and esterases. The results obtained were evaluated in the context of both recent insecticide use and the records of dengue incidence in each locality. Conclusions/Significance The four Ae. aegypti populations evaluated were resistant to the neurotoxic insecticides, temephos and deltamethrin. However, they were still susceptible to diflubenzuron. A probable correlation between adult insect resistance to PY and the domestic application of insecticides is discussed, pointing to the need for awareness measures regarding the correct utilization by citizens. This work aims to contribute to the efficient and rational management of Ae. aegypti control of both larvae and adults. Among the pathogens transmitted by Aedes aegypti, dengue virus is the most important due to the number of people affected or at risk and the high rate of mortality worldwide. The confirmation that Ae. aegypti is also the vector of Zika, chikungunya and urban yellow fever poses serious consequences for public health, pointing to the need of reevaluating current vector control strategies. Although there is growing recognition of the importance of social participation and community engagement to prevent high levels of infestation, insecticides are considered important vector control tools. Nevertheless, the massive and indiscriminate adoption of insecticides to control larvae and adults contributes to resistance spread. In particular, the domestic use of adulticides, especially in epidemic seasons, is assumed to induce high levels of resistance in Ae. aegypti populations. However, the consequences of insecticide interruption upon the resistance of field populations has been less investigated. We evaluated, in four Brazilian regions over one year, the dynamics of dengue vector population resistance to the principal insecticides used in the country. The main resistance mechanisms were also investigated. Data are discussed taking into account the potential relationship among dengue outbreaks, public and private chemical control and insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela de Azambuja Garcia
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rocha David
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ademir de Jesus Martins
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Maciel-de-Freitas
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jutta Gerlinde Birggitt Linss
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Simone Costa Araújo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Gerência de Controle de Zoonoses, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, Belo Horizonte/Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Bento Pereira Lima
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denise Valle
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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50
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Saingamsook J, Saeung A, Yanola J, Lumjuan N, Walton C, Somboon P. A multiplex PCR for detection of knockdown resistance mutations, V1016G and F1534C, in pyrethroid-resistant Aedes aegypti. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:465. [PMID: 29017613 PMCID: PMC5634894 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2416-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutation of the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene, or knockdown resistance (kdr) gene, is an important resistance mechanism of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti mosquitoes against pyrethroids. In many countries in Asia, a valine to glycine substitution (V1016G) and a phenylalanine to cysteine substitution (F1534C) are common in Ae. aegypti populations. The G1016 and C1534 allele frequencies have been increasing in recent years, and hence there is a need to have a simple and inexpensive tool to monitor the alleles in large scale. Methods A multiplex PCR to detect V1016G and F1534C mutations has been developed in the current study. This study utilized primers from previous studies for detecting the mutation at position 1016 and newly designed primers to detect variants at position 1534. The PCR conditions were validated and compared with DNA sequencing using known kdr mutant laboratory strains and field collected mosquitoes. The efficacy of this method was also compared with allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR). Results The results of our multiplex PCR were in complete agreement with sequencing data and better than the AS-PCR. In addition, the efficiency of two non-toxic DNA staining dyes, Ultrapower™ and RedSafe™, were evaluated by comparing with ethidium bromide (EtBr) and the results were satisfactory. Conclusions Our multiplex PCR method is highly reliable and useful for implementing vector surveillance in locations where the two alleles co-occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jassada Saingamsook
- Graduate School, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Atiporn Saeung
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jintana Yanola
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nongkran Lumjuan
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Catherine Walton
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Pradya Somboon
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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