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Cruz JL, Garcia AM, Saito N, Lagayan MGO, Dela Peña RC, Usana MS, Agustin SP, Tattao JZ, Mamauag CV, Ducayag OP, Nabus HLF, Flores PDDL, Fabon RJA, Peñaflor RP, Viñas DCG, Limsan CA, Bernales RP, Llames MET, Balopeños LE, Morales RG, Migriño AMCV, Calunsag OJS, Datoy JJ, Palma KY, Sepulveda MCB, Eng MNJ, Moscoso JS, Julabar SMF, Mauhay JD, Espino MJM, Javier CJM, Kimitsuki K, Nishizono A. Evaluation of lateral flow devices for postmortem rabies diagnosis in animals in the Philippines: a multicenter study. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0084223. [PMID: 37991352 PMCID: PMC10729751 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00842-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansion of the use of lateral flow devices (LFD) for animal rabies diagnosis can help mitigate the widespread underreporting of rabies. However, this has been hindered by the limited number and small sample size of previous studies. To overcome this limitation, we conducted a multicenter study with a larger sample size to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the ADTEC LFD for postmortem rabies diagnosis in animals. Thirteen governmental animal diagnostic laboratories in the Philippines were involved in this study, and 791 animals suspected of having rabies were tested using both the direct fluorescence antibody test (DFAT) and ADTEC LFD between August 2021 and October 2022. The LFD demonstrated a sensitivity of 96.3% [95% confidence interval (CI): 94.1%-97.9%] and a specificity of 99.7% (95% CI: 98.4%-100%). Notably, false-negative results were more likely to occur in laboratories with lower annual processing volumes of rabies samples in the previous years (adjusted odds ratio 4.97, 95% CI: 1.49-16.53). In this multicenter study, the high sensitivity and specificity of the LFD for the diagnosis of animal rabies, compared to that of the DFAT, was demonstrated, yet concerns regarding false-negative results remain. In areas with limited experience in processing rabies samples, it is essential to provide comprehensive training and careful attention during implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L. Cruz
- Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Quezon, Philippines
| | - Alyssa M. Garcia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Nobuo Saito
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | | | | | - Michael S. Usana
- Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory I, Sta Barbara, Pangasinan, Philippines
| | | | - Judith Z. Tattao
- Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory II, Tuguegarao, Cagayan, Philippines
| | - Christine V. Mamauag
- Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory II, Tuguegarao, Cagayan, Philippines
| | - Ofelia P. Ducayag
- Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory CAR, Baguio, Benguet, Philippines
| | | | | | | | - Rogelio P. Peñaflor
- Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory IVB, Naujan, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines
| | | | - Carla A. Limsan
- Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory IVB - Satellite Laboratory, Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Philippines
| | - Rona P. Bernales
- Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory V, Pili, Camarines Sur, Philippines
| | | | | | - Ramir G. Morales
- Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory VI, Iloilo, Philippines
| | | | | | - Josephine J. Datoy
- Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory IX, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines
| | - Ken Y. Palma
- Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory IX, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines
| | | | - Ma Noreen J. Eng
- Davao City Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Davao, Davao del Sur, Philippines
| | - Jobienaur S. Moscoso
- Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory XII, General Santos, South Cotabato, Philippines
| | - Sheena Mae F. Julabar
- Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory XII, General Santos, South Cotabato, Philippines
| | - Jaira D. Mauhay
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | | | | | - Kazunori Kimitsuki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Akira Nishizono
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan
- Research Center for Global and Local Infectious Diseases, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan
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Holtz A, Baele G, Bourhy H, Zhukova A. Integrating full and partial genome sequences to decipher the global spread of canine rabies virus. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4247. [PMID: 37460566 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the rapid growth in viral genome sequencing, statistical methods face challenges in handling historical viral endemic diseases with large amounts of underutilized partial sequence data. We propose a phylogenetic pipeline that harnesses both full and partial viral genome sequences to investigate historical pathogen spread between countries. Its application to rabies virus (RABV) yields precise dating and confident estimates of its geographic dispersal. By using full genomes and partial sequences, we reduce both geographic and genetic biases that often hinder studies that focus on specific genes. Our pipeline reveals an emergence of the present canine-mediated RABV between years 1301 and 1403 and reveals regional introductions over a 700-year period. This geographic reconstruction enables us to locate episodes of human-mediated introductions of RABV and examine the role that European colonization played in its spread. Our approach enables phylogeographic analysis of large and genetically diverse data sets for many viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Holtz
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, F-75015, Paris, France.
| | - Guy Baele
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, F-75015, Paris, France
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Anna Zhukova
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, F-75015, Paris, France.
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Baker HJ, Martin DR, Gross AL, Chamorro MF, Naskou MC, Johnson AK, Brock KV, Van Kampen KR, Willoughby RE. Rabies: who should care? J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 261:592-596. [PMID: 36476414 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.09.0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is the deadliest viral infection known, with no reliable treatment, and although it is entirely preventable, rabies continues to kill more than 60,000 people every year, mostly children in countries where dog rabies is endemic. America is only 1 generation away from the time when rabies killed more than 10,000 animals and 50 Americans every year, but 3 to 5 Americans continue to die annually from rabies. Distressingly, > 50,000 Americans undergo rabies prevention therapy every year after exposure to potentially rabid animals. While enormous progress has been made, more must be done to defeat this ancient but persistent, fatal zoonosis. In the US, lack of public awareness and ambivalence are the greatest dangers imposed by rabies, resulting in unnecessary exposures, anxiety, and risk. Veterinarians have a special role in informing and reassuring the public about prevention and protection from rabies. This summary of current facts and future advances about rabies will assist veterinarians in informing their clients about the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Baker
- 1Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
- 2Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
| | - Douglas R Martin
- 1Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
- 3Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
| | - Amanda L Gross
- 1Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
| | - Manuel F Chamorro
- 4Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
| | - Maria C Naskou
- 1Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
- 2Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
| | - Aime K Johnson
- 1Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
- 4Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
| | - Kenny V Brock
- 5Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL
| | | | - Rodney E Willoughby
- 7Medical College of Wisconsin and Milwaukee Children's Hospital, Milwaukee, WI
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Lyssavirus P Protein Isoforms Diverge Significantly in Subcellular Interactions Underlying Mechanisms of Interferon Antagonism. J Virol 2022; 96:e0139622. [PMID: 36222519 PMCID: PMC9599249 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01396-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hijacking of microtubule (MT)-dependent transport is well understood, but several viruses also express discrete MT-associated proteins (vMAPs), potentially to modulate MT-dependent processes in the host cell. Specific roles for vMAP-MT interactions include subversion of antiviral responses by P3, an isoform of the P protein of rabies virus (RABV; genus Lyssavirus), which mediates MT-dependent antagonism of interferon (IFN)-dependent signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1) signaling. P3 also undergoes nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and inhibits STAT1-DNA binding, indicative of intranuclear roles in a multipronged antagonistic strategy. MT association/STAT1 antagonist functions of P3 correlate with pathogenesis, indicating potential as therapeutic targets. However, key questions remain, including whether other P protein isoforms interact with MTs, the relationship of these interactions with pathogenesis, and the extent of conservation of P3-MT interactions between diverse pathogenic lyssaviruses. Using super-resolution microscopy, live-cell imaging, and immune signaling analyses, we find that multiple P protein isoforms associate with MTs and that association correlates with pathogenesis. Furthermore, P3 proteins from different lyssaviruses exhibit variation in intracellular localization phenotypes that are associated with STAT1 antagonist function, whereby P3-MT association is conserved among lyssaviruses of phylogroup I but not phylogroup II, while nucleocytoplasmic localization varies between P3 proteins of the same phylogroup within both phylogroup I and II. Nevertheless, the divergent P3 proteins retain significant IFN antagonist function, indicative of adaptation to favor different inhibitory mechanisms, with MT interaction important to phylogroup I viruses. IMPORTANCE Lyssaviruses, including rabies virus, cause rabies, a progressive encephalomyelitis that is almost invariably fatal. There are no effective antivirals for symptomatic infection, and effective application of current vaccines is limited in areas of endemicity, such that rabies causes ~59,000 deaths per year. Viral subversion of host cell functions, including antiviral immunity, is critical to disease, and isoforms of the lyssavirus P protein are central to the virus-host interface underpinning immune evasion. Here, we show that specific cellular interactions of P protein isoforms involved in immune evasion vary significantly between different lyssaviruses, indicative of distinct strategies to evade immune responses. These findings highlight the diversity of the virus-host interface, an important consideration in the development of pan-lyssavirus therapeutic approaches.
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Volokhov DV, Furtak V, Allen C, Pulle G, Zajac MD, Levin Y, Kochba E, Moore SM. Robust humoral immune response against rabies virus in rabbits and guinea pigs immunized with plasmid DNA vectors encoding rabies virus glycoproteins - An approach to the production of polyclonal antibody reagents. Mol Cell Probes 2022; 64:101833. [PMID: 35691598 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2022.101833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA-based immunization has been previously shown to be an efficient approach to induce robust immunity against infectious diseases in animals and humans. The advantages of DNA vaccines are simplicity of their construction and production, low cost, high stability, and ability to elicit a full spectrum of immune responses to target antigens. The goals of this study were (i) to assess the antibody immune response to rabies virus glycoproteins (rGPs) in rabbits and guinea pigs after intramuscular immunization with pTargeT and pVAC2-mcs mammalian expression vectors encoding either the wild-type (WT) or codon-optimized (cOPT) rGP genes; and (ii) to prepare in-house rabbit anti-rGP polyclonal antibody reagents suitable for in Single Radial Immunodiffusion (SRID) and Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA) assays. The maximum antibody responses against rabies virus in rabbits and guinea pigs were observed after immunization series with 500 μg/dose of pVAC2-mcs vector encoding either the WT or cOPT rGP genes adjuvanted with Emulsigen-D. No significant difference in the anti-rabies virus neutralizing antibody titers was observed in rabbits immunized with the WT and cOPT rGPs. The in-house rabbit anti-rGP polyclonal antibody reagents reacted comparable to the current reference reagents in SRID and IFA assays. The results of the study demonstrated that the DNA immunization of animals with the WT or cOPT rGPs is a promising approach to either induction of high anti-rabies virus neutralizing antibody titers in vivo or for production of polyclonal antibody reagents against rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy V Volokhov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
| | - Vyacheslav Furtak
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Cynthia Allen
- Vaccine Quality Division, Center for Biologics Evaluation (CBE), Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate (BRDD), Health Canada, 100 Eglantine Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Gayle Pulle
- Vaccine Quality Division, Center for Biologics Evaluation (CBE), Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate (BRDD), Health Canada, 100 Eglantine Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Michelle D Zajac
- Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Yotam Levin
- NanoPass Technologies Ltd., 3 Golda Meir St., Nes Ziona, 7403648, Israel
| | - Efrat Kochba
- NanoPass Technologies Ltd., 3 Golda Meir St., Nes Ziona, 7403648, Israel
| | - Susan M Moore
- The University of Missouri Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (VMDL), One Health Laboratory, 1509 Rollins St., Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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Volokhov DV, Fry AM, Furtak V, Jones RM, Musiychuk K, Norikane J, Green BJ, Srinivas GB, Streatfield SJ, Yusibov V. An ELISA-based antigenicity test of rabies recombinant glycoprotein cannot predict its protective potency in vivo. Mol Cell Probes 2022; 63:101815. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2022.101815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kalthoum S, Ben Salah C, Rzeigui H, Gharbi R, Guesmi K, Ben Salem A, Ferchichi S, Zammel F, Fatnassi N, Bahloul C, Seghaier C. Owned and free-roaming dogs in the North West of Tunisia: estimation, characteristics and application for the control of dog rabies. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08347. [PMID: 34816041 PMCID: PMC8593464 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the structure of dog population and the evaluation of the accessibility of dogs to vaccination is essential to succeed in the fight against dog rabies and to adapt the strategy of its control. We studied the characteristics of the unowned and owned dogs using the beck method during a rabies vaccination campaign in randomly selected sectors (urban and rural sites) in the North West of Tunisia. During a door-to-door investigation of households, data on owned dogs were collected to describe the owned population dog. A photographic-recapture method was used to characterize and estimate the size of the unowned dogs. A total of 1432 households accounting for 5403 inhabitants were interviewed during the survey (1298 (90.6%) in the urban site and 134 (9.3%) in the rural site). The dog-owning households were significantly higher in the rural site (76.1% (102/134)) compared to the urban site (17.8% (231/1298)) (P < 0.000000). Of the 17.8% dog-owning households in urban site, 58.4% owned one dog and 9% between 4 and 8 dogs. While, of the 76.1% dog-owning households in rural site, 24.5% owned one dog and 32.3% owned between 4 and 10 dogs. The dog: human ratio was 1:11 in the urban site and 1:1.6 in the rural site. The dog population density was estimated at 16 dogs/km2 and 4 dogs/km2 in the urban and rural sites, respectively. The confinement practices varied significantly among the urban and rural sites (P < 0.000000). The percentage of free-roaming owned dogs was 51.1% in the rural site and 31.4% in the urban site. More than 60.0% of the owned dogs in the urban site were confined. The majority of dogs in the rural site were born in the house, although, a high percentage (56.7%) of owned dogs in the urban site was adopted from neighbours, others sectors, or countries. The vaccination coverage findings indicated that 77.8% and 84.2% of the owned dog were vaccinated in the urban and rural sites, respectively. The estimated size of the free-roaming dogs was 72 dogs in the urban site (Kalaat Senan) and 16 dogs in the rural site (Sod el Khir).
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Kalthoum
- Centre National de Veille Zoosanitaire, 38 avenue Charles Nicolle, Cité el Mahrajène, 1082, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - C. Ben Salah
- Commissariat Régional au Développement Agricole du Kef, Avenue de la liberté, 7100, Kef, Tunisia
| | - H. Rzeigui
- Commissariat Régional au Développement Agricole du Kef, Avenue de la liberté, 7100, Kef, Tunisia
| | - R. Gharbi
- Centre National de Veille Zoosanitaire, 38 avenue Charles Nicolle, Cité el Mahrajène, 1082, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - K. Guesmi
- Centre National de Veille Zoosanitaire, 38 avenue Charles Nicolle, Cité el Mahrajène, 1082, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - A. Ben Salem
- Centre National de Veille Zoosanitaire, 38 avenue Charles Nicolle, Cité el Mahrajène, 1082, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - S. Ferchichi
- Centre National de Veille Zoosanitaire, 38 avenue Charles Nicolle, Cité el Mahrajène, 1082, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - F. Zammel
- Commissariat Régional au Développement Agricole du Kef, Avenue de la liberté, 7100, Kef, Tunisia
| | - N. Fatnassi
- Centre National de Veille Zoosanitaire, 38 avenue Charles Nicolle, Cité el Mahrajène, 1082, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - C. Bahloul
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Place Pasteur, B.P. 741002, Tunis, Belvédère, Tunisia
| | - C. Seghaier
- Centre National de Veille Zoosanitaire, 38 avenue Charles Nicolle, Cité el Mahrajène, 1082, Tunis, Tunisia
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Crump L, Maidane Y, Mauti S, Tschopp R, Ali SM, Abtidon R, Bourhy H, Keita Z, Doumbia S, Traore A, Bonfoh B, Tetchi M, Tiembré I, Kallo V, Paithankar V, Zinsstag J. From reverse innovation to global innovation in animal health: A review. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08044. [PMID: 34622053 PMCID: PMC8479615 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse innovation refers to learning from or diffusion of innovations developed in low income settings and further translated to industrialized countries. There is lack of consensus regarding terminology, but the idea that innovations in low-income countries are promising for adoption in high-income contexts is not new. However, in healthcare literature globally, the vast majority of publications referring to 'disruptive innovation' were published in the last ten years. To assess the potential of innovative developments and technologies for improving animal health, we initiated a literature review in 2020. We used a combined approach, incorporating targeted searching in PubMed using a key word algorithm with a snowball technique, to identify 120 relevant publications and extract data for qualitative coding. Heterogeneity of articles precluded meta-analysis, quality scoring and risk of bias analysis. We can distinguish technical innovations like new digital devices, diagnostic tests and procedures, and social innovations of intersectoral cooperation. We profile two case studies to describe potential global innovations: an integrated surveillance and response system in Somali Regional State, Ethiopia and a blockchain secured One Health intervention to optimally provide post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies exposed people in West Africa. Innovation follows no borders and can also occur in low-income settings, under constraints of cost, lack of services and infrastructure. Lower administrative and legal barriers may contribute to produce innovations that would not be possible under conditions of high density of regulation. We recommend using the term global innovation, which highlights those emanating from international partnership to solve problems of global implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Crump
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yahya Maidane
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
- Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Stephanie Mauti
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rea Tschopp
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Seid Mohammed Ali
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
- Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Rahma Abtidon
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
- Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Zakaria Keita
- Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, BP, 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Seydou Doumbia
- Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, BP, 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP, 1303, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Mathilde Tetchi
- Institut National d'Hygiène Publique, 23 BP, 3838, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Issaka Tiembré
- Institut National d'Hygiène Publique, 23 BP, 3838, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Vessaly Kallo
- Ministère de Resources Animales et Halieutiques, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Vega Paithankar
- Health Information Traceability Stiftung, Gotthardstrasse 26, Zug, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
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Mshelbwala PP, Weese JS, Sanni-Adeniyi OA, Chakma S, Okeme SS, Mamun AA, Rupprecht CE, Magalhaes RJS. Rabies epidemiology, prevention and control in Nigeria: Scoping progress towards elimination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009617. [PMID: 34398902 PMCID: PMC8389847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human rabies remains a significant public health problem in Africa with outbreaks reported in most countries. In Nigeria–the most populous country in Africa–rabies causes a significant public health burden partly due to perennial obstacles to implementing a national prevention and control program. Methods We conducted a scoping review using standard Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to identify and select published articles from Nigeria during 1978–2020 reporting on rabies virus infections (human, canine, livestock, and wildlife), canine bites, knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) surveys on rabies and canine ecology studies. We extracted information on study location, year and additional details of each study such as rabies prevalence, general characteristics of offending dogs, dog vaccination status and health-seeking behaviours. Findings Between 1978 and 2020, 90 published articles met our inclusion criteria. The prevalence of rabies virus antigen detection varied between 3% and 28%, with more studies in the north. Most bites were unprovoked from dog bite studies (36.4%-97%), by dogs with low vaccination rates (12–38%). A more significant proportion of biting dogs were owned (31–90%). Laboratory confirmation for biting was available for only a small proportion of studies (6%; n = 2/32). Of the dogs surveyed during ecology studies, indigenous dogs accounted for the majority (62–98%), used mostly for security purposes (52–98%), with the vaccination rate between 15% and 38% in most states. Studies conducted in areas distant from rabies diagnostic facilities accounted for more human rabies cases and fewer dog rabies cases. Conclusion Significant improvements are necessary to achieve the elimination of human rabies mediated via dogs by 2030. Rabies remains one of the deadliest zoonoses known to humanity since antiquity, resulting in tens of thousands of human deaths each year, mostly in African and Asian countries. Mass dog vaccination, enhanced surveillance, improved access to Pre-exposure prophylaxis(PrE) and (Post-exposure prophylaxis(PEP) to at-risk groups, enforcement of responsible dog ownership and public education are keystones to rabies prevention and control. Since the first reported case in Nigeria during 1912, rabies has continued to take its toll on human and animal lives. However, gross underreporting due to a frail health care infrastructure, deficient reporting systems, and misdiagnosis with neurological diseases further complicated by socio-cultural practices have resulted in a lack of empirical data to support rabies prioritization, per the global target of 2030. We used the standard PRISMA guidelines to select Nigerian rabies studies between 1978 and 2020. Rabies risk, coupled with welfare concerns identified in this study, demonstrates the need for continued advocacy towards legislation prohibiting the dog trade in Nigeria and elsewhere. The high-risk community groups identified in this review (i.e., children, butchers, and adult males) need to be educated on response to dog bite exposure to reduce the impact of this invariable fatal but preventable disease. Moreover, there is a need for mandatory dog vaccination and implementation of a national rabies program to attain the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended vaccination coverage of at least 70%. We unravel the need to establish rabies diagnostic centres in the country’s six geopolitical zones. Local inclusion of dog bite occurrence by Disease Surveillance and Notification Officers (DSNOs), with related community surveillance tools, can help in rabies/dog surveillance. In addition, there is a need for investment into pathogen discovery by enhancing laboratory-based surveillance for wildlife rabies, understanding its potential role in Nigeria and the need for quantitative research to understand the various risk factors for disease perpetuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip P. Mshelbwala
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
- * E-mail: ,
| | - J. Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Canada
| | | | - Shovon Chakma
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Stephen S. Okeme
- Agriculture & Rural Development Secretariat, Federal Capital Territory Administration Abuja Nigeria
| | - Abdullah A. Mamun
- Institute of Social Science Research, the University of Queensland, Long Pocket, Australia
| | | | - R. J. Soares Magalhaes
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
- Children’s Health and Research Centre, Children’s Health and Environment Program, the University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
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10
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Yu X, Zhu H, Bo Y, Li Y, Zhang J, Jiang L, Chen G, Zhang X, Wen Y. Molecular evolutionary analysis reveals Arctic-like rabies viruses evolved and dispersed independently in North and South Asia. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e5. [PMID: 33522157 PMCID: PMC7850786 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Arctic-like (AL) lineages of rabies viruses (RABVs) remains endemic in some Arctic and Asia countries. However, their evolutionary dynamics are largely unappreciated. Objectives We attempted to estimate the evolutionary history, geographic origin and spread of the Arctic-related RABVs. Methods Full length or partial sequences of the N and G genes were used to infer the evolutionary aspects of AL RABVs by Bayesian evolutionary analysis. Results The most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of the current Arctic and AL RABVs emerged in the 1830s and evolved independently after diversification. Population demographic analysis indicated that the viruses experienced gradual growth followed by a sudden decrease in its population size from the mid-1980s to approximately 2000. Genetic flow patterns among the regions reveal a high geographic correlation in AL RABVs transmission. Discrete phylogeography suggests that the geographic origin of the AL RABVs was in east Russia in approximately the 1830s. The ancestral AL RABV then diversified and immigrated to the countries in Northeast Asia, while the viruses in South Asia were dispersed to the neighboring regions from India. The N and G genes of RABVs in both clades sustained high levels of purifying selection, and the positive selection sites were mainly found on the C-terminus of the G gene. Conclusions The current AL RABVs circulating in South and North Asia evolved and dispersed independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Ji?nan 250022, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Ji?nan 250022, China
| | - Yongheng Bo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Ji?nan 250022, China
| | - Youzhi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Ji?nan 250022, China
| | - Jianlong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Linlin Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Guozhong Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Xingxiao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Yongjun Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.
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11
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Riccardi N, Giacomelli A, Antonello RM, Gobbi F, Angheben A. Rabies in Europe: An epidemiological and clinical update. Eur J Intern Med 2021; 88:15-20. [PMID: 33934971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a vaccine preventable zoonotic disease with a significant mortality burden worldwide. Several years of vaccination campaigns in wildlife animals have now achieved the control of rabies in Western Europe through a vaccination belt in front of endemic Eastern European countries. Nevertheless, rabies could be imported both by travellers from areas without an active public control of the disease or by animals coming from areas where the virus circulates in wildlife fauna. The knowledge of the current world epidemiology combined with a high index of clinical suspicion are needed to reach a diagnosis of rabies, especially in case of atypical presentation or without a history of animal exposure. The pre-travel counselling to people visiting highly endemic areas is essential to give information on how to reduce exposure to potential sources of infection and to select those subjects who could benefit from pre-travel vaccination. Rabies is almost invariably fatal, but the prompt administration of a vaccine course combined with anti-rabies immunoglobulins significantly reduces the probability to develop life-threatening consequences. In this review, we give a brief epidemiological and clinical update about rabies in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Riccardi
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases & Microbiology (DITM), IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy.
| | - Andrea Giacomelli
- III Infectious Diseases Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Maria Antonello
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Trieste University Hospital, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Federico Gobbi
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases & Microbiology (DITM), IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy.
| | - Andrea Angheben
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases & Microbiology (DITM), IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy.
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12
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DA MOTA GOMES MARLEIDE. Louis Pasteur and Dom Pedro II engaged in rabies vaccine development. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2021; 62:E231-E236. [PMID: 34322641 PMCID: PMC8283628 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2021.62.1.1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Louis Pasteur is the renowned chemist and microbiologist of the 19th century involved in the development of the rabies vaccine. He worked with a researchers team in the laboratory, mainly Pierre Paul Emile Roux, and also physicians in the clinical practice approach and the defense of Pasteur’s anti-rabies technique in the Académie Nationale de Médecine, Alfred Vulpian being the most notable. Pasteur’s first studies on rabies are noted in his 1881 publication. But in 1885, he revealed that he had already immunized 50 dogs against rabies. Meanwhile, he was looking for human subjects. The most polemic of this search involves the second and last Emperor of Brazil, Dom Pedro II, who was a patron of the arts and sciences and followed and supported the work of the great scientist. During the reign of Dom Pedro II, the first Pasteur’s Institute was founded in Rio de Janeiro, nine months before the Parisian, which had the financial support of Dom Pedro. This article deals with the interaction between the two outstanding characters, especially in the development of prophylactic treatment against rabies, and with the utilitarian aspects of this vaccine researches development against individual autonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARLEIDE DA MOTA GOMES
- Correspondence: Marleide da Mota Gomes, Instituto de Neurologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Venceslau Brás 95, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro 22290-140 - E-mail:
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13
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Robardet E, Servat A, Rieder J, Picard-Meyer E, Cliquet F. Multi-annual performance evaluation of laboratories in post-mortem diagnosis of animal rabies: Which techniques lead to the most reliable results in practice? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009111. [PMID: 33544702 PMCID: PMC7891719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies diagnosis proficiency tests on animal specimens using four techniques (FAT, RTCIT, conventional RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR) were organised over 10 years (2009–2019). Seventy-three laboratories, of which 59% were from Europe, took part. As the panels were prepared with experimentally-infected samples, the error rate of laboratories on positive and negative samples was accurately estimated. Based on fitted values produced by mixed modelling including the variable “laboratory” as a random variable to take into account the longitudinal design of our dataset, the technique that provided the most concordant results was conventional RT-PCR (99.3%; 95% CI 99.0–99.6), closely followed by FAT (99.1%; 95% CI 98.7–99.4), real-time RT-PCR (98.7%; 95% CI 98.1–99.3) and then RTCIT (96.8%; 95% CI 95.8–97.7). We also found that conventional RT-PCR provided a better diagnostic sensitivity level (99.3% ±4.4%) than FAT (98.7% ±1.6%), real-time RT-PCR (97.9% ±0.8%) and RTCIT (95.3% ±5.1%). Regarding diagnostic specificity, RTCIT was the most specific technique (96.4% ±3.9%) followed closely by FAT (95.6% ±3.8%), real-time RT-PCR (95.0% ±1.8%) and conventional RT-PCR (92.9% ±0.5%). Due to multiple testing of the samples with different techniques, the overall diagnostic conclusion was also evaluated, and found to reach an inter-laboratory concordance level of 99.3%. The concordance for diagnostic sensitivity was 99.6% ±2.0% and for diagnostic specificity, 98.0% ±8.5%. Molecular biology techniques were, however, found to be less specific than expected. The potential reasons for such findings are discussed herein. The regular organisation of performance tests has contributed to an increase in the performance of participating laboratories over time, demonstrating the benefits of such testing. Maintaining a high-quality rabies diagnosis capability on a global scale is key to achieving the goal of eliminating dog-mediated human rabies deaths. The regular organisation of exercises on each continent using selected local strains to be tested according to the local epidemiological situation is one factor that could help increase reliable diagnosis worldwide. Rabies diagnosis capabilities could indeed be enhanced by providing adequate and sustainable proficiency testing on a large scale and in the long term This study shares the rabies diagnosis proficiency test results of 73 laboratories on animal specimens using four techniques (FAT, RTCIT, conventional RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR) organised over a 10-year period. This long-term exercise allowed us to compute accurate sensitivity and specificity values for the rabies diagnosis test for a large panel of laboratories. Conventional RT-PCR provided a better diagnostic sensitivity level than FAT, real-time RT-PCR and RTCIT. Regarding diagnostic specificity, RTCIT was the most specific technique followed closely by FAT, real-time RT-PCR and conventional RT-PCR. The specificity of molecular biology techniques was found to be lower than expected. The potential reasons for such findings are discussed herein. The regular organisation of performance tests has contributed to an increase in the performance of participating laboratories over time, demonstrating the likely benefits of such testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Robardet
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife–WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control; OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies; European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies; European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology—Bâtiment H, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Malzéville, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Alexandre Servat
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife–WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control; OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies; European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies; European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology—Bâtiment H, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Malzéville, France
| | - Jonathan Rieder
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife–WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control; OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies; European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies; European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology—Bâtiment H, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Malzéville, France
| | - Evelyne Picard-Meyer
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife–WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control; OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies; European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies; European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology—Bâtiment H, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Malzéville, France
| | - Florence Cliquet
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife–WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control; OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies; European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies; European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology—Bâtiment H, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Malzéville, France
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Mara K, Dai M, Brice AM, Alexander MR, Tribolet L, Layton DS, Bean AGD. Investigating the Interaction between Negative Strand RNA Viruses and Their Hosts for Enhanced Vaccine Development and Production. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9010059. [PMID: 33477334 PMCID: PMC7830660 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The current pandemic has highlighted the ever-increasing risk of human to human spread of zoonotic pathogens. A number of medically-relevant zoonotic pathogens are negative-strand RNA viruses (NSVs). NSVs are derived from different virus families. Examples like Ebola are known for causing severe symptoms and high mortality rates. Some, like influenza, are known for their ease of person-to-person transmission and lack of pre-existing immunity, enabling rapid spread across many countries around the globe. Containment of outbreaks of NSVs can be difficult owing to their unpredictability and the absence of effective control measures, such as vaccines and antiviral therapeutics. In addition, there remains a lack of essential knowledge of the host–pathogen response that are induced by NSVs, particularly of the immune responses that provide protection. Vaccines are the most effective method for preventing infectious diseases. In fact, in the event of a pandemic, appropriate vaccine design and speed of vaccine supply is the most critical factor in protecting the population, as vaccination is the only sustainable defense. Vaccines need to be safe, efficient, and cost-effective, which is influenced by our understanding of the host–pathogen interface. Additionally, some of the major challenges of vaccines are the establishment of a long-lasting immunity offering cross protection to emerging strains. Although many NSVs are controlled through immunisations, for some, vaccine design has failed or efficacy has proven unreliable. The key behind designing a successful vaccine is understanding the host–pathogen interaction and the host immune response towards NSVs. In this paper, we review the recent research in vaccine design against NSVs and explore the immune responses induced by these viruses. The generation of a robust and integrated approach to development capability and vaccine manufacture can collaboratively support the management of outbreaking NSV disease health risks.
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15
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Worsley-Tonks KEL, Escobar LE, Biek R, Castaneda-Guzman M, Craft ME, Streicker DG, White LA, Fountain-Jones NM. Using host traits to predict reservoir host species of rabies virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008940. [PMID: 33290391 PMCID: PMC7748407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife are important reservoirs for many pathogens, yet the role that different species play in pathogen maintenance frequently remains unknown. This is the case for rabies, a viral disease of mammals. While Carnivora (carnivores) and Chiroptera (bats) are the canonical mammalian orders known to be responsible for the maintenance and onward transmission of rabies Lyssavirus (RABV), the role of most species within these orders remains unknown and is continually changing as a result of contemporary host shifting. We combined a trait-based analytical approach with gradient boosting machine learning models to identify physiological and ecological host features associated with being a reservoir for RABV. We then used a cooperative game theory approach to determine species-specific traits associated with known RABV reservoirs. Being a carnivore reservoir for RABV was associated with phylogenetic similarity to known RABV reservoirs, along with other traits such as having larger litters and earlier sexual maturity. For bats, location in the Americas and geographic range were the most important predictors of RABV reservoir status, along with having a large litter. Our models identified 44 carnivore and 34 bat species that are currently not recognized as RABV reservoirs, but that have trait profiles suggesting their capacity to be or become reservoirs. Further, our findings suggest that potential reservoir species among bats and carnivores occur both within and outside of areas with current RABV circulation. These results show the ability of a trait-based approach to detect potential reservoirs of infection and could inform rabies control programs and surveillance efforts by identifying the types of species and traits that facilitate RABV maintenance and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. L. Worsley-Tonks
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Luis E. Escobar
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Roman Biek
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mariana Castaneda-Guzman
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Meggan E. Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Daniel G. Streicker
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren A. White
- National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center, University of Maryland, Annapolis, Maryland, United States of America
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16
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Bourhy H, de Melo GD, Tarantola A. [New aspects of rabies control]. BULLETIN DE L'ACADEMIE NATIONALE DE MEDECINE 2020; 204:1000-1009. [PMID: 32981935 PMCID: PMC7500396 DOI: 10.1016/j.banm.2020.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies still causes about 60,000 human deaths per year, mainly in poor populations in Africa and Asia. However, since Louis Pasteur developed the first vaccine 130 years ago, prophylactic measures have been considerably improved and simplified. They now consist of the vaccine combined with purified rabies immunoglobulins of equine or human origin. In general, however, post-exposure prophylaxis protocols are long and expensive. Furthermore, the immunoglobulins used for associated serotherapy are costly and not widely available in developing countries. Approaches have been developed to deal with these two issues that offer hope for a paradigm shift for the benefit of exposed populations. Finally, mass rabies vaccination in dogs, which are the most cost-effective measure for preventing rabies in humans, are difficult to implement and sometimes have moderate effectiveness. The identification and analysis of the epidemiological drivers conditioning the circulation of the virus in dog populations allow a better understanding of the key control points that need to be associated with these campaigns for a better efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bourhy
- Unité lyssavirus, épidémiologie et neuropathologie, centre collaborateur de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé de référence et de recherche sur la rage, institut Pasteur, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - G D de Melo
- Unité lyssavirus, épidémiologie et neuropathologie, centre collaborateur de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé de référence et de recherche sur la rage, institut Pasteur, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - A Tarantola
- Unité lyssavirus, épidémiologie et neuropathologie, centre collaborateur de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé de référence et de recherche sur la rage, institut Pasteur, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
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17
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de Melo GD, Sonthonnax F, Lepousez G, Jouvion G, Minola A, Zatta F, Larrous F, Kergoat L, Mazo C, Moigneu C, Aiello R, Salomoni A, Brisebard E, De Benedictis P, Corti D, Bourhy H. A combination of two human monoclonal antibodies cures symptomatic rabies. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e12628. [PMID: 32945125 PMCID: PMC7645379 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a neglected disease caused by a neurotropic Lyssavirus, transmitted to humans predominantly by the bite of infected dogs. Rabies is preventable with vaccines or proper post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), but it still causes about 60,000 deaths every year. No cure exists after the onset of clinical signs, and the case-fatality rate approaches 100% even with advanced supportive care. Here, we report that a combination of two potent neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies directed against the viral envelope glycoprotein cures symptomatic rabid mice. Treatment efficacy requires the concomitant administration of antibodies in the periphery and in the central nervous system through intracerebroventricular infusion. After such treatment, recovered mice presented good clinical condition, viral loads were undetectable, and the brain inflammatory profile was almost normal. Our findings provide the unprecedented proof of concept of an antibody-based therapeutic approach for symptomatic rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Sonthonnax
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology UnitInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- Sorbonne‐Paris CitéCellule PasteurUniversité Paris‐DiderotParisFrance
| | | | - Grégory Jouvion
- Experimental Neuropathology UnitInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- INSERMPathophysiology of Pediatric Genetic DiseasesSorbonne UniversitéHôpital Armand‐TrousseauUF Génétique MoléculaireAssistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de ParisParisFrance
| | - Andrea Minola
- Humabs BioMed SAa subsidiary of Vir BiotechnologyBellinzonaSwitzerland
| | - Fabrizia Zatta
- Humabs BioMed SAa subsidiary of Vir BiotechnologyBellinzonaSwitzerland
| | - Florence Larrous
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology UnitInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Lauriane Kergoat
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology UnitInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Camille Mazo
- Perception and Memory UnitInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | | | - Roberta Aiello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle VeneziePaduaItaly
| | - Angela Salomoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle VeneziePaduaItaly
| | - Elise Brisebard
- Experimental Neuropathology UnitInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- Laboratoire d'HistopathologieVetAgro‐SupUniversité de LyonLyonFrance
| | | | - Davide Corti
- Humabs BioMed SAa subsidiary of Vir BiotechnologyBellinzonaSwitzerland
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology UnitInstitut PasteurParisFrance
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Pantha S, Subedi D, Poudel U, Subedi S, Kaphle K, Dhakal S. Review of rabies in Nepal. One Health 2020; 10:100155. [PMID: 33117872 PMCID: PMC7582201 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a global problem, but the burden is higher in less developed or developing countries of Asia and Africa. In Nepal, rabies is reported to kill around 500 animals and up to 32 human beings in recent years, with possible under-reporting of cases and deaths. As a prophylactic measure, around 30,000 livestock and 300,000 humans get vaccinated each year in Nepal. This review summarizes the past, present and future perspectives of rabies control and prevention in Nepal. The global strategic plan of World Health Organization (WHO) aims to bring human deaths from dog-transmitted rabies to zero by 2030. To achieve this goal of ‘Zero by 30’, the concerned governmental and non-governmental agencies in Nepal should work together using the One Health concept. Rabies is caused by Lyssa virus that is responsible for deaths of 55,000 people annually across the world. Dogs are responsible for 95% of rabies cases around the globe and 99% in endemic regions. Asia has the highest burden of rabies and India alone accounts for around 35% of world rabies cases. In Nepal, less than 35 people have died each year due to rabies. One health approach is mandatory to end dog mediated rabies by the year 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Pantha
- Paklihawa Campus, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Paklihawa, Rupandehi, Nepal
| | - Deepak Subedi
- Paklihawa Campus, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Paklihawa, Rupandehi, Nepal
| | - Uddab Poudel
- Paklihawa Campus, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Paklihawa, Rupandehi, Nepal
| | - Sanju Subedi
- Bachelor of Public Health, Chitwan Medical College, Tribhuvan University, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Krishna Kaphle
- Associate Professor and Director, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Paklihawa Campus, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Paklihawa, Rupandehi, Nepal
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Ferguson AW, Muloi D, Ngatia DK, Kiongo W, Kimuyu DM, Webala PW, Olum MO, Muturi M, Thumbi SM, Woodroffe R, Murugi L, Fèvre EM, Murray S, Martins DJ. Volunteer based approach to dog vaccination campaigns to eliminate human rabies: Lessons from Laikipia County, Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008260. [PMID: 32614827 PMCID: PMC7331976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An estimated 59,000 people die from rabies annually, with 99% of those deaths attributable to bites from domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). This preventable Neglected Tropical Disease has a large impact across continental Africa, especially for rural populations living in close contact with livestock and wildlife. Mass vaccinations of domestic dogs are effective at eliminating rabies but require large amounts of resources, planning, and political will to implement. Grassroots campaigns provide an alternative method to successful implementation of rabies control but remain understudied in their effectiveness to eliminate the disease from larger regions. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We report on the development, implementation, and effectiveness of a grassroots mass dog rabies vaccination campaign in Kenya, the Laikipia Rabies Vaccination Campaign. During 2015-2017, a total of 13,155 domestic dogs were vaccinated against rabies in 17 communities covering approximately 1500 km2. Based on an estimated population size of 34,275 domestic dogs, percent coverages increased across years, from 2% in 2015 to 24% in 2017, with only 3 of 38 community-years of vaccination exceeding the 70% target. The average cost of vaccinating an animal was $3.44 USD with in-kind contributions and $7.44 USD without in-kind contributions. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The evolution of the Laikipia Rabies Vaccination Campaign from a localized volunteer-effort to a large-scale program attempting to eliminate rabies at the landscape scale provides a unique opportunity to examine successes, failures, and challenges facing grassroots campaigns. Success, in the form of vaccinating more dogs across the study area, was relatively straightforward to achieve. However, lack of effective post-vaccination monitoring and education programs, limited funding, and working in diverse community types appeared to hinder achievement of 70% coverage levels. These results indicate that grassroots campaigns will inevitably be faced with a philosophical question regarding the value of local impacts versus their contributions to a larger effort to eliminate rabies at the regional, country, or global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W. Ferguson
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dishon Muloi
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences & Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road,Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute,Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dedan K. Ngatia
- School of Natural Resources & Environmental Studies, Karatina University, Karatina, Kenya
| | - Wangechi Kiongo
- School of Natural Resources & Environmental Studies, Karatina University, Karatina, Kenya
| | - Duncan M. Kimuyu
- School of Natural Resources & Environmental Studies, Karatina University, Karatina, Kenya
| | - Paul W. Webala
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Maasai Mara University, Narok, Kenya
| | - Moses O. Olum
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Muguga North,Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Mathew Muturi
- Kenya Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel M. Thumbi
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Rabies Free Africa, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rosie Woodroffe
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Murugi
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Fisheries, County Government of Laikipia, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Eric M. Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute,Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Suzan Murray
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dino J. Martins
- Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
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20
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El-Neweshy MS, Al Mayahi N, Al Mamari W, Al Rashdi Z, Al Mawly JH. Animal rabies situation in Sultanate of Oman (2017-2019). Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:3069-3076. [PMID: 32564218 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02328-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Successful preventive and control measures of zoonotic diseases require updated epidemiological data. Sylvatic rabies is endemic in Oman since 1990. Studying of the prevalence of animal rabies in Oman (2017-2019) was the goal of the current study besides the clinical-histopathological investigations of rabies in different animal species. A total of 117 whole brains of different animal species from different regions of Oman were examined by fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and histopathology for rabies during 2017-2019. Sixty-four samples (54.7%) were positive for rabies by FAT. The most affected species were goat (53.1%) followed by camel (18.8%), which pose a great risk to farmers and veterinarians. Positive fox cases were (10.9%). Most confirmed cases of animal rabies were submitted from Northern regions of Oman. Rabies was reported recently in Al Wusta among wild ruminants, Central Oman. The seasonal cycle of animal rabies in Oman was year-round with the peak from December to April. The clinical signs and neuropathological findings were nearly similar in different animal species. Histopathology-positive cases had Negri bodies in pyramidal and purkinje neurons, non-suppurative encephalitis features, and neuronal degeneration and necrosis. The sensitivity and specificity of histopathological diagnosis of rabies in different animals were 76.47% and 100.00%, respectively. Finally, sylvatic rabies remains a major challenge to the public and animal health in Oman. Although of the value of histopathological diagnosis of rabies if no other technique is available, other complementary tests must be employed to confirm negative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud S El-Neweshy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, Behera, 22785, Egypt.
- Central Laboratory for Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
| | - Nada Al Mayahi
- Central Laboratory for Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Wafa Al Mamari
- Central Laboratory for Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Zahra Al Rashdi
- Central Laboratory for Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Julanda H Al Mawly
- Central Laboratory for Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
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21
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Rimal S, Ojha KC, Chaisowwong W, Shah Y, Pant DK, Sirimalaisuwan A. Detection of virus-neutralising antibodies and associated factors against rabies in the vaccinated household dogs of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231967. [PMID: 32339182 PMCID: PMC7185695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is a vaccine-preventable neglected tropical viral zoonosis. It occurs worldwide, creating a very heavy burden in many developing countries, including Nepal. Dogs are the principle vector for the transmission of this disease in urban areas. Vaccination is the most important preventive measure in areas where dogs are the principle source of infection. This study was conducted with the aim of detecting virus-neutralising antibodies and associated factors against rabies in vaccinated household dogs of Kathmandu valley. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 110 vaccinated pet dogs in Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, and Lalitpur districts of Nepal. The samples were taken to the laboratory of the National Zoonosis and Food Hygiene Research Center where serum was separated. An indirect immune-enzymatic assay (PlateliaTM Rabies II kit ad usum Veterinarium, Biorad, China) was used for the detection of rabies virus anti-glycoprotein antibodies in the dog serum samples following the manufacturer's recommendations and instructions. Optical density values for unknown samples were compared with the positive sera titers in quantification tests obtained after a direct reading on the standard curve. Results were expressed as equivalent units per ml (EU/ml). FINDINGS Of the total samples, 89.09% exceeded the required seroconversion level (≥ 0.5 EU/ml); another 9.09% did not reach the seroconversion level (0.125-0.5 EU/ml); and 1.81% had undetectable seroconversion levels (<0.125 EU/ml) suggesting that the animal had not seroconverted according to the PLATELIA™ RABIES II test. Only one factor, the condition under which the dog was kept, was significantly associated with the antibody titer level. No association was found for any of the other factors included in the study. INTERPRETATION Vaccination is the most effective measure for prevention and control of rabies. The locally manufactured brand of vaccine, which is available in Nepal, is potent enough to generate a sufficient amount of protective antibodies, equal to international brands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Rimal
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Kalimati, Nepal
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific and Excellent Center of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Warangkhana Chaisowwong
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific and Excellent Center of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Yogendra Shah
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Kalimati, Nepal
| | - Dhan Kumar Pant
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Kalimati, Nepal
- Institute of Medicine, Teaching Hospital, Tribhuwan University, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
- National Academy of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Anucha Sirimalaisuwan
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific and Excellent Center of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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22
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Ukamaka EU, Coetzer A, Scott TP, Anene BM, Ezeokonkwo RC, Nwosuh CI, Nel LH, Sabeta CT. Economic and feasibility comparison of the dRIT and DFA for decentralized rabies diagnosis in resource-limited settings: The use of Nigerian dog meat markets as a case study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008088. [PMID: 32109246 PMCID: PMC7065817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies lyssavirus (RABV) is the aetiologic agent of rabies, a disease that is severely underreported in Nigeria as well as elsewhere in Africa and Asia. Despite the role that rabies diagnosis plays towards elucidating the true burden of the disease, Nigeria-a country of 180 million inhabitants-has a limited number of diagnostic facilities. In this study, we sought to investigate two of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)-recommended diagnostic assays for rabies-viz; the direct fluorescent antibody test (DFA) and the direct rapid immunohistochemical test (dRIT) in terms of their relative suitability in resource-limited settings. Our primary considerations were (1) the financial feasibility for implementation and (2) the diagnostic efficacy. As a case study, we used suspect rabies samples from dog meat markets in Nigeria. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS By developing a simple simulation framework, we suggested that the assay with the lowest cost to implement and routinely use was the dRIT assay. The costs associated with the dRIT were lower in all simulated scenarios, irrespective of the number of samples tested per year. In addition to the cost analysis, the diagnostic efficacies of the two assays were evaluated. To do this, a cohort of DFA-positive and -negative samples collected from dog meat markets in Nigeria were initially diagnosed using the DFA in Nigeria and subsequently sent to South Africa for diagnostic confirmation. In South Africa, all the specimens were re-tested with the DFA, the dRIT and a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In our investigation, discrepancies were observed between the three diagnostic assays; with the incongruent results being resolved by means of confirmatory testing using the heminested reverse transcription polymerase reaction and sequencing to confirm that they were not contamination. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The data obtained from this study suggested that the dRIT was not only an effective diagnostic assay that could be used to routinely diagnose rabies, but that the assay was also the most cost-effective option among all of the OIE recommended methods. In addition, the results of our investigation confirmed that some of the dogs slaughtered in dog markets were rabies-positive and that the markets posed a potential public health threat. Lastly, our data showed that the DFA, although regarded as the gold standard test for rabies, has some limitations-particularly at low antigen levels. Based on the results reported here and the current challenges faced in Nigeria, we believe that the dRIT assay would be the most suitable laboratory test for decentralized or confirmatory rabies diagnosis in Nigeria, given its relative speed, accuracy, cost and ease of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eze U. Ukamaka
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- * E-mail:
| | - Andre Coetzer
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology,University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control SA NPC, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Terence P. Scott
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology,University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control SA NPC, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Boniface M. Anene
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Romanus C. Ezeokonkwo
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Chika I. Nwosuh
- Rabies Unit, Central Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Louis H. Nel
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology,University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control SA NPC, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Claude T. Sabeta
- OIE Rabies Reference Laboratory, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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23
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Hellert J, Buchrieser J, Larrous F, Minola A, de Melo GD, Soriaga L, England P, Haouz A, Telenti A, Schwartz O, Corti D, Bourhy H, Rey FA. Structure of the prefusion-locking broadly neutralizing antibody RVC20 bound to the rabies virus glycoprotein. Nat Commun 2020; 11:596. [PMID: 32001700 PMCID: PMC6992781 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14398-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) causes fatal encephalitis in more than 59,000 people yearly. Upon the bite of an infected animal, the development of clinical disease can be prevented with post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which includes the administration of Rabies immunoglobulin (RIG). However, the high cost and limited availability of serum-derived RIG severely hamper its wide use in resource-limited countries. A safe low-cost alternative is provided by using broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bnAbs). Here we report the X-ray structure of one of the most potent and most broadly reactive human bnAbs, RVC20, in complex with its target domain III of the RABV glycoprotein (G). The structure reveals that the RVC20 binding determinants reside in a highly conserved surface of G, rationalizing its broad reactivity. We further show that RVC20 blocks the acid-induced conformational change required for membrane fusion. Our results may guide the future development of direct antiviral small molecules for Rabies treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hellert
- Structural Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, Cedex 15, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Julian Buchrieser
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, Cedex 15, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Florence Larrous
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, Cedex 15, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Minola
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology Inc., Via dei Gaggini 3, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Guilherme Dias de Melo
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, Cedex 15, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Leah Soriaga
- Vir Biotechnology Inc, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Patrick England
- Molecular Biophysics Platform C2RT, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, Cedex 15, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Haouz
- Crystallography Platform C2RT, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 25-28 rue du Dr. Roux, Cedex 15, 75724, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, Cedex 15, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology Inc., Via dei Gaggini 3, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, Cedex 15, 75724, Paris, France.
| | - Félix A Rey
- Structural Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, Cedex 15, 75724, Paris, France.
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24
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Klein A, Fahrion A, Finke S, Eyngor M, Novak S, Yakobson B, Ngoepe E, Phahladira B, Sabeta C, De Benedictis P, Gourlaouen M, Orciari LA, Yager PA, Gigante CM, Knowles MK, Fehlner-Gardiner C, Servat A, Cliquet F, Marston D, McElhinney LM, Johnson T, Fooks AR, Müller T, Freuling CM. Further Evidence of Inadequate Quality in Lateral Flow Devices Commercially Offered for the Diagnosis of Rabies. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5010013. [PMID: 31963635 PMCID: PMC7157750 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a neglected zoonotic disease, rabies causes approximately 5.9 × 104 human deaths annually, primarily affecting low- and middle-income countries in Asia and Africa. In those regions, insufficient surveillance is hampering adequate medical intervention and is driving the vicious cycle of neglect. Where resources to provide laboratory disease confirmation are limited, there is a need for user-friendly and low-cost reliable diagnostic tools that do not rely on specialized laboratory facilities. Lateral flow devices (LFD) offer an alternative to conventional diagnostic methods and may strengthen control efforts in low-resource settings. Five different commercially available LFDs were compared in a multi-centered study with respect to their diagnostic sensitivity and their agreement with standard rabies diagnostic techniques. Our evaluation was conducted by several international reference laboratories using a broad panel of samples. The overall sensitivities ranged from 0% up to 62%, depending on the LFD manufacturer, with substantial variation between the different laboratories. Samples with high antigen content and high relative viral load tended to test positive more often in the Anigen/Bionote test, the latter being the one with the best performance. Still, the overall unsatisfactory findings corroborate a previous study and indicate a persistent lack of appropriate test validation and quality control. At present, the tested kits are not suitable for in-field use for rabies diagnosis, especially not for suspect animals where human contact has been identified, as an incorrect negative diagnosis may result in human casualties. This study points out the discrepancy between the enormous need for such a diagnostic tool on the one hand, and on the other hand, a number of already existing tests that are not yet ready for use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Klein
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.K.); (A.F.); (S.F.); (T.M.)
| | - Anna Fahrion
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.K.); (A.F.); (S.F.); (T.M.)
| | - Stefan Finke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.K.); (A.F.); (S.F.); (T.M.)
| | - Marina Eyngor
- Kimron Veterinary Institute (KVI), Veterinary Services and Animal Health, P.O. Box 12, Beit Dagan 50250, Israel; (M.E.); (S.N.); (B.Y.)
| | - Shiri Novak
- Kimron Veterinary Institute (KVI), Veterinary Services and Animal Health, P.O. Box 12, Beit Dagan 50250, Israel; (M.E.); (S.N.); (B.Y.)
| | - Boris Yakobson
- Kimron Veterinary Institute (KVI), Veterinary Services and Animal Health, P.O. Box 12, Beit Dagan 50250, Israel; (M.E.); (S.N.); (B.Y.)
| | - Ernest Ngoepe
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (OVI), Rabies Unit, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; (E.N.); (B.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Baby Phahladira
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (OVI), Rabies Unit, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; (E.N.); (B.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Claude Sabeta
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (OVI), Rabies Unit, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; (E.N.); (B.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Paola De Benedictis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, FAO Reference Centre for Rabies, Viale dell’Università, 10, 35020-Legnaro (PD), Italy; (P.D.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Morgane Gourlaouen
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, FAO Reference Centre for Rabies, Viale dell’Università, 10, 35020-Legnaro (PD), Italy; (P.D.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Lillian A. Orciari
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (L.A.O.); (P.A.Y.); (C.M.G.)
| | - Pamela A. Yager
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (L.A.O.); (P.A.Y.); (C.M.G.)
| | - Crystal M. Gigante
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (L.A.O.); (P.A.Y.); (C.M.G.)
| | - M. Kimberly Knowles
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Centre of Expertise for Rabies, Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Nepean, ON K2H 8P9, Canada; (M.K.K.); (C.F.-G.)
| | - Christine Fehlner-Gardiner
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Centre of Expertise for Rabies, Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Nepean, ON K2H 8P9, Canada; (M.K.K.); (C.F.-G.)
| | - Alexandre Servat
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Domaine de Pixérécourt, 54220 Malzéville CEDEX, France; (A.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Florence Cliquet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Domaine de Pixérécourt, 54220 Malzéville CEDEX, France; (A.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Denise Marston
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (D.M.); (L.M.M.); (T.J.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Lorraine M. McElhinney
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (D.M.); (L.M.M.); (T.J.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Trudy Johnson
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (D.M.); (L.M.M.); (T.J.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (D.M.); (L.M.M.); (T.J.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Thomas Müller
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.K.); (A.F.); (S.F.); (T.M.)
| | - Conrad M. Freuling
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.K.); (A.F.); (S.F.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3835171660
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25
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Srinivasan K, Kurz T, Kuttuva P, Pearson C. Reorienting rabies research and practice: Lessons from India. PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS 2019; 5:152. [PMID: 32850132 PMCID: PMC7115975 DOI: 10.1057/s41599-019-0358-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we reflect on the institutional and everyday realities of people-street dog relations in India to develop a case for decolonised approaches to rabies and other zoonoses. Dog-mediated rabies in Asia and Africa continues be a major concern in transnational public health agendas despite extensive research and knowledge on its prevention. In India, which carries 35% of the global rabies burden and has large street dog populations, One Health-oriented dog population management programmes have been central to the control of this zoonotic disease. Yet, rabies continues to be a significant problem in the country. In this article, we address this impasse in rabies research and practice through investigations of interactions between people, policy, and street dogs. Drawing primarily on field and archival research in Chennai city, we track how street dogs are perceived by people, explore how these animals have come into interface with (public) health concerns over time, and examine the biosocial conditions that frame people-dog conflict (and thereby rabies). These analyses create a picture of the multidimensional character of people-dog relations to offer new insights on why One Health-oriented rabies initiatives have not borne out their full promise. In effect, the article makes a case for a shift in public health orientations-away from intervening on these animals as vectors to be managed, and towards enabling multispecies habitats. This, we argue, requires the decolonisation of approaches to dog-mediated rabies, and expanded conceptions of 'healthy more-than-human publics'. In conclusion, the article chalks out broader implications for public health approaches to zoonoses in a world marked by mutual risk and vulnerability that cuts across human and nonhuman animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Kurz
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, England, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chris Pearson
- Department of History, University of Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
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26
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Rimal S, Ojha KC, Shah Y, Pant DK. Sero Prevalence of Virus-neutralizing Antibodies for Rabies in Street Dogs of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Open Microbiol J 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1874285801913010268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction:
Rabies is a vaccine-preventable viral zoonotic disease that remains a serious global public health concern. Rabies vaccination with adequate coverage of the canine population has been shown to control rabies outbreaks among canines and to prevent the transmission of rabies from dogs to humans. As vaccination is the primary control measure for rabies, it is important to determine the level of anti-rabies antibodies in animals in order to determine the effectiveness of the control measures being implemented.
Materials & Methods:
Blood samples were collected from 50 street dogs (August 2016 to December 2016) in Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur districts. Rabies sero-conversion on the separated serum was quantified using PlateliaTM Rabies II Kit (Bio-Rad, China) according to the manufacturer’s recommendations.
Results:
Eighty percent (40/50) of the serum samples surpassed the requested level of rabies antibodies, suggesting good coverage of vaccination among street dogs.
Conclusion:
However, an active dog surveillance system with a dog registration process before and after vaccination campaigns, and a multi-dimensional approach including all stakeholders, are necessary to eradicate rabies from the canine population in Nepal.
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27
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Naji E, Fadajan Z, Afshar D, Fazeli M. Comparison of Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method with SYBR Green Real-Time RT-PCR and Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test for Diagnosis of Rabies. Jpn J Infect Dis 2019; 73:19-25. [PMID: 31474697 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2019.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rabies as an endemic disease in most Asian and African countries, especially in remote areas, and requires a reliable diagnostic method. This study aimed to develop a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) method for rapid detection of rabies virus RNA in the brain samples, compared to SYBR Green real time RT-PCR test as a molecular technique and direct fluorescent antibody test as a serological method. In this study, RT-LAMP was developed to diagnose rabies. Six primers were designed based on the nucleoprotein (N) of rabies virus. The sensitivity and specificity of SYBR Green real-time RT-PCR and RT-LAMP methods were also determined.RT-LAMP was optimized at 58 ℃ for 60 min. The sensitivity and specificity of RT-LAMP and SYBR Green real-time RT-PCR were 91.2% and 84.2%, and 94.12% and 88.9%, respectively. The slight difference between the sensitivity and specificity of RT-LAMP and that of SYBR Green Real-Time RT-PCR demonstrated that RT-LAMP could be used as a reliable and cost-effective method for the diagnosis of rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Naji
- The National Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Virology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran
| | - Zohreh Fadajan
- The National Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Virology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran
| | - Davoud Afshar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences
| | - Maryam Fazeli
- The National Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Virology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran
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Banyard AC, Mansfield KL, Wu G, Selden D, Thorne L, Birch C, Koraka P, Osterhaus AD, Fooks AR. Re-evaluating the effect of Favipiravir treatment on rabies virus infection. Vaccine 2019; 37:4686-4693. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Rogée S, Larrous F, Jochmans D, Ben-Khalifa Y, Neyts J, Bourhy H. Pyrimethamine inhibits rabies virus replication in vitro. Antiviral Res 2019; 161:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
How virulence evolves after a virus jumps to a new host species is central to disease emergence. Our current understanding of virulence evolution is based on insights drawn from two perspectives that have developed largely independently: long-standing evolutionary theory based on limited real data examples that often lack a genomic basis, and experimental studies of virulence-determining mutations using cell culture or animal models. A more comprehensive understanding of virulence mutations and their evolution can be achieved by bridging the gap between these two research pathways through the phylogenomic analysis of virus genome sequence data as a guide to experimental study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma L Geoghegan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Comprehensive Analysis of Codon Usage on Rabies Virus and Other Lyssaviruses. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082397. [PMID: 30110957 PMCID: PMC6121662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) and other lyssaviruses can cause rabies and rabies-like diseases, which are a persistent public health threat to humans and other mammals. Lyssaviruses exhibit distinct characteristics in terms of geographical distribution and host specificity, indicative of a long-standing diversification to adapt to the environment. However, the evolutionary diversity of lyssaviruses, in terms of codon usage, is still unclear. We found that RABV has the lowest codon usage bias among lyssaviruses strains, evidenced by its high mean effective number of codons (ENC) (53.84 ± 0.35). Moreover, natural selection is the driving force in shaping the codon usage pattern of these strains. In summary, our study sheds light on the codon usage patterns of lyssaviruses, which can aid in the development of control strategies and experimental research.
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Gibson AD, Mazeri S, Lohr F, Mayer D, Burdon Bailey JL, Wallace RM, Handel IG, Shervell K, Bronsvoort BM, Mellanby RJ, Gamble L. One million dog vaccinations recorded on mHealth innovation used to direct teams in numerous rabies control campaigns. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200942. [PMID: 30048469 PMCID: PMC6062050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine transmitted rabies kills an estimated 59,000 people annually, despite proven methods for elimination through mass dog vaccination. Challenges in directing and monitoring numerous remote vaccination teams across large geographic areas remain a significant barrier to the up-scaling of focal vaccination programmes to sub-national and national level. Smartphone technology (mHealth) is increasingly being used to enhance the coordination and efficiency of public health initiatives in developing countries, however examples of successful scaling beyond pilot implementation are rare. This study describes a smartphone app and website platform, “Mission Rabies App”, used to co-ordinate rabies control activities at project sites in four continents to vaccinate over one million dogs. Methods Mission Rabies App made it possible to not only gather relevant campaign data from the field, but also to direct vaccination teams systematically in near real-time. The display of user-allocated boundaries on Google maps within data collection forms enabled a project manager to define each team’s region of work, assess their output and assign subsequent areas to progressively vaccinate across a geographic area. This ability to monitor work and react to a rapidly changing situation has the potential to improve efficiency and coverage achieved, compared to regular project management structures, as well as enhancing capacity for data review and analysis from remote areas. The ability to plot the location of every vaccine administered facilitated engagement with stakeholders through transparent reporting, and has the potential to motivate politicians to support such activities. Results Since the system launched in September 2014, over 1.5 million data entries have been made to record dog vaccinations, rabies education classes and field surveys in 16 countries. Use of the system has increased year-on-year with adoption for mass dog vaccination campaigns at the India state level in Goa and national level in Haiti. Conclusions Innovative approaches to rapidly scale mass dog vaccination programmes in a sustained and systematic fashion are urgently needed to achieve the WHO, OIE and FAO goal to eliminate canine-transmitted human deaths by 2030. The Mission Rabies App is an mHealth innovation which greatly reduces the logistical and managerial barriers to implementing large scale rabies control activities. Free access to the platform aims to support pilot campaigns to better structure and report on proof-of-concept initiatives, clearly presenting outcomes and opportunities for expansion. The functionalities of the Mission Rabies App may also be beneficial to other infectious disease interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Gibson
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Stella Mazeri
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dagmar Mayer
- Worldwide Veterinary Service, Cranborne, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ryan M. Wallace
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ian G. Handel
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | | | - Barend M.deC. Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (RJM); (LG)
| | - Luke Gamble
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, United Kingdom
- Worldwide Veterinary Service, Cranborne, Dorset, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (RJM); (LG)
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Barroga TR, Gordoncillo MJ, Lagayan MG, Bernales R, Caniban M, Lopez E, Abila R. Practical inter-sectoral linking: Tool to rabies One Health coordination to the grass-roots level. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:805-814. [PMID: 29978578 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is an endemic disease in the Philippines. Addressing the disease at source, massive efforts towards dog vaccination and public awareness on rabies have been pursued by various Local Government Units (LGUs) in the country. While marked improvements have been seen, rabies continues to persist where it exists, largely owing to poor surveillance of the disease in animals and weak coordination between the human and animal health sectors. To bridge these critical gaps, the BAI-OIE STANDZ Rabies Project in the Philippines, together with the key rabies stakeholders in Bicol Region, developed the "Practical Inter-sectoral Linking"-an operational protocol and practical network of local key players (human health, animal health and LGUs) involved in rabies detection, reporting and implementation of appropriate interventions. It is initiated by recognized triggers such as detection of confirmed or probable rabies cases and is closely linked with early detection in animals, case investigation, quarantine, diagnosis, reporting and post-exposure prophylaxis. People down to the village level are informed about the routine, protocol and contact details of relevant people in responding to bite victims with the flowchart provided by the tool. This tool was initially rolled out in pilot provinces in the Bicol Region and to date has already documented success in initiating timely actions to 31 laboratory confirmed rabies cases being investigated, which actually saved 46 human lives upon further investigation. With this established at the LGU level, the goal to timely detect suspect or probable rabies cases and promptly implement appropriate interventions are expected to improve, while local officials are empowered with their roles as frontline workers in the prevention and control of rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Rose Barroga
- 1Bureau of Animal Industry-World Organisation for Animal Health Stop Transboundary Animal Diseases and Zoonoses Rabies Project, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Mary Joy Gordoncillo
- World Organisation for Animal Health Sub Regional Representation for Southeast Asia, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Rona Bernales
- Department of Agriculture, Regional Field Office V, Pili, Camarines Sur, Philippines
| | | | | | - Ronello Abila
- World Organisation for Animal Health Sub Regional Representation for Southeast Asia, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
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Neevel AMG, Hemrika T, Claassen E, van de Burgwal LHM. A research agenda to reinforce rabies control: A qualitative and quantitative prioritization. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006387. [PMID: 29727444 PMCID: PMC5955568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the existence of safe and effective vaccines, rabies disease still causes an estimated 59,000 human deaths a year in the endemic areas in Asia and Africa. These numbers reflect severe drawbacks regarding the implementation of PrEP and PEP in endemic settings, such as lack of political will and low priority given to rabies. Since these contextual factors have proven to be persistent, there is an urgency to improve current strategies or develop novel approaches in order to control rabies disease in the future. Methods/Findings This study aimed to identify and systematically prioritize the research needs, through interviews and questionnaires with key-opinion-leaders (KOLs). A total of 46 research needs were identified and prioritized. The top research needs are considered very high priority based on both importance for rabies control and need for improvement. KOLs agree that animal rabies control remains most important for rabies control, while research on human host, agent (rabies virus) and the environment should be prioritized in terms of need for improvement. A wide variety in perceptions is observed between and within the disciplines of virology, public health and veterinary health and between KOLs with more versus those with less experience in the field. Conclusion/Significance The results of this study give well-defined, prioritized issues that stress the drawbacks that are experienced by KOLs in daily practice. The most important research domains are: 1) cheap and scalable production system for RIG 2) efficacy of dog mass vaccination programs and 3) cheap human vaccines. Addressing these research needs should exist next to and may reinforce current awareness and mass vaccination campaigns. The differences in perspectives between actors revealed in this study are informative for effective execution of the One Health research agenda. Rabies is a 100% vaccine-preventable disease but invariably fatal once symptoms occur. Annually, tens of thousands of people die after being infected with rabies virus, predominantly through bites or scratches of infected dogs. The stable mortality rates highlight the limitations of current disease specific interventions, including prophylaxes, awareness campaigns and mass vaccination of dogs. Consequently, research is needed to develop improved and novel strategies that circumvent the barriers faced in implementation in endemic settings. Interest for rabies, however, is limited and to effectively allocate budgets the field would benefit from a more focused research agenda. This study prioritized research topics based on the importance for rabies control and the need for improvement. According to experts, research should focus on 1) cheap and scalable production systems for RIG; 2) efficacy of dog mass vaccination programs and; 3) development of a cheap human vaccine. By elucidating differences in perceptions of stakeholders between disciplines and between those with more versus those with less experience in the field, this study also provides practical insights to inform stakeholders concerned with the implementation of interdisciplinary collaboration in the field of rabies. The prioritization of rabies-specific research needs is a vital step in accelerating innovation necessary to decrease the burden of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. G. Neevel
- Athena Institute, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Viroclinics Biosciences, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Tessa Hemrika
- Athena Institute, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Claassen
- Athena Institute, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Zhang Y, Zhou M, Li Y, Luo Z, Chen H, Cui M, Fu ZF, Zhao L. Recombinant rabies virus with the glycoprotein fused with a DC-binding peptide is an efficacious rabies vaccine. Oncotarget 2018; 9:831-841. [PMID: 29416659 PMCID: PMC5787516 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that recruiting and/or activating dendritic cells (DCs) enhanced the immunogenicity of recombinant rabies viruses (rRABV). In this study, rRABV LBNSE with a small DC-binding peptide (designated as rLBNSE-DCBp) or a negative control peptide (designated as rLBNSE-DCCp) fused to the glycoprotein (G) was constructed and rescued. As expected, significantly more activated DCs were detected in rLBNSE-DCBp-immunized mice than those immunized with rLBNSE or rLBNSE-DCCp. Subsequently, significantly more generation of TFH and GC B cells were observed in rLBNSE-DCBp immunized mice than those in rLBNSE or rLBNSE-DCCp-immunized mice. In addition, significantly higher levels of virus neutralizing antibodies (VNAs) were observed in mice immunized with rLBNSE-DCBp than those immunized with rLBNSE or rLBNSE-DCCp, resulting in a better protection of rLBNSE-DCBp immunized mice against the lethal challenge. Taken together, our results suggest that rRABV with G fused with DCBp is a promising rabies vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhaochen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhen F. Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Abbasi A, Azadfar S, Roshandel G, Golsha R, Naeimi M, Khodabakhshi B, Bagheri A, Hajimoradloo N. Epidemiology of Animal Bite Injuries in Golestan Province, Northeast of Iran, during 2011-12. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND BASIC RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.29252/jcbr.1.4.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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38
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Zhang Y, Vrancken B, Feng Y, Dellicour S, Yang Q, Yang W, Zhang Y, Dong L, Pybus OG, Zhang H, Tian H. Cross-border spread, lineage displacement and evolutionary rate estimation of rabies virus in Yunnan Province, China. Virol J 2017; 14:102. [PMID: 28578663 PMCID: PMC5457581 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0769-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies is an important but underestimated threat to public health, with most cases reported in Asia. Since 2000, a new epidemic wave of rabies has emerged in Yunnan Province, southwestern China, which borders three countries in Southeast Asia. Method We estimated gene-specific evolutionary rates for rabies virus using available data in GenBank, then used this information to calibrate the timescale of rabies virus (RABV) spread in Asia. We used 452 publicly available geo-referenced complete nucleoprotein (N) gene sequences, including 52 RABV sequences that were recently generated from samples collected in Yunnan between 2008 and 2012. Results The RABV N gene evolutionary rate was estimated to be 1.88 × 10−4 (1.37–2.41 × 10−4, 95% Bayesian credible interval, BCI) substitutions per site per year. Phylogenetic reconstructions show that the currently circulating RABV lineages in Yunnan result from at least seven independent introductions (95% BCI: 6–9 introductions) and represent each of the three main Asian RABV lineages, SEA-1, -2 and -3. We find that Yunnan is a sink location for the domestic spread of RABV and connects RABV epidemics in North China, South China, and Southeast Asia. Cross-border spread from southeast Asia (SEA) into South China, and intermixing of the North and South China epidemics is also well supported. The influx of RABV into Yunnan from SEA was not well-supported, likely due to the poor sampling of SEA RABV diversity. We found evidence for a lineage displacement of the Yunnan SEA-2 and -3 lineages by Yunnan SEA-1 strains, and considered whether this could be attributed to fitness differences. Conclusion Overall, our study contributes to a better understanding of the spread of RABV that could facilitate future rabies virus control and prevention efforts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-017-0769-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Zhang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Bram Vrancken
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yun Feng
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qiqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Yang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Yunzhi Zhang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Lu Dong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Hailin Zhang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, China.
| | - Huaiyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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van de Burgwal LHM, Neevel AMG, Pittens CACM, Osterhaus ADME, Rupprecht CE, Claassen E. Barriers to innovation in human rabies prophylaxis and treatment: A causal analysis of insights from key opinion leaders and literature. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 64:599-611. [PMID: 28318148 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is an essentially 100% fatal, zoonotic disease, caused by Lyssaviruses. Currently, the disease is vaccine-preventable with pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP and PEP). Still, rabies virus is estimated to cause up to 60,000 human deaths annually, of which the vast majority occurs in rural Asia and Africa, due to the inaccessibility of prophylaxis and non-existence of treatment. Despite these unmet clinical needs, rabies control mainly focuses on the sylvatic reservoir and drug innovation receives relatively little attention compared to other neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). As such, the lag of innovation in human rabies prophylaxis and treatment cannot be explained by limited return on investment alone. Strategies countering rabies-specific innovation barriers are important for the acceleration of innovation in human rabies prophylaxis and treatment. Barriers throughout society, science, business development and market domains were identified through literature review and 23 semi-structured interviews with key opinion leaders worldwide. A subsequent root cause analysis revealed causal relations between innovation barriers and a limited set of root causes. Finally, prioritization by experts indicated their relative importance. Root causes, which are fundamental to barriers, were aggregated into four types: market and commercial, stakeholder collaboration, public health and awareness, and disease trajectory. These were found in all domains of the innovation process and thus are relevant for all stakeholders. This study identifies barriers that were not previously described in this specific context, for example the competition for funding between medical and veterinary approaches. The results stress the existence of barriers beyond the limited return on investment and thereby explain why innovation in human rabies medication is lagging behind NTDs with a lower burden of disease. A re-orientation on the full spectrum of barriers that hinder innovation in rabies prophylaxis and treatment is necessary to meet unmet societal and medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H M van de Burgwal
- Athena Institute, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Artemis One Health, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A M G Neevel
- Athena Institute, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Viroclinics Biosciences, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - A D M E Osterhaus
- Artemis One Health, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Viroclinics Biosciences, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover (RIZ), Germany
| | | | - E Claassen
- Athena Institute, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Artemis One Health, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Viroclinics Biosciences, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Manalo DL, Yamada K, Watanabe I, Miranda MEG, Lapiz SMD, Tapdasan E, Petspophonsakul W, Inoue S, Khawplod P, Nishizono A. A Comparative Study of the RAPINA and the Virus-Neutralizing Test (RFFIT) for the Estimation of Antirabies-Neutralizing Antibody Levels in Dog Samples. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 64:355-362. [PMID: 27863040 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The mass vaccination of dogs against rabies is a highly rational strategy for interrupting the natural transmission of urban rabies. According to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and the World Health Organization (WHO), the immunization of at least 70% of the total dog population minimizes the risk of endemic rabies. Knowledge of the virus-neutralizing antibody (VNA) level against the rabies virus (RABV) is required to evaluate protective immunity and vaccine coverage of dogs in the field. The rapid focus fluorescent inhibition test (RFFIT) and the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization (FAVN) test are recommended by OIE and WHO to determine the VNA levels in serum. However, these tests are cell culture based and require the use of live viruses and specialized equipment. The rapid neutralizing antibody test (RAPINA) is a novel, immunochromatographic test that uses inactivated virus to estimate the VNA level qualitatively. It is a simple, rapid and inexpensive, although indirect, assay for the detection of VNA levels. The RAPINA has shown good positive and negative predictive values and a high concordance with the RFFIT results. In this study, we compared the performance of the two tests for evaluating the vaccination status of dogs in the Philippines, Thailand and Japan. A total of 1135 dog sera were analysed by the RAPINA and compared to the VNA levels determined by the RFFIT. The overall positive and negative predictive values of the RAPINA were 96.2-99.3% and 84.5-94.8%, respectively, with a concordance (kappa) of 0.946-0.97 among the three countries. The RAPINA results were highly homologous and reproducible among different laboratories. These results suggest that this test is appropriate to survey vaccination coverage in countries with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Manalo
- Department of Health, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM-DOH), Alabang, Philippines
| | - K Yamada
- Research Promotion Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita, Japan
| | - I Watanabe
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita, Japan
| | - M E G Miranda
- Department of Health, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM-DOH), Alabang, Philippines
| | - S M D Lapiz
- Office of the Provincial Veterinarian, Tagbilaran, Bohol, Philippines
| | - E Tapdasan
- Office of the Provincial Veterinarian, Tagbilaran, Bohol, Philippines
| | - W Petspophonsakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Lanna Dog Welfare, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - S Inoue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - P Khawplod
- Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - A Nishizono
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita, Japan
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Mehta S, Sreenivasamurthy S, Banerjee S, Mukherjee S, Prasad K, Chowdhary A. Pathway Analysis of Proteomics Profiles in Rabies Infection: Towards Future Biomarkers? OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 20:97-109. [PMID: 26871867 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2015.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a zoonotic viral disease that invariably leads to fatal encephalitis, which can be prevented provided post-exposure prophylaxis is initiated timely. Ante-mortem diagnostic tests are inconclusive, and rabies is nontreatable once the clinical signs appear. A large number of host factors are responsible for the altered neuronal functions observed in rabies; however their precise role remains uninvestigated. We therefore used two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analysis to identify differentially expressed host proteins in an experimental murine model of rabies. We identified 143 proteins corresponding to 45 differentially expressed spots (p < 0.05) in neuronal tissues of Swiss albino mice in response to infection with neurovirulent rabies strains. Time series analyses revealed that a majority of the alterations occur at 4 to 6 days post infection, in particular affecting the host's cytoskeletal architecture. Extensive pathway analysis and protein interaction studies using the bioinformatic tools such as Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and STRING revealed novel pathways and molecules (e.g., protein ubiquitination) unexplored hitherto. Further activation/inhibition studies of these pathway molecular leads would be relevant to identify novel biomarkers and mechanism-based therapeutics for rabies, a disease that continues to severely impact global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Mehta
- 1 Department of Virology and Immunology, Haffkine Institute for Training , Research and Testing, Mumbai, India
| | - Sreelakshmi Sreenivasamurthy
- 2 Institute of Bioinformatics , International Technology Park, Bangalore, India .,3 Manipal University , Madhav Nagar, Manipal, India
| | - Shefali Banerjee
- 1 Department of Virology and Immunology, Haffkine Institute for Training , Research and Testing, Mumbai, India
| | - Sandeepan Mukherjee
- 1 Department of Virology and Immunology, Haffkine Institute for Training , Research and Testing, Mumbai, India
| | - Keshava Prasad
- 2 Institute of Bioinformatics , International Technology Park, Bangalore, India .,4 NIMHANS-IOB Proteomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences , Bangalore, India
| | - Abhay Chowdhary
- 1 Department of Virology and Immunology, Haffkine Institute for Training , Research and Testing, Mumbai, India
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Sajjanar B, Saxena S, Bisht D, Singh AK, Manjunatha Reddy GB, Singh R, Singh RP, Kumar S. Effect of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha 1 (nAChRα1) peptides on rabies virus infection in neuronal cells. Neuropeptides 2016; 57:59-64. [PMID: 26656837 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) is neurotropic and causes acute progressive encephalitis. Herein, we report the interaction of nAChRα1-subunit peptides with RABV and the effect of these peptides on RABV infection in cultured neuronal cells. Peptide sequences derived from torpedo, bovine, human and rats were synthesized and studied for their interactions with RABV using virus capture ELISA and peptide immunofluorescence. The results showed specific binding of the nAChRα1-subunit peptides to the RABV. In the virus adsorption assay, these peptides were found to inhibit the attachment of the RABV to the neuronal cells. The nAChRα1-subunit peptides inhibited the RABV infection and reduced viral gene expression in the cultured neuroblastoma (N2A) cells. Torpedo peptide sequence (T-32) had highest antiviral effect (IC50=14±3.01μM) compared to the other peptides studied. The results of the study indicated that nAChRα1-subunit peptides may act as receptor decoy molecules and inhibit the binding of virus to the native host cell receptors and hence may reduce viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavaraj Sajjanar
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shikha Saxena
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepika Bisht
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arvind Kumar Singh
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - G B Manjunatha Reddy
- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R P Singh
- Division of Biological Products, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Satish Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Tricou V, Bouscaillou J, Kamba Mebourou E, Koyanongo FD, Nakouné E, Kazanji M. Surveillance of Canine Rabies in the Central African Republic: Impact on Human Health and Molecular Epidemiology. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004433. [PMID: 26859829 PMCID: PMC4747513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although rabies represents an important public health threat, it is still a neglected disease in Asia and Africa where it causes tens of thousands of deaths annually despite available human and animal vaccines. In the Central African Republic (CAR), an endemic country for rabies, this disease remains poorly investigated. METHODS To evaluate the extent of the threat that rabies poses in the CAR, we analyzed data for 2012 from the National Reference Laboratory for Rabies, where laboratory confirmation was performed by immunofluorescence and PCR for both animal and human suspected cases, and data from the only anti-rabies dispensary of the country and only place where post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is available. Both are located in Bangui, the capital of the CAR. For positive samples, a portion of the N gene was amplified and sequenced to determine the molecular epidemiology of circulating strains. RESULTS In 2012, 966 exposed persons visited the anti-rabies dispensary and 632 received a post-exposure rabies vaccination. More than 90% of the exposed persons were from Bangui and its suburbs and almost 60% of them were under 15-years of age. No rabies-related human death was confirmed. Of the 82 samples from suspected rabid dogs tested, 69 were confirmed positive. Most of the rabid dogs were owned although unvaccinated. There was a strong spatiotemporal correlation within Bangui and within the country between reported human exposures and detection of rabid dogs (P<0.001). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that three variants belonging to Africa I and II lineages actively circulated in 2012. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that canine rabies was endemic in the CAR in 2012 and had a detrimental impact on human health as shown by the hundreds of exposed persons who received PEP. Implementation of effective public health interventions including mass dog vaccination and improvement of the surveillance and the access to PEP are urgently needed in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vianney Tricou
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Fidèle Dieudonné Koyanongo
- Service de Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Agence Nationale du Développement de l'Elevage, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Emmanuel Nakouné
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
- Laboratoire National de Référence pour la Rage, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
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Minyoo AB, Steinmetz M, Czupryna A, Bigambo M, Mzimbiri I, Powell G, Gwakisa P, Lankester F. Incentives Increase Participation in Mass Dog Rabies Vaccination Clinics and Methods of Coverage Estimation Are Assessed to Be Accurate. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004221. [PMID: 26633821 PMCID: PMC4669116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we show that incentives (dog collars and owner wristbands) are effective at increasing owner participation in mass dog rabies vaccination clinics and we conclude that household questionnaire surveys and the mark-re-sight (transect survey) method for estimating post-vaccination coverage are accurate when all dogs, including puppies, are included. Incentives were distributed during central-point rabies vaccination clinics in northern Tanzania to quantify their effect on owner participation. In villages where incentives were handed out participation increased, with an average of 34 more dogs being vaccinated. Through economies of scale, this represents a reduction in the cost-per-dog of $0.47. This represents the price-threshold under which the cost of the incentive used must fall to be economically viable. Additionally, vaccination coverage levels were determined in ten villages through the gold-standard village-wide census technique, as well as through two cheaper and quicker methods (randomized household questionnaire and the transect survey). Cost data were also collected. Both non-gold standard methods were found to be accurate when puppies were included in the calculations, although the transect survey and the household questionnaire survey over- and under-estimated the coverage respectively. Given that additional demographic data can be collected through the household questionnaire survey, and that its estimate of coverage is more conservative, we recommend this method. Despite the use of incentives the average vaccination coverage was below the 70% threshold for eliminating rabies. We discuss the reasons and suggest solutions to improve coverage. Given recent international targets to eliminate rabies, this study provides valuable and timely data to help improve mass dog vaccination programs in Africa and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel B. Minyoo
- School of Life Sciences, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Melissa Steinmetz
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Anna Czupryna
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Illinois at Chicago. The Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, United States of America
| | | | - Imam Mzimbiri
- Serengeti Health Initiative (SHI), Serengeti, Tanzania
| | - George Powell
- Serengeti Health Initiative (SHI), Serengeti, Tanzania
| | - Paul Gwakisa
- School of Life Sciences, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
- Genome Science Centre and Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Felix Lankester
- School of Life Sciences, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
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Abstract
Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease caused by the highly neurotropic members of the Lyssavirus genus (Rhabdoviridae family). These viruses contain an RNA genome that encodes information for five viral proteins: the nucleoprotein (N), the glycoprotein (G), the phosphoprotein (P), matrix (M) and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L). The glycoprotein is the major contributor of viral pathogenicity. However, nucleotide changes in specific regions of the G-protein influence the ability of the rabies virus to cause death in experimental animals but also the ability to move within the neuronal network. In addition to the glycoprotein, other regions of the viral genome may also contribute to pathogenicity, underlining the multigenic nature of the lyssavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Sabeta
- OIE Rabies Reference Laboratory, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (ARC-OVI), Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Veterinary Tropical Diseases Department, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
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Rocha SM, de Oliveira SV, Heinemann MB, Gonçalves VSP. Epidemiological Profile of Wild Rabies in Brazil (2002-2012). Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:624-633. [PMID: 26423323 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is one of the most important zoonosis in the world with high impact on public health. Studies report the presence of Lyssavirus in reservoirs of the wild cycle, highlighting the role of wild canines, marmosets, and vampire and non-vampire bats as potential vectors of the disease to domestic animals and human beings. Therefore, the reintroduction of rabies in urban environments from reservoirs of the wild cycle is a matter of concern. This study describes the profile of rabies cases documented in Brazil from 2002 to 2012, with emphasis on the wild transmission cycle of the disease. We carried out a descriptive study using records with information on the time of infection, persons with infection and location of confirmed cases of rabies in humans and animals, as well as data on anti-rabies treatments obtained from the Information System of Notifiable Diseases (Sinan) database. Within the study period, 82 cases of rabies transmitted by wild animals to humans were reported, predominantly in rural areas of the northern and north-eastern regions. Of the cases in humans, 72% did not receive post-exposure prophylaxis. Among wild mammals, vampire bats were the most frequent vectors of the disease. In the north-east region, 460 terrestrial wild mammals were reported with confirmed rabies. Over the study period, 1703 bats were reported to carry the rabies virus. In the south-east region, the most frequently reported carriers of the virus were non-vampire bats. The midwest and northern regions presented a lower number of records of rabies cases among terrestrial wild mammals. However, the high number of rabies cases among bovines reflects the role of the vampire bat as a maintainer of the rabies virus in the rural cycle. The present results are key to adjust the planning of rabies control in Brazil to the current epidemiological trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rocha
- Unidade Técnica de Vigilância de Zoonoses da Coordenação Geral de Doenças Transmissíveis, Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasilia, Brasil.,EpiPlan, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brasil
| | - S V de Oliveira
- Unidade Técnica de Vigilância de Zoonoses da Coordenação Geral de Doenças Transmissíveis, Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasilia, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brasil
| | - M B Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - V S P Gonçalves
- EpiPlan, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brasil
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Fontana D, Kratje R, Etcheverrigaray M, Prieto C. Immunogenic virus-like particles continuously expressed in mammalian cells as a veterinary rabies vaccine candidate. Vaccine 2015; 33:4238-46. [PMID: 25869890 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is one of the most lethal infectious diseases in the world, with a mortality approaching 100%. There are between 60,000 and 70,000 reported annual deaths, but this is probably an underestimation. Despite the fact that there are vaccines available for rabies, there is a real need of developing more efficacious and cheaper vaccines. This is particularly true for veterinary vaccines because dogs are still the main vector for rabies transmission to human beings. In a previous work, we described the development and characterization of rabies virus-like particles (RV-VLPs) expressed in HEK293 cells. We showed that RV-VLPs are able to induce a specific antibodies response. In this work, we show that VLPs are able to protect mice against virus challenge. Furthermore, we developed a VLPs expressing HEK-293 clone (sP2E5) that grows in serum free medium (SFM) reaching high cell densities. sP2E5 was cultured in perfusion mode in a 5 L bioreactor for 20 days, and the RV-VLPs produced were capable of triggering a protective immune response without the need of concentration or adjuvant addition. Further, these VLPs are able to induce the production of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies. These results demonstrate that RV-VLPs are a promising rabies vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Fontana
- Laboratorio de Cultivos Celulares, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje "El Pozo"-C.C. 242, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Kratje
- Laboratorio de Cultivos Celulares, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje "El Pozo"-C.C. 242, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marina Etcheverrigaray
- Laboratorio de Cultivos Celulares, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje "El Pozo"-C.C. 242, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Claudio Prieto
- Laboratorio de Cultivos Celulares, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje "El Pozo"-C.C. 242, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Giesen A, Gniel D, Malerczyk C. 30 years of rabies vaccination with Rabipur: a summary of clinical data and global experience. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:351-67. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1011134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Giesen
- 1 Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics GmbH, Global Medical Affairs, Emil-von-Behring-Strasse 76, 35041 Marburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Gniel
- 2 Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics GmbH, Global Medical Affairs, Marburg, Germany
| | - Claudius Malerczyk
- 3 Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics GmbH, Medical Affairs Region Europe & International, Marburg, Germany
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Yao HW, Yang Y, Liu K, Li XL, Zuo SQ, Sun RX, Fang LQ, Cao WC. The spatiotemporal expansion of human rabies and its probable explanation in mainland China, 2004-2013. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003502. [PMID: 25692883 PMCID: PMC4334667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rabies is a significant public health concern in mainland China. However, the neglect of rabies expansion and scarce analyses of the dynamics have made the spatiotemporal spread pattern of human rabies and its determinants being poorly understood. METHODS We collected geographic locations and timeline of reported human rabies cases, rabies sequences and socioeconomic variables for the years 2004-2013, and integrated multidisciplinary approaches, including epidemiological characterization, hotspots identification, risk factors analysis and phylogeographic inference, to explore the spread pattern of human rabies in mainland China during the last decade. RESULTS The results show that human rabies distribution and hotspots were expanding from southeastern regions to north or west regions, which could be associated with the evolution of the virus, especially the clade I-G. A Panel Poisson Regression analysis reveals that human rabies incidences had significant correlation with the education level, GDP per capita, temperature at one-month lag and canine rabies outbreak at two-month lag. CONCLUSIONS The reduction in the overall human rabies incidence was accompanied by a westward and northward expansion of the circulating region in mainland China. Higher risk of human rabies was associated with lower level of education and economic status. New clades of rabies, especial Clade I-G, played an important role in recent spread. Our findings provide valuable information for rabies control and prevention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wu Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Biostatistics and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-Lou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Qing Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruo-Xi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Qun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wu-Chun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Dodet B, Tejiokem MC, Aguemon AR, Bourhy H. Human rabies deaths in Africa: breaking the cycle of indifference. Int Health 2014; 7:4-6. [DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihu071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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