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Ali AM, Luntsi G, Abba-Sulum HK, Nkubli FB, Moi AS, Nwobi CI, Ahidjo A. Ultrasound as a triaging tool for the diagnosis of malaria and typhoid in a resource constrained setting: A proposed frame-work. Radiography (Lond) 2024:S1078-8174(24)00207-4. [PMID: 39198079 DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2024.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ultrasound has proven to have great potentials in the diagnosis and work-up of patients affected by tropical diseases. Its role in the diagnosis of malaria and typhoid abounds, but its value as a triaging tool in a resource-constrained settings is indistinct. Our review aimed is aimed at assessing the utility of ultrasound in diagnosis and prognosis of malaria and typhoid. MATERIALS AND METHOD Extensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed electronic database, for original peer reviewed articles in English language within 1964-2023. Keywords like "malaria", "typhoid", "S. Typhi", "Salmonella Typhi", "enteric fever", "ultrasound", "sonography" and "ultrasonography" were searched, using Boolean operators such as (OR, AND) applying the following filters (English, Human). A systematic synthesis of the literature was done. RESULT Our initial search yielded 749 potentially relevant references out of which 55 were found to be eligible. Organs assessed include the liver, spleen, kidneys, intestines, mesenteric lymph nodes, among others. For malaria, pathognomonic conditions like splenic enlargement, hepatomegaly, renal abnormalities as well as mesenteric lymph nodes and intestinal wall thickening in patients with typhoid fever. CONCLUSION Ultrasound by experienced clinicians adds significantly to the diagnosis and work-up of patients with malaria and typhoid fever. However, it is important to note that ultrasound alone may not be sufficient for definitive diagnosis as laboratory tests may still be required for confirmatory diagnosis. IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE This study provide information on ultrasound in diagnosis of Malaria and typhoid by evaluating the morphological changes in abdominal and other organs of the body. This can be a guide to clinicians and other healthcare providers for early diagnosis and work-up of patients in endemic areas where resources are scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Ali
- Department of Medical Radiography, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - G Luntsi
- Department of Medical Radiography, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria.
| | - H K Abba-Sulum
- Department of Medical Radiography, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - F B Nkubli
- Department of Medical Radiography, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - A S Moi
- Department of Medical Radiography, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - C I Nwobi
- Department of Medical Radiography, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - A Ahidjo
- Department of Radiology, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria
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Haapanen S, Angeli A, Tolvanen M, Emameh RZ, Supuran CT, Parkkila S. Cloning, characterization, and inhibition of the novel β-carbonic anhydrase from parasitic blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2184299. [PMID: 36856011 PMCID: PMC9980027 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2184299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni is an intestinal parasite with one β-class carbonic anhydrase, SmaBCA. We report the sequence enhancing, production, catalytic activity, and inhibition results of the recombinant SmaBCA. It showed significant catalytic activity on CO2 hydration in vitro with kcat 1.38 × 105 s-1 and kcat/Km 2.33 × 107 M-1 s-1. Several sulphonamide inhibitors, from which many are clinically used, showed submicromolar or nanomolar inhibitory effects on SmaBCA. The most efficient inhibitor with a KI of 43.8 nM was 4-(2-amino-pyrimidine-4-yl)-benzenesulfonamide. Other effective inhibitors with KIs in the range of 79.4-95.9 nM were benzolamide, brinzolamide, topiramate, dorzolamide, saccharin, epacadostat, celecoxib, and famotidine. The other tested compounds showed at least micromolar range inhibition against SmaBCA. Our results introduce SmaBCA as a novel target for drug development against schistosomiasis, a highly prevalent parasitic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Haapanen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland,CONTACT Susanna Haapanen Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, 33520, Finland
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Martti Tolvanen
- Department of Computing, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland,Fimlab Ltd, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Midzi H, Vengesai A, Muleya V, Kasambala M, Mduluza-Jokonya TL, Chipako I, Siamayuwa CE, Mutapi F, Naicker T, Mduluza T. Metabolomics for biomarker discovery in schistosomiasis: A systematic scoping review. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2023.1108317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundMetabolomic based approaches are essential tools in the discovery of unique biomarkers for infectious diseases via high-throughput global assessment of metabolites and metabolite pathway dysregulation. This in-turn allows the development of diagnostic tools and provision of therapeutics. In this review, we aimed to give an overview of metabolite biomarkers and metabolic pathway alterations during Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni infections.MethodsWe conducted the review by systematically searching electronic databases and grey literature to identify relevant metabolomics studies on schistosomiasis. Arksey and O’Malley methodology for conducting systematic scoping reviews was applied. A narrative summary of results was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping review guidelines.ResultsTwelve articles included in the review identified 127 metabolites, whose concentrations were considerably altered during S. mansoni and S. haematobium infections. The metabolites were assigned to metabolic pathways involved in energy (34.6%), gut microbial (11.0%), amino acid (25.2%), nucleic acids (6.3%), immune proteins (8.7%) hormones (2.4%) and structural proteins/lipids (11.8%). Energy related metabolic pathways were the most affected during schistosome infections with metabolites such as succinate, citrate, aconitate and fumarate of the tricarbocylic acid cycle being significantly altered in organ, serum and plasma samples. Amino acid metabolism was also impacted during schistosome infections as phenylacetylglycine, alanine, taurine, 2-oxoisocaproate and 2-oxoisovalerate emerged as potent biomarkers. Elevated structural proteins such as actin, collagen and keratin concentrations were identified as biomarkers of liver fibrosis, a common pathological feature in chronic schistosomiasis infections. Hippurate was a major metabolite biomarker in the gut microbial related pathway.ConclusionsThe analysis of the literature revealed that energy related metabolic pathways are considerably altered during S. mansoni and S. haematobium infections. Therefore, their metabolites may provide biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis in addition to providing therapeutics for parasitic infections. This scoping review has identified a need to replicate more schistosomiasis metabolomic studies in humans to complement animal-model based studies.
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Kadji Fassi JB, Boukeng Jatsa H, Membe Femoe U, Greigert V, Brunet J, Cannet C, Kenfack CM, Gipwe Feussom N, Tienga Nkondo E, Abou-Bacar A, Pfaff AW, Kamgang R, Kamtchouing P, Tchuem Tchuenté LA. Protein undernutrition reduces the efficacy of praziquantel in a murine model of Schistosoma mansoni infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010249. [PMID: 35839247 PMCID: PMC9328564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Undernutrition and schistosomiasis are public health problems and often occur in low and middle-income countries. Protein undernutrition can alter the host-parasite environment system and aggravate the course of schistosomiasis. This study aimed to assess the impact of a low-protein diet on the efficacy of praziquantel. Methodology/Principal findings Thirty-day-old mice were fed with a low-protein diet, and 40 days later, they were individually infected with fifty Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. A 28-day-treatment with praziquantel at 100 mg/kg for five consecutive days followed by distilled water begins on the 36th day post-infection. Mice were sacrificed on the 64th day post-infection. We determined the parasitological burden, liver and intestine histomorphometry, liver injury, and immunomodulation parameters. Praziquantel treatment of infected mice fed with a standard diet (IN-PZQ) resulted in a significant reduction of worm and egg burdens and a normalization of iron and calcium levels. The therapy also improved schistosomiasis-induced hepatopathy and oxidative stress. The anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of praziquantel were also significant in these mice. When infected mice receiving the low-protein diet were treated with praziquantel (ILP-PZQ), the body weight loss and hepatomegaly were not alleviated, and the worm and liver egg burdens were significantly higher than those of IN-PZQ mice (P < 0.001). The treatment did not reduce the increased activities of ALT and γ-GGT, the high malondialdehyde concentration, and the liver granuloma volume. The iron and calcium levels were not ameliorated and differed from those of IN-PZQ mice (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05). Moreover, in these mice, praziquantel treatment did not reverse the high level of IL-5 and the low mRNA expression of CCL3/MIP-1α and CXCL-10/IP-10 induced by S. mansoni infection. Conclusion/Significance These results demonstrated that a low-protein diet reduced the schistosomicidal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities of praziquantel. Almost 90% of people requiring schistosomiasis preventive chemotherapy in 2018 lived in sub-Saharan Africa. Besides, 205.3 million children under five years suffer and die of undernutrition in low- and middle-income countries. The physiopathology of schistosomiasis mansoni involves liver damage, oxidative stress, and perturbation of the immune response. These disturbances are intensified by undernutrition. Praziquantel is used to treat schistosomiasis, but its efficacy on the comorbidity of S. mansoni infection and undernutrition has not been investigated. We conducted this study to assess the effectiveness of praziquantel on S. mansoni infection in mice fed with a low-protein diet. We recorded growth retardation, hepatomegaly, and high worm and egg burdens in mice fed with a low-protein diet and treated with PZQ. Moreover, the treatment did not reverse the liver function injury, oxidative stress, high iron level, and low calcium level. The proinflammatory cytokine IL-5 was still high, and the gene expression of some macrophage-associated chemokines was reduced. Therefore, this study demonstrated that in a murine model of a low-protein diet, the efficacy of praziquantel on S. mansoni infection was reduced. It also underlines the importance of targeting protein deficiency and malnutrition in populations living in schistosomiasis endemic areas for efficient disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Bertin Kadji Fassi
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Hermine Boukeng Jatsa
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- * E-mail:
| | - Ulrich Membe Femoe
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, Dynamic Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valentin Greigert
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, Dynamic Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Julie Brunet
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, Dynamic Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Cannet
- Laboratory of Histomorphometry, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Mérimé Kenfack
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Nestor Gipwe Feussom
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Emilienne Tienga Nkondo
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Ahmed Abou-Bacar
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, Dynamic Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexander Wilhelm Pfaff
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, Dynamic Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - René Kamgang
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Pierre Kamtchouing
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Louis-Albert Tchuem Tchuenté
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Ekeng BE, Edem K, Akintan P, Oladele RO. Histoplasmosis in African children: clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2022; 9:20499361211068592. [PMID: 35083042 PMCID: PMC8785273 DOI: 10.1177/20499361211068592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the reviews on histoplasmosis documented in literature have been in the adult population. Very few studies highlight the peculiarities associated with histoplasmosis in Africa especially in the pediatric population. This review addresses the above concerns with clinical summaries and diagnosis of some case reports of histoplasmosis in African children. We highlighted 44 case reports of histoplasmosis in African children (1950–2021) distributed across Western Africa (38.6%, n = 17), Eastern Africa (9.1%, n = 4), Southern Africa (9.1%, n = 4), and Central Africa (43.2%, n = 19). No case report was found from Northern Africa. The age range was 1–17 years, with a mean of 9.2. Of the 44 case reports, 8 cases (18.2%, 8/44) were caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum, 33 cases (75%, 33/44) were caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var duboisii, and specie identification was not found in 3 cases. Only three (6.8%) cases were HIV positive; 56.8% (25/44) were disseminated histoplasmosis, pulmonary histoplasmosis accounted for just one case (2.3%, 1/44). Extrapulmonary presentation included skin lesions (ulcers, fistulas, nodules, patches, pigmentations, papules, and abscesses), bone lesions, osteoarthritis, and fractures. The commonest sites affected were skin ( n = 29, 65.9%), bones ( n = 20, 45.5%), and lymph nodes ( n = 15, 34.1%). Histopathology was the commonest diagnostic method ( n = 33, 75%). Amphotericin B was first-line therapy in 45.5% of the cases ( n = 20) followed by ketoconazole (20.5%, n = 9); 27 cases (61.4%) had favorable outcomes, 8 cases (18.2%) had fatal outcomes, while in 9 cases, the outcome was not revealed. This review revealed several cases of histoplasmosis misdiagnosed as other conditions including tuberculosis ( n = 3, 6.8%), pneumonia ( n = 1, 2.3%), cancers ( n = 4, 9.1%), nephritic syndrome ( n = 1, 2.3%), leishmaniasis ( n = 1, 2.3%), and hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly syndrome ( n = 1, 2.3%). In addition, histoplasmosis was not considered in some case reports even when symptoms were suggestive. Diagnosis of histoplasmosis was made at autopsy with postmortem findings suggestive of histoplasmosis ( n = 3, 6.8%). This report highlights the need for a paradigm shift on the part of pediatricians in Africa. They need to look beyond clinical conditions considered common in our environment for this age group and evaluate for other diseases including histoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassey Ewa Ekeng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar 540271, Nigeria
- Medical Mycology Society of Nigeria, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Kevin Edem
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - Patricia Akintan
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Rita O. Oladele
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, NigeriaMedical Mycology Society of Nigeria, Nigeria
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Pavez-Fox MA, Negron-Del Valle JE, Thompson IJ, Walker CS, Bauman SE, Gonzalez O, Compo N, Ruiz-Lambides A, Martinez MI, Platt ML, Montague MJ, Higham JP, Snyder-Mackler N, Brent LJN. Sociality predicts individual variation in the immunity of free-ranging rhesus macaques. Physiol Behav 2021; 241:113560. [PMID: 34454245 PMCID: PMC8605072 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Social integration and social status can substantially affect an individual’s health and survival. One route through which this occurs is by altering immune function, which can be highly sensitive to changes in the social environment. However, we currently have limited understanding of how sociality influences markers of immunity in naturalistic populations where social dynamics can be fully realized. To address this gap, we asked if social integration and social status in free-ranging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) predict anatomical and physiological markers of immunity. We used data on agonistic interactions to determine social status, and social network analysis of grooming interactions to generate measures of individual variation in social integration. As measures of immunity, we included the size of two of the major organs involved in the immune response, the spleen and liver, and counts of three types of blood cells (red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells). Controlling for body mass and age, we found that neither social status nor social integration predicted the size of anatomical markers of immunity. However, individuals that were more socially connected, i.e., with more grooming partners, had lower numbers of white blood cells than their socially isolated counterparts, indicating lower levels of inflammation with increasing levels of integration. These results build upon and extend our knowledge of the relationship between sociality and the immune system in humans and captive animals to free-ranging primates, demonstrating generalizability of the beneficial role of social integration on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Pavez-Fox
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Indya J Thompson
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, NC, United States
| | - Christopher S Walker
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, NC, United States
| | - Samuel E Bauman
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico
| | - Olga Gonzalez
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Melween I Martinez
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico
| | - Michael L Platt
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, PA, United States; Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, PA, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, PA, United States; Department of Marketing, University of Pennsylvania , PA, United States
| | - Michael J Montague
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, PA, United States
| | - James P Higham
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, NY, United States
| | - Noah Snyder-Mackler
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, AZ, United States; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, AZ, United States
| | - Lauren J N Brent
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
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Tamarozzi F, Fittipaldo VA, Orth HM, Richter J, Buonfrate D, Riccardi N, Gobbi FG. Diagnosis and clinical management of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis: A scoping review of the literature. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009191. [PMID: 33764979 PMCID: PMC7993612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (HSS) is a disease caused by chronic infection with Schistosma spp. parasites residing in the mesenteric plexus; portal hypertension causing gastrointestinal bleeding is the most dangerous complication of this condition. HSS requires complex clinical management, but no specific guidelines exist. We aimed to provide a comprehensive picture of consolidated findings and knowledge gaps on the diagnosis and treatment of HSS. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We reviewed relevant original publications including patients with HSS with no coinfections, published in the past 40 years, identified through MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Treatment with praziquantel and HSS-associated pulmonary hypertension were not investigated. Of the included 60 publications, 13 focused on diagnostic aspects, 45 on therapeutic aspects, and 2 on both aspects. Results were summarized using effect direction plots. The most common diagnostic approaches to stratify patients based on the risk of variceal bleeding included the use of ultrasonography and platelet counts; on the contrary, evaluation and use of noninvasive tools to guide the choice of therapeutic interventions are lacking. Publications on therapeutic aspects included treatment with beta-blockers, local management of esophageal varices, surgical procedures, and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Overall, treatment approaches and measured outcomes were heterogeneous, and data on interventions for primary prevention of gastrointestinal bleeding and on the long-term follow-up after interventions were lacking. CONCLUSIONS Most interventions have been developed on the basis of individual groups' experiences and almost never rigorously compared; furthermore, there is a lack of data regarding which parameters can guide the choice of intervention. These results highlight a dramatic need for the implementation of rigorous prospective studies with long-term follow-up in different settings to fill such fundamental gaps, still present for a disease affecting millions of patients worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Tamarozzi
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - Veronica A. Fittipaldo
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - Hans Martin Orth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Duesseldorf University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joachim Richter
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dora Buonfrate
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - Niccolò Riccardi
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico G. Gobbi
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
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Sibomana JP, Campeche A, Carvalho-Filho RJ, Correa RA, Duani H, Pacheco Guimaraes V, Hilton JF, Kassa B, Kumar R, Lee MH, Loureiro CMC, Mazimba S, Mickael C, Oliveira RKF, Ota-Arakaki JS, Rezende CF, Silva LCS, Sinkala E, Ahmed HY, Graham BB. Schistosomiasis Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Front Immunol 2020; 11:608883. [PMID: 33362796 PMCID: PMC7758287 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.608883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disease of the lung blood vessels that results in right heart failure. PAH is thought to occur in about 5% to 10% of patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, particularly due to S. mansoni. The lung blood vessel injury may result from a combination of embolization of eggs through portocaval shunts into the lungs causing localized Type 2 inflammatory response and vessel remodeling, triggering of autonomous pathology that becomes independent of the antigen, and high cardiac output as seen in portopulmonary hypertension. The condition is likely underdiagnosed as there is little systematic screening, and risk factors for developing PAH are not known. Screening is done by echocardiography, and formal diagnosis requires invasive right heart catheterization. Patients with Schistosoma-associated PAH show reduced functional capacity and can be treated with pulmonary vasodilators, which improves symptoms and may improve survival. There are animal models of this disease that might help in understanding disease pathogenesis and identify novel targets to screen and treatment. Pathogenic mechanisms include Type 2 immunity and activation and signaling in the TGF-β pathway. There are still major uncertainties regarding Schistosoma-associated PAH development, course and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Pierre Sibomana
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, College of Health Sciences, University of Addis Ababa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Medicine, Butare University Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Aloma Campeche
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Santa Casa Hospital, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Roberto J. Carvalho-Filho
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Amorim Correa
- Internal Medicine/Pulmonary Division, Medical School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Helena Duani
- Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases Division, Medical School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Virginia Pacheco Guimaraes
- Pulmonary Department, Hospital Júlia Kubistchek, Fundação Hospitalar of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Joan F. Hilton
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Biruk Kassa
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Michael H. Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Sula Mazimba
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Claudia Mickael
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Rudolf K. F. Oliveira
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jaquelina S. Ota-Arakaki
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Farnese Rezende
- Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luciana C. S. Silva
- Internal Medicine Department, Medical School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edford Sinkala
- Hepatology Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Zambia Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Hanan Yusuf Ahmed
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, College of Health Sciences, University of Addis Ababa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Brian B. Graham
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Trivedi A, Misra A, Sarkar E, Balapure AK. In vitro Effect of Chlorquine and Picroliv on Plasmodium Berghei Induced Alterations in the Activity of Adenosine Triphosphatase, Aryl Hyrocarbon Hydroxylase Enzymes and Malondialdehyde in Spleen Explant Culture. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2020; 21:416-428. [PMID: 32603287 DOI: 10.2174/1871526520666200630124419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, great progress has been made in reducing the high level of malaria suffering worldwide. There is a great need to evaluate drug resistance reversers and consider new medicines against malaria. There are many approaches to the development of antimalarial drugs. Specific concerns must be taken into account in these approaches, in particular the requirement for inexpensive and simple new therapies and the need to limit drug discovery expenses. Important ongoing efforts are the optimisation of treatment with available medications, including the use of combination therapy, the production of analogs of known agents and the identification of natural products, the use of compounds originally developed against other diseases, the assessment of overcoming drug resistance and the consideration of new therapeutic targets. Liver and spleen are the important organs which are directly associated with malarial complications. AIM An analysis of the Activity of Adenosine Triphosphatase, Aryl Hyrocarbon Hydroxylase Enzymes and Malondialdehyde in spleen Explant Culture. OBJECTIVE To determine in vitro effectof Chlorquine and Picroliv on Plasmodium Berghei induced alterations in the Activity of Adenosine Triphosphatase, Aryl Hyrocarbon Hydroxylase Enzymes and Malondialdehyde in spleen Explant Culture. MATERIALS AND METHODS 1-Histological preparation of spleen explants for paraplast embedding. 2- Biochemicalstudies (Enzymes (Atpase, ALP&GST) and the level of protein, Malondialdehyde (MDA). RESULTS Splenomegalyis isone of the three main diagnostic parameters of malaria infection besides fever and anaemia. Many enzymes present in the liver and spleen may also be altered or liberated under different pathological conditions. Enzymes (ATPase, ALP&GST) and the level of protein, Malondialdehyde (MDA) content was found to increase in the liver and spleen explants during malarial infection. In the liver and spleen derived from parasitized CQ treated animals, the activity of all the above enzymes (ATPase, ALP&GST) and the level of protein & MDA of liver/spleen reversed towards the normal for all the 4 or 3 days of incubations. Picroliv efficacy decreased with the increment of parasitaemia and at 60% parasitaemia. CONCLUSION Alkalinephosphatase (ALP) was found to increase with increasing parasitaemia. After the addition of Picroliv to the medium, a decrement in the activity was observed up to day 4 of culture. A similar positive effect of Picroliv was observed on the ATPase and ALP activity of spleen explants. DNA and protein contents also increased in the parasitized liver cultured in the presence of picroliv. On the contrary, in the spleen explants DNA, protein and MDA content were found to decrease after Picroliv supplementation to the culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchal Trivedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, India
| | - Aparna Misra
- Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, India
| | - Esha Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, India
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10
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Stijlemans B, Korf H, De Baetselier P, Brys L, Van Ginderachter JA, Magez S, De Trez C. Hepatocyte-derived IL-10 plays a crucial role in attenuating pathogenicity during the chronic phase of T. congolense infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008170. [PMID: 32012211 PMCID: PMC7018099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine African Trypanosomosis is an infectious parasitic disease affecting livestock productivity and thereby impairing the economic development of Sub-Saharan Africa. The most important trypanosome species implicated is T. congolense, causing anemia as most important pathological feature. Using murine models, it was shown that due to the parasite’s efficient immune evasion mechanisms, including (i) antigenic variation of the variable surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat, (ii) induction of polyclonal B cell activation, (iii) loss of B cell memory and (iv) T cell mediated immunosuppression, disease prevention through vaccination has so far been impossible. In trypanotolerant models a strong, early pro-inflammatory immune response involving IFN-γ, TNF and NO, combined with a strong humoral anti-VSG response, ensures early parasitemia control. This potent protective inflammatory response is counterbalanced by the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, which in turn prevents early death of the host from uncontrolled hyper-inflammation-mediated immunopathologies. Though at this stage different hematopoietic cells, such as NK cells, T cells and B cells as well as myeloid cells (i.e. alternatively activated myeloid cells (M2) or Ly6c- monocytes), were found to produce IL-10, the contribution of non-hematopoietic cells as potential IL-10 source during experimental T. congolense infection has not been addressed. Here, we report for the first time that during the chronic stage of T. congolense infection non-hematopoietic cells constitute an important source of IL-10. Our data shows that hepatocyte-derived IL-10 is mandatory for host survival and is crucial for the control of trypanosomosis-induced inflammation and associated immunopathologies such as anemia, hepatosplenomegaly and excessive tissue injury. Bovine African Trypanosomosis is a parasitic disease of veterinary importance that adversely affects the public health and economic development of sub-Saharan Africa. The most important trypanosome species implicated is T. congolense, causing anemia as most important pathological feature and major cause of death. Using murine models, it was shown that the disease is characterized by a well-timed and balanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokine promoting factors followed by an anti-inflammatory response, involving IL-10. The latter is required to attenuate infection-associated pathogenicity and to prevent early host death from uncontrolled hyper-inflammation mediated immunopathologies. However, the cellular source of IL-10 in vivo and the window within which these cells exert their function during the course of African trypanosomiasis remain poorly understood, which hampers the design of effective therapeutic strategies. Using a T. congolense infection mouse model, relevant for bovine trypanosomosis, we demonstrate that during the chronic stage of infection hepatocyte-derived IL-10, but not myeloid cell-derived IL-10, regulates the main infection-associated immunopathologies and ultimately mediates host survival. Hence, strategies that tilt the balance of hepatocyte cytokine production in favor of IL-10 could majorly impact the wellbeing and survival of T. congolense-infected animals. Given the unmet medical need for this parasite infection, our findings offer promise for improved treatment protocols in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Stijlemans
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Hannelie Korf
- Laboratory of Hepatology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Baetselier
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lea Brys
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo A. Van Ginderachter
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Carl De Trez
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Jatsa HB, Feussom NG, Nkondo ET, Kenfack MC, Simo ND, Fassi JBK, Femoe UM, Moaboulou C, Tsague CD, Dongo E, Kamtchouing P, Tchuem Tchuente LA. Efficacy of Ozoroa pulcherrima Schweinf methanolic extract against Schistosoma mansoni-induced liver injury in mice. J Tradit Complement Med 2019; 9:304-311. [PMID: 31453126 PMCID: PMC6702131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The roots of Ozoroa pulcherrima Schweinf are used in traditional medicine to treat intestinal helminthiasis. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Ozoroa pulcherrima roots methanolic extract (OPME) on liver injury induced by Schistosoma mansoni in mice. A preliminary phytochemical study of OPME was conducted. OPME was given daily and orally to S. mansoni-infected mice at 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg for 28 days, starting from the 36th day post-infection. Praziquantel was used as reference drug. Non-infected and infected-untreated mice served as controls. Worm burden and egg output, transaminases, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and total protein; as well as malondialdehyde, catalase and reduced glutathione were evaluated. In OPME, total phenolic was 79.61 ± 0.25 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, while total flavonoid was 7.98 ± 0.04 mg rutin equivalent/g. Treatment of S. mansoni-infected mice with OPME produced significant reduction of worm burden and ova count in the faeces, liver and intestine. Significant reduction of alanine aminotransferase activity (p < 0.001) as well as significant increase of total protein content (p < 0.001) was recorded after OPME treatment at all doses. Total bilirubin level was also reduced (p < 0.01). Administration of OPME at all doses corrected the high malondialdehyde level (p < 0.001) induced by the infection. At 200 mg/kg, catalase activity and reduced glutathione concentration were significantly increased (p < 0.001). OPME at 200 mg/kg showed moderate schistosomicidal effect, but was effective as the standard drug praziquantel in restoring the liver function after S. mansoni infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermine Boukeng Jatsa
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Nestor Gipwe Feussom
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Emilienne Tienga Nkondo
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Mérimé Christian Kenfack
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Nadège Distele Simo
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Joseph Bertin Kadji Fassi
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Ulrich Membe Femoe
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Cyriaque Moaboulou
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Christelle Dongmo Tsague
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Etienne Dongo
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Pierre Kamtchouing
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Louis-Albert Tchuem Tchuente
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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12
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Djokic V, Akoolo L, Primus S, Schlachter S, Kelly K, Bhanot P, Parveen N. Protozoan Parasite Babesia microti Subverts Adaptive Immunity and Enhances Lyme Disease Severity. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1596. [PMID: 31354683 PMCID: PMC6635642 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease is the most prominent tick-borne disease in the United States. Co-infections with the tick-transmitted pathogens Babesia microti and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto are becoming a serious health problem. B. burgdorferi is an extracellular spirochete that causes Lyme disease while B. microti is a protozoan that infects erythrocytes and causes babesiosis. Testing of donated blood for Babesia species is not currently mandatory due to unavailability of an FDA approved test. Transmission of this protozoan by blood transfusion often results in high morbidity and mortality in recipients. Infection of C3H/HeJ mice with B. burgdorferi and B. microti individually results in inflammatory Lyme disease and display of human babesiosis-like symptoms, respectively. Here we use this mouse model to provide a detailed investigation of the reciprocal influence of the two pathogens on each other during co-infection. We show that B. burgdorferi infection attenuates parasitemia in mice while B. microti subverts the splenic immune response, such that a marked decrease in splenic B and T cells, reduction in antibody levels and diminished functional humoral immunity, as determined by spirochete opsonophagocytosis, are observed in co-infected mice compared to only B. burgdorferi infected mice. Furthermore, immunosuppression by B. microti in co-infected mice showed an association with enhanced Lyme disease manifestations. This study demonstrates the effect of only simultaneous infection by B. burgdorferi and B. microti on each pathogen, immune response and on disease manifestations with respect to infection by the spirochete and the parasite. In our future studies, we will examine the overall effects of sequential infection by these pathogens on host immune responses and disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitomir Djokic
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Lavoisier Akoolo
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Shekerah Primus
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Samantha Schlachter
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Kathleen Kelly
- Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Purnima Bhanot
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Nikhat Parveen
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
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13
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Jatsa HB, Feussom NG, Femoe UM, Kenfack MC, Nkondo ET, Kadji Fassi JB, Simo ND, Moaboulou C, Dongmo CN, Tsague CD, Dongo E, Kamtchouing P, Tchuem Tchuente LA. Evaluation of the schistosomicidal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethyl acetate fraction from Ozoroa pulcherrima Schweinf. Roots on Schistosoma mansoni-induced liver pathology in mice and its phytochemical characterization. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 238:111883. [PMID: 30999012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ozoroa pulcherrima Schweinf. (syn.: Heeria pulcherrrima Schweinf.) is a small shrub belonging to the family Anacardiaceae. In Africa, the stem and the leaves are used to treat dystocia, hyperthermia, and conjunctivitis, while the root is used to treat dysmenorrhea and intestinal helminthiasis. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to assess the schistosomicidal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the ethyl acetate fraction from O. pulcherrima roots methanolic extract (EAOp) on S. mansoni- induced liver pathology in mice. Additionally, its phytochemical composition was elucidated. MATERIAL AND METHODS The phytochemical characterization of EAOp was carried out by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also quantified in the fraction. S. mansoni-infected mice received daily and per os, for 28 days, EAOp at 200 or 400 mg/kg, starting from the 36th day post-infection. Praziquantel was used as reference drug. Uninfected-untreated, uninfected-treated and infected-untreated mice served as controls. At the 65th day post-infection mice were sacrificed and parasitological burden monitored. Transaminases, total bilirubin, and total proteins levels were determined in the plasma. Malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrites, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were measured in the liver as biomarkers of the oxidative stress. Liver histology and morphometric analysis of granulomas were also conducted. RESULTS The HPLC-MS analysis data of EAOp revealed the presence of four triterpenes namely oleaterminaloic acid, hydroxyoleanolic acid, moronic acid, and oleanolic acid; a flavonoid dipentoxybenzoic acid and two alkaloids. Its total phenolic content was 76.46 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g and total flavonoid content 6.26 ± 0.31 mg rutin equivalent/g. The reductions of worm burden (48.89 and 75.56%), fecal egg count (77.76 and 69.52%) and egg load in the liver (65.33 and 77.18%) and intestine (78.06 and 84.63%) were significant after EAOp treatment. EAOp at all doses significantly (p < 0.001) reversed the increasing transaminases activities and total bilirubin level induced by the infection. A normalization of total proteins concentration was also recorded. Treatment of S. mansoni-infected mice with EAOp at 200 or 400 mg/kg resulted in a significant reduction (p < 0.001) of MDA concentration by 73.20% and 67.78% respectively. The level of nitrites which was reduced by the infection significantly increased after the treatment. EAOp significantly increased by 4.67 and 5.69-fold the CAT activity and by 126.67% the GSH level. Histologically, a significant reduction of the number (66.39 and 57.82%) and the volume (52.25 and 34.81%) of liver inflammatory granulomas was recorded after EAOp treatment at all doses. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the liver pathology in S. mansoni infection is improved by EAOp which disclosed good schistosomicidal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Its effects on the liver dysfunction and the hepatic oxidative stress were comparable to that of praziquantel. These findings justified the traditional use of O. pulcherrima for the treatment of intestinal helminthiasis. This fraction can be considered as a promising source for schistosomicidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermine Boukeng Jatsa
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Nestor Gipwe Feussom
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Ulrich Membe Femoe
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Mérimé Christian Kenfack
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Emilienne Tienga Nkondo
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Joseph Bertin Kadji Fassi
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Nadège Distele Simo
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Cyriaque Moaboulou
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Calvine Noumedem Dongmo
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Christelle Dongmo Tsague
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Etienne Dongo
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Pierre Kamtchouing
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Louis-Albert Tchuem Tchuente
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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14
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Malerba P, Kaminstein D, Brunetti E, Manciulli T. Is there a role for bedside ultrasound in malaria? A survey of the literature. J Ultrasound 2019; 23:13-21. [PMID: 30852774 DOI: 10.1007/s40477-019-00371-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has proven utility in the evaluation and treatment of many tropical diseases. Its role in malaria has been studied, but its value for the clinician at the bedside is unclear. Our review aimed at summarizing the existing studies to assess the usefulness, if any, of POCUS in treating malaria. METHODS We used Boolean operators using keywords "malaria", "acoustic", "ultrasound", "echography", and "ultrasonography" to search PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct in three languages (Italian, French, and English). RESULTS We found 22 eligible references. Organs explored include the liver, spleen, heart, optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD), kidney, lungs, and cerebral vasculature. Multiple pathologic findings by ultrasound are reported, but few demonstrate clinical utility. Current studies involve small numbers of patients, and a few trends emerge when studies are compared. The ability to combine study results is limited due to the significant heterogeneity that exists between studies in regards to both methods of evaluation and the reporting of organ pathology and malaria severity. CONCLUSIONS AND ASSESSMENT A review of the current literature indicates that the use of ultrasound by clinicians adds little to the diagnostic evaluation of patients with malaria. Our review did find that measurements of the spleen, lungs, optic nerve sheath diameter, and cerebral blood flow have potential utility in specific patient populations. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether this utility persists when a larger sample size is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Malerba
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Brambilla 74, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Daniel Kaminstein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Enrico Brunetti
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Brambilla 74, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Hospital Fundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Manciulli
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Brambilla 74, 27100, Pavia, PV, Italy.
- PhD School of Experimental Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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15
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Bah YM, Paye J, Bah MS, Conteh A, Saffa S, Tia A, Sonnie M, Veinoglou A, Hodges MH, Zhang Y. Schistosomiasis in School Age Children in Sierra Leone After 6 Years of Mass Drug Administration With Praziquantel. Front Public Health 2019; 7:1. [PMID: 30809516 PMCID: PMC6379326 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Historic data and baseline surveys showed schistosomiasis as highly/moderately endemic in 7 of 14 districts in Sierra Leone, justifying annual/biennial mass drug administration (MDA) with praziquantel. MDA commenced in 2009 and reported treatment coverage had been above the World Health Organization recommended 75% of target population. Assessment in 2012 showed significant reduction in infection. In 2016, another national school-based survey was conducted to evaluate the progress. Two schools from each category (high, moderate or low) of endemic communities in each MDA district and five schools in non-MDA districts were selected. Fifty children (25 boys and 25 girls) aged 9-14 years were randomly selected per school. Parasitological examination of 1,980 stool and 1,382 urine samples were conducted. Overall Schistosoma mansoni prevalence in the seven MDA districts decreased to 20.4% (95% CI: 18.7-22.3%) in 2016 from 42.2% (95% CI: 39.8-44.5%) at baseline (p < 0.0001). Mean overall S. mansoni intensity of infection reduced to 52.8 epg (95% CI: 43.2-62.4 epg) in 2016 from 100.5 epg (95% CI: 88.7-112.3 epg) at baseline (p < 0.001). The prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium in the five MDA districts that had baseline prevalence data decreased to 2.2% (95% CI: 1.5-3.1%) in 2016 from 18.3% (95% CI: 16.3-20.5%) at baseline (p < 0.0001). Mean overall intensity of infection increased to 1.12 e/10 ml (95% CI: 0.55-0.1.70 e/10 ml) in 2016 compared to 0.47 e/10 ml (95% CI: 0.16-0.78 e/10 ml) in 2012 (p < 0.05) (no baseline data). No district was highly endemic in 2016 compared to three at baseline and there was no significant difference in prevalence or intensity of infection by sex for both species. This survey illustrated the significant progress made in controlling schistosomiasis in Sierra Leone. The fact that prevalence and intensity of infection showed an increase from the 2010 level suggested a detrimental effect of missing MDA due to the Ebola toward schistosomiasis control. The national program needs to continue the treatment and adopt a comprehensive approach including water, hygiene, and sanitation measures to achieve control and elimination of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakuba M. Bah
- Neglected Tropical Disease Program, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Jusufu Paye
- Helen Keller International, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Abdulai Conteh
- Neglected Tropical Disease Program, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Sam Saffa
- Neglected Tropical Disease Program, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Alie Tia
- Neglected Tropical Disease Program, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Amy Veinoglou
- Headquarters, Helen Keller International, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Yaobi Zhang
- Regional Office for Africa, Helen Keller International, Dakar, Senegal
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Hürlimann E, Houngbedji CA, Yapi RB, N’Dri PB, Silué KD, Ouattara M, Utzinger J, N’Goran EK, Raso G. Antagonistic effects of Plasmodium-helminth co-infections on malaria pathology in different population groups in Côte d'Ivoire. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007086. [PMID: 30629580 PMCID: PMC6343929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Plasmodium spp. and helminths are co-endemic in many parts of the tropics; hence, co-infection is a common phenomenon. Interactions between Plasmodium and helminth infections may alter the host’s immune response and susceptibility and thus impact on morbidity. There is little information on the direction and magnitude of such interactions and results are conflicting. This study aimed at shedding new light on the potential interactions of Plasmodium and helminth co-infections on anemia and splenomegaly in different population groups in Côte d’Ivoire. Methodology Parasitologic and clinical data were obtained from four cross-sectional community-based studies and a national school-based survey conducted between 2011 and 2013 in Côte d’Ivoire. Six scenarios of co-infection pairs defined as Plasmodium infection or high parasitemia, combined with one of three common helminth infections (i.e., Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, and hookworm) served for analysis. Adjusted logistic regression models were built for each scenario and interaction measures on additive scale calculated according to Rothman et al., while an interaction term in the model served as multiplicative scale measure. Principal findings All identified significant interactions were of antagonistic nature but varied in magnitude and species combination. In study participants aged 5–18 years from community-based studies, Plasmodium-hookworm co-infection showed an antagonistic interaction on additive scale on splenomegaly, while Plasmodium-Schistosoma co-infection scenarios showed protective effects on multiplicative scale for anemia and splenomegaly in participants aged 5–16 years from a school-based study. Conclusions/Significance No exacerbation from co-infection with Plasmodium and helminths was observed, neither in participants aged 5–18 years nor in adults from the community-based studies. Future studies should unravel underlying mechanisms of the observed interactions, as this knowledge might help shaping control efforts against these diseases of poverty. Malaria (due to infection with Plasmodium spp.) and parasitic worms (for example soil-transmitted helminths and Schistosoma spp.) are common in the tropics. Hence, people are often co-infected, depending on various factors. Interactions between Plasmodium and helminth infections may alter immune response and susceptibility of the infected host, and thus impact on morbidity by either making it worse (synergism) or by reducing it (antagonism). Although these co-infections are common, little is known about the direction and magnitude of such interactions. To deepen the understanding of how co-infection could affect morbidity in infected people, we looked at clinical data (i.e., anemia and splenomegaly) in different population groups in Côte d’Ivoire. We did not observe any exacerbation from co-infection with Plasmodium and helminths; all identified significant interactions were of antagonistic nature but varied in magnitude and parasite combination. In the light of enhanced control efforts targeting helminthiases, a better understanding about potential effects on susceptibility to malaria in co-endemic areas should be gained and intervention strategies against the two type of diseases be planned in a more integrative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Hürlimann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Clarisse A. Houngbedji
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre d’Entomologie Médicale et Vétérinaire, Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Richard B. Yapi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Prisca B. N’Dri
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Kigbafori D. Silué
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Hophouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Mamadou Ouattara
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Hophouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eliézer K. N’Goran
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Hophouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Giovanna Raso
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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El-Khadragy MF, Al-Olayan EM, Elmallah MIY, Alharbi AM, Yehia HM, Abdel Moneim AE. Probiotics and yogurt modulate oxidative stress and fibrosis in livers of Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:3. [PMID: 30606163 PMCID: PMC6318950 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Considerable morbidity, mortality, and economic loss result from schistosomiasis infection. Deposition of Schistosoma eggs in the hepatic portal vein is considered as the main causative agent for the development of liver fibrosis and subsequent liver cirrhosis. Probiotics are exogenous and beneficial microorganisms to living hosts against the harmful effect of many parasites. Strong evidence suggests the importance of probiotics in the control strategy of helminth. The ultimate goal of this study is to evaluate the protective effect of probiotics and yogurt on Schistosoma mansoni-induced oxidative stress and hepatic fibrosis in mice. Methods Mice were infected by tail immersion of schistosomal cercariae followed by an oral treatment with either probiotics or yogurt for one week before infection and immediately post-infection. Mice were scarified on day 56 following infection with S. mansoni and liver sample were obtained. Results We showed that oral administration of probiotics or yogurt revealed a significant reduction in worm number, egg load, and granuloma size in liver tissue, which is mainly assigned to the decreased expression level of matrix metalloproteinases 9 (MMP-9) in liver tissue. A significant reduction in the oxidative stress markers-induced by S. mansoni infection including lipid peroxidation and nitrite/nitrate was also detected. The level of some antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase) and reduced glutathione was greatly enhanced. Furthermore, treatment with probiotics or yogurt inhibited apoptosis in hepatic tissue, which is mainly assigned to the decreased expression level of caspases-3 in liver tissue. Conclusion Our findings represent the promising anti-schistosomal activities of probiotics and yogurt. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-018-2406-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Djokic V, Primus S, Akoolo L, Chakraborti M, Parveen N. Age-Related Differential Stimulation of Immune Response by Babesia microti and Borrelia burgdorferi During Acute Phase of Infection Affects Disease Severity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2891. [PMID: 30619263 PMCID: PMC6300717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease is the most prominent tick-borne disease with 300,000 cases estimated by CDC every year while ~2,000 cases of babesiosis occur per year in the United States. Simultaneous infection with Babesia microti and Borrelia burgdorferi are now the most common tick-transmitted coinfections in the U.S.A., and they are a serious health problem because coinfected patients show more intense and persisting disease symptoms. B. burgdorferi is an extracellular spirochete responsible for systemic Lyme disease while B. microti is a protozoan that infects erythrocytes and causes babesiosis. Immune status and spleen health are important for resolution of babesiosis, which is more severe and even fatal in the elderly and splenectomized patients. Therefore, we investigated the effect of each pathogen on host immune response and consequently on severity of disease manifestations in both young, and 30 weeks old C3H mice. At the acute stage of infection, Th1 polarization in young mice spleen was associated with increased IFN-γ and TNF-α producing T cells and a high Tregs/Th17 ratio. Together, these changes could help in the resolution of both infections in young mice and also prevent fatality by B. microti infection as observed with WA-1 strain of Babesia. In older mature mice, Th2 polarization at acute phase of B. burgdorferi infection could play a more effective role in preventing Lyme disease symptoms. As a result, enhanced B. burgdorferi survival and increased tissue colonization results in severe Lyme arthritis only in young coinfected mice. At 3 weeks post-infection, diminished pathogen-specific antibody production in coinfected young, but not older mice, as compared to mice infected with each pathogen individually may also contribute to increased inflammation observed due to B. burgdorferi infection, thus causing persistent Lyme disease observed in coinfected mice and reported in patients. Thus, higher combined proinflammatory response to B. burgdorferi due to Th1 and Th17 cells likely reduced B. microti parasitemia significantly only in young mice later in infection, while the presence of B. microti reduced humoral immunity later in infection and enhanced tissue colonization by Lyme spirochetes in these mice even at the acute stage, thereby increasing inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitomir Djokic
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Shekerah Primus
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Lavoisier Akoolo
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Monideep Chakraborti
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Nikhat Parveen
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
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Kinung'hi SM, Mazigo HD, Dunne DW, Kepha S, Kaatano G, Kishamawe C, Ndokeji S, Angelo T, Nuwaha F. Coinfection of intestinal schistosomiasis and malaria and association with haemoglobin levels and nutritional status in school children in Mara region, Northwestern Tanzania: a cross-sectional exploratory study. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:583. [PMID: 29121978 PMCID: PMC5679344 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis represents a major public health problem in Tanzania despite ongoing national control efforts. This study examined whether intestinal schistosomiasis is associated with malaria and assessed the contribution of intestinal schistosomiasis and malaria on anaemia and undernutrition in school children in Mara region, North-western Tanzania. Methods Stool samples were collected from each of 928 school children randomly selected from 5 schools and examined for intestinal schistosomiasis using the Kato Katz method. Finger prick blood samples were collected and examined for malaria parasites and haemoglobin concentrations using the Giemsa stain and Haemocue methods, respectively. Nutritional status was assessed by taking anthropometric measurements. Results The overall prevalence and infection intensity of S. mansoni was 85.6% (794/928) and 192 (100–278), respectively. The prevalence of malaria was 27.4% (254/928) with significant differences among villages (χ2 = 96.11, p < 0.001). The prevalence of anaemia was 42.3% (392/928) with significant differences among villages (χ2 = 39.61, p < 0.001). The prevalence of stunting, thinness and underweight was 21, 6.8 and 1.3%, respectively. Stunting varied significantly by sex (χ2 = 267.8, p < 0.001), age group (χ2 = 96.4, p < 0.001) and by village (χ2 = 20.5, p < 0.001). Out of the 825 infected children, 217 (26.4%) had multiple parasite infections (two to three parasites). The prevalence of co-infections occurred more frequently in boys than in girls (χ2 = 21.65, p = 0.010). Mean haemoglobin concentrations for co-infected children was significantly lower than that of children not co-infected (115.2 vs 119.6; t = 0.01, p = 0.002). Co-infected children were more likely to be stunted than children who were not co-infected (χ2 = 11.6, p = 0.003). On multivariate analysis, age group, village of residence and severe anaemia were significant predictors of stunting after adjusting for sex and infection status. Conclusions Intestinal schistosomiasis and malaria are prevalent in Mara region. Coinfections of these parasites as well as chronic undernutrition were also common. We recommend Mara region to be included in national schistosomiasis control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safari M Kinung'hi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Centre, P. O. Box 1462, Mwanza, Tanzania.
| | - Humphrey D Mazigo
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - David W Dunne
- Department of Pathology, Cambridge University, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stella Kepha
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Godfrey Kaatano
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Centre, P. O. Box 1462, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Coleman Kishamawe
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Centre, P. O. Box 1462, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Samuel Ndokeji
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Centre, P. O. Box 1462, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Teckla Angelo
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Centre, P. O. Box 1462, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Fred Nuwaha
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
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Stecher CW, Madsen H, Wilson S, Sacko M, Wejse C, Keita AD, Landouré A, Traoré MS, Kallestrup P, Petersen E, Vennervald B. Organomegaly in Mali before and after praziquantel treatment. A possible association with Schistosoma haematobium. Heliyon 2017; 3:e00440. [PMID: 29264407 PMCID: PMC5727379 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous exposure to schistosome-infested water results in acute and chronic morbidity in all ages. We analysed occurence of organomegaly via ultrasonography and investigated a possible additive effect of dual-dose drug administration in 401 Schistosoma haematobium infected individuals from a highly endemic area in Mali. Mean intensity of infection at baseline (22.0 eggs per 10 ml) was reduced to 0.22 eggs per 10 ml 9 weeks after treatment (both treatments combined). Odds of persistent infection among those given dual-dose treatment was 41% of that in people given single dose (b = 0.41; p = 0.05; 95% CI 0.17-1.00), but after two years, 70.7% of the 157 participants, who completed the survey, were re-infected with no significant difference in prevalence and intensity of infection between treatment groups. Resolution of organomegaly occurred in all age groups after treatment. A novel association between Schistosoma haematobium infection and moderate portal vein enlargement was found in 35% (n: 55). Severe portal vein diameter enlargement was found in 3.2%. After two years, moderate hepatomegaly was present in 50.6%, moderate splenomegaly in 45.6% and moderate portal vein diameter enlargement in 19%. A subsequent dose of PZQ did not provide any additional long-term advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalotte Willemann Stecher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
- Center for Global Health (GloHAU), Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Henry Madsen
- Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, SUND, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shona Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Moussa Sacko
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institut National de Recerche en Sante Publique, Bamako, Mali
| | - Christian Wejse
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
- Center for Global Health (GloHAU), Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Adama D. Keita
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology, Bamako, Mali
| | - Aly Landouré
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institut National de Recerche en Sante Publique, Bamako, Mali
| | - Mamadou S. Traoré
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institut National de Recerche en Sante Publique, Bamako, Mali
| | - Per Kallestrup
- Center for Global Health (GloHAU), Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Eskild Petersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Royal Hospital, P.O. Box 1331, Muscat, Oman
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Vennervald
- Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, SUND, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Dkhil MA, Khalil MF, Diab MS, Bauomy AA, Al-Quraishy S. Effect of gold nanoparticles on mice splenomegaly induced by schistosomiasis mansoni. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 24:1418-1423. [PMID: 28855840 PMCID: PMC5562478 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is still one of the main parasitic diseases that affect human health in tropical regions. Whilst praziquantel (PZQ) is the main classic antischistosomal drug, the need for new drugs is still a must due to the low effectiveness of the drug on the schistosome young worms, and the evolving of PZQ resistant strains. Nanotechnology is one of the most important recent and current methods used to treat human diseases including parasitic ones. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the curative role of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) on splenic tissue of mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy was used for characterization of nanoparticles (NP). GNPs of 1 mg/kg mice body weight were inoculated into mice infected with S. mansoni. The parasite caused deteriorations in histological architecture of the spleen tissue, and splenomegaly. Additionally, the parasite induced a significant reduction in splenic tissue glutathione levels; however, the concentrations of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde were significantly increased. Treatment of mice with GNPs reduced the extent of histological impairment and oxidative stress in spleen tissue. Therefore, our results demonstrate the protective role of GNPs against splenic damage in mice infected with S. mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Dkhil
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona F. Khalil
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Biology, College of Medicine, University of Dammam, Rakah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa S.M. Diab
- Molecular Drug Evaluation Department, National Organization for Drug Control & Research (NODCAR), Giza 12553, Egypt
| | - Amira A. Bauomy
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, College of Science & Arts, Al-Rass, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
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Mazigo HD, Rumisha SF, Chiduo MG, Bwana VM, Mboera LEG. Malaria among rice farming communities in Kilangali village, Kilosa district, Central Tanzania: prevalence, intensity and associated factors. Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:101. [PMID: 28676077 PMCID: PMC5497374 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0315-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in Tanzania. However, its prevalence varies from area to area depending on various ecological, socio-economic and health system factors. This study was carried out to determine malaria prevalence and associated factors among rice farming communities in the Kilangali village of Kilosa District in Central Tanzania. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in May 2015, involving randomly selected persons living in the six sub-villages of the Kilangali village, namely Mlegeni, Kisiwani, Makuruwili, Kwamtunga, Upogoroni and Chamwino. A finger prick blood sample was obtained for diagnosis of malaria infection using Giemsa-stained thick smears and a rapid malaria diagnostic test. Study participants were also screened for haemoglobin levels and a total of 570 children aged ≤ 12 years of age were examined for spleen enlargement using the palpation method. RESULTS A total of 1154 persons were examined for malaria infection with mean age of 21.9 ± 19.69 years. The overall malaria prevalence was 14.2% and 17.5% based on microscopic examination and rapid diagnostic test, respectively. Plasmodium falciparum accounted for the majority (89%) of the malaria infections. The overall geometrical mean parasite density was 20.5 parasites/μL (95% CI: 14.6-28.8). Malaria prevalence and parasitaemia was highest among individuals living in the Mlegeni (23.9%) and Makuruwili (24.4%) sub-villages. Among the children examined for splenomegaly, 2.98% (17/570) had it. The overall prevalence of anaemia was 34.6%. Malaria infection was associated with the age groups of 1-10 years (aOR = 4.41, 95% CI: 1.96-9.93, P < 0.001) and 11-20 years (aOR = 6.68, 95% CI: 2.91-15.37, P < 0.001); and mild anaemia (aOR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.11-2.62, P < 0.014) and moderate anaemia (aOR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.01-2.39, P < 0.045). CONCLUSIONS Malaria was found at the study setting and its prevalence varied according to the demographic characteristics of the study participants and between sub-villages that are closely located.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humphrey D Mazigo
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania.
| | - Susan F Rumisha
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Mercy G Chiduo
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Kinung’hi S, Magnussen P, Kaatano G, Olsen A. Infection with Schistosoma mansoni has an Effect on Quality of Life, but not on Physical Fitness in Schoolchildren in Mwanza Region, North-Western Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005257. [PMID: 28027317 PMCID: PMC5222294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infection with Schistosoma mansoni negatively impact children’s physical health and may influence their general well-being. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of S. mansoni infections on a panel of morbidity indicators with emphasis on quality of life (PedsQL; measured in four different dimensions) and physical fitness (measured as VO2 max) among 572 schoolchildren aged 7–8 years. Methodology/Principal findings Prevalence of S. mansoni infections was 58.7%, with an arithmetic mean (95% CI) among positives of 207.3 (169.2–245.4) eggs per gram (epg). Most infections were light (56.5%), while 16.4% had heavy infections. Girls had significantly higher arithmetic mean intensities (95% CI) than boys (247.4 (189.2–305.6) vs. 153.2 (110.6–195.8); P = 0.004). A total of 30.1% were anaemic with no sex difference. Stunting and wasting was found in less than 10% of the population. There was no association between S. mansoni prevalence or intensities and the following parameters: anthropometry, anaemia, liver or spleen pathology in neither univariable nor multivariable linear regression analyses. However, in univariable analyses children with S. mansoni infection had a significantly lower score in emotional PedsQL (95% CI) than uninfected (77.3 (74.5–80.1) vs. 82.7 (79.9–85.5); P = 0.033) and infected children had a higher VO2 max (95% CI) compared to uninfected (51.4 (51.0–51.8) vs. 50.8 (50.3–51.3); P = 0.042). In multivariable linear regression analyses, age, S. mansoni infection, haemoglobin and VO2 max were significant predictors for emotional PedsQL while significant predictors for VO2 max were physical PedsQL, height, age and haemoglobin. S. mansoni infection was thus not retained in the multivariable regression analyses on VO2 max. Conclusions/Significance Of the measured morbidity parameters, S. mansoni infection had a significant effect on the emotional dimension of quality of life, but not on physical fitness. If PedsQL should be a useful tool to measure schistosome related morbidity, more in depth studies are needed in order to refine the tool so it focuses more on aspects of quality of life that may be affected by schistosome infections. Millions of school-age children in Tanzania are infected with Schistosoma mansoni which have an impact on their physical health by reducing growth and fitness, causing anaemia and liver and spleen pathology. Apart from these measurable physical parameters, self-rating of well-being by administration of quality of life questionnaires has been proposed for measuring schistosome related morbidity. A total of 572 schoolchildren aged 7–8 years were examined for S. mansoni infection, anaemia, malnutrition and liver/spleen enlargement. Furthermore, the children participated in a 20 metres shuttle run fitness test and answered a quality of life questionnaire for children. While there was no association between S. mansoni prevalence or intensities and anaemia, malnutrition, fitness or organ enlargement, S. mansoni infected children had a significantly lower self-perceived emotional quality of life. Thus, infected children were more often scared, sad, angry or worried about their future compared to their uninfected peers. More in depth studies are needed in order to refine the questionnaire so it focuses more on aspects of quality of life that may be affected by schistosome infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safari Kinung’hi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Pascal Magnussen
- Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Godfrey Kaatano
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Annette Olsen
- Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Al-Shehri H, Stanton MC, LaCourse JE, Atuhaire A, Arinaitwe M, Wamboko A, Adriko M, Kabatereine NB, Stothard JR. An extensive burden of giardiasis associated with intestinal schistosomiasis and anaemia in school children on the shoreline of Lake Albert, Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2016; 110:597-603. [PMID: 27864517 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trw072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water-borne parasitic diseases associated with poverty still blight the lives of African school children. In Uganda, intestinal schistosomiasis is still common along the shoreline of Lake Albert, despite ongoing control, and co-infection with giardiasis and malaria is poorly described. To shed light on putative interactions between diseases, a prospective cross-sectional parasitological survey was undertaken in five primary schools. METHODS Stool samples from 254 school children, aged 5-10 years, were examined by microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), with additional real-time PCR assays for detection of Giardia DNA. A finger-prick blood sample was also taken from each child and tested for malaria, and haemoblobin levels measured. Assocations between diseases and anaemia were assessed. RESULTS Intestinal schistosomiasis (46.5%), giardiasis (41.6%) and malaria (56.2%) were common, and a quarter of children were anaemic (<115 g/L). Up to 87.0% of children were excreting Giardia DNA and the prevalence of heavy infection by real-time PCR (Ct≤19) was 19.5%, being positively associated with light, moderate and heavy egg-patent schistosomiasis, as well as with anaemia. CONCLUSIONS In this setting, an extensive burden of giardiasis was revealed with heavy intensity infections associated with egg-patent intestinal schistosomiasis and anaemia. To improve child health, greater attention on giardiasis is needed along with exploring joined-up actions across diseases that promote better water hygiene and sanitation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajri Al-Shehri
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.,Ministry of Health, Asir District, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Aaron Atuhaire
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses Arinaitwe
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Aida Wamboko
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses Adriko
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Narcis B Kabatereine
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda.,Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
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Mimche PN, Brady LM, Bray CF, Mimche SM, Thapa M, King TP, Quicke K, McDermott CD, Lee CM, Grakoui A, Morgan ET, Lamb TJ. The receptor tyrosine kinase EphB2 promotes hepatic fibrosis in mice. Hepatology 2015; 62:900-14. [PMID: 25784101 PMCID: PMC4549176 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Beyond the well-defined role of the Eph (erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular) receptor tyrosine kinases in developmental processes, cell motility, cell trafficking/adhesion, and cancer, nothing is known about their involvement in liver pathologies. During blood-stage rodent malaria infection we have found that EphB2 transcripts and proteins were up-regulated in the liver, a result likely driven by elevated surface expression on immune cells including macrophages. This was significant for malaria pathogenesis because EphB2(-/-) mice were protected from malaria-induced liver fibrosis despite having a similar liver parasite burden compared with littermate control mice. This protection was correlated with a defect in the inflammatory potential of hepatocytes from EphB2(-/-) mice resulting in a reduction in adhesion molecules, chemokine/chemokine receptor RNA levels, and infiltration of leukocytes including macrophages/Kupffer cells, which mediate liver fibrosis during rodent malaria infections. These observations are recapitulated in the well-established carbon tetrachloride model of liver fibrosis in which EphB2(-/-) carbon tetrachloride-treated mice showed a significant reduction of liver fibrosis compared to carbon tetrachloride-treated littermate mice. Depletion of macrophages by clodronate-liposomes abrogates liver EphB2 messenger RNA and protein up-regulation and fibrosis in malaria-infected mice. CONCLUSION During rodent malaria, EphB2 expression promotes malaria-associated liver fibrosis; to our knowledge, our data are the first to implicate the EphB family of receptor tyrosine kinases in liver fibrosis or in the pathogenesis of malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice N. Mimche
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Emory Children's Centre, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Lauren M. Brady
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Emory Children's Centre, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Christian F. Bray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Emory Children's Centre, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Sylvie M. Mimche
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Manoj Thapa
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Thayer P. King
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Emory Children's Centre, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Kendra Quicke
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Emory Children's Centre, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Courtney D. McDermott
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Emory Children's Centre, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Choon M. Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Arash Grakoui
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Edward T. Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Tracey J. Lamb
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Emory Children's Centre, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Jatsa HB, Kenfack CM, Simo DN, Feussom NG, Nkondo ET, Tchuem Tchuente LA, Tsague CD, Dongo E, Kamtchouing P. Schistosomicidal, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of the methanolic fraction from Clerodendrum umbellatum Poir leaves aqueous extract in Schistosoma mansoni infection in mice. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:248. [PMID: 26205948 PMCID: PMC4513613 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0788-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intensive use of Praziquantel for the treatment of schistosomiasis has raised concerns about the possible emergence of drug-resistant schistosomes. As drug treatment is an important feature of schistosome control programs, the search for alternative drugs is therefore a priority. The aim of this study was to assess the schistosomicidal, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of the methanolic fraction from Clerodendrum umbellatum Poir leaves aqueous extract. METHODS A phytochemical screening of the fraction of C. umbellatum was conducted. The fraction was administered orally and daily to Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice (BALB/c) from the 36th day post-infection for 28 days at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg. Praziquantel (500 mg/kg) was used as reference drug. Non-infected and infected-untreated mice served as controls. All mice were sacrificed at 65th day post-infection. Body weight, liver/body and spleen/body weights, as well as worm burden, fecal egg count, liver and intestine egg load were determined. In the plasma, levels of total protein, transaminases (ALT, AST), alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin were monitored to assess the possibility of liver damage. Malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured in the liver as biomarkers of the oxidative stress. RESULTS The phytochemical analysis of the fraction from C. umbellatum aqueous leaves extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, phenols, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. The worm burden, fecal egg count and egg load in the liver and intestine of infected mice treated with the fraction were significantly (p < 0.001) fewer than in infected-untreated mice. Only the highest-fraction dose reduced the worm and egg burdens in a similar way as praziquantel. Hepatosplenomegaly induced by S. mansoni infection was reduced by the treatment. The liver function on infected mice was ameliorate after administration of the fraction by significant reduction of ALT activity (35.43 to 45.25%) and increase of total protein level (44.79 to 70.03%). The methanolic fraction of C. umbellatum prevents the elevated MDA level induced by the infection while significant increase in catalase activity (297.09 to 438.98%) and glutathione level (58.23 to 95.88%) were observed after treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study disclosed the schistosomicidal, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of the methanolic fraction from C. umbellatum leaves aqueous. These fraction's activities were similar to those of praziquantel. This fraction can be considered as a promising source for schistosomicidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermine Boukeng Jatsa
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Christian Mérimé Kenfack
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Distele Nadège Simo
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Nestor Gipwe Feussom
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Emilienne Tienga Nkondo
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Louis-Albert Tchuem Tchuente
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Christelle Dongmo Tsague
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Etienne Dongo
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Pierre Kamtchouing
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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Yepes E, Varela-M RE, López-Abán J, Rojas-Caraballo J, Muro A, Mollinedo F. Inhibition of Granulomatous Inflammation and Prophylactic Treatment of Schistosomiasis with a Combination of Edelfosine and Praziquantel. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003893. [PMID: 26191954 PMCID: PMC4507859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is the third most devastating tropical disease worldwide caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. This parasitic disease is due to immunologic reactions to Schistosoma eggs trapped in tissues. Egg-released antigens stimulate tissue-destructive inflammatory and granulomatous reactions, involving different immune cell populations, including T cells and granulocytes. Granulomas lead to collagen fibers deposition and fibrosis, resulting in organ damage. Praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug of choice for treating all species of schistosomes. However, PZQ kills only adult Schistosoma worms, not immature stages. The inability of PZQ to abort early infection or prevent re-infection, and the lack of prophylactic effect prompt the need for novel drugs and strategies for the prevention of schistosomiasis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using in vitro and in vivo approaches, we have found that the alkylphospholipid analog edelfosine kills schistosomula, and displays anti-inflammatory activity. The combined treatment of PZQ and edelfosine during a few days before and after cercariae infection in a schistosomiasis mouse model, simulating a prophylactic treatment, led to seven major effects: a) killing of Schistosoma parasites at early and late development stages; b) reduction of hepatomegaly; c) granuloma size reduction; d) down-regulation of Th1, Th2 and Th17 responses at late post-infection times, thus inhibiting granuloma formation; e) upregulation of IL-10 at early post-infection times, thus potentiating anti-inflammatory actions; f) down-regulation of IL-10 at late post-infection times, thus favoring resistance to re-infection; g) reduction in the number of blood granulocytes in late post-infection times as compared to infected untreated animals. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, these data suggest that the combined treatment of PZQ and edelfosine promotes a high decrease in granuloma formation, as well as in the cellular immune response that underlies granuloma development, with changes in the cytokine patterns, and may provide a promising and effective strategy for a prophylactic treatment of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Yepes
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rubén E. Varela-M
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Julio López-Abán
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jose Rojas-Caraballo
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Antonio Muro
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Faustino Mollinedo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Differences in the malariometric indices of asymptomatic carriers in three communities in ibadan, Nigeria. Adv Prev Med 2014; 2014:509236. [PMID: 25587454 PMCID: PMC4284954 DOI: 10.1155/2014/509236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the malariometric indices of children in three different settings in Ibadan, Nigeria. Children were recruited from an urban slum (Oloomi) and a periurban (Sasa) and a rural community (Igbanda) in Ibadan. Children aged between 2 and 10 years were randomly selected from primary schools in the urban and periurban areas. In the rural community, children were recruited from the centre of the village. A total of 670 (55.0%) out of 1218 children recruited were positive for malaria parasitaemia. The urban population had the highest proportion of children with malaria parasitaemia. Splenomegaly was present in 31.5%, hepatomegaly in 41.5%, hepatosplenomegaly in 27.5%, and anaemia in 25.2% of the children. The parasite density was not significantly different among children in the three communities. Children in the rural community had the highest mean PCV of 34.2% and the lowest rates of splenomegaly (6.1%), hepatomegaly (7.6%), and hepatosplenomegaly (4.6%). The spleen rates, liver rates, and presence of hepatosplenomegaly and anaemia were similar in the urban and periurban communities. The malariometric indices among the asymptomatic carriers were high, especially in the urban slum. This stresses the need for intensified efforts at controlling the disease in the study area.
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Mutengo MM, Mwansa JCL, Mduluza T, Sianongo S, Chipeta J. High Schistosoma mansoni disease burden in a rural district of western Zambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 91:965-72. [PMID: 25246696 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni disease is endemic in most parts of rural Zambia, and associated complications are common. We conducted a cross-sectional study among 754 people in rural communities of Kaoma District, western Zambia to determine the burden of S. mansoni infection and associated morbidity. Parasitology and ultrasonography assessments were conducted on consenting participants. The overall prevalence of S. mansoni infection and geometric mean egg count (GMEC) were 42.4% (304) and 86.6 eggs per gram (95% confidence interval = 75.6-99.6), respectively. Prevalence was highest in the age group of 15-19 years old (adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.70, P = 0.017). S. mansoni-related portal fibrosis was detected in 26% of the participants screened. Participants above 39 years old were 2.93 times more likely to have fibrosis than the 7-9 years old age group (P = 0.004). The study highlights the high burden of S. mansoni disease in this area and calls for immediate interventions to avert complications associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mable M Mutengo
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - James C L Mwansa
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Takafira Mduluza
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Sandie Sianongo
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - James Chipeta
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
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Venkatraman N, White C, Haensel J. Massive splenomegaly in rural Malawi: new wine, old wineskins and the importance of collaboration. BMJ Case Rep 2014; 2014:bcr-2013-202844. [PMID: 25100804 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-202844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
During a voluntary placement in rural Malawi, we assessed a 21-year-old man who presented with dyspnoea and lethargy secondary to a chronic refractory anaemia associated with massive splenomegaly. He was initially treated at the rural hospital for a presumptive diagnosis of hyper-reactive malarial syndrome (HMS) with long-term malarial prophylaxis. There was inadequate provision of blood products and the availability of suitable donors was limited by the high local prevalence of blood-borne viruses. He was transferred to the district hospital for further investigations after transfusion of three units of blood. Unfortunately, he self-discharged without receiving appropriate investigations and medical treatment. Subsequently, his family sought help from the local traditional healer who performed scarification to attempt to treat him. Further efforts to emphasise the importance of hospital-based care proved unsuccessful, and sadly this man died at his family home 3 months after his initial presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Venkatraman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Joanne Haensel
- Northamptonshire Healthcare Foundation Trust, Northampton, UK
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Abstract
Human schistosomiasis--or bilharzia--is a parasitic disease caused by trematode flukes of the genus Schistosoma. By conservative estimates, at least 230 million people worldwide are infected with Schistosoma spp. Adult schistosome worms colonise human blood vessels for years, successfully evading the immune system while excreting hundreds to thousands of eggs daily, which must either leave the body in excreta or become trapped in nearby tissues. Trapped eggs induce a distinct immune-mediated granulomatous response that causes local and systemic pathological effects ranging from anaemia, growth stunting, impaired cognition, and decreased physical fitness, to organ-specific effects such as severe hepatosplenism, periportal fibrosis with portal hypertension, and urogenital inflammation and scarring. At present, preventive public health measures in endemic regions consist of treatment once every 1 or 2 years with the isoquinolinone drug, praziquantel, to suppress morbidity. In some locations, elimination of transmission is now the goal; however, more sensitive diagnostics are needed in both the field and clinics, and integrated environmental and health-care management will be needed to ensure elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Colley
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Disease & Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Amaya L Bustinduy
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool, UK
| | - W Evan Secor
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Charles H King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Colley DG, Bustinduy AL, Secor WE, King CH. Human schistosomiasis. Lancet 2014. [PMID: 24698483 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)619492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Human schistosomiasis--or bilharzia--is a parasitic disease caused by trematode flukes of the genus Schistosoma. By conservative estimates, at least 230 million people worldwide are infected with Schistosoma spp. Adult schistosome worms colonise human blood vessels for years, successfully evading the immune system while excreting hundreds to thousands of eggs daily, which must either leave the body in excreta or become trapped in nearby tissues. Trapped eggs induce a distinct immune-mediated granulomatous response that causes local and systemic pathological effects ranging from anaemia, growth stunting, impaired cognition, and decreased physical fitness, to organ-specific effects such as severe hepatosplenism, periportal fibrosis with portal hypertension, and urogenital inflammation and scarring. At present, preventive public health measures in endemic regions consist of treatment once every 1 or 2 years with the isoquinolinone drug, praziquantel, to suppress morbidity. In some locations, elimination of transmission is now the goal; however, more sensitive diagnostics are needed in both the field and clinics, and integrated environmental and health-care management will be needed to ensure elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Colley
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Disease & Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Amaya L Bustinduy
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool, UK
| | - W Evan Secor
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Charles H King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Helpful or a Hindrance: Co-infections with Helminths During Malaria. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 828:99-129. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1489-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Wilson S, Jones FM, Kenty LC, Mwatha JK, Kimani G, Kariuki HC, Dunne DW. Posttreatment changes in cytokines induced by Schistosoma mansoni egg and worm antigens: dissociation of immunity- and morbidity-associated type 2 responses. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:1792-800. [PMID: 24357629 PMCID: PMC4017363 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Human type 2 cytokine responsiveness to schistosome antigens increases after treatment; due either to removal of the immunosuppressive effects of active infection or immunological boosting by antigens released from dying parasites. We determined the responsiveness to Schistosoma mansoni over a 2-year period, when reinfection was restricted by interrupting transmission. Methods. The proinflammatory and type 2 responses of Kenyan schoolchildren were measured before, and 1 year and 2 years posttreatment in whole blood cultures stimulated with soluble egg antigen (SEA) or soluble worm antigen (SWA). The site of S. mansoni transmission was molluscicided throughout. Results. Pretreatment proinflammatory responses to SEA were high but reduced 1 and 2 years posttreatment, whereas type 2 responses were low pretreatment and increased 1 and 2 years posttreatment. Type 2 responses to SWA were high pretreatment and increased at 1 year, with no further increases at 2 years posttreatment. Children infected at follow-up had lower SEA, but not SWA, posttreatment type 2 responsiveness. Increases at 1 year in type 2 SWA, but not SEA, responsiveness correlated with pretreatment egg counts. Conclusions. Removal of immunosuppressive effects of active infection increases SEA type 2 responsiveness; long-term SWA type 2 responsiveness is due to treatment-induced immunological boosting. Dissociation of type 2 responses potentially protects against severe egg-associated immunopathology during infection, while allowing worm-antigen derived immunity to develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shona Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Rawi S, Youssef OAG, Metwally A, Badawy M, Al-Hazmi M. Parasitological evaluation of Ro 15-9268, a 9-acridanone-hydrazone derivative against Schistosoma mansoni in mice, and observations on changes in serum enzyme levels. Parasitol Res 2013; 113:437-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3673-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Malarial infection of female BWF1 lupus mice alters the redox state in kidney and liver tissues and confers protection against lupus nephritis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:156562. [PMID: 24319531 PMCID: PMC3844167 DOI: 10.1155/2013/156562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease characterized by an imbalanced redox state and increased apoptosis. Tropical infections, particularly malaria, may confer protection against SLE. Oxidative stress is a hallmark of SLE. We have measured changes in the levels of nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced glutathione (GSH) in both kidney and liver tissues of female BWF1 lupus mice, an experimental model of SLE, after infection with either live or gamma-irradiated malaria. We observed a decrease in NO, H2O2, and MDA levels in kidney tissues after infection of lupus mice with live malaria. Similarly, the levels of NO and H2O2 were significantly decreased in the liver tissues of lupus mice after infection with live malaria. Conversely, GSH levels were obviously increased in both kidney and liver tissues after infection of lupus mice with either live or gamma-irradiated malaria. Liver and kidney functions were significantly altered after infection of lupus mice with live malaria. We further investigated the ultrastructural changes and detected the number of apoptotic cells in kidney and liver tissues in situ by electron microscopy and TUNEL assays. Our data reveal that infection of lupus mice with malaria confers protection against lupus nephritis.
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Sady H, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Mahdy MAK, Lim YAL, Mahmud R, Surin J. Prevalence and associated factors of Schistosomiasis among children in Yemen: implications for an effective control programme. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2377. [PMID: 23991235 PMCID: PMC3749985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis, one of the most prevalent neglected tropical diseases, is a life-threatening public health problem in Yemen especially in rural communities. This cross-sectional study aims to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of schistosomiasis among children in rural Yemen. Methods/Findings Urine and faecal samples were collected from 400 children. Urine samples were examined using filtration technique for the presence of Schistosoma haematobium eggs while faecal samples were examined using formalin-ether concentration and Kato Katz techniques for the presence of S. mansoni. Demographic, socioeconomic and environmental information were collected via a validated questionnaire. Overall, 31.8% of the participants were found to be positive for schistosomiasis; 23.8% were infected with S. haematobium and 9.3% were infected with S. mansoni. Moreover, 39.5% of the participants were anaemic whereas 9.5% had hepatosplenomegaly. The prevalence of schistosomiasis was significantly higher among children aged >10 years compared to those aged ≤10 years (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis confirmed that presence of other infected family member (P<0.001), low household monthly income (P = 0.003), using unsafe sources for drinking water (P = 0.003), living nearby stream/spring (P = 0.006) and living nearby pool/pond (P = 0.002) were the key factors significantly associated with schistosomiasis among these children. Conclusions/Significance This study reveals that schistosomiasis is still highly prevalent in Yemen. These findings support an urgent need to start an integrated, targeted and effective schistosomiasis control programme with a mission to move towards the elimination phase. Besides periodic drug distribution, health education and community mobilisation, provision of clean and safe drinking water, introduction of proper sanitation are imperative among these communities in order to curtail the transmission and morbidity caused by schistosomiasis. Screening and treating other infected family members should also be adopted by the public health authorities in combating this infection in these communities. Schistosomiasis remains one of the most serious and prevalent diseases worldwide. Despite intensive control efforts by the government and international bodies, schistosomiasis is the second cause of death, after malaria, in Yemen, with an estimated 3 million cases. We screened 400 children in rural areas of five provinces in Yemen for the presence of schistosomiasis. Overall, 31.8% of the children were found to be positive for schistosomiasis; 23.8% were infected by Schistosoma haematobium, and 9.3% were infected by S. mansoni. The study identified the presence of other family members infected with schistosomiasis, low household monthly income, using unsafe water supply as a source for drinking water, living nearby stream/spring and/or pool/pond as the key factors significantly associated with schistosomiasis in these communities. Innovative and integrated control measures to control this infection should be implemented among this population. Periodic school-based and community-based drug distribution, health education, provision of clean and safe drinking water, introduction of proper sanitation will help to reduce the prevalence and morbidity of schistosomiasis among these communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Sady
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
- * E-mail:
| | - Mohammed A. K. Mahdy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
- Research Department, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Yvonne A. L. Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rohela Mahmud
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Johari Surin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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de Oliveira RB, Senger MR, Vasques LM, Gasparotto J, dos Santos JPA, Pasquali MADB, Moreira JCF, Silva FP, Gelain DP. Schistosoma mansoni infection causes oxidative stress and alters receptor for advanced glycation endproduct (RAGE) and tau levels in multiple organs in mice. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:371-9. [PMID: 23369670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by trematode worms from the Schistosoma genus and is characterized by high rates of morbidity. The main organs affected in this pathology, such as liver, kidneys and spleen, are shifted to a pro-oxidant state in the course of the infection. Here, we compared oxidative stress parameters of liver, kidney and spleen with other organs affected by schistosomiasis - heart, brain cortex and lungs. The results demonstrated that mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni had altered non-enzymatic antioxidant status in lungs and brain, increased carbonyl levels in lungs, and a moderate level of oxidative stress in heart. A severe redox imbalance in liver and kidneys and decreased non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity in spleen were also observed. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were differently modulated in liver, kidney and heart, and we found that differences in Superoxide dismutase 2 and catalase protein content may be responsible for these differences. Lungs had decreased receptor for advanced glycation endproduct expression and the brain cortex presented altered tau expression and phosphorylation levels, suggesting important molecular changes in these tissues, as homeostasis of these proteins is widely associated with the normal function of their respective organs. We believe that these results demonstrate for the first time that changes in the redox profile and expression of tissue-specific proteins of organs such as heart, lungs and brain are observed in early stages of S. mansoni infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramatis Birnfeld de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Elbaz T, Esmat G. Hepatic and intestinal schistosomiasis: review. J Adv Res 2013; 4:445-52. [PMID: 25685451 PMCID: PMC4293886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is an endemic disease in Egypt caused by the trematode Schistosoma which has different species. Hepatic schistosomiasis represents the best known form of chronic disease with a wide range of clinical manifestations. The pathogenesis of schistosomiasis is related to the host cellular immune response. This leads to granuloma formation and neo angiogenesis with subsequent periportal fibrosis manifested as portal hypertension, splenomegaly and esophageal varices. Intestinal schistosomiasis is another well identified form of chronic schistosomal affection. Egg deposition and granuloma formation eventually leads to acute then chronic schistosomal colitis and is commonly associated with polyp formation. It frequently presents as abdominal pain, diarrhea, tenesmus and anal pain. Definite diagnosis of schistosomiasis disease depends on microscopy and egg identification. Marked progress regarding serologic diagnosis occurred with development of recent PCR techniques that can confirm schistosomal affection at any stage. Many antischistosomal drugs have been described for treatment, praziquantel being the most safe and efficient drug. Still ongoing studies try to develop effective vaccines with identification of many target antigens. Preventive programs are highly needed to control the disease morbidity and to break the cycle of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer Elbaz
- Endemic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Gamal Esmat
- Endemic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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Fairfax K, Nascimento M, Huang SCC, Everts B, Pearce EJ. Th2 responses in schistosomiasis. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:863-71. [PMID: 23139101 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0354-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is caused by infection with parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma. It is characterized by the development of strong CD4(+) T cell and B cell responses that, during primary infection, fail to eliminate the parasites, but in collaboration with cells of the innate immune system allow survival in the face of ongoing tissue damage caused by the lodging of parasite eggs in the liver and the passage of eggs across the intestinal epithelium. Mounting a tightly controlled Th2 response is key to this outcome, and while this type of response is a risk factor for the development of fibrosis, it also underpins the development of resistance to further infection; as such, understanding how Th2 responses are induced and regulated in schistosomiasis remains a critical area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Fairfax
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Bladder morbidity and hepatic fibrosis in mixed Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni Infections: a population-wide study in Northern Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1829. [PMID: 23029589 PMCID: PMC3459828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The global distribution map of schistosomiasis shows a large overlap of Schistosoma haematobium- and S. mansoni-endemic areas in Africa. Yet, little is known about the consequences of mixed Schistosoma infections for the human host. A recent study in two neighboring co-endemic communities in Senegal indicated that infection intensities of both species were higher in mixed than in single infections. Here, we investigated the relationship between mixed Schistosoma infections and morbidity in the same population. So far, this has only been studied in children. Methods Schistosoma infection was assessed by microscopy. Schistosoma-specific morbidity was assessed by ultrasound according to WHO guidelines. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify independent risk factors for morbidity. Principal Findings Complete parasitological and morbidity data were obtained from 403 individuals. Schistosoma haematobium-specific bladder morbidity was observed in 83% and S. mansoni-specific hepatic fibrosis in 27% of the participants. Bladder morbidity was positively associated with S. haematobium infection intensity (OR = 1.9 (95% CI 1.3–2.9) for a 10-fold increase in intensity). Moreover, people with mixed infections tended to have less bladder morbidity than those with single S. haematobium infections (OR = 0.3 (95% CI 0.1–1.1)). This effect appeared to be related to ectopic S. mansoni egg elimination in urine. Hepatic fibrosis on the other hand was not related to S. mansoni infection intensity (OR = 0.9 (95% CI 0.6–1.3)), nor to mixed infections (OR = 1.0 (95% CI 0.7–1.7)). Conclusions/Significance This is the first population-wide study on the relationship between mixed Schistosoma infections and morbidity. Mixed infections did not increase the risk of S. mansoni-associated morbidity. They even tended to reduce the risk of S. haematobium-associated morbidity, suggesting a protective effect of S. mansoni infection on bladder morbidity. These unexpected results may have important consequences for schistosomiasis control in co-endemic areas and warrant further investigation. In the developing world, over 207 million people are infected with parasitic Schistosoma worms. Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni are the most abundant species in Africa and many people carry both. Yet, little is known about the consequences of such mixed infections. In general, S. haematobium affects the urinary tract of the host and S. mansoni the liver. Here, we investigated the effect of mixed Schistosoma infection on these health problems. We examined 403 people from northern Senegal for Schistosoma infections as well as for abnormalities of the urinary bladder and liver. Recently, we observed that people with mixed Schistosoma infections had generally higher infection intensities than those with single infections. The present study showed that abnormalities of the urinary bladder were more common in heavy than in light S. haematobium infections. Also, they were more common in single S. haematobium than in mixed infections. So far, only two studies have looked into the relationship between mixed Schistosoma infection and abnormalities of the bladder and liver, but only investigated children. Our findings suggest a possible protective effect of S. mansoni on bladder disease, in children as well as in adults. This may have important consequences for schistosomiasis control in co-endemic areas.
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Samuels AM, Matey E, Mwinzi PNM, Wiegand RE, Muchiri G, Ireri E, Hyde M, Montgomery SP, Karanja DMS, Secor WE. Schistosoma mansoni morbidity among school-aged children: a SCORE project in Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 87:874-82. [PMID: 22987651 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis control programs aim to reduce morbidity but are evaluated by infection prevalence and intensity reduction. We present baseline cross-sectional data from a nested cohort study comparing indicators of morbidity for measuring program impact. Eight hundred twenty-two schoolchildren 7-8 years of age from Nyanza Province, Kenya, contributed stool for diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni and soil-transmitted helminths (STH) and blood smears for malaria, and were evaluated for anemia, quality of life, exercise tolerance, anthropometry, and ultrasound abnormalities. Schistosoma mansoni, STH, and malaria infection prevalence were 69%, 25%, and 8%, respectively. Only anemia and S. mansoni infection (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.70; confidence interval [CI] = 1.03-2.80), and hepatomegaly and heavy S. mansoni infection (aOR = 2.21; CI = 1.19-4.11) were associated. Though anemia and hepatomegaly appeared most useful at baseline, additional morbidity indicators may be sensitive longitudinal measures to evaluate schistosomiasis program health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Samuels
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Schistosoma mansoni infection impairs antimalaria treatment and immune responses of rhesus macaques infected with mosquito-borne Plasmodium coatneyi. Infect Immun 2012; 80:3821-7. [PMID: 22907811 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00590-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria and schistosomiasis are the world's two most important parasitic infections in terms of distribution, morbidity, and mortality. In areas where Plasmodium and Schistosoma species are both endemic, coinfections are commonplace. Mouse models demonstrate that schistosomiasis worsens a malaria infection; however, just as mice and humans differ greatly, the murine-infecting Plasmodium species differ as much from those that infect humans. Research into human coinfections (Schistosoma haematobium-Plasmodium falciparum versus Schistosoma mansoni-P. falciparum) has produced conflicting results. The rhesus macaque model provides a helpful tool for understanding the role of S. mansoni on malaria parasitemia and antimalarial immune responses using Plasmodium coatneyi, a malaria species that closely resembles P. falciparum infection in humans. Eight rhesus macaques were exposed to S. mansoni cercariae. Eight weeks later, these animals plus 8 additional macaques were exposed to malaria either through bites of infected mosquitos or intravenous inoculation. When malaria infection was initiated from mosquito bites, coinfected animals displayed increased malaria parasitemia, decreased hematocrit levels, and suppressed malaria-specific antibody responses compared to those of malaria infection alone. However, macaques infected by intravenous inoculation with erythrocytic-stage parasites did not display these same differences in parasitemia, hematocrit, or antibody responses between the two groups. Use of the macaque model provides information that begins to unravel differences in pathological and immunological outcomes observed between humans with P. falciparum that are coinfected with S. mansoni or S. haematobium. Our results suggest that migration of malaria parasites through livers harboring schistosome eggs may alter host immune responses and infection outcomes.
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Advances in our understanding of the epidemiology of Plasmodium and schistosome infection: informing coinfection studies. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2012; 7:225-30. [PMID: 22327411 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e328351b9fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Schistosomes and Plasmodium parasites have complex patterns of transmission, leading to differing dynamics of host-parasite interactions across study sites and a bias of studying differing age groups in monoinfection studies. Combined, these infections lead to difficulties in conducting and interpreting human coinfection studies. RECENT FINDINGS Interactions between the two parasites may affect morbidity associated with either infection; both by influencing mechanisms directly associated with the development of those morbidities and by influencing mechanisms associated with resistance or susceptibility to the other infection. However, conflicting results are reported due to inherent difficulties in studying coinfections. More studies with stringent designs are required to clarify interactions between the two parasites. Recent monoinfection studies indicate that further coinfection studies may need to have a wider age range than previously studied. These studies also need to harness new techniques, both for data collection and analysis that are being developed for modern epidemiological studies. These techniques will allow an essential multidisciplinary approach to be taken. SUMMARY Coinfection with Plasmodium and schistosome infection has implications for the health of children of all ages in sub-Saharan Africa. It is important to gain further understanding of the interactions between the two parasites in all age groups.
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