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Li LH, Chiu W, Huang YA, Rasulova M, Vercruysse T, Thibaut HJ, Ter Horst S, Rocha-Pereira J, Vanhoof G, Borrenberghs D, Goethals O, Kaptein SJF, Leyssen P, Neyts J, Dallmeier K. Multiplexed multicolor antiviral assay amenable for high-throughput research. Nat Commun 2024; 15:42. [PMID: 38168091 PMCID: PMC10761739 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44339-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
To curb viral epidemics and pandemics, antiviral drugs are needed with activity against entire genera or families of viruses. Here, we develop a cell-based multiplex antiviral assay for high-throughput screening against multiple viruses at once, as demonstrated by using three distantly related orthoflaviviruses: dengue, Japanese encephalitis and yellow fever virus. Each virus is tagged with a distinct fluorescent protein, enabling individual monitoring in cell culture through high-content imaging. Specific antisera and small-molecule inhibitors are employed to validate that multiplexing approach yields comparable inhibition profiles to single-virus infection assays. To facilitate downstream analysis, a kernel is developed to deconvolute and reduce the multidimensional quantitative data to three cartesian coordinates. The methodology is applicable to viruses from different families as exemplified by co-infections with chikungunya, parainfluenza and Bunyamwera viruses. The multiplex approach is expected to facilitate the discovery of broader-spectrum antivirals, as shown in a pilot screen of approximately 1200 drug-like small-molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hsin Li
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
- Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Winston Chiu
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yun-An Huang
- KU Leuven Department of Neuroscience, Research Group Neurophysiology, Laboratory for Circuit Neuroscience, Leuven, Belgium
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders (NERF), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Madina Rasulova
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy (TPVC), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Vercruysse
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy (TPVC), Leuven, Belgium
- AstriVax, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Hendrik Jan Thibaut
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy (TPVC), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Ter Horst
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
- Cerba Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joana Rocha-Pereira
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Vanhoof
- Janssen Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Pharmaceutica, NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Olivia Goethals
- Janssen Global Public Health, Janssen Pharmaceutica, NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Suzanne J F Kaptein
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kai Dallmeier
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium.
- Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery group, Leuven, Belgium.
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2
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He Y, Pan Z, Liu Y, Jiang L, Peng H, Zhao P, Qi Z, Liu Y, Tang H. Identification of tyrphostin AG879 and A9 inhibiting replication of chikungunya virus by screening of a kinase inhibitor library. Virology 2023; 588:109900. [PMID: 37832343 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a globally public health threat. There are currently no medications available to treat CHIKV infection. High-throughput screening of 419 kinase inhibitors was performed based on the cytopathic effect method, and six kinase inhibitors with reduced cytopathic effects, including tyrphostin AG879 (AG879), tyrphostin 9 (A9), sorafenib, sorafenib tosylate, regorafenib, and TAK-632, were identified. The anti-CHIKV activities of two receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, AG879 and A9, that have not been previously reported, were selected for further evaluation. The results indicated that 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of AG879 and A9 in Vero cells were greater than 30 μM and 6.50 μM, respectively and 50% effective concentration (EC50) were 0.84 μM and 0.36 μM, respectively. The time-of-addition and time-of-removal assays illustrated that both AG879 and A9 function in the middle stage of CHIKV life cycle. Further, AG879 and A9 do not affect viral attachment; however, they inhibit viral RNA replication, and exhibit antiviral activity against CHIKV Eastern/Central/South African and Asian strains, Ross River virus and Sindbis virus in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua He
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Zhendong Pan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Liangliang Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Haoran Peng
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Zhongtian Qi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Yangang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China.
| | - Hailin Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China.
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3
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Skidmore AM, Bradfute SB. The life cycle of the alphaviruses: From an antiviral perspective. Antiviral Res 2023; 209:105476. [PMID: 36436722 PMCID: PMC9840710 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The alphaviruses are a widely distributed group of positive-sense, single stranded, RNA viruses. These viruses are largely arthropod-borne and can be found on all populated continents. These viruses cause significant human disease, and recently have begun to spread into new populations, such as the expansion of Chikungunya virus into southern Europe and the Caribbean, where it has established itself as endemic. The study of alphaviruses is an active and expanding field, due to their impacts on human health, their effects on agriculture, and the threat that some pose as potential agents of biological warfare and terrorism. In this systematic review we will summarize both historic knowledge in the field as well as recently published data that has potential to shift current theories in how alphaviruses are able to function. This review is comprehensive, covering all parts of the alphaviral life cycle as well as a brief overview of their pathology and the current state of research in regards to vaccines and therapeutics for alphaviral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Skidmore
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, IDTC Room 3245, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Steven B Bradfute
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, IDTC Room 3330A, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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4
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Kaur P, Anuradha, Chandra A, Tanwar T, Sahu SK, Mittal A. Emerging quinoline- and quinolone-based antibiotics in the light of epidemics. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 100:765-785. [PMID: 35128812 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pandemics are large-scale outbreaks of infectious disease that can greatly increase morbidity and mortality all the globe. Since past 1990 till twentieth century, these infectious diseases have been major threat all over the globe associated with poor hygiene and sanitation. In light of these epidemics, researches have gained enormous rise in the developing the potential therapeutic treatment. Thus, revolutionized antibiotics have led to the near eradication of such ailments. Around 50 million prescription of antibiotics written in US per year according to center for disease control and prevention (CDC) report. There is a wide range of antibiotics available which differ in their usage and their mechanism of action. Among these quinoline and quinolone class of antibiotics get attention as they show tremendous potential in fighting the epidemics. Quinoline and quinolone comprise of two rings along with substitutions at different positions which is synthetically obtained by structural modifications of quinine. Quinoline and quinolone antibiotics exhibit extensive activities approved by FDA in the treatment of the several ailments such as gastrointestinal infections, urinary tract infections, prostate inflammation, malaria, gonorrhea, skin infection, colorectal cancer, respiratory tract infections. These are active against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. This basic core of quinoline and quinolone is vital due to its capability of targeting the pathogen causing disease and beneficial in treating the infectious disease. They inhibit the synthesis of nucleic acid of bacteria which results in the rupture of bacterial chromosome due to the interruption of enzymes such as DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. There are various quinoline and quinolone compounds that are synthetically derived by applying different synthesis approaches which show a wide range of pharmacological activities in several diseases. The most commonly used are fluoro, chloro, and hydroxychloro derivatives of quinoline and quinolone. These compounds are helpful in the treatment of numerous epidemics as a chief and combination therapy. These quinoline and quinolone pharmacophore fascinate the interest of researchers as they inhibit the entry of virus in host cell and cease its replication by blocking the host receptor glycosylation and proteolytic processing. They act as immune modulator by inhibiting autophagy and reduction of both lysosomal activity and production of cytokine. Therefore, quinoline and quinolone derivatives attain significance in area of research and treatment of various life-threatening epidemics such as SARS, Zika virus, Ebola virus, dengue, and COVID-19 (currently). In this chapter, the research and advancements of quinoline- and quinolone-based antibiotics in epidemic management are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paranjeet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Anuradha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Avik Chandra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Tamanna Tanwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Amit Mittal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
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5
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Abstract
Typhoid fever is caused primarily by the enteric microbe Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and remains a major global health problem with approximately 14 million new infections and 136,000 fatalities annually. While there are antibiotic options available to treat the disease, the global increase in multidrug-resistant strains necessitates alternative therapeutic options. Host-targeted therapeutics present a promising anti-infective strategy against intracellular bacterial pathogens. A cell-based assay identified a compound that inhibits Salmonella proliferation in infected cells, 2-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1-(3-phenoxyphenyl)-1,2-dihydrochromeno[2,3-c]pyrrole-3,9-dione (KH-1), which is devoid of direct activity against Salmonella. The compound inhibits the growth of both antibiotic-sensitive and -resistant Salmonella strains inside macrophages and reduces lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from Salmonella-infected cells. Subsequent screening of KH-1 commercial analogs identified 2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1-(3-phenoxyphenyl)-1,2-dihydrochromeno[2,3-c] pyrrole-3,9-dione (KH-1-2), which is more effective in controlling Salmonella growth inside macrophages. In vitro KH-1-2 treatment of Salmonella infection resulted in an 8- to 10-fold reduction in bacterial load in infected macrophages. In combination with suboptimal ciprofloxacin treatment, KH-1-2 further reduces Salmonella growth inside macrophages. The toxicity and efficacy of KH-1-2 in controlling Salmonella infection were examined in vivo using a mouse model of typhoid fever. No significant compound-related clinical signs and histological findings of the liver, spleen, or kidney were observed from uninfected mice that were intraperitoneally treated with KH-1-2. KH-1-2 significantly protected mice from a lethal dose of infection by an antibiotic-resistant Salmonella strain. Thus, our study provides support that this is a promising lead compound for the development of a novel host-targeted therapeutic agent to control typhoid fever. IMPORTANCESalmonella spp. cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Typhoidal spp. (e.g., S. Typhi) cause a systemic disease typically treated with antibiotics. However, growing antibiotic resistance is resulting in increased treatment failures. We screened a compound library for those that would reduce Salmonella-induced macrophage toxicity, identifying compound KH-1. KH-1 has no direct effects on the bacteria but limits Salmonella survival in macrophages and protects against lethal infection in a mouse model of typhoid fever. A suboptimal concentration of ciprofloxacin worked in conjunction with the compound to further decrease Salmonella survival in macrophages. An analog (KH-1-2) was identified that possessed increased activity in vitro in macrophages and in vivo against both antibiotic-sensitive and -resistant strains. Thus, we report the identification of a lead compound that may be a useful scaffold as a host-directed antimicrobial against typhoid fever.
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Dutta SK, Sengupta S, Tripathi A. In silico and in vitro evaluation of silibinin: a promising anti-Chikungunya agent. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2022; 58:255-267. [PMID: 35381943 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-022-00666-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection and subsequent high patient morbidity is a global threat. The present study aimed to identify the potent antiviral agent against Chikungunya virus, with minimum in vitro cytotoxicity. CHIKV nsP4 3D structure was determined using the I-TASSER server followed by its refinement and pocket determination. Furthermore, high-throughput molecular docking was employed to identify candidate CHIKV nsP4 inhibitors in a library containing 214 compounds. The top ranked compound was evaluated further with various assays, including cytotoxicity, antiviral activity, time of drug addition, viral entry attachment, and microneutralization assays. High-throughput computational screening indicated silibinin to have the best interaction with CHIKV nsP4 protein, immature and mature glycoproteins with highest negative free binding energy, - 5.24 to - 5.86 kcal/mol, and the lowest inhibitory constant, 50.47 to 143.2 µM. Further in vitro analysis demonstrated silibinin could exhibit statistically significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent anti-CHIKV activity within 12.5-100-µM concentrations with CC50 as 50.90 µM. In total, 50 µM silibinin interfered with both CHIKV attachment (75%) and entry (82%) to Vero cells. Time of addition assay revealed silibinin interfered with late phase of the CHIKV replication cycle. Microneutralization assay revealed that silibinin could inhibit clearing of 50% Vero cell monolayer caused by CHIKV-induced CPE at a minimum dose of 25 µM. These data indicated silibinin to be a promising candidate drug against CHIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Kumar Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, 108, C.R. Avenue, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Siddhartha Sengupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, 108, C.R. Avenue, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Anusri Tripathi
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, 108, C.R. Avenue, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India.
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7
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Lee JY, Shin YS, Jeon S, Lee SI, Cho J, Myung S, Jang MS, Kim S, Song JH, Kim HR, Park CM. Synthesis and biological evaluation of
2‐benzylaminoquinazolin
‐4(
3
H
)‐one derivatives as a potential treatment for
SARS‐CoV
‐2. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022; 43:412-416. [PMID: 35440837 PMCID: PMC9011860 DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the continuing global crisis caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), there is still no effective treatment. Therefore, we designed and synthesized a novel series of 2‐benzylaminoquinazolin‐4(3H)‐one derivatives and demonstrated that they are effective against SARS‐CoV‐2. Among the synthesized derivatives, 7‐chloro‐2‐(((4‐chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)amino)quinazolin‐4(3H)‐one (Compound 39) showed highest anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 activity, with a half‐maximal inhibitory concentration value greater than that of remdesivir (IC50 = 4.2 μM vs. 7.6 μM, respectively), which gained urgent approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. In addition, Compound 39 showed good results in various assays measuring metabolic stability, human ether a‐go‐go, Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) inhibition, and plasma protein binding (PPB), and showed better solubility and pharmacokinetics than our previous work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Lee
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection (CEVI) Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Yuseong‐gu, Daejeon South Korea
| | - Young Sup Shin
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection (CEVI) Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Yuseong‐gu, Daejeon South Korea
| | - Sangeun Jeon
- Zoonotic Virus Laboratory Institut Pasteur Korea Seongnam‐si Gyeonggi‐do South Korea
| | - Se In Lee
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection (CEVI) Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Yuseong‐gu, Daejeon South Korea
| | - Jung‐Eun Cho
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection (CEVI) Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Yuseong‐gu, Daejeon South Korea
| | - Subeen Myung
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection (CEVI) Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Yuseong‐gu, Daejeon South Korea
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Korea University of Science and Technology Daejeon South Korea
| | - Min Seong Jang
- Department of Non‐Clinical Studies Korea Institute of Toxicology Yuseong‐gu, Daejeon South Korea
| | - Seungtaek Kim
- Zoonotic Virus Laboratory Institut Pasteur Korea Seongnam‐si Gyeonggi‐do South Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Song
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection (CEVI) Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Yuseong‐gu, Daejeon South Korea
| | - Hyoung Rae Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection (CEVI) Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Yuseong‐gu, Daejeon South Korea
| | - Chul Min Park
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection (CEVI) Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Yuseong‐gu, Daejeon South Korea
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Korea University of Science and Technology Daejeon South Korea
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Mamidi P, Nayak TK, Kumar A, Kumar S, Chatterjee S, De S, Datey A, Ghosh S, Keshry SS, Singh S, Laha E, Ray A, Chattopadhyay S, Chattopadhyay S. MK2a inhibitor CMPD1 abrogates chikungunya virus infection by modulating actin remodeling pathway. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009667. [PMID: 34780576 PMCID: PMC8592423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) epidemics around the world have created public health concern with the unavailability of effective drugs and vaccines. This emphasizes the need for molecular understanding of host-virus interactions for developing effective targeted antivirals. Microarray analysis was carried out using CHIKV strain (Prototype and Indian) infected Vero cells and two host isozymes, MAPK activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) and MAPK activated protein kinase 3 (MK3) were selected for further analysis. The substrate spectrum of both enzymes is indistinguishable and covers proteins involved in cytokines production, endocytosis, reorganization of the cytoskeleton, cell migration, cell cycle control, chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation. Gene silencing and drug treatment were performed in vitro and in vivo to unravel the role of MK2/MK3 in CHIKV infection. Gene silencing of MK2 and MK3 abrogated around 58% CHIKV progeny release from the host cell and a MK2 activation inhibitor (CMPD1) treatment demonstrated 68% inhibition of viral infection suggesting a major role of MAPKAPKs during late CHIKV infection in vitro. Further, it was observed that the inhibition in viral infection is primarily due to the abrogation of lamellipodium formation through modulation of factors involved in the actin cytoskeleton remodeling pathway. Moreover, CHIKV-infected C57BL/6 mice demonstrated reduction in the viral copy number, lessened disease score and better survivability after CMPD1 treatment. In addition, reduction in expression of key pro-inflammatory mediators such as CXCL13, RAGE, FGF, MMP9 and increase in HGF (a CHIKV infection recovery marker) was observed indicating the effectiveness of the drug against CHIKV. Taken together it can be proposed that MK2 and MK3 are crucial host factors for CHIKV infection and can be considered as important target for developing effective anti-CHIKV strategies. Chikungunya virus has been a dreaded disease from the first time it occurred in 1952 Tanzania. Since then it has been affecting the different parts of the world at different time periods in large scale. It is typically transmitted to humans by bites of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Although, studies have been undertaken to combat its prevalence still there are no effective strategies like vaccines or antivirals against it. Therefore it is essential to understand the virus and host interaction to overcome this hurdle. In this study two host factors MK2 and MK3 have been taken into consideration to see how they affect the multiplication of the virus. The in vitro and in vivo experiments conducted demonstrated that inhibition of MK2 and MK3 not only restricted viral release but also decreased the disease score and allowed better survivability. Therefore, MK2 and MK3 could be considered as the key targets in the anti CHIKV approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tapas Kumar Nayak
- National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sameer Kumar
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Sanchari Chatterjee
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Saikat De
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Ankita Datey
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- KIIT school of Biotechnology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Soumyajit Ghosh
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Supriya Suman Keshry
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- KIIT school of Biotechnology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sharad Singh
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- KIIT school of Biotechnology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Eshna Laha
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Amrita Ray
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
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9
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Troost-Kind B, van Hemert MJ, van de Pol D, van der Ende-Metselaar H, Merits A, Borggrewe M, Rodenhuis-Zybert IA, Smit JM. Tomatidine reduces Chikungunya virus progeny release by controlling viral protein expression. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009916. [PMID: 34762680 PMCID: PMC8664216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomatidine, a natural steroidal alkaloid from unripe green tomatoes has been shown to exhibit many health benefits. We recently provided in vitro evidence that tomatidine reduces the infectivity of Dengue virus (DENV) and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), two medically important arthropod-borne human infections for which no treatment options are available. We observed a potent antiviral effect with EC50 values of 0.82 μM for DENV-2 and 1.3 μM for CHIKV-LR. In this study, we investigated how tomatidine controls CHIKV infectivity. Using mass spectrometry, we identified that tomatidine induces the expression of p62, CD98, metallothionein and thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein 2 in Huh7 cells. The hits p62 and CD98 were validated, yet subsequent analysis revealed that they are not responsible for the observed antiviral effect. In parallel, we sought to identify at which step of the virus replication cycle tomatidine controls virus infectivity. A strong antiviral effect was seen when in vitro transcribed CHIKV RNA was transfected into Huh7 cells treated with tomatidine, thereby excluding a role for tomatidine during CHIKV cell entry. Subsequent determination of the number of intracellular viral RNA copies and viral protein expression levels during natural infection revealed that tomatidine reduces the RNA copy number and viral protein expression levels in infected cells. Once cells are infected, tomatidine is not able to interfere with active RNA replication yet it can reduce viral protein expression. Collectively, the results delineate that tomatidine controls viral protein expression to exert its antiviral activity. Lastly, sequential passaging of CHIKV in presence of tomatidine did not lead to viral resistance. Collectively, these results further emphasize the potential of tomatidine as an antiviral treatment towards CHIKV infection. Chikungunya fever is a debilitating disease caused by the mosquito-borne Chikungunya virus. Over the past two decades the geographical spread of the virus and its mosquito vector has drastically increased thereby causing millions of infections. To date there is no antiviral drug and no vaccine available to treat/prevent Chikungunya virus infection. We recently showed that the natural steroidal alkaloid tomatidine has potent antiviral activity towards Chikungunya virus at submicromolar concentrations. In this study we dissected how tomatidine reduces the production of Chikungunya virus particles. We show that tomatidine lowers viral protein expression and we hypothesize that the effect of tomatidine on viral protein translation hampers the production of progeny viral RNA copies / number of infected cells thereby leading to a reduced production of secreted virus particles. Also, we show that Chikungunya virus does not readily become resistant to tomatidine. Collectively, we deciphered the mechanism by which tomatidine exerts antiviral activity to Chikungunya virus and our results strengthen the potential of tomatidine as an antiviral treatment strategy towards Chikungunya virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Troost-Kind
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn J. van Hemert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Denise van de Pol
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Heidi van der Ende-Metselaar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Malte Borggrewe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Izabela A. Rodenhuis-Zybert
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M. Smit
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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10
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Gupta S, Mishra KP, Gupta R, Singh SB. Andrographolide - A prospective remedy for chikungunya fever and viral arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:108045. [PMID: 34435582 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Andrographolide, the major bioactive compound of the plant Andrographis paniculata, exerts anti-inflammatory, cyto-, neuro- and hepato-protective effects. Traditional remedies for infectious diseases include A. paniculata for maladies like fever, pain, rashes which are associated with chikungunya and other arboviral diseases. Since andrographolide and A. paniculata have potent antiviral properties, the present review aims to provide a comprehensive report of symptoms and immunological molecules involved in chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection and the therapeutic role of andrographolide in the mitigation of chikungunya and associated symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Studies on the therapeutic role of A. paniculata and andrographolide in chikungunya and other viral infections published between 1991 and 2021 were searched on various databases. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The havoc created by chikungunya is due to the associated debilitating symptoms including arthralgia and myalgia which sometimes remains for years. The authors reviewed and summarized the various symptoms and immunological molecules related to CHIKV replication and associated inflammation, oxidative and unfolded protein stress, apoptosis and arthritis. Additionally, the authors suggested andrographolide as a remedy for chikungunya and other arboviral infections by highlighting its role in the regulation of molecules involved in unfolded protein response pathway, immunomodulation, inflammation, virus multiplication, oxidative stress, apoptosis and arthritis. CONCLUSION The present review demonstrated the major complications associated with chikungunya and the role of andrographolide in alleviating the chikungunya associated symptoms to encourage further investigations using this promising compound towards early development of an anti-CHIKV drug. Chemical Compound studied: andrographolide (PubChem CID: 5318517).
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Gupta
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India.
| | - K P Mishra
- Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO)-HQ, Rajaji Marg, New Delhi 110011, India
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - S B Singh
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
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11
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Battisti V, Urban E, Langer T. Antivirals against the Chikungunya Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:1307. [PMID: 34372513 PMCID: PMC8310245 DOI: 10.3390/v13071307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that has re-emerged in recent decades, causing large-scale epidemics in many parts of the world. CHIKV infection leads to a febrile disease known as chikungunya fever (CHIKF), which is characterised by severe joint pain and myalgia. As many patients develop a painful chronic stage and neither antiviral drugs nor vaccines are available, the development of a potent CHIKV inhibiting drug is crucial for CHIKF treatment. A comprehensive summary of current antiviral research and development of small-molecule inhibitor against CHIKV is presented in this review. We highlight different approaches used for the identification of such compounds and further discuss the identification and application of promising viral and host targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.B.); (E.U.)
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12
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Abstract
Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) is an arbovirus disease caused by chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus of Togaviridae family. Transmission follows a human-mosquito-human cycle starting with a mosquito bite. Subsequently, symptoms develop after 2-6 days of incubation, including high fever and severe arthralgia. The disease is self-limiting and usually resolve within 2 weeks. However, chronic disease can last up to several years with persistent polyarthralgia. Overlapping symptoms and common vector with dengue and malaria present many challenges for diagnosis and treatment of this disease. CHIKF was reported in India in 1963 for the first time. After a period of quiescence lasting up to 32 years, CHIKV re-emerged in India in 2005. Currently, every part of the country has become endemic for the disease with outbreaks resulting in huge economic and productivity losses. Several mutations have been identified in circulating strains of the virus resulting in better adaptations or increased fitness in the vector(s), effective transmission, and disease severity. CHIKV evolution has been a significant driver of epidemics in India, hence, the need to focus on proper surveillance, and implementation of prevention and control measure in the country. Presently, there are no licensed vaccines or antivirals available; however, India has initiated several efforts in this direction including traditional medicines. In this review, we present the current status of CHIKF in India.
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13
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Jin YH, Min JS, Jeon S, Lee J, Kim S, Park T, Park D, Jang MS, Park CM, Song JH, Kim HR, Kwon S. Lycorine, a non-nucleoside RNA dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor, as potential treatment for emerging coronavirus infections. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 86:153440. [PMID: 33376043 PMCID: PMC7738280 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly effective novel treatments need to be developed to suppress emerging coronavirus (CoV) infections such as COVID-19. The RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) among the viral proteins is known as an effective antiviral target. Lycorine is a phenanthridine Amaryllidaceae alkaloid isolated from the bulbs of Lycoris radiata (L'Hér.) Herb. and has various pharmacological bioactivities including antiviral function. PURPOSE We investigated the direct-inhibiting action of lycorine on CoV's RdRp, as potential treatment for emerging CoV infections. METHODS We examined the inhibitory effect of lycorine on MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 infections, and then quantitatively measured the inhibitory effect of lycorine on MERS-CoV RdRp activity using a cell-based reporter assay. Finally, we performed the docking simulation with lycorine and SARS-CoV-2 RdRp. RESULTS Lycorine efficiently inhibited these CoVs with IC50 values of 2.123 ± 0.053, 1.021 ± 0.025, and 0.878 ± 0.022 μM, respectively, comparable with anti-CoV effects of remdesivir. Lycorine directly inhibited MERS-CoV RdRp activity with an IC50 of 1.406 ± 0.260 μM, compared with remdesivir's IC50 value of 6.335 ± 0.731 μM. In addition, docking simulation showed that lycorine interacts with SARS-CoV-2 RdRp at the Asp623, Asn691, and Ser759 residues through hydrogen bonding, at which the binding affinities of lycorine (-6.2 kcal/mol) were higher than those of remdesivir (-4.7 kcal/mol). CONCLUSIONS Lycorine is a potent non-nucleoside direct-acting antiviral against emerging coronavirus infections and acts by inhibiting viral RdRp activity; therefore, lycorine may be a candidate against the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hee Jin
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Korea; Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea.
| | - Jung Sun Min
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Sangeun Jeon
- Zoonotic Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam 13488, Korea
| | - Jihye Lee
- Zoonotic Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam 13488, Korea
| | - Seungtaek Kim
- Zoonotic Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam 13488, Korea
| | - Tamina Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Daeui Park
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Min Seong Jang
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; Department of Non-Clinical Studies, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Chul Min Park
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Song
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Hyoung Rae Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Sunoh Kwon
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
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14
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Ahmed SK, Haese NN, Cowan JT, Pathak V, Moukha-Chafiq O, Smith VJ, Rodzinak KJ, Ahmad F, Zhang S, Bonin KM, Streblow AD, Streblow CE, Kreklywich CN, Morrison C, Sarkar S, Moorman N, Sander W, Allen R, DeFilippis V, Tekwani BL, Wu M, Hirsch AJ, Smith JL, Tower NA, Rasmussen L, Bostwick R, Maddry JA, Ananthan S, Gerdes JM, Augelli-Szafran CE, Suto MJ, Morrison TE, Heise MT, Streblow DN, Pathak AK. Targeting Chikungunya Virus Replication by Benzoannulene Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4762-4786. [PMID: 33835811 PMCID: PMC9774970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A benzo[6]annulene, 4-(tert-butyl)-N-(3-methoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl) benzamide (1a), was identified as an inhibitor against Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) with antiviral activity EC90 = 1.45 μM and viral titer reduction (VTR) of 2.5 log at 10 μM with no observed cytotoxicity (CC50 = 169 μM) in normal human dermal fibroblast cells. Chemistry efforts to improve potency, efficacy, and drug-like properties of 1a resulted in a novel lead compound 8q, which possessed excellent cellular antiviral activity (EC90 = 270 nM and VTR of 4.5 log at 10 μM) and improved liver microsomal stability. CHIKV resistance to an analog of 1a, compound 1c, tracked to a mutation in the nsP3 macrodomain. Further mechanism of action studies showed compounds working through inhibition of human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase in addition to CHIKV nsP3 macrodomain. Moderate efficacy was observed in an in vivo CHIKV challenge mouse model for compound 8q as viral replication was rescued from the pyrimidine salvage pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jaden T. Cowan
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Vibha Pathak
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Omar Moukha-Chafiq
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Valerie J. Smith
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Kevin J. Rodzinak
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Fahim Ahmad
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Sixue Zhang
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Kiley M. Bonin
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Aaron D. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Cassilyn E. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Craig N. Kreklywich
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Clayton Morrison
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sanjay Sarkar
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nathaniel Moorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Wes Sander
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Robbie Allen
- Oregon Translational Research and Development Institute, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Victor DeFilippis
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Babu L. Tekwani
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Mousheng Wu
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Alec J. Hirsch
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Jessica L. Smith
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Nichole A. Tower
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Lynn Rasmussen
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Robert Bostwick
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Joseph A. Maddry
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Subramaniam Ananthan
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - John M Gerdes
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | | | - Mark J. Suto
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Mark T. Heise
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Daniel N. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Ashish K. Pathak
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern, Research, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
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15
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Ivanova L, Rausalu K, Žusinaite E, Tammiku-Taul J, Merits A, Karelson M. 1,3-Thiazolbenzamide Derivatives as Chikungunya Virus nsP2 Protease Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:5786-5794. [PMID: 33681617 PMCID: PMC7931429 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya fever results from an infection with Chikungunya virus (CHIKV, genus Alphavirus) that is prevalent in tropical regions and is spreading fast to temperate climates with documented outbreaks in Europe and the Americas. Currently, there are no available vaccines or antiviral drugs for prevention or treatment of Chikungunya fever. The nonstructural proteins (nsPs) of CHIKV responsible for virus replication are promising targets for the development of new antivirals. This study was attempted to find out new potential inhibitors of CHIKV nsP2 protease using the ligand-based drug design. Two compounds 10 and 10c, identified by molecular docking, showed antiviral activity against CHIKV with IC50 of 13.1 and 8.3 μM, respectively. Both compounds demonstrated the ability to inhibit the activity of nsP2 in a cell-free assay, and the impact of compound 10 on virus replication was confirmed by western blot. The molecular dynamics study of the interactions of compounds 10 and 10c with CHIKV nsP2 showed that a possible mechanism of action of these compounds is the blocking of the active site and the catalytic dyad of nsP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Ivanova
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kai Rausalu
- Institute
of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eva Žusinaite
- Institute
of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaana Tammiku-Taul
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute
of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mati Karelson
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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16
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Prophylactic strategies to control chikungunya virus infection. Virus Genes 2021; 57:133-150. [PMID: 33590406 PMCID: PMC7883954 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01820-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a (re)emerging arbovirus and the causative agent of chikungunya fever. In recent years, CHIKV was responsible for a series of outbreaks, some of which had serious economic and public health impacts in the affected regions. So far, no CHIKV-specific antiviral therapy or vaccine has been approved. This review gives a brief summary on CHIKV epidemiology, spread, infection and diagnosis. It furthermore deals with the strategies against emerging diseases, drug development and the possibilities of testing antivirals against CHIKV in vitro and in vivo. With our review, we hope to provide the latest information on CHIKV, disease manifestation, as well as on the current state of CHIKV vaccine development and post-exposure therapy.
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17
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Raghuvanshi R, Bharate SB. Recent Developments in the Use of Kinase Inhibitors for Management of Viral Infections. J Med Chem 2021; 65:893-921. [PMID: 33539089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Kinases are a group of therapeutic targets involved in the progression of numerous diseases, including cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, and viral infections. The majority of approved antiviral agents are inhibitors of virus-specific targets that are encoded by individual viruses. These inhibitors are narrow-spectrum agents that can cause resistance development. Viruses are dependent on host cellular proteins, including kinases, for progression of their life-cycle. Thus, targeting kinases is an important therapeutic approach to discovering broad-spectrum antiviral agents. As there are a large number of FDA approved kinase inhibitors for various indications, their repurposing for viral infections is an attractive and time-sparing strategy. Many kinase inhibitors, including baricitinib, ruxolitinib, imatinib, tofacitinib, pacritinib, zanubrutinib, and ibrutinib, are under clinical investigation for COVID-19. Herein, we discuss FDA approved kinase inhibitors, along with a repertoire of clinical/preclinical stage kinase inhibitors that possess antiviral activity or are useful in the management of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinky Raghuvanshi
- Medicinal Chemistry Division,CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sandip B Bharate
- Medicinal Chemistry Division,CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
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18
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Kim SI, Kim S, Shim JM, Lee HJ, Chang SY, Park S, Min JY, Park WB, Oh MD, Kim S, Chung J. Neutralization of Zika virus by E protein domain III-Specific human monoclonal antibody. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 545:33-39. [PMID: 33535104 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in both infants and adults is associated with neurological complications including, but not limited to, microcephaly and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Antibody therapy can be effective against virus infection. We isolated ZIKV envelope domain III-specific neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) from two convalescent patients with ZIKV infection. One antibody, 2F-8, exhibited potent in vitro neutralizing activity against Asian and American strains of ZIKV. To prevent FcγR-mediated antibody-dependent enhancement, we prepared IgG1 with LALA variation. A single dose of 2F-8 in the context of IgG1 or IgG1-LALA prior to or post lethal ZIKV challenge conferred complete protection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Il Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sujeong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung Min Shim
- Zoonotic Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Lee
- Zoonotic Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea.
| | - So Young Chang
- Respiratory Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seoryeong Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Young Min
- Respiratory Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wan Beom Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myoung-Don Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seungtaek Kim
- Zoonotic Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junho Chung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Hucke FIL, Bugert JJ. Current and Promising Antivirals Against Chikungunya Virus. Front Public Health 2020; 8:618624. [PMID: 33384981 PMCID: PMC7769948 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.618624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the causative agent of chikungunya fever (CHIKF) and is categorized as a(n) (re)emerging arbovirus. CHIKV has repeatedly been responsible for outbreaks that caused serious economic and public health problems in the affected countries. To date, no vaccine or specific antiviral therapies are available. This review gives a summary on current antivirals that have been investigated as potential therapeutics against CHIKF. The mode of action as well as possible compound targets (viral and host targets) are being addressed. This review hopes to provide critical information on the in vitro efficacies of various compounds and might help researchers in their considerations for future experiments.
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20
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Structural and Functional Characterization of Host FHL1 Protein Interaction with Hypervariable Domain of Chikungunya Virus nsP3 Protein. J Virol 2020; 95:JVI.01672-20. [PMID: 33055253 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01672-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of insufficient control have resulted in unprecedented spread of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) around the globe, and millions have suffered from the highly debilitating disease. Nevertheless, the current understanding of CHIKV-host interactions and adaptability of the virus to replication in mosquitoes and mammalian hosts is still elusive. Our new study shows that four-and-a-half LIM domain protein (FHL1) is one of the host factors that interact with the hypervariable domain (HVD) of CHIKV nsP3. Unlike G3BPs, FHL1 is not a prerequisite of CHIKV replication, and many commonly used cell lines do not express FHL1. However, its expression has a detectable stimulatory effect(s) on CHIKV replication, and Fhl1 knockout (KO) cell lines demonstrate slower infection spread. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based studies revealed that the binding site of FHL1 in CHIKV nsP3 HVD overlaps that of another proviral host factor, CD2AP. The structural data also demonstrated that FHL1-HVD interaction is mostly determined by the LIM1 domain of FHL1. However, it does not mirror binding of the entire protein, suggesting that other LIM domains are involved. In agreement with previously published data, our biological experiments showed that interactions of CHIKV HVD with CD2AP and FHL1 have additive effects on the efficiency of CHIKV replication. This study shows that CHIKV mutants with extensive modifications of FHL1- or both FHL1- and CD2AP-binding sites remain viable and develop spreading infection in multiple cell types. Our study also demonstrated that other members of the FHL family can bind to CHIKV HVD and thus may be involved in viral replication.IMPORTANCE Replication of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is determined by a wide range of host factors. Previously, we have demonstrated that the hypervariable domain (HVD) of CHIKV nsP3 contains linear motifs that recruit defined families of host proteins into formation of functional viral replication complexes. Now, using NMR-based structural and biological approaches, we have characterized the binding site of the cellular FHL1 protein in CHIKV HVD and defined the biological significance of this interaction. In contrast to previously described binding of G3BP to CHIKV HVD, the FHL1-HVD interaction was found to not be a prerequisite of viral replication. However, the presence of FHL1 has a stimulatory effect on CHIKV infectivity and, subsequently, the infection spread. FHL1 and CD2AP proteins were found to have overlapping binding sites in CHIKV HVD and additive proviral functions. Elimination of the FHL1-binding site in the nsP3 HVD can be used for the development of stable, attenuated vaccine candidates.
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21
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Lee JY, Shin YS, Lee J, Kwon S, Jin YH, Jang MS, Kim S, Song JH, Kim HR, Park CM. Identification of 4-anilino-6-aminoquinazoline derivatives as potential MERS-CoV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127472. [PMID: 32781216 PMCID: PMC7414322 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
New therapies for treating coronaviruses are urgently needed. A series of 4-anilino-6-aminoquinazoline derivatives were synthesized and evaluated to show high anti-MERS-CoV activities. N4-(3-Chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-N6-(3-methoxybenzyl)quinazoline-4,6-diamine (1) has been identified in a random screen as a hit compound for inhibiting MERS-CoV infection. Throughout optimization process, compound 20 was found to exhibit high inhibitory effect (IC50 = 0.157 μM, SI = 25) with no cytotoxicity and moderate in vivo PK properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Lee
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection (CEVI), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Young Sup Shin
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection (CEVI), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Jihye Lee
- Zoonotic Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea
| | - Sunoh Kwon
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection (CEVI), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, South Korea; Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, South Korea
| | - Young-Hee Jin
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection (CEVI), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, South Korea; KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, South Korea
| | - Min Seong Jang
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection (CEVI), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, South Korea; Department of Non-Clinical Studies, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Seungtaek Kim
- Zoonotic Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Song
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection (CEVI), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Hyoung Rae Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection (CEVI), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Chul Min Park
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection (CEVI), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, South Korea.
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22
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Troost B, Mulder LM, Diosa-Toro M, van de Pol D, Rodenhuis-Zybert IA, Smit JM. Tomatidine, a natural steroidal alkaloid shows antiviral activity towards chikungunya virus in vitro. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6364. [PMID: 32286447 PMCID: PMC7156627 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63397-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has re-emerged, leading to outbreaks of chikungunya fever in Africa, Asia and Central and South America. The disease is characterized by a rapid onset febrile illness with (poly)arthralgia, myalgia, rashes, headaches and nausea. In 30 to 40% of the cases, CHIKV infection causes persistent (poly)arthralgia, lasting for months or even years after initial infection. Despite the drastic re-emergence and clinical impact there is no vaccine nor antiviral compound available to prevent or control CHIKV infection. Here, we evaluated the antiviral potential of tomatidine towards CHIKV infection. We demonstrate that tomatidine potently inhibits virus particle production of multiple CHIKV strains. Time-of -addition experiments in Huh7 cells revealed that tomatidine acts at a post-entry step of the virus replication cycle. Furthermore, a marked decrease in the number of CHIKV-infected cells was seen, suggesting that tomatidine predominantly acts early in infection yet after virus attachment and cell entry. Antiviral activity was still detected at 24 hours post-infection, indicating that tomatidine controls multiple rounds of CHIKV replication. Solasodine and sarsasapogenin, two structural derivatives of tomatidine, also showed strong albeit less potent antiviral activity towards CHIKV. In conclusion, this study identifies tomatidine as a novel compound to combat CHIKV infection in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Troost
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lianne M Mulder
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mayra Diosa-Toro
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Denise van de Pol
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Izabela A Rodenhuis-Zybert
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M Smit
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Singh N, Chaput L, Villoutreix BO. Virtual screening web servers: designing chemical probes and drug candidates in the cyberspace. Brief Bioinform 2020; 22:1790-1818. [PMID: 32187356 PMCID: PMC7986591 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between life sciences and advancing technology drives a continuous cycle of chemical data growth; these data are most often stored in open or partially open databases. In parallel, many different types of algorithms are being developed to manipulate these chemical objects and associated bioactivity data. Virtual screening methods are among the most popular computational approaches in pharmaceutical research. Today, user-friendly web-based tools are available to help scientists perform virtual screening experiments. This article provides an overview of internet resources enabling and supporting chemical biology and early drug discovery with a main emphasis on web servers dedicated to virtual ligand screening and small-molecule docking. This survey first introduces some key concepts and then presents recent and easily accessible virtual screening and related target-fishing tools as well as briefly discusses case studies enabled by some of these web services. Notwithstanding further improvements, already available web-based tools not only contribute to the design of bioactive molecules and assist drug repositioning but also help to generate new ideas and explore different hypotheses in a timely fashion while contributing to teaching in the field of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natesh Singh
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ludovic Chaput
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bruno O Villoutreix
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
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24
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25
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Abdelnabi R, Jacobs S, Delang L, Neyts J. Antiviral drug discovery against arthritogenic alphaviruses: Tools and molecular targets. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 174:113777. [PMID: 31874146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alphaviruses are (mainly) arthropod-borne viruses that belong to the family of the Togaviridae. Based on the disease they cause, alphaviruses are divided into an arthritogenic and an encephalitic group. Arthritogenic alphaviruses such as the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), the Ross River virus (RRV) and the Mayaro virus (MAYV) have become a serious public health concern in recent years. Epidemics are associated with high morbidity and the infections cause in many patients debilitating joint pain that can persist for months to years. The recent (2013-2014) introduction of CHIKV in the Americas resulted in millions of infected persons. Massive outbreaks of CHIKV and other arthritogenic alphaviruses are likely to occur in the future. Despite the worldwide (re-)emergence of these viruses, there are no antivirals or vaccines available for the treatment or prevention of infections with alphaviruses. It is therefore of utmost importance to develop antiviral strategies against these viruses. We here review the possible molecular targets in the replication cycle of these viruses for the development of antivirals. In addition, we provide an overview of the currently available in vitro systems and mouse infection models that can be used to assess the potential antiviral effect against these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Abdelnabi
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Jacobs
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Delang
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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26
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Puranik N, Rani R, Singh VA, Tomar S, Puntambekar HM, Srivastava P. Evaluation of the Antiviral Potential of Halogenated Dihydrorugosaflavonoids and Molecular Modeling with nsP3 Protein of Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV). ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:20335-20345. [PMID: 31815237 PMCID: PMC6893968 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antiviral therapy is crucial for the circumvention of viral epidemics. The unavailability of a specific antiviral drug against the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) disease has created an alarming situation to identify or develop potent chemical molecules for remedial management of CHIKV. In the present investigation, in silico studies of dihydrorugosaflavonoid derivatives (5a-f) with non-structural protein-3 (nsP3) were carried out. nsP3 replication protein has recently been considered as a possible antiviral target in which crucial inhibitors fit into the adenosine-binding pocket of the macrodomain. The 4'-halogenated dihydrorugosaflavonoids displayed intrinsic binding with the nsp3 macrodomain (PDB ID: 3GPO) of CHIKV. Compounds 5c and 5d showed docking scores of -7.54 and -6.86 kcal mol-1, respectively. Various in vitro assays were performed to confirm their (5a-f) antiviral potential against CHIKV. The non-cytotoxic dose was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and was found to be <100 μM. The compounds 5c and 5d showed their inhibitory potential for CHIKV, which was determined through cytopathic effect assay and plaque reduction assay, which show inhibition up to 95 and 92% for 70 μM concentration of the compounds, respectively. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay result confirmed the ability of 5c and 5d to reduce the viral RNA level at 70 μM concentration of compounds to nearly 95 and 93% concentration, respectively, in cells with CHIKV infection. Further, the CHIKV-inhibitory capacity of these compounds was corroborated by execution of immunofluorescence assay. The executed work will be meaningful for the future research of studied dihydrorugosaflavonoids against prime antiviral entrants, leading to remedial management to preclude CHIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninad
V. Puranik
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India
- Savitribai
Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Ruchi Rani
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Vedita Anand Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Hemalata M. Puntambekar
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India
- Savitribai
Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Pratibha Srivastava
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India
- Savitribai
Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
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27
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Yoon JH, Lee JY, Lee J, Shin YS, Jeon S, Kim DE, Min JS, Song JH, Kim S, Kwon S, Jin YH, Jang MS, Kim HR, Park CM. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 3-acyl-2-phenylamino-1,4-dihydroquinolin-4(1H)-one derivatives as potential MERS-CoV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126727. [PMID: 31624041 PMCID: PMC7126094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
3-Acyl-2-phenylamino-1,4-dihydroquinolin-4(1H)-one derivatives were synthesized and evaluated to show high anti-MERS-CoV inhibitory activities. Among them, 6,8-difluoro-3-isobutyryl-2-((2,3,4-trifluorophenyl)amino)quinolin-4(1H)-one (6u) exhibits high inhibitory effect (IC50 = 86 nM) and low toxicity (CC50 > 25 μM). Moreover, it shows good metabolic stability, low hERG binding affinity, no cytotoxicity, and good in vivo PK properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Yoon
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection (CEVI), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Jun Young Lee
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection (CEVI), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Jihye Lee
- Respiratory Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea
| | - Young Sup Shin
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection (CEVI), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Sangeun Jeon
- Respiratory Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea
| | - Dong Eon Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, South Korea
| | - Jung Sun Min
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, South Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Song
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection (CEVI), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Seungtaek Kim
- Zoonotic Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea
| | - Sunoh Kwon
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, South Korea
| | - Young-Hee Jin
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, South Korea
| | - Min Seong Jang
- Department of Non-Clinical Studies, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Hyoung Rae Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection (CEVI), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Chul Min Park
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection (CEVI), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
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28
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Abstract
Introduction: Benzofuran is a fundamental unit in numerous bioactive heterocycles. They have attracted chemists and medical researchers due to their broad range of biological activity, where some of them possess unique anticancer, antitubercular, antidiabetic, anti-Alzheimer and anti-inflammatory properties. The benzofuran nucleus is present in a huge number of bioactive natural and synthetic compounds. Benzofuran derivatives have potent applications in pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and polymers. The recent developments considering the biological activities of benzofuran compounds are reported. They have a vital role as pronounced inhibitors against a number of diseases, viruses, fungus, microbes, and enzymes. Areas covered: This review covers the recent developments of biological activities of benzofurans during the period 2014-2019. The covered areas here comprised antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antitubercular, antidiabetic, anti-Alzheimer, antioxidant, antiviral, vasorelaxant, anti-osteoporotic and enzyme inhibitory activities. Expert opinion: In addition to the already commercialized 34 benzofurans-based drugs in the market, this chapter outlines several potent benzofuran derivatives that may be useful as potential pro-drugs. It is also focused on providing details of SAR and the effect of certain functional groups on the activity of the benzofuran compounds. The presence of -OH, -OMe, sulfonamide, or halogen contributed greatly to increasing the therapeutic activities comparing with reference drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal M Dawood
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University , Giza , Egypt
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29
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Bhat SM, Mudgal PP, N S, Arunkumar G. Spectrum of candidate molecules against Chikungunya virus - an insight into the antiviral screening platforms. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:243-264. [PMID: 30889372 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1595591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chikungunya disease has undergone a phenomenal transition in its status from being recognized as a sporadic infection to acquiring a global prominence over the last couple of decades. The causative agent behind the explosive epidemics worldwide is the re-emerging pathogen, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Areas covered: The current review discusses all the possible avenues of antiviral research towards combating CHIKV infection. Aspects of antiviral drug discovery such as antiviral targets, candidate molecules screened, and the various criteria to be a potential inhibitor are all discussed at length. Existing antiviral drug screening tools for CHIKV and their applications are thoroughly described. Clinical trial status of agents with therapeutic potential has been updated with special mention of candidate molecules under patent approval. Databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Google Patent, and Clinical Trial Registry platforms were referred. Expert opinion: The massive outbreaks of Chikungunya viral disease in the recent past and the serious health concerns imposed thereby, have driven the search for effective therapeutics. The greatest challenge being the non-availability of robust, reproducible, cost-effective and biologically accurate assay models. Nevertheless, there is a need to identify good models mimicking the appropriate microenvironment of an infectious setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shree Madhu Bhat
- a Manipal Centre for Virus Research , Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University) , Manipal , Karnataka , India
| | - Piya Paul Mudgal
- a Manipal Centre for Virus Research , Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University) , Manipal , Karnataka , India
| | - Sudheesh N
- a Manipal Centre for Virus Research , Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University) , Manipal , Karnataka , India
| | - Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- a Manipal Centre for Virus Research , Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University) , Manipal , Karnataka , India
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30
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Beyond Members of the Flaviviridae Family, Sofosbuvir Also Inhibits Chikungunya Virus Replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.01389-18. [PMID: 30455237 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01389-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes a febrile disease associated with chronic arthralgia, which may progress to neurological impairment. Chikungunya fever (CF) is an ongoing public health problem in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, where control of the CHIKV vector, Aedes mosquitos, has failed. As there is no vaccine or specific treatment for CHIKV, patients receive only palliative care to alleviate pain and arthralgia. Thus, drug repurposing is necessary to identify antivirals against CHIKV. CHIKV RNA polymerase is similar to the orthologue enzyme of other positive-sense RNA viruses, such as members of the Flaviviridae family. Among the Flaviviridae, not only is hepatitis C virus RNA polymerase susceptible to sofosbuvir, a clinically approved nucleotide analogue, but so is dengue, Zika, and yellow fever virus replication. Here, we found that sofosbuvir was three times more selective in inhibiting CHIKV production in human hepatoma cells than ribavirin, a pan-antiviral drug. Although CHIKV replication in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived astrocytes was less susceptible to sofosbuvir than were hepatoma cells, sofosbuvir nevertheless impaired virus production and cell death in a multiplicity of infection-dependent manner. Sofosbuvir also exhibited antiviral activity in vivo by preventing CHIKV-induced paw edema in adult mice at a dose of 20 mg/kg of body weight/day and prevented mortality in a neonate mouse model at 40- and 80-mg/kg/day doses. Our data demonstrate that a prototypic alphavirus, CHIKV, is also susceptible to sofosbuvir. As sofosbuvir is a clinically approved drug, our findings could pave the way to it becoming a therapeutic option against CF.
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31
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Hernandez HW, Soeung M, Zorn KM, Ashoura N, Mottin M, Andrade CH, Caffrey CR, de Siqueira-Neto JL, Ekins S. High Throughput and Computational Repurposing for Neglected Diseases. Pharm Res 2018; 36:27. [PMID: 30560386 PMCID: PMC6792295 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) represent are a heterogeneous group of communicable diseases that are found within the poorest populations of the world. There are 23 NTDs that have been prioritized by the World Health Organization, which are endemic in 149 countries and affect more than 1.4 billion people, costing these developing economies billions of dollars annually. The NTDs result from four different causative pathogens: protozoa, bacteria, helminth and virus. The majority of the diseases lack effective treatments. Therefore, new therapeutics for NTDs are desperately needed. Methods We describe various high throughput screening and computational approaches that have been performed in recent years. We have collated the molecules identified in these studies and calculated molecular properties. Results Numerous global repurposing efforts have yielded some promising compounds for various neglected tropical diseases. These compounds when analyzed as one would expect appear drug-like. Several large datasets are also now in the public domain and this enables machine learning models to be constructed that then facilitate the discovery of new molecules for these pathogens. Conclusions In the space of a few years many groups have either performed experimental or computational repurposing high throughput screens against neglected diseases. These have identified compounds which in many cases are already approved drugs. Such approaches perhaps offer a more efficient way to develop treatments which are generally not a focus for global pharmaceutical companies because of the economics or the lack of a viable market. Other diseases could perhaps benefit from these repurposing approaches. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11095-018-2558-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melinda Soeung
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kimberley M Zorn
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606, USA
| | | | - Melina Mottin
- LabMol - Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade Federal de Goias - UFG, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Carolina Horta Andrade
- LabMol - Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade Federal de Goias - UFG, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Conor R Caffrey
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, 92093, USA
| | - Jair Lage de Siqueira-Neto
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, 92093, USA
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606, USA.
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32
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Pihl AF, Offersgaard AF, Mathiesen CK, Prentoe J, Fahnøe U, Krarup H, Bukh J, Gottwein JM. High density Huh7.5 cell hollow fiber bioreactor culture for high-yield production of hepatitis C virus and studies of antivirals. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17505. [PMID: 30504788 PMCID: PMC6269495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection poses a serious global public health burden. Despite the recent development of effective treatments there is a large unmet need for a prophylactic vaccine. Further, antiviral resistance might compromise treatment efficiency in the future. HCV cell culture systems are typically based on Huh7 and derived hepatoma cell lines cultured in monolayers. However, efficient high cell density culture systems for high-yield HCV production and studies of antivirals are lacking. We established a system based on Huh7.5 cells cultured in a hollow fiber bioreactor in the presence or absence of bovine serum. Using an adapted chimeric genotype 5a virus, we achieved peak HCV infectivity and RNA titers of 7.6 log10 FFU/mL and 10.4 log10 IU/mL, respectively. Bioreactor derived HCV showed high genetic stability, as well as buoyant density, sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies AR3A and AR4A, and dependency on HCV co-receptors CD81 and SR-BI comparable to that of HCV produced in monolayer cell cultures. Using the bioreactor platform, treatment with the NS5A inhibitor daclatasvir resulted in HCV escape mediated by the NS5A resistance substitution Y93H. In conclusion, we established an efficient high cell density HCV culture system with implications for studies of antivirals and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne F Pihl
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna F Offersgaard
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian K Mathiesen
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jannick Prentoe
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Fahnøe
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Krarup
- Section of Molecular Diagnostics, Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jens Bukh
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Judith M Gottwein
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Saha A, Acharya BN, Priya R, Tripathi NK, Shrivastava A, Rao MK, Kesari P, Narwal M, Tomar S, Bhagyawant SS, Parida M, Dash PK. Development of nsP2 protease based cell free high throughput screening assay for evaluation of inhibitors against emerging Chikungunya virus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10831. [PMID: 30018455 PMCID: PMC6050329 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus has emerged as one of the most important global arboviral threats over the last decade. Inspite of large scale morbidity, with long lasting polyarthralgia, so far no licensed vaccine or antiviral is available. CHIKV nsP2 protease is crucial for processing of viral nonstructural polypeptide precursor to release enzymes required for viral replication, thus making it a promising drug target. In this study, high cell density cultivation (HCDC) of Escherichia coli in batch process was carried out to produce rCHIKV nsP2pro in a cost-effective manner. The purified nsP2pro and fluorogenic peptide substrate have been adapted for fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) based high throughput screening (HTS) assay with Z’ value and CV of 0.67 ± 0.054 and <10% respectively. We used this cell free HTS system to screen panel of metal ions and its conjugate which revealed zinc acetate as a potential candidate, which was further found to inhibit CHIKV in Vero cells. Scale-up process has not been previously reported for any of the arboviral nonstructural enzymes. The successful scale-up method for viral protease together with a HTS assay could lead to the development of industrial level large-scale screening platform for identification of protease inhibitors against emerging and re-emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Saha
- Virology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - Badri Narayan Acharya
- Synthetic Chemistry Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - Raj Priya
- Virology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - Nagesh K Tripathi
- Bioprocess Technology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - Ambuj Shrivastava
- Virology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - M Kameswara Rao
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - Pooja Kesari
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Manju Narwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | | | - Manmohan Parida
- Virology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - Paban Kumar Dash
- Virology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India.
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Ching KC, F P Ng L, Chai CLL. A compendium of small molecule direct-acting and host-targeting inhibitors as therapies against alphaviruses. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 72:2973-2989. [PMID: 28981632 PMCID: PMC7110243 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses were amongst the first arboviruses to be isolated, characterized and assigned a taxonomic status. They are globally widespread, infecting a large variety of terrestrial animals, birds, insects and even fish. Moreover, they are capable of surviving and circulating in both sylvatic and urban environments, causing considerable human morbidity and mortality. The re-emergence of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in almost every part of the world has caused alarm to many health agencies throughout the world. The mosquito vector for this virus, Aedes, is globally distributed in tropical and temperate regions and capable of thriving in both rural and urban landscapes, giving the opportunity for CHIKV to continue expanding into new geographical regions. Despite the importance of alphaviruses as human pathogens, there is currently no targeted antiviral treatment available for alphavirus infection. This mini-review discusses some of the major features in the replication cycle of alphaviruses, highlighting the key viral targets and host components that participate in alphavirus replication and the molecular functions that were used in drug design. Together with describing the importance of these targets, we review the various direct-acting and host-targeting inhibitors, specifically small molecules that have been discovered and developed as potential therapeutics as well as their reported in vitro and in vivo efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Chieh Ching
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, #05-01, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Block S4A, Level 3, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, #04-06, Singapore 138648.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Block MD6, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, #14-01T, Singapore 117599.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Ronald Ross Building, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool L697BE, UK
| | - Christina L L Chai
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, #05-01, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Block S4A, Level 3, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
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Host-directed combinatorial RNAi improves inhibition of diverse strains of influenza A virus in human respiratory epithelial cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197246. [PMID: 29775471 PMCID: PMC5959063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and currently available prevention and treatment methods are suboptimal. In recent years, genome-wide investigations have revealed numerous host factors that are required for influenza to successfully complete its life cycle. However, only a select, small number of influenza strains were evaluated using this platform, and there was considerable variation in the genes identified across different investigations. In an effort to develop a universally efficacious therapeutic strategy with limited potential for the emergence of resistance, this study was performed to investigate the effect of combinatorial RNA interference (RNAi) on inhibiting the replication of diverse influenza A virus subtypes and strains. Candidate genes were selected for targeting based on the results of multiple previous independent genome-wide studies. The effect of single and combinatorial RNAi on the replication of 12 diverse influenza A viruses, including three strains isolated from birds and one strain isolated from seals, was then evaluated in primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells. After excluding overly toxic siRNA, two siRNA combinations were identified that reduced mean viral replication by greater than 79 percent in all mammalian strains, and greater than 68 percent in all avian strains. Host-directed combinatorial RNAi effectively prevents growth of a broad range of influenza virus strains in vitro, and is a potential therapeutic candidate for further development and future in vivo studies.
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Current Strategies for Inhibition of Chikungunya Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050235. [PMID: 29751486 PMCID: PMC5977228 DOI: 10.3390/v10050235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing incidences of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection and co-infections with Dengue/Zika virus have highlighted the urgency for CHIKV management. Failure in developing effective vaccines or specific antivirals has fuelled further research. This review discusses updated strategies of CHIKV inhibition and provides possible future directions. In addition, it analyzes advances in CHIKV lifecycle, drug-target development, and potential hits obtained by in silico and experimental methods. Molecules identified with anti-CHIKV properties using traditional/rational drug design and their potential to succeed in subsequent stages of drug development have also been discussed. Possibilities of repurposing existing drugs based on their in vitro findings have also been elucidated. Probable modes of interference of these compounds at various stages of infection, including entry and replication, have been highlighted. The use of host factors as targets to identify antivirals against CHIKV has been addressed. While most of the earlier antivirals were effective in the early phases of the CHIKV life cycle, this review is also focused on drug candidates that are effective at multiple stages of its life cycle. Since most of these antivirals require validation in preclinical and clinical models, the challenges regarding this have been discussed and will provide critical information for further research.
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Mohamat SA, Shueb RH, Che Mat NF. Anti-viral Activities of Oroxylum indicum Extracts on Chikungunya Virus Infection. Indian J Microbiol 2018; 58:68-75. [PMID: 29434399 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-017-0695-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne alphavirus that poses a threat to human worldwide. Driven by the lack of approved medication and vaccination, research on anti-Chikungunya agents has received great attention. In an effort to determine potential inhibitor of CHIKV, this study aimed at investigating the potential anti-viral activity of Oroxylum indicum extracts towards CHIKV-infected Vero cells. The virucidal, pre- and post-treatment effects of O. indicum were evaluated, using the maximum non-toxic dose of O. indicum methanol and aqueous extracts as determined by cytotoxicity assay. The viral inhibitory effect was assessed by the morphological changes of Vero cells and further confirmed by plaque assay. Both methanol and aqueous extracts of O. indicum had similar cytotoxicity in Vero cells. Interestingly, the virucidal effect of O. indicum aqueous extract revealed a significant reduction on the viral titre (p < 0.05). The prophylactic effect of aqueous extract was demonstrated when the pre-treated cells exhibited a significant anti-CHIKV activity (p < 0.05). However, methanol extract of this plant exerted an anti-viral activity against CHIKV only to a certain extent. Therefore, the aqueous extract of this plant has a potential to inhibit the virus and acts as prophylactic agent against CHIKV. Further studies however are needed to substantiate the finding and to determine the important compound of this plant as well as the mechanism of action in treating CHIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syuhadaratul Aini Mohamat
- 1School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Rafidah Hanim Shueb
- 2Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Nor Fazila Che Mat
- 1School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia
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Dyall J, Gross R, Kindrachuk J, Johnson RF, Olinger GG, Hensley LE, Frieman MB, Jahrling PB. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Current Therapeutic Options and Potential Targets for Novel Therapies. Drugs 2017; 77:1935-1966. [PMID: 29143192 PMCID: PMC5733787 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-017-0830-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
No specific antivirals are currently available for two emerging infectious diseases, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). A literature search was performed covering pathogenesis, clinical features and therapeutics, clinically developed drugs for repurposing and novel drug targets. This review presents current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical features of the SARS and MERS coronaviruses. The rationale for and outcomes with treatments used for SARS and MERS is discussed. The main focus of the review is on drug development and the potential that drugs approved for other indications provide for repurposing. The drugs we discuss belong to a wide range of different drug classes, such as cancer therapeutics, antipsychotics, and antimalarials. In addition to their activity against MERS and SARS coronaviruses, many of these approved drugs have broad-spectrum potential and have already been in clinical use for treating other viral infections. A wealth of knowledge is available for these drugs. However, the information in this review is not meant to guide clinical decisions, and any therapeutic described here should only be used in context of a clinical trial. Potential targets for novel antivirals and antibodies are discussed as well as lessons learned from treatment development for other RNA viruses. The article concludes with a discussion of the gaps in our knowledge and areas for future research on emerging coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Dyall
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Robin Gross
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jason Kindrachuk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN, Canada
| | - Reed F Johnson
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Lisa E Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter B Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
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Smee DF, Hurst BL, Evans WJ, Clyde N, Wright S, Peterson C, Jung KH, Day CW. Evaluation of cell viability dyes in antiviral assays with RNA viruses that exhibit different cytopathogenic properties. J Virol Methods 2017; 246:51-57. [PMID: 28359770 PMCID: PMC5479350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies were conducted to determine the performance of four dyes in assessing antiviral activities of compounds against three RNA viruses with differing cytopathogenic properties. Dyes included alamarBlue® measured by absorbance (ALB-A) and fluorescence (ALB-F), neutral red (NR), Viral ToxGlo™ (VTG), and WST-1. Viruses were chikungunya, dengue type 2, and Junin, which generally cause 100, 80-90, and 50% maximal cytopathic effect (CPE), respectively, in Vero or Vero 76 cells Compounds evaluated were 6-azauridine, BCX-4430, 3-deazaguanine, EICAR, favipiravir, infergen, mycophenolic acid (MPA), ribavirin, and tiazofurin. The 50% virus-inhibitory (EC50) values for each inhibitor and virus combination did not vary significantly based on the dye used. However, dyes varied in distinguishing the vitality of virus-infected cultures when not all cells were killed by virus infection. For example, VTG uptake into dengue-infected cells was nearly 50% when visual examination showed only 10-20% cell survival. ALB-A measured infected cell viability differently than ALB-F as follows: 16% versus 32% (dengue-infected), respectively, and 51% versus 72% (Junin-infected), respectively. Cytotoxicity (CC50) assays with dyes in uninfected proliferating cells produced similar CC50 values for EICAR (1.5-8.9μM) and MPA (0.8-2.5μM). 6-Azauridine toxicity was 6.1-17.5μM with NR, VTG, and WST-1, compared to 48-92μM with ALB-A and ALB-F (P<0.001). Curiously, the CC50 values for 3-deazaguanine were 83-93μM with ALB-F versus 2.4-7.0μM with all other dyes including ALB-A (P<0.001). Overall, ALB minimized the toxicities detected with these two inhibitors. Because the choice of dyes affected CC50 values, this impacted on the resulting in vitro selectivity indexes (calculated as CC50/EC50 ratio).
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Smee
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA.
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
| | - W Joseph Evans
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
| | - Nathan Clyde
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
| | - Sean Wright
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
| | - Christopher Peterson
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
| | - Kie-Hoon Jung
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
| | - Craig W Day
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
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Takagi Y, Matsui K, Nobori H, Maeda H, Sato A, Kurosu T, Orba Y, Sawa H, Hattori K, Higashino K, Numata Y, Yoshida Y. Discovery of novel cyclic peptide inhibitors of dengue virus NS2B-NS3 protease with antiviral activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3586-3590. [PMID: 28539222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
NS2B-NS3 protease is an essential enzyme for the replication of dengue virus (DENV), which continues to be a serious threat to worldwide public health. We designed and synthesized a series of cyclic peptides mimicking the substrates of this enzyme, and assayed their activity against the DENV-2 NS2B-NS3 protease. The introduction of aromatic residues at the appropriate positions and conformational restriction generated the most promising cyclic peptide with an IC50 of 0.95μM against NS2B-NS3 protease. Cyclic peptides with proper positioning of additional arginines and aromatic residues exhibited antiviral activity against DENV. Furthermore, replacing the C-terminal amide bond of the polybasic amino acid sequence with an amino methylene moiety stabilized the cyclic peptides against hydrolysis by NS2B-NS3 protease, while maintaining their enzyme inhibitory activity and antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhei Takagi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Kouhei Matsui
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Haruaki Nobori
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Haruka Maeda
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sato
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kurosu
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-20, Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-20, Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Kazunari Hattori
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Kenichi Higashino
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yoshito Numata
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yoshida
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan.
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Ching KC, Tran TNQ, Amrun SN, Kam YW, Ng LFP, Chai CLL. Structural Optimizations of Thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole Derivatives for the Development of Metabolically Stable Inhibitors of Chikungunya Virus. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3165-3186. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Chieh Ching
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, No. 05-01,
28 Medical Drive, 117456, Singapore
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Block S4A, Level 3, 18 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| | - Thi Ngoc Quy Tran
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Block S4A, Level 3, 18 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| | - Siti Naqiah Amrun
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, No. 04-06, 138648, Singapore
| | - Yiu-Wing Kam
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, No. 04-06, 138648, Singapore
| | - Lisa F. P. Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, No. 04-06, 138648, Singapore
- Department
of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Block MD6, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, No.
14-01T, 117599, Singapore
| | - Christina L. L. Chai
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, No. 05-01,
28 Medical Drive, 117456, Singapore
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Block S4A, Level 3, 18 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A*STAR, 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros Building, No. 07-01/02/03, 138665, Singapore
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Burt FJ, Chen W, Miner JJ, Lenschow DJ, Merits A, Schnettler E, Kohl A, Rudd PA, Taylor A, Herrero LJ, Zaid A, Ng LFP, Mahalingam S. Chikungunya virus: an update on the biology and pathogenesis of this emerging pathogen. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 17:e107-e117. [PMID: 28159534 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(16)30385-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Re-emergence of chikungunya virus, a mosquito-transmitted pathogen, is of serious public health concern. In the past 15 years, after decades of infrequent, sporadic outbreaks, the virus has caused major epidemic outbreaks in Africa, Asia, the Indian Ocean, and more recently the Caribbean and the Americas. Chikungunya virus is mainly transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions, but the potential exists for further spread because of genetic adaptation of the virus to Aedes albopictus, a species that thrives in temperate regions. Chikungunya virus represents a substantial health burden to affected populations, with symptoms that include severe joint and muscle pain, rashes, and fever, as well as prolonged periods of disability in some patients. The inflammatory response coincides with raised levels of immune mediators and infiltration of immune cells into infected joints and surrounding tissues. Animal models have provided insights into disease pathology and immune responses. Although host innate and adaptive responses have a role in viral clearance and protection, they can also contribute to virus-induced immune pathology. Understanding the mechanisms of host immune responses is essential for the development of treatments and vaccines. Inhibitory compounds targeting key inflammatory pathways, as well as attenuated virus vaccines, have shown some success in animal models, including an attenuated vaccine strain based on an isolate from La Reunion incorporating an internal ribosome entry sequence that prevents the virus from infecting mosquitoes and a vaccine based on virus-like particles expressing envelope proteins. However, immune correlates of protection, as well as the safety of prophylactic and therapeutic candidates, are important to consider for their application in chikungunya infections. In this Review, we provide an update on chikungunya virus with regard to its epidemiology, molecular virology, virus-host interactions, immunological responses, animal models, and potential antiviral therapies and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity J Burt
- National Health Laboratory Services, Universitas and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Miner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Deborah J Lenschow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Penny A Rudd
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Adam Taylor
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Lara J Herrero
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Ali Zaid
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Suresh Mahalingam
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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Pascoalino BS, Courtemanche G, Cordeiro MT, Gil LHVG, Freitas-Junior L. Zika antiviral chemotherapy: identification of drugs and promising starting points for drug discovery from an FDA-approved library. F1000Res 2016; 5:2523. [PMID: 27909576 PMCID: PMC5112578 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9648.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The recent epidemics of Zika virus (ZIKV) implicated it as the cause of serious and potentially lethal congenital conditions such microcephaly and other central nervous system defects, as well as the development of the Guillain-Barré syndrome in otherwise healthy patients. Recent findings showed that anti-Dengue antibodies are capable of amplifying ZIKV infection by a mechanism similar to antibody-dependent enhancement, increasing the severity of the disease. This scenario becomes potentially catastrophic when the global burden of Dengue and the advent of the newly approved anti-Dengue vaccines in the near future are taken into account. Thus, antiviral chemotherapy should be pursued as a priority strategy to control the spread of the virus and prevent the complications associated with Zika. Methods Here we describe a fast and reliable cell-based, high-content screening assay for discovery of anti-ZIKV compounds. This methodology has been used to screen the National Institute of Health Clinical Collection compound library, a small collection of FDA-approved drugs. Results and conclusion From 725 FDA-approved compounds triaged, 29 (4%) were found to have anti-Zika virus activity, of which 22 had confirmed (76% of confirmation) by dose-response curves. Five candidates presented selective activity against ZIKV infection and replication in a human cell line. These hits have abroad spectrum of chemotypes and therapeutic uses, offering valuable opportunities for selection of leads for antiviral drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno S. Pascoalino
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas-SP, 10000, Brazil
- Present Address: Instituto Butantan, São Paulo-SP, 1500, Brazil
| | | | - Marli T. Cordeiro
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz -Fiocruz, Recife/PE, Brazil
| | - Laura H. V. G. Gil
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz -Fiocruz, Recife/PE, Brazil
| | - Lucio Freitas-Junior
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas-SP, 10000, Brazil
- Present Address: Instituto Butantan, São Paulo-SP, 1500, Brazil
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Identification of pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-4-amine compounds as a new class of entry inhibitors against influenza viruses in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:1594-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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45
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Deng CL, Liu SQ, Zhou DG, Xu LL, Li XD, Zhang PT, Li PH, Ye HQ, Wei HP, Yuan ZM, Qin CF, Zhang B. Development of Neutralization Assay Using an eGFP Chikungunya Virus. Viruses 2016; 8:v8070181. [PMID: 27367716 PMCID: PMC4974516 DOI: 10.3390/v8070181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a member of the Alphavirus genus, is an important human emerging/re-emerging pathogen. Currently, there are no effective antiviral drugs or vaccines against CHIKV infection. Herein, we construct an infectious clone of CHIKV and an eGFP reporter CHIKV (eGFP-CHIKV) with an isolated strain (assigned to Asian lineage) from CHIKV-infected patients. The eGFP-CHIKV reporter virus allows for direct visualization of viral replication through the levels of eGFP expression. Using a known CHIKV inhibitor, ribavirin, we confirmed that the eGFP-CHIKV reporter virus could be used to identify inhibitors against CHIKV. Importantly, we developed a novel and reliable eGFP-CHIKV reporter virus-based neutralization assay that could be used for rapid screening neutralizing antibodies against CHIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Lin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Si-Qing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Dong-Gen Zhou
- Ningbo International Travel Healthcare Center, Ningbo 315012, China.
| | - Lin-Lin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Xiao-Dan Li
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410000, China.
| | - Pan-Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Peng-Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Han-Qing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Hong-Ping Wei
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Zhi-Ming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
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46
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Ahola T, Couderc T, Courderc T, Ng LFP, Hallengärd D, Powers A, Lecuit M, Esteban M, Merits A, Roques P, Liljeström P. Therapeutics and vaccines against chikungunya virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 15:250-7. [PMID: 25897811 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are no licensed vaccines or therapies available against chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and these were subjects discussed during a CHIKV meeting recently organized in Langkawi, Malaysia. In this review, we chart the approaches taken in both areas. Because of a sharp increase in new data in these fields, the present paper is complementary to previous reviews by Weaver et al. in 2012 and Kaur and Chu in 2013 . The most promising antivirals so far discovered are reviewed, with a special focus on the virus-encoded replication proteins as potential targets. Within the vaccines in development, our review emphasizes the various strategies in parallel development that are unique in the vaccine field against a single disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tero Ahola
- 1 Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
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47
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Chang SY, Park JH, Kim YH, Kang JS, Min JY. A natural component from Euphorbia humifusa Willd displays novel, broad-spectrum anti-influenza activity by blocking nuclear export of viral ribonucleoprotein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 471:282-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
In the last few decades the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has evolved from a geographically isolated pathogen to a virus that is widespread in many parts of Africa, Asia and recently also in Central- and South-America. Although CHIKV infections are rarely fatal, the disease can evolve into a chronic stage, which is characterized by persisting polyarthralgia and joint stiffness. This chronic CHIKV infection can severely incapacitate patients for weeks up to several years after the initial infection. Despite the burden of CHIKV infections, no vaccine or antivirals are available yet. The current therapy is therefore only symptomatic and consists of the administration of analgesics, antipyretics, and anti-inflammatory agents. Recently several molecules with various viral or host targets have been identified as CHIKV inhibitors. In this chapter, we summarize the current status of the development of antiviral strategies against CHIKV infections.
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49
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Park JH, Park EB, Lee JY, Min JY. Identification of novel membrane-associated prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) inhibitors with anti-influenza activities in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 469:848-55. [PMID: 26673392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.11.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a major public health concern that leads to high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite various vaccination programs and development of drugs targeting essential viral proteins, the emergence of drug-resistant variants has been frequently reported and the therapeutic options are limited. Because exaggerated inflammation is considered as an important factor in disease pathogenesis, immunomodulatory agents that effectively suppress cytokine responses are needed for the treatment of IAV infection. Membrane-associated prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is an enzyme responsible for the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) that is the best-characterized immune modulatory lipid in vitro and in vivo models of inflammation. In the present study, we tested the anti-influenza activities of mPGES-1 inhibitors, using a phenotype-based assay involving image analyses. Seven primary hits among 49 compounds targeting mPGES-1 exhibited anti-influenza activities against A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) in a dose-dependent manner. The most effective hit, MPO-0047, suppressed influenza-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. We also showed that mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-8, CCL5/RANTES, and CXCL10/IP-10 were significantly reduced by the treatment of influenza-infected cells with MPO-0047. Exogenous PGE2 reversed the inhibitory effects of MPO-0047. Our results showed that this selective mPGES-1 inhibitor has anti-influenza effects by inhibiting PGE2 production, which suppresses the induction of pro-inflammatory genes. Taken together our data revealed that mPGES-1 inhibitor has the potential for further development as an influenza therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Park
- Respiratory Viruses Research Laboratory, Discovery Biology Department, Institut Pasteur Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Beul Park
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeol Lee
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Min
- Respiratory Viruses Research Laboratory, Discovery Biology Department, Institut Pasteur Korea, Republic of Korea.
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50
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Ching KC, Kam YW, Merits A, Ng LFP, Chai CLL. Trisubstituted Thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole 5-Carboxamides as Potent Inhibitors of Alphaviruses. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9196-213. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Chieh Ching
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, #05-01, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Block S4A, Level 3, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - Yiu-Wing Kam
- Singapore
Immunology Network, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building,
Level 4, Singapore 138648
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute
of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, Estonia 50411
| | - Lisa F. P. Ng
- Singapore
Immunology Network, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building,
Level 4, Singapore 138648
- Department
of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Block MD6, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, #14-01T, Singapore 117599
| | - Christina L. L. Chai
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, #05-01, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Block S4A, Level 3, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
- Institute
of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A*STAR, 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros Building,
#07-01/02/03, Singapore 138665
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