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Kumari S, Vijaykumar S, Kumar V, Ranjan R, Alti D, Singh V, Ahmed G, Sahoo GC, Pandey K, Kumar A. In silico and in vitro evaluation of the immunogenic potential of Leishmania donovani ascorbate peroxidase and its derived peptides. Acta Trop 2024:107381. [PMID: 39244139 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
The control and eradication of any infectious disease is only possible with a potential vaccine, which has not been accomplished for human visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The lack of vaccines may increase the risk of VL outbreaks periodically in endemic zones. Identifying a reliable vaccine candidate for Leishmania is a major challenge. Here, we considered Leishmania donovani ascorbate peroxidase (LdAPx) for its in vitro evaluation with the hope of future vaccine candidates for VL. LdAPx was selected based on its unique presence in Leishmania and virulence in VL pathogenesis. Initially, we found antibodies against recombinant LdAPx (rLdAPx) in the serum of VL patients. Therefore, using bioinformatics, we predicted and selected ten (MHC class I and II) peptides. These peptides, evaluated in vitro with PBMCs from healthy, active VL, and treated VL individuals induced PBMC proliferation, IFN-γ secretion, and Nitric Oxide (NO) production, indicating host-protective immune responses. Among them, three peptides (PEP6, PEP8, and PEP9) consistently elicited a Th1-type immune response in PBMCs. Treated VL individuals showed a stronger Th1 response compared to active VL patients and healthy subjects, highlighting these peptides' potential as vaccine candidates. Further studies are on the way toward evaluating the LdAPx-derived peptides or sub-unit vaccine in animal models against the L. donovani challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobha Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Saravanan Vijaykumar
- Statistics/Bioinformatics, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India; National Center for Diseases Informatics and Research, Bengaluru, 562110, Karnataka, India
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Ravi Ranjan
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Dayakar Alti
- Department of Immunology, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Veer Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Ghufran Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Ganesh Chandra Sahoo
- Department of Virology, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Department of Clinical Medicine, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India.
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2
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Bogdan C, Islam NAK, Barinberg D, Soulat D, Schleicher U, Rai B. The immunomicrotope of Leishmania control and persistence. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:788-804. [PMID: 39174373 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2024.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Leishmania is an intracellular protozoan transmitted by sand fly vectors; it causes cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral disease. Its growth and survival are impeded by type 1 T helper cell responses, which entail interferon (IFN)-γ-mediated macrophage activation. Leishmania partially escapes this host defense by triggering immune cell and cytokine responses that favor parasite replication rather than killing. Novel methods for in situ analyses have revealed that the pathways of immune control and microbial evasion are strongly influenced by the tissue context, the micro milieu factors, and the metabolism at the site of infection, which we collectively term the 'immunomicrotope'. Understanding the components and the impact of the immunomicrotope will enable the development of novel strategies for the treatment of chronic leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; FAU Profile Center Immunomedicine, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 1, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Noor-A-Kasida Islam
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Barinberg
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Didier Soulat
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; FAU Profile Center Immunomedicine, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 1, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schleicher
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; FAU Profile Center Immunomedicine, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 1, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Baplu Rai
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Santos ALED, Souza ROS, Barbosa FEV, Santos MHCD, Grangeiro YA, Martins AMC, Santos-Gomes G, Fonseca IPD, Silva CGLD, Teixeira CS. Concanavalin A, lectin from Canavalia ensiformis seeds has Leishmania infantum antipromastigote activity mediated by carbohydrate recognition domain. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 399:111156. [PMID: 39029856 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Leishmaniases, caused by Leishmania parasites, are widespread and pose significant health risks globally. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is particularly prevalent in Brazil, with high morbidity and mortality rates. Traditional treatments, such as pentavalent antimonials, have limitations due to toxicity and resistance. Therefore, exploring new compounds like lectins is crucial. Concanavalin A (ConA) has shown promise in inhibiting Leishmania growth. This study aimed to evaluate its leishmanicidal effect on L. infantum promastigotes and understand its mechanism of action. In vitro tests demonstrated inhibition of promastigote growth when treated with ConA, with IC50 values ranging from 3 to 5 μM over 24-72 h. This study suggests that ConA interacts with L. infantum glycans. Additionally, ConA caused damage to the membrane integrity of parasites and induced ROS production, contributing to parasite death. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed morphological alterations in treated promastigotes. ConA combined with the amphotericin B (AmB) showed synergistic effects, reducing the required dose of AmB, and potentially mitigating its toxicity. ConA demonstrated no cytotoxic effects on macrophages, instead stimulating their proliferation. These findings reinforce that lectin exhibits promising leishmanicidal activity against L. infantum promastigotes, making ConA a potential candidate for leishmaniasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alice Maria Costa Martins
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e toxicológicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Santos-Gomes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Pereira da Fonseca
- CIISA, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal; Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Portugal
| | | | - Claudener Souza Teixeira
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Barbalha, CE, Brazil; Centro de Ciências Agrárias e da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil.
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4
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Na J, Engwerda C. The role of CD4 + T cells in visceral leishmaniasis; new and emerging roles for NKG7 and TGFβ. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1414493. [PMID: 38881737 PMCID: PMC11176485 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1414493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a potentially devastating neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasites Leishmania donovani and L. infantum (chagasi). These parasites reside in tissue macrophages and survive by deploying a number of mechanisms aimed at subverting the host immune response. CD4+ T cells play an important role in controlling Leishmania parasites by providing help in the form of pro-inflammatory cytokines to activate microbiocidal pathways in infected macrophages. However, because these cytokines can also cause tissue damage if over-produced, regulatory immune responses develop, and the balance between pro-inflammatory and regulatory CD4+ T cells responses determines the outcomes of infection. Past studies have identified important roles for pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFNγ and TNF, as well as regulatory co-inhibitory receptors and the potent anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. More recently, other immunoregulatory molecules have been identified that play important roles in CD4+ T cell responses during VL. In this review, we will discuss recent findings about two of these molecules; the NK cell granule protein Nkg7 and the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGFβ, and describe how they impact CD4+ T cell functions and immune responses during visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrui Na
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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5
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Pereira IAG, Freitas CS, Câmara RSB, Jesus MM, Lage DP, Tavares GSV, Soyer TG, Ramos FF, Soares NP, Santiago SS, Martins VT, Vale DL, Pimenta BL, Ludolf F, Oliveira FM, Duarte MC, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Costa AV, Gonçalves DU, Roatt BM, Teixeira RR, Coelho EAF. Treatment using vanillin-derived synthetic molecules incorporated into polymeric micelles is effective against infection caused by Leishmania amazonensis species. Exp Parasitol 2024; 260:108743. [PMID: 38513973 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Treatment against leishmaniasis presents problems, mainly due to the toxicity of the drugs, high cost, and the emergence of resistant strains. A previous study showed that two vanillin-derived synthetic molecules, 3s [4-(2-hydroxy-3-(4-octyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propoxy)-3-methoxybenzaldehyde] and 3t [4-(3-(4-decyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-2-hydroxypropoxy)-3-methoxybenzaldehyde], presented antileishmanial activity against Leishmania infantum, L. amazonensis, and L. braziliensis species. In the present work, 3s and 3t were evaluated to treat L. amazonensis-infected mice. Molecules were used pure or incorporated into Poloxamer 407-based micelles. In addition, amphotericin B (AmpB) and its liposomal formulation, Ambisome®, were used as control. Animals received the treatment and, one and 30 days after, they were euthanized to evaluate immunological, parasitological, and biochemical parameters. Results showed that the micellar compositions (3s/Mic and 3t/Mic) induced significant reductions in the lesion mean diameter and parasite load in the infected tissue and distinct organs, as well as a specific and significant antileishmanial Th1-type immune response, which was based on significantly higher levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, nitrite, and IgG2a isotype antibodies. Drug controls showed also antileishmanial action; although 3s/Mic and 3t/Mic have presented better and more significant parasitological and immunological data, which were based on significantly higher IFN-γ production and lower parasite burden in treated animals. In addition, significantly lower levels of urea, creatinine, alanine transaminase, and aspartate transaminase were found in mice treated with 3s/Mic and 3t/Mic, when compared to the others. In conclusion, results suggest that 3s/Mic and 3t/Mic could be considered as therapeutic candidates to treat against L. amazonensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela A G Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila S Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raquel S B Câmara
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M Jesus
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela P Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Grasiele S V Tavares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tauane G Soyer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nícia P Soares
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas Em Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Insituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Samira S Santiago
- Grupo de Síntese e Pesquisa de Compostos Bioativos, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida PH Rolfs, S/N, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vívian T Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danniele L Vale
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Breno L Pimenta
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ludolf
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-110, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabrício M Oliveira
- Instituto Federal de Educação de Minas Gerais, Rua Afonso Sardinha, 90, Bairro Pioneiros, 36420-000, Ouro Branco, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana C Duarte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Miguel A Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José S/N, Umacollo, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Adilson V Costa
- Departamento de Química e Física, Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário, S/n, Guararema, 29500-000, Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Denise U Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno M Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas Em Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Insituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Róbson R Teixeira
- Grupo de Síntese e Pesquisa de Compostos Bioativos, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida PH Rolfs, S/N, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A F Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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6
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Kumar A, Singh VK, Tiwari R, Madhukar P, Rajneesh, Kumar S, Gautam V, Engwerda C, Sundar S, Kumar R. Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in the Indian sub-continent: challenges and strategies for elimination. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1236952. [PMID: 37638047 PMCID: PMC10451093 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1236952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a severe and often fatal form of leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani in the Indian sub-continent. Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a late cutaneous manifestation of VL, typically occurring after apparent cure of VL, but sometimes even without a prior history of VL in India. PKDL serves as a significant yet neglected reservoir of infection and plays a crucial role in the transmission of the disease, posing a serious threat to the VL elimination program in the Indian sub-continent. Therefore, the eradication of PKDL should be a priority within the current VL elimination program aimed at achieving a goal of less than 1 case per 10,000 in the population at the district or sub-district levels of VL endemic areas. To accomplish this, a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of PKDL is essential, as well as developing strategies for disease management. This review provides an overview of the current status of diagnosis and treatment options for PKDL, highlighting our current knowledge of the immune responses underlying disease development and progression. Additionally, the review discusses the impact of PKDL on elimination programs and propose strategies to overcome this challenge and achieve the goal of elimination. By addressing the diagnostic and therapeutic gaps, optimizing surveillance and control measures, and implementing effective intervention strategies, it is possible to mitigate the burden of PKDL and facilitate the successful elimination of VL in the Indian sub-continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awnish Kumar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vishal Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rahul Tiwari
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Prasoon Madhukar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rajneesh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shashi Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vibhav Gautam
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Christian Engwerda
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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7
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Ansari A, Seth A, Dutta M, Qamar T, Katiyar S, Jaiswal AK, Rani A, Majhi S, Kumar M, Bhatta RS, Guha R, Mitra K, Sashidhara KV, Kar S. Discovery, SAR and mechanistic studies of quinazolinone-based acetamide derivatives in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 257:115524. [PMID: 37290183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Towards identification of novel therapeutic candidates, a series of quinazolinone-based acetamide derivatives were synthesized and assessed for their anti-leishmanial efficacy. Amongst synthesized derivatives, compounds F12, F27 and F30 demonstrated remarkable activity towards intracellular L. donovani amastigotes in vitro, with IC50 values of 5.76 ± 0.84 μM, 3.39 ± 0.85 μM and 8.26 ± 1.23 μM against promastigotes, and 6.02 μM ± 0.52, 3.55 ± 0.22 μM and 6.23 ± 0.13 μM against amastigotes, respectively. Oral administration of compounds F12 and F27 entailed >85% reduction in organ parasite burden in L. donovani-infected BALB/c mice and hamsters, by promoting host-protective Th1 cytokine response. In host J774 macrophages, mechanistic studies revealed inhibition of PI3K/Akt/CREB axis, resulting in a decrease of IL-10 versus IL-12 release upon F27 treatment. In silico docking studies conducted with lead compound, F27 demonstrated plausible inhibition of Leishmania prolyl-tRNA synthetase, which was validated via detection of decreased proline levels in parasites and induction of amino acid starvation, leading to G1 cell cycle arrest and autophagy-mediated programmed cell death of L. donovani promastigotes. Structure-activity analysis and study of pharmacokinetic and physicochemical parameters suggest oral availability and underscore F27 as a promising lead for anti-leishmanial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Ansari
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Anuradha Seth
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Division, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Mukul Dutta
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Division, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Tooba Qamar
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Division, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Sarita Katiyar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Arvind K Jaiswal
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Ankita Rani
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Division, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Swetapadma Majhi
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Rabi S Bhatta
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Rajdeep Guha
- Laboratory Animal Facility Division, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Kalyan Mitra
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Koneni V Sashidhara
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India.
| | - Susanta Kar
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Division, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India.
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8
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Yadagiri G, Singh A, Arora K, Mudavath SL. Immunotherapy and immunochemotherapy in combating visceral leishmaniasis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1096458. [PMID: 37265481 PMCID: PMC10229823 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1096458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a vector-borne disease, is caused by an obligate intramacrophage, kinetoplastid protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania. Globally, VL is construed of diversity and complexity concerned with high fatality in tropics, subtropics, and Mediterranean regions with ~50,000-90,000 new cases annually. Factors such as the unavailability of licensed vaccine(s), insubstantial measures to control vectors, and unrestrained surge of drug-resistant parasites and HIV-VL co-infections lead to difficulty in VL treatment and control. Furthermore, VL treatment, which encompasses several problems including limited efficacy, emanation of drug-resistant parasites, exorbitant therapy, and exigency of hospitalization until the completion of treatment, further exacerbates disease severity. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of safe and efficacious therapies to control and eliminate this devastating disease. In such a scenario, biotherapy/immunotherapy against VL can become an alternative strategy with limited side effects and no or nominal chance of drug resistance. An extensive understanding of pathogenesis and immunological events that ensue during VL infection is vital for the development of immunotherapeutic strategies against VL. Immunotherapy alone or in combination with standard anti-leishmanial chemotherapeutic agents (immunochemotherapy) has shown better therapeutic outcomes in preclinical studies. This review extensively addresses VL treatment with an emphasis on immunotherapy or immunochemotherapeutic strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes as an alternative to conventional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Yadagiri
- Infectious Disease Biology Laboratory, Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, India
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Aakriti Singh
- Infectious Disease Biology Laboratory, Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Kanika Arora
- Infectious Disease Biology Laboratory, Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Shyam Lal Mudavath
- Infectious Disease Biology Laboratory, Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, India
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9
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de Araujo FF, Lakhal-Naouar I, Koles N, Raiciulescu S, Mody R, Aronson N. Potential Biomarkers for Asymptomatic Visceral Leishmaniasis among Iraq-Deployed U.S. Military Personnel. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050705. [PMID: 37242376 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a chronic infection caused by Leishmania (L.) donovani or L. infantum parasites. Despite having the infection, most individuals never develop the clinical disease and are able to control the parasite and remain asymptomatic. However, some progress to symptomatic VL, leading to death if untreated. The host immune response has a major role in determining the progression and severity of the clinical manifestations in VL; several immune biomarkers of symptomatic VL have been described with interferon-gamma release as a surrogate biomarker of host cellular immunity. However, new biomarkers to identify asymptomatic VL (AVL) are needed for the identification of people at risk for VL activation. In our study, levels of chemokine/cytokine in the supernatants of peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMC) from 35 AVL+ Iraq-deployed participants, stimulated in vitro with soluble Leishmania antigen for 72 h, were assessed by a bead-based assay that allows the measurement of multiple analytes. PBMC of AVL-negative military beneficiaries were used as controls. Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1, Monokine Induced by Gamma Interferon and Interleukin-8, were detected at high levels in AVL+ stimulated cultures from Iraq deployers compared to uninfected controls. Measurement of chemokine/cytokine levels can identify cellular immune responses in AVL+ asymptomatic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Fortes de Araujo
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Ines Lakhal-Naouar
- Diagnostics and Countermeasures Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Nancy Koles
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Sorana Raiciulescu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Rupal Mody
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Department of Medicine, William Beaumont Army Medical Center, El Paso, TX 79916, USA
| | - Naomi Aronson
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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10
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Li Z, Fang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou X. RNA-seq analysis of differentially expressed LncRNAs from leishmaniasis patients compared to uninfected humans. Acta Trop 2023; 238:106738. [PMID: 36379256 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease that seriously endangers human health. Furthermore, among the parasitic diseases, leishmaniasis is the third most common cause of death after malaria and schistosomiasis. However, the potential function of LncRNAs in leishmaniasis remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the differentially expressed LncRNAs in leishmaniasis. The sera of leishmaniasis patients and uninfected persons for controls were obtained and analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. Moreover, the expression of key LncRNAs was detected by qPCR. The results showed that 970 differentially expressed LncRNAs and 1692 differentially expressed mRNAs were screened compared to control groups. Then, 520 target genes were identified by using bioinformation analysis and the ENCORI database. The bioinformatics analysis revealed that the differentially expressed target genes were enriched in autophagy animal, FoxO signaling pathway, mTOR signaling pathway, and apoptosis, et al. Among those differentially expressed LncRNAs, nine key LncRNAs were selected (MALAT1, NUTM2A-AS1, and LINC00963 had high expression; LINC00622, MAPKAPK5-AS1, LINC02289, XPC-AS1, ZFAS1 and SNHG5 had low expression) by qPCR. This study suggests that different expressions of LncRNAs may involve in the potential function in leishmaniasis and provide a novel insight for diagnosis of this zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqiu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Xiaonong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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11
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Lai C, Heinemann J, Schleicher U, Schett G, Bogdan C, Bozec A, Soulat D. Chronic Systemic Infection of Mice with Leishmania infantum Leads to Increased Bone Mass. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:86-102. [PMID: 36332102 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Vector-borne infections of humans with the protozoan parasite Leishmania (L.) infantum can cause a systemic and potentially lethal disease termed visceral leishmaniasis. In the corresponding mouse model, an intravenous infection with L. infantum leads to the persistence of parasites in various organs, including bone marrow (BM). Considering the anatomical proximity between the BM and the cortical bone, we investigated whether a chronic infection with L. infantum affected bone homeostasis. Unexpectedly, chronic infection with L. infantum caused an increase in bone mass in mice. In vivo, an increased number of osteoblasts and osteocytes and a decreased maturation of osteoclasts characterized the phenotype. Confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy confirmed the infection of BM macrophages but also revealed the presence of parasites in osteoclasts. In vitro, mature osteoclasts took up L. infantum parasites. However, infection of osteoclast progenitors abolished their differentiation and function. In addition, secretory products of infected BM-derived macrophages inhibited the maturation of osteoclasts. Both in vitro and in vivo, infected macrophages and osteoclasts showed an enhanced expression of the anti-osteoclastogenic chemokine CCL5 (RANTES). Neutralization of CCL5 prevented the inhibition of osteoclast generation seen in the presence of culture supernatants from L. infantum-infected macrophages. Altogether, our study shows that chronic infection with Leishmania increases bone mass by inducing bone formation and impairing osteoclast differentiation and function. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaobo Lai
- Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Heinemann
- Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schleicher
- Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aline Bozec
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Didier Soulat
- Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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12
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Liu C, Zhou Y, Zhou Y, Tang X, Tang L, Wang J. Identification of crucial genes for predicting the risk of atherosclerosis with system lupus erythematosus based on comprehensive bioinformatics analysis and machine learning. Comput Biol Med 2023; 152:106388. [PMID: 36470144 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has become a major public health problem over the years, and atherosclerosis (AS) is one of the main complications of SLE associated with serious cardiovascular consequences in this patient population. The present study aimed to identify potential biomarkers for SLE patients with AS. METHODS Five microarray datasets (GSE50772, GSE81622, GSE100927, GSE28829, GSE37356) were downloaded from the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus database. The Limma package was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in AS. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify significant module genes associated with SLE. Functional enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction, and machine learning algorithms (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso, Support Vector Machine-Recursive Feature Elimination (SVM-RFE), and random forest) were applied to identify hub genes. Subsequently, we generated a nomogram and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) for predicting the risk of AS in SLE patients. Finally, immune cell infiltrations were analyzed, and Consensus Cluster Analysis was conducted based on Single Sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA) scores. RESULTS Five hub genes (SPI1, MMP9, C1QA, CX3CR1, and MNDA) were identified and used to establish a nomogram that yielded a high predictive performance (area under the curve 0.900-0.981). Dysregulated immune cell infiltrations were found in AS, with positive correlations with the five hub genes. Consensus clustering showed that the optimal number of subtypes was 3. Compared to subtypes A and B, subtype C presented higher expression of the five hub genes, immune cell infiltration levels and immune checkpoint expression. CONCLUSION Our study systematically identified five candidate hub genes (SPI1, MMP9, C1QA, CX3CR1, MNDA) and established a nomogram that could predict the risk of AS with SLE using various bioinformatic analyses and machine learning algorithms. Our findings provide the foothold for future studies on potential crucial genes for AS in SLE patients. Additionally, the dysregulated immune cell proportions and immune checkpoint expressions in AS with SLE were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjiang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University), Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Yufei Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University), Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Xiaoqi Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University), Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Liming Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University), Shaoxing, 312000, China.
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University), Shaoxing, 312000, China.
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13
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Emerson LE, Gioseffi A, Barker H, Sheppe A, Morrill JK, Edelmann MJ, Kima PE. Leishmania infection-derived extracellular vesicles drive transcription of genes involved in M2 polarization. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:934611. [PMID: 36093197 PMCID: PMC9455154 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.934611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is known that the composition of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is determined by the characteristics of the cell and its environment, the effects of intracellular infection on EV composition and functions are not well understood. We had previously shown that cultured macrophages infected with Leishmania parasites release EVs (LiEVs) containing parasite-derived molecules. In this study we show that LdVash, a molecule previously identified in LiEVs from L. donovani infected RAW264.7 macrophages, is widely distributed in the liver of L. donovani infected mice. This result shows for the first time that parasite molecules are released in EVs and distributed in infected tissues where they can be endocytosed by cells in the liver, including macrophages that significantly increase numbers as the infection progresses. To evaluate the potential impact of LiEVs on macrophage functions, we show that primary peritoneal exudate macrophages (PECs) express transcripts of signature molecules of M2 macrophages such as arginase 1, IL-10, and IL-4R when incubated with LiEVs. In comparative studies that illustrate how intracellular pathogens control the composition and functions of EVs released from macrophages, we show that EVs from RAW264.7 macrophages infected with Salmonella Typhimurium activate PECs to express transcripts of signature molecules of M1 macrophages such as iNOS, TNF alpha, and IFN-gamma and not M2 signature molecules. Finally, in contrast to the polarized responses observed in in vitro studies of macrophages, both M1 and M2 signature molecules are detected in L. donovani infected livers, although they exhibit differences in their spatial distribution in infected tissues. In conclusion, EVs produced by macrophages during Leishmania infection lead to the gene expression consistent with M2 polarization. In contrast, the EVs produced during S. Typhimurium infection stimulated the transcription of genes associated with M1 polarization.
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14
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Expression Profile Analysis of Circular RNAs in Leishmaniasis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7080176. [PMID: 36006268 PMCID: PMC9415058 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7080176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that seriously influences global public health. Among all the parasitic diseases, leishmaniasis is the third most common cause of morbidity after malaria and schistosomiasis. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a new type of noncoding RNAs that are involved in the regulation of biological and developmental processes. However, there is no published research on the function of circRNAs in leishmaniasis. This is the first study to explore the expression profiles of circRNAs in leishmaniasis. GO and KEGG analyses were performed to determine the potential function of the host genes of differentially expressed circRNAs. CircRNA–miRNA–mRNA (ceRNA) regulatory network analysis and protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks were analyzed by R software and the STRING database, respectively. A total of 4664 significant differentially expressed circRNAs were identified and compared to those in control groups; a total of 1931 were up-regulated and 2733 were down-regulated. The host genes of differentially expressed circRNAs were enriched in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, endocytosis, the MAPK signaling pathway, renal cell carcinoma, autophagy and the ErbB signaling pathway. Then, five hub genes (BRCA1, CREBBP, EP300, PIK3R1, and CRK) were identified. This study provides new evidence of the change of differentially expressed circRNAs and its potential function in leishmaniasis. These results may provide novel insights and evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of leishmaniasis.
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15
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Mukkala AN, Kariyawasam R, Lau R, Valencia BM, Llanos-Cuentas A, Boggild AK. Elevated baseline expression of seven virulence factor RNA transcripts in visceralizing species of Leishmania: a preliminary quantitative PCR study. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2022; 9:20499361221102665. [PMID: 35663431 PMCID: PMC9158425 DOI: 10.1177/20499361221102665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that manifests as three major disease phenotypes: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral. In this preliminary study, we quantified virulence factor (VF) RNA transcript expression in Leishmania species, stratified by geographic origin and propensity for specific disease phenotypes. Methods: Cultured promastigotes of 19 Leishmania clinical and ATCC isolates were extracted for total cellular RNA, cDNA was reverse transcribed, and qPCR assays were performed to quantify VF RNA transcript expression for hsp23, hsp70, hsp83, hsp100, mpi, cpb, and gp63. Results: Comparison of visceralizing species (Leishmania donovani, Leishmania chagasi, and Leishmania infantum) versus non-visceralizing species [Leishmania (Viannia) spp., Leishmania tropica, Leishmania major, Leishmania mexicana, and Leishmania amazonensis] revealed a significantly greater pooled transcript expression for visceralizing species (p = 0.0032). Similarly, Old World species demonstrated significantly higher VF RNA transcript expression than New World species (p = 0.0015). On a per-gene basis, species with a propensity to visceralize ubiquitously expressed higher levels of gp63 (p = 0.005), cpb (p = 0.0032), mpi (p = 0.0032), hsp23 (p = 0.0039), hsp70 (p = 0.0032), hsp83 (p = 0.0032), and hsp100 (p = 0.0032). Conclusion: Here, we provide quantitative, preliminary evidence of elevated VF RNA transcript expression driven largely by the visceralizing causative species of Leishmania. This work highlights the extensive heterogeneity in pathogenicity mechanisms between Leishmania species, which may partly underpin the fatal progression of visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruwandi Kariyawasam
- Division of Diagnostic and Applied Microbiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Precision Laboratories-Public Health Laboratory (ProvLab), Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rachel Lau
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Braulio M. Valencia
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Andrea K. Boggild
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Tropical Disease Unit, Toronto General Hospital, Room 13EN-218, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
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16
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Costa-Madeira JC, Trindade GB, Almeida PHP, Silva JS, Carregaro V. T Lymphocyte Exhaustion During Human and Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:835711. [PMID: 35585983 PMCID: PMC9108272 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A key point of immunity against protozoan Leishmania parasites is the development of an optimal T cell response, which includes a low apoptotic rate, high proliferative activity and polyfunctionality. During acute infection, antigen-specific T cells recognize the pathogen resulting in pathogen control but not elimination, promoting the development and the maintenance of a population of circulating effector cells that mount rapid response quickly after re-exposure to the parasite. However, in the case of visceral disease, the functionality of specific T cells is lost during chronic infection, resulting in inferior effector functions, poor response to specific restimulation, and suboptimal homeostatic proliferation, a term referred to as T cell exhaustion. Multiple factors, including parasite load, infection duration and host immunity, affect T lymphocyte exhaustion. These factors contribute to antigen persistence by promoting inhibitory receptor expression and sustained production of soluble mediators, influencing suppressive cell function and the release of endogenous molecules into chronically inflamed tissue. Together, these signals encourage several changes, reprogramming cells into a quiescent state, which reflects disease progression to more severe forms, and development of acquired resistance to conventional drugs to treat the disease. These points are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C. Costa-Madeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University from São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gabrielly B. Trindade
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University from São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Paulo H. P. Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University from São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João S. Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University from São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Fiocruz-Bi-Institutional Translational Medicine Project, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Carregaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University from São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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17
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Zijlstra EE. Precision Medicine in Control of Visceral Leishmaniasis Caused by L. donovani. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:707619. [PMID: 34858865 PMCID: PMC8630745 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.707619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine and precision global health in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) have not yet been described and could take into account how all known determinants improve diagnostics and treatment for the individual patient. Precision public health would lead to the right intervention in each VL endemic population for control, based on relevant population-based data, vector exposures, reservoirs, socio-economic factors and other determinants. In anthroponotic VL caused by L. donovani, precision may currently be targeted to the regional level in nosogeographic entities that are defined by the interplay of the circulating parasite, the reservoir and the sand fly vector. From this 5 major priorities arise: diagnosis, treatment, PKDL, asymptomatic infection and transmission. These 5 priorities share the immune responses of infection with L. donovani as an important final common pathway, for which innovative new genomic and non-genomic tools in various disciplines have become available that provide new insights in clinical management and in control. From this, further precision may be defined for groups (e.g. children, women, pregnancy, HIV-VL co-infection), and eventually targeted to the individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard E Zijlstra
- Clinical Sciences, Rotterdam Centre for Tropical Medicine, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Olías-Molero AI, de la Fuente C, Cuquerella M, Torrado JJ, Alunda JM. Antileishmanial Drug Discovery and Development: Time to Reset the Model? Microorganisms 2021; 9:2500. [PMID: 34946102 PMCID: PMC8703564 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by Leishmania species. The disease affects humans and animals, particularly dogs, provoking cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral processes depending on the Leishmania sp. and the host immune response. No vaccine for humans is available, and the control relies mainly on chemotherapy. However, currently used drugs are old, some are toxic, and the safer presentations are largely unaffordable by the most severely affected human populations. Moreover, its efficacy has shortcomings, and it has been challenged by the growing reports of resistance and therapeutic failure. This manuscript presents an overview of the currently used drugs, the prevailing model to develop new antileishmanial drugs and its low efficiency, and the impact of deconstruction of the drug pipeline on the high failure rate of potential drugs. To improve the predictive value of preclinical research in the chemotherapy of leishmaniasis, several proposals are presented to circumvent critical hurdles-namely, lack of common goals of collaborative research, particularly in public-private partnership; fragmented efforts; use of inadequate surrogate models, especially for in vivo trials; shortcomings of target product profile (TPP) guides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Olías-Molero
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.O.-M.); (C.d.l.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Concepción de la Fuente
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.O.-M.); (C.d.l.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Montserrat Cuquerella
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.O.-M.); (C.d.l.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Juan J. Torrado
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - José M. Alunda
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.O.-M.); (C.d.l.F.); (M.C.)
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Immunological characterization of rLdTCP1γ for its prophylactic potential against visceral leishmaniasis in hamster model. Mol Immunol 2021; 141:33-42. [PMID: 34798496 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a chronic tropical disease responsible for devastating epidemics worldwide. Though current treatment relies on drugs, the emergence of resistance, toxic side-effects, and strenuous administration has led to an ineffective remedy. Hence, vaccination remains an alternative and desirable approach for VL control. Though extensive research on anti-leishmanial vaccine candidates has been carried out in past decades, presence of an effective molecule is still missing. In the present study, we have evaluated the immunogenicity and prophylactic potential of a recombinant T-complex protein-1 gamma subunit of L. donovani (rLdTCP1γ), against VL in hamster model. The antigen exhibited in vitro stimulation of lymphoproliferative and NO response in miltefosine and amphotericin B treated hamsters depicting its immunotherapeutic/immunogenic nature. Immunization with rLdTCP1γ revealed a strong protective response against experimental VL as indicated by reduced parasite load in the spleen of immunized group compared to infected control. The immunized animals gained body weight and exhibited significant reduction in the spleen and liver weight as compared to infected controls on days 60, 90, 120 post-challenge. A substantial augmentation of cell-mediated immune response as depicted by an increased lymphocyte proliferation, nitric oxide production, DTH responses and increased levels of IgG2 was observed in rLdTCP1γ immunized hamsters. The Th1 stimulatory potential, imparted by the antigen, was found to be intensified in the presence of adjuvant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). The efficacy was further assisted by an upregulated mRNA transcript of Th1 induced cytokines (IL-12, IFN-γ and TNFα) and downregulation of IL-4 and IL-10. The results are thus suggestive of rLdTCP1γ having the potential of a strong vaccine candidate against VL.
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Khatonier R, Ahmed G, Sarmah P, Narain K, Khan AM. Immunomodulatory role of Th17 pathway in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152148. [PMID: 34773853 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or Kala-azar is a vector borne protozoan infection caused by Leishmania donovani in the Indian subcontinent mainly India, Nepal and Bangladesh. It is a major public health problem in these countries mostly affecting the socio-economically poor population. Leishmaniasis ranks the third most important disease after malaria and filariasis but is still considered as one of the neglected tropical diseases of the world. For development of better therapeutic agents and effective vaccine against VL, there is a need to understand host immunological changes that play a vital role during course of infection. Therefore, we investigated the role of Th17 pathway in Balb/c mice during Leishmania donovani infection and treatment with amphotericin B. Mice were divided in four groups i.e. Control, Infected, Uninfected treated and Infected treated. The cytokine levels were estimated in the spleen of Balb/c mice on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 17, 21, 28, 35, 45 and 60 post infection and during course of treatment. The mRNA levels of the Th17 pathway during active Leishmania donovani infection and after treatment were determined by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and protein levels by flow cytometry and ELISA. Results of our study revealed that active infection was associated with low levels of Th17 cytokines IL-17, IL-22 and IL-23 and elevated levels of IL-6, IL-1β and TGF-β. Amphotericin B treatment restored production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-17 and IL-22. The levels of transcription factor RORγt were found to correlate with the levels of IL-17 during infection and also after chemotherapy whereas STAT3 levels were elevated during infection and vice versa after treatment. The findings of this study suggest that Th17 cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 are associated with protection against VL infection and development of any interventions or chemotherapeutic agents targeting Th17 pathway could be an important approach for VL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmita Khatonier
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, North-eastern Region, Post Box No-105, Dibrugarh 786001, Assam, India
| | - Giasuddin Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Pallab Sarmah
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, North-eastern Region, Post Box No-105, Dibrugarh 786001, Assam, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, North-eastern Region, Post Box No-105, Dibrugarh 786001, Assam, India
| | - Abdul Mabood Khan
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases (ECD), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.
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Ghosh S, Roy K, Rajalingam R, Martin S, Pal C. Cytokines in the generation and function of regulatory T cell subsets in leishmaniasis. Cytokine 2021; 147:155266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Teles LDF, Viana AG, Cardoso MS, Pinheiro GRG, Bento GA, Lula JF, Soares TDCM, Fujiwara RT, Carvalho SFGD. Evaluation of medullary cytokine expression and clinical and laboratory aspects in severe human visceral leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2021; 43:e12880. [PMID: 34558674 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a serious public health problem. The factors that can determine whether VL develops and progresses to severe form have not been fully identified, but a specific cellular immune response appears to play a key role. Therefore, understanding immunopathogenesis can be useful in preventing a serious clinical outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bone marrow samples were collected from patients with severe VL (SVL) or non-severe VL (NSVL). Cytokine levels and parasitic load were analysed by RT-qPCR. There is a statistically significant difference in the leukocyte parameter in patients with SVL and NSVL compared with the control patients (p = .006 and p = .014, respectively). RESULTS Urea, alanine transaminase and albumin parameters had a significant difference p = .036, p = .039 and p = .017, respectively, between SVL and NSVL. Although high levels of IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-6 and TNF-α were present in all groups of individuals with VL, they were not statistically associated with severity. In patients with active VL, IFN-γ and IL-10 were associated, respectively, with a reduction and increase in the parasite load, strong and significant positive association between IFN-γ and IL-10 (rho = .627 and p = .003). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that VL stimulates an non-dichotomized inflammatory response between Th1/Th2 and that bone marrow is an important tissue for immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro de Freitas Teles
- Centro de Pesquisa em Doenças Infecciosas. Hospital, Universitário Clemente de Faria, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros-MG, Brazil
| | - Agostinho Gonçalves Viana
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais-MG, Brazil
| | - Mariana Santos Cardoso
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais-MG, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriele Ariadine Bento
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais-MG, Brazil
| | - Jamille Fernandes Lula
- Centro de Pesquisa em Doenças Infecciosas. Hospital, Universitário Clemente de Faria, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros-MG, Brazil
| | - Tânia de Cássia Moreira Soares
- Centro de Pesquisa em Doenças Infecciosas. Hospital, Universitário Clemente de Faria, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros-MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais-MG, Brazil
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Helou DG, Mauras A, Fasquelle F, Lanza JS, Loiseau PM, Betbeder D, Cojean S. Intranasal vaccine from whole Leishmania donovani antigens provides protection and induces specific immune response against visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009627. [PMID: 34403413 PMCID: PMC8370633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a protozoan disease associated with high fatality rate in developing countries. Although the drug pipeline is constantly improving, available treatments are costly and live-threatening side effects are not uncommon. Moreover, an approved vaccine against human leishmaniasis does not exist yet. Using whole antigens from Leishmania donovani promastigotes (LdAg), we investigated the protective potential of a novel adjuvant-free vaccine strategy. Immunization of mice with LdAg via the intradermal or the intranasal route prior to infection decreases the parasitic burden in primary affected internal organs, including the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Interestingly, the intranasal route is more efficient than the intradermal route, leading to better parasite clearance and remarkable induction of adaptive immune cells, notably the helper and cytotoxic T cells. In vitro restimulation experiments with Leishmania antigens led to significant IFN-γ secretion by splenocytes; therefore, exemplifying specificity of the adaptive immune response. To improve mucosal delivery and the immunogenic aspects of our vaccine strategy, we used polysaccharide-based nanoparticles (NP) that carry the antigens. The NP-LdAg formulation is remarkably taken up by dendritic cells and induces their maturation in vitro, as revealed by the increased expression of CD80, CD86 and MHC II. Intranasal immunization with NP-LdAg does not improve the parasite clearance in our experimental timeline; however, it does increase the percentage of effector and memory T helper cells in the spleen, suggesting a potential induction of long-term memory. Altogether, this study provides a simple and cost-effective vaccine strategy against visceral leishmaniasis based on LdAg administration via the intranasal route, which could be applicable to other parasitic diseases. Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by specific species of Leishmania parasites that affect internal organs including spleen, liver, and bone marrow. The infective stage called promastigote, is transmitted into the host skin via sandfly bites. Visceral leishmaniasis is usually associated with high mortality rate in poor and developing countries, lacking proper health assistance. Moreover, treatments are expensive while no approved vaccines exist to prevent infection and avoid disease outbreaks. This study suggests an affordable and adjuvant-free vaccine formulation made from the total lysate of promastigotes. Vaccine administration via the intranasal route, ensures a remarkable clearance of Leishmania parasites from the internal organs of infected experimental mice. In particular, intranasal route known to be not invasive, is efficient in inducing adequate immune response against the infective form of the parasite. Further studies are now required to improve this prophylactic vaccine and provide therefore the basis for a promising translational approach.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Antigens, Protozoan/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Protozoan/blood
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Bone Marrow/metabolism
- Bone Marrow/parasitology
- Female
- Immunization
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Leishmania donovani/immunology
- Leishmaniasis Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Leishmaniasis Vaccines/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/prevention & control
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/parasitology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spleen/parasitology
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Affiliation(s)
- Doumet Georges Helou
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCis-UMR 8076, Châtenay-Malabry, France
- * E-mail: (DGH); (SC)
| | - Aurélie Mauras
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCis-UMR 8076, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Sandrine Cojean
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCis-UMR 8076, Châtenay-Malabry, France
- * E-mail: (DGH); (SC)
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Almeida V, Lima I, Fraga D, Carrillo E, Moreno J, dos-Santos WLC. Hematological Changes in Dogs with Visceral Leishmaniasis Are Associated with Increased IFN-γ and TNF Gene Expression Levels in the Bone Marrow. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1618. [PMID: 34442696 PMCID: PMC8398899 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is associated with a variety of hematological abnormalities. In this study, we correlated the hematological changes in the peripheral blood of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum (L. infantum) with the distribution of cell lineages and cytokine gene expression patterns in the bone marrow. Samples from 63 naturally semidomiciled dogs living in an endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis were analyzed. L. infantum infection was detected in 50 dogs (79.3%). Among those, 18 (32%) had positive splenic cultures and showed more clinical signs. They also had lower red blood cell counts and leukocytosis with an increased number of neutrophils and monocytes in peripheral blood compared to dogs negative to this test. L. infantum DNA was detected in the bone marrow of 8/14 dogs with positive splenic culture. Dogs with L. infantum infection in the bone marrow presented with histiocytosis (p = 0.0046), fewer erythroid cell clusters (p = 0.0127) and increased gene expression levels of IFN-γ (p = 0.0015) and TNF (p = 0.0091). The data shown herein suggest that inflammatory and cytokine gene expression changes in bone marrow may contribute to the peripheral blood hematological changes observed in visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valter Almeida
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil; (V.A.); (I.L.); (D.F.)
| | - Isadora Lima
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil; (V.A.); (I.L.); (D.F.)
| | - Deborah Fraga
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil; (V.A.); (I.L.); (D.F.)
| | - Eugenia Carrillo
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (J.M.)
| | - Javier Moreno
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (J.M.)
| | - Washington L. C. dos-Santos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil; (V.A.); (I.L.); (D.F.)
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The Inflammatory Effects of Dietary Lipids Regulate Growth of Parasites during Visceral Leishmaniasis. mSphere 2021; 6:e0042321. [PMID: 34259561 PMCID: PMC8386445 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00423-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a potentially fatal disease caused by the protozoon Leishmania donovani or L. infantum (Li). Although previous studies revealed that high lipid intake reduces parasite burdens in Leishmania donovani-infected mice, the specific contributions of dietary lipids to Li-associated pathogenesis are not known. To address this, we evaluated parasite growth, liver pathology, and transcriptomic signatures in Li-infected BALB/c mice fed either a control, high-fat, high-cholesterol, or high-fat–high-cholesterol diet. Using quantitative PCR (qPCR), we observed significantly reduced liver parasite burdens in mice fed the high-fat–high-cholesterol diet compared to mice fed the control diet. In contrast to the liver, parasite expansion occurred earlier in the spleens of mice fed the experimental diets. Histological examination revealed an intense inflammatory cell infiltrate in livers predominantly composed of neutrophils caused by the high-fat–high-cholesterol diet specifically. After 8 weeks of infection (12 weeks of diet), Illumina microarrays revealed significantly increased expression of transcripts belonging to immune- and angiogenesis-related pathways in livers of both uninfected and Li-infected mice fed the high-fat–high-cholesterol diet. These data suggest that increased fat and cholesterol intake prior to Li infection leads to a hepatic inflammatory environment and thus reduces the parasite burden in the liver. Defining inflammatory signatures as well as pathology in the liver may reveal opportunities to modify the therapeutic approach to Li infection. IMPORTANCE Leishmaniasis is a spectrum of diseases caused by Leishmania species protozoa that is most common in warm climates, coinciding with impoverished regions. Visceral leishmaniasis is a potentially fatal disease in which parasites infect reticuloendothelial organs and cause progressive wasting and immunocompromise. The distribution and demographics of visceral leishmaniasis have changed over recent years, coinciding with modernizing societies and the increased availability of Western diets rich in lipid content. We report here that increased dietary fat and cholesterol intake affected disease pathogenesis by increasing inflammation and reducing localized parasite burdens in the liver. These diet-induced changes in disease pathogenesis might explain in part the changing epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis. A relationship between diet and inflammatory responses may occur in leishmaniasis and other microbial or immune-mediated diseases, possibly revealing opportunities to modify the therapeutic approach to microbial infections.
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Passero LFD, Brunelli EDS, Sauini T, Amorim Pavani TF, Jesus JA, Rodrigues E. The Potential of Traditional Knowledge to Develop Effective Medicines for the Treatment of Leishmaniasis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:690432. [PMID: 34220515 PMCID: PMC8248671 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.690432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects people living in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. There are few therapeutic options for treating this infectious disease, and available drugs induce severe side effects in patients. Different communities have limited access to hospital facilities, as well as classical treatment of leishmaniasis; therefore, they use local natural products as alternative medicines to treat this infectious disease. The present work performed a bibliographic survey worldwide to record plants used by traditional communities to treat leishmaniasis, as well as the uses and peculiarities associated with each plant, which can guide future studies regarding the characterization of new drugs to treat leishmaniasis. A bibliographic survey performed in the PubMed and Scopus databases retrieved 294 articles related to traditional knowledge, medicinal plants and leishmaniasis; however, only 20 were selected based on the traditional use of plants to treat leishmaniasis. Considering such studies, 378 quotes referring to 292 plants (216 species and 76 genera) that have been used to treat leishmaniasis were recorded, which could be grouped into 89 different families. A broad discussion has been presented regarding the most frequent families, including Fabaceae (27 quotes), Araceae (23), Solanaceae and Asteraceae (22 each). Among the available data in the 378 quotes, it was observed that the parts of the plants most frequently used in local medicine were leaves (42.3% of recipes), applied topically (74.6%) and fresh poultices (17.2%). The contribution of Latin America to studies enrolling ethnopharmacological indications to treat leishmaniasis was evident. Of the 292 plants registered, 79 were tested against Leishmania sp. Future studies on leishmanicidal activity could be guided by the 292 plants presented in this study, mainly the five species Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae), Cedrela odorata L. (Meliaceae), Copaifera paupera (Herzog) Dwyer (Fabaceae), Musa × paradisiaca L. (Musaceae), and Nicotiana tabacum L. (Solanaceae), since they are the most frequently cited in articles and by traditional communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Felipe D Passero
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Advanced Studies of Ocean, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erika Dos Santos Brunelli
- Center for Ethnobotanical and Ethnopharmacological Studies (CEE), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thamara Sauini
- Center for Ethnobotanical and Ethnopharmacological Studies (CEE), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Fernanda Amorim Pavani
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research Group (GPQFfesp), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Adriana Jesus
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas (LIM50), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana Rodrigues
- Center for Ethnobotanical and Ethnopharmacological Studies (CEE), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Zhang J, He J, Liao X, Xiao Y, Liang C, Zhou Q, Chen H, Zheng Z, Qin H, Chen D, Chen Q, Li J, Chen J. Development of dominant epitope-based vaccines encoding Gp63, Kmp-11 and Amastin against visceral leishmaniasis. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152085. [PMID: 33910113 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The most dangerous form of leishmaniasis is Visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The elimination of VL depends not only on agent treatments but also on effective vaccines against Leishmania parasites. Epitope-based vaccines composed of alternative short antigenic epitopes have the advantages of MHC epitope easy designing, which has broad application prospects. In a previous study, we analyzed Leishmania Gp63, Kmp-11 and Amastin protein sequence in silico, and found that the amino acid fragments of Gp63 (138-360aa), Kmp-11 (1-91aa) and Amastin (1-72aa) were rich in dominant epitopes. In this study, we used the three amino acid fragments as multi-epitope vaccine candidates to construct DNA and protein vaccines. BALB/c mice were vaccinated with the DNA and protein vaccines by DNA prime-protein boost strategy and challenged with Leishmania promastigotes. To evaluate vaccine immunogenicity and immunoprotection, serum specific antibody titers and cytokines were detected using ELISA, splenic CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells were analyzed by flow cytometry, livers were made into pathological sections to observe pathological changes, and splenic parasitic loads were quantified using qPCR. The results showed that the increased specific IgG titers from vaccinated mice supported the vaccine immunogenicity. The increased cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-12 and TNF-α), splenic CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and hepatic granulomas, and the decreased splenic parasitic loads (parasite reduction rates of Gp63, Kmp-11 and Amatin groups were 89%, 86% and 79%, respectively) from immunized mice post-infection were suggested the good immunoprotection of the vaccines. Our study demonstrated that vaccines based on the dominant epitopes of Gp63, Kmp-11 and Amastin with DNA prime-protein boost vaccination strategy showed significant immune effects against Leishmania, especially the Gp63 group showed a nearly 90% parasites reduction rate. This study will provide references for visceral leishmaniasis epitope vaccine design and immune strategy selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinlei He
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuechun Liao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuying Xiao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chang Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwan Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanxiao Qin
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dali Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiwei Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Type I Interferons Suppress Anti-parasitic Immunity and Can Be Targeted to Improve Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2512-2525.e9. [PMID: 32101732 PMCID: PMC7981274 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) play critical roles in anti-viral and anti-tumor immunity. However, they also suppress protective immune responses in some infectious diseases. Here, we identify type I IFNs as major upstream regulators of CD4+ T cells from visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients. Furthermore, we report that mice deficient in type I IFN signaling have significantly improved control of Leishmania donovani, a causative agent of human VL, associated with enhanced IFNγ but reduced IL-10 production by parasite-specific CD4+ T cells. Importantly, we identify a small-molecule inhibitor that can be used to block type I IFN signaling during established infection and acts synergistically with conventional anti-parasitic drugs to improve parasite clearance and enhance anti-parasitic CD4+ T cell responses in mice and humans. Thus, manipulation of type I IFN signaling is a promising strategy for improving disease outcome in VL patients.
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Curtin JM, Aronson NE. Leishmaniasis in the United States: Emerging Issues in a Region of Low Endemicity. Microorganisms 2021; 9:578. [PMID: 33799892 PMCID: PMC7998217 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, a chronic and persistent intracellular protozoal infection caused by many different species within the genus Leishmania, is an unfamiliar disease to most North American providers. Clinical presentations may include asymptomatic and symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis (so-called Kala-azar), as well as cutaneous or mucosal disease. Although cutaneous leishmaniasis (caused by Leishmania mexicana in the United States) is endemic in some southwest states, other causes for concern include reactivation of imported visceral leishmaniasis remotely in time from the initial infection, and the possible long-term complications of chronic inflammation from asymptomatic infection. Climate change, the identification of competent vectors and reservoirs, a highly mobile populace, significant population groups with proven exposure history, HIV, and widespread use of immunosuppressive medications and organ transplant all create the potential for increased frequency of leishmaniasis in the U.S. Together, these factors could contribute to leishmaniasis emerging as a health threat in the U.S., including the possibility of sustained autochthonous spread of newly introduced visceral disease. We summarize recent data examining the epidemiology and major risk factors for acquisition of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, with a special focus on implications for the United States, as well as discuss key emerging issues affecting the management of visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Curtin
- Infectious Diseases Service, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Infectious Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| | - Naomi E. Aronson
- Infectious Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
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Samant M, Sahu U, Pandey SC, Khare P. Role of Cytokines in Experimental and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:624009. [PMID: 33680991 PMCID: PMC7930837 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.624009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is the most fatal form of disease leishmaniasis. To date, there are no effective prophylactic measures and therapeutics available against VL. Recently, new immunotherapy-based approaches have been established for the management of VL. Cytokines, which are predominantly produced by helper T cells (Th) and macrophages, have received great attention that could be an effective immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of human VL. Cytokines play a key role in forming the host immune response and in managing the formation of protective and non-protective immunities during infection. Furthermore, immune response mediated through different cytokines varies from different host or animal models. Various cytokines viz. IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12, and TNF-α play an important role during protection, while some other cytokines viz. IL-10, IL-6, IL-17, TGF-β, and others are associated with disease progression. Therefore, comprehensive knowledge of cytokine response and their interaction with various immune cells is very crucial to determine appropriate immunotherapies for VL. Here, we have discussed the role of cytokines involved in VL disease progression or host protection in different animal models and humans that will determine the clinical outcome of VL and open the path for the development of rapid and accurate diagnostic tools as well as therapeutic interventions against VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Samant
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, Almora, India
| | - Utkarsha Sahu
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Satish Chandra Pandey
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, Almora, India
| | - Prashant Khare
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
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31
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Elucidation of the primary structure and molecular modeling of Parkia pendula lectin and in vitro evaluation of the leishmanicidal activity. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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32
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Bernardo L, Solana JC, Romero-Kauss A, Sánchez C, Carrillo E, Moreno J. Effect of immunosuppressants on the parasite load developed in, and immune response to, visceral leishmaniasis: A comparative study in a mouse model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009126. [PMID: 33524030 PMCID: PMC7877784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing use of immunosuppressants in areas where visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic has increased the number of people susceptible to developing more severe forms of the disease. Few studies have examined the quality of the immune response in immunosuppressed patients or experimental animals with VL. The present work characterises the parasite load developed in, and immune response to, Leishmania infantum-induced VL in C57BL/6 mice that, prior to and during infection, received immunosuppressant treatment with methylprednisolone (MPDN), anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) antibodies, or methotrexate (MTX). The latter two treatments induced a significant reduction in the number of CD4+ T lymphocytes over the infection period. The anti-TNF treatment was also associated with a higher parasite load in the liver and a lower parasite load in the spleen. This, plus a possibly treatment-induced reduction in the number of cytokine-producing Th1 cells in the spleen, indicates the development of more severe VL. Interestingly, the MPDN and (especially) MTX treatments provoked a greater presence of soluble Leishmania antigen-specific multi-cytokine-producing T cells in the spleen and a lower liver parasite load than in control animals. These results highlight the need to better understand how immunosuppressant treatments might influence the severity of VL in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Bernardo
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
| | - Jose Carlos Solana
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
| | - Alba Romero-Kauss
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
| | - Carmen Sánchez
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
| | - Eugenia Carrillo
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
| | - Javier Moreno
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
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33
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Lipophosphoglycan-3 protein from Leishmania infantum chagasi plus saponin adjuvant: A new promising vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis. Vaccine 2020; 39:282-291. [PMID: 33309484 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a serious neglected tropical disease that affects humans and dogs in urban areas. There are no vaccines against human VL, and few licensed canine VL vaccines are currently available, which instigates the search for new antigens and vaccine formulations with prophylactic potential against VL in these hosts. In this study, we evaluated the immunization using the native and recombinant Leishmania infantum chagasi (L. chagasi) lipophosphoglycan-3 (LPG3) and the adjuvants saponin (SAP) and incomplete Freund adjuvant (IFA) against L. chagasi infection in BALB/c mice. The native LPG3 vaccine was immunogenic, inducing splenic IFN-γ and IL-10 production, and mixed Th1/Th2 response when associated with IFA. However, only mice vaccinated with LPG3-IFA presented a reduction in the splenic parasite load (96% in comparison to the PBS control group), but without a significant reduction in the hepatic parasitism. On the other hand, mice immunized with the LPG3-SAP vaccine presented a reduction of approximately 98% in both splenic and hepatic parasite load, accompanied by a Th1/Th17 response and IL-10 production by L. chagasi antigen (AgLc)-stimulated splenic cells. Importantly, vaccination with recombinant LPG3 (rLPG3)-SAP presented similar results to the native LPG3-SAP vaccine. Therefore, the rLPG3-SAP vaccine is qualified to be used in future tests in canine and human models, considering the technical and economic advantages of the recombinant protein production compared to the native protein and the results obtained in the murine model.
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Soto M, Ramírez L, Solana JC, Cook ECL, Hernández-García E, Charro-Zanca S, Redondo-Urzainqui A, Reguera RM, Balaña-Fouce R, Iborra S. Resistance to Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis in Mice Infected With Leishmania infantum Requires Batf3. Front Immunol 2020; 11:590934. [PMID: 33362772 PMCID: PMC7758202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.590934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Unveiling the protective immune response to visceral leishmaniasis is critical for a rational design of vaccines aimed at reducing the impact caused by this fatal, if left untreated, vector-borne disease. In this study we sought to determine the role of the basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like 3 (Batf3) in the evolution of infection with Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of human visceral leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean Basin and Latin America. For that, Batf3-deficient mice in C57BL/6 background were infected with an L. infantum strain expressing the luciferase gene. Bioluminescent imaging, as well as in vitro parasite titration, demonstrated that Batf3-deficient mice were unable to control hepatic parasitosis as opposed to wild-type C57BL/6 mice. The impaired microbicide capacities of L. infantum-infected macrophages from Batf3-deficient mice mainly correlated with a reduction of parasite-specific IFN-γ production. Our results reinforce the implication of Batf3 in the generation of type 1 immunity against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Soto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Ramírez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Carlos Solana
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma C L Cook
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Hernández-García
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Charro-Zanca
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Redondo-Urzainqui
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa M Reguera
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | | | - Salvador Iborra
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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35
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Hussain A, Ghosh S, Roy K, Nath S, Sarkar B, Dutta A, Maji P, Basu S, Paul S, Dey S, Chakraborty K, Raychaudhury B, Acharya K, Ganguly J, Pal C. A mushroom derived 'carbohydrate-fraction' reinstates host-immunity and protects from Leishmania donovani infection. Parasite Immunol 2020; 43:e12806. [PMID: 33131110 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The anti-leishmanial effect of the 'carbohydrate-fraction', isolated from an edible mushroom Astraeus hygrometricus, was evaluated against Leishmania donovani infection both in vitro and in vivo. Ahf-Car induced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (iNOS2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-12, with subsequent downregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokines as TGF-β and IL-10, in vitro and in vivo along with a remarkable increase in the expressions of IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ and IRFs, IRF-7 and IRF-8 in vivo. Ahf-Car also reduced the parasite burden in the spleen and liver dose-dependently with a simultaneous proliferation of Ly6C+ cells in the bone marrow of Leishmania-infected experimental animals. It also increased the monocyte population dose-dependently and the expression of the myeloid transcription factor PU.1, in vivo, which presumably signifies the expansion of protective macrophages. Thus, Ahf-Car might be a potent anti-leishmanial lead with unique and effective adjuvant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aabid Hussain
- Cellular Immunology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, India
| | - Sanhita Ghosh
- Cellular Immunology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, India
| | - Kamalika Roy
- Cellular Immunology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, India
| | - Supriya Nath
- Cellular Immunology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, India
| | - Biswajyoti Sarkar
- Cellular Immunology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, India
| | - Aritri Dutta
- Cellular Immunology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, India
| | - Priyankar Maji
- Department of Chemistry, The Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, India
| | - Shibani Basu
- Department of Chemistry, The Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, India
| | - Sharmistha Paul
- Cellular Immunology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, India
| | - Somaditya Dey
- Cellular Immunology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, India
| | | | | | - Krishnendu Acharya
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Jhuma Ganguly
- Department of Chemistry, The Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, India
| | - Chiranjib Pal
- Cellular Immunology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, India
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36
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Jafarzadeh A, Jafarzadeh S, Sharifi I, Aminizadeh N, Nozari P, Nemati M. The importance of T cell-derived cytokines in post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Cytokine 2020; 147:155321. [PMID: 33039255 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the same species of Leishmania (L)donovani causes different manifestations including visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), indicating that the host-related immunological parameters perform a decisive role in the pathogenesis of diseases. As PKDL is a reservoir of the parasite, a better understanding of the host immune responses is necessary to restrict the L. donovani transmission. The proper local production of Th1 cell-related cytokines (including IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-12), Th17 cell-derived cytokines (such as IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-22), and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-derived IFN-γ are protective against PKDL. However, dominant production of regulatory CD4+ T cell-derived cytokines (such as IL-10 and TGF-β), Th2 cell-derived cytokines (such as IL-4/IL-13), M2 macrophage-derived cytokines (such as IL-4 and IL-10), keratinocyte-derived IL-10, regulatory CD8+ T cell-derived IL-10, and dendritic cell-derived IL-10, IL-27 and IL-21 can contribute to the parasite persistence and PKDL development. Understanding of the T cell-related cytokine network within PKDL lesions gives rise to novel insights concerning the role of each cytokine in the protection or susceptibility to disease. Manipulation of the cytokine network can be considered as an interesting immunotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of L. donovani-mediated PKDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Sara Jafarzadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Najmeh Aminizadeh
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University Branch of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Parvin Nozari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Haematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Saha B, Bhattacharjee S, Sarkar A, Bhor R, Pai K, Bodhale N. Conundrums in leishmaniasis. Cytokine 2020; 145:155304. [PMID: 33004260 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Parasites of the genus Leishmania cause the disease leishmaniasis. As the sandfly vector transfers the promastigotes into the skin of the human host, the infection is either cured or exacerbated. In the process, there emerge several unsolved paradoxes of leishmaniasis. Chronologically, as the infections starts in skin, the role of the salivary proteins in supporting the infection or the host response to these proteins influencing the induction of immunological memory becomes a conundrum. As the parasite invokes inflammation, the infiltrating neutrophils may act as "Trojan Horse" to transfer parasites to macrophages that, along with dendritic cells, carry the parasite to lymphoid organs to start visceralization. As the visceralized infection becomes chronic, the acutely enhanced monocytopoiesis takes a downturn while neutropenia and thrombocytopenia ensue with concomitant rise in splenic colony-forming-units. These responses are accompanied by splenic and hepatic granulomas, polyclonal activation of B cells and deviation of T cell responses. The granuloma formation is both a containment process and a form of immunopathogenesis. The heterogeneity in neutrophils and macrophages contribute to both cure and progression of the disease. The differentiation of T-helper subsets presents another paradox of visceral leishmaniasis, as the counteractive T cell subsets influence the curing or non-curing outcome. Once the parasites are killed by chemotherapy, in some patients the cured visceral disease recurs as a cutaneous manifestation post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). As no experimental model exists, the natural history of PKDL remains almost a black box at the end of the visceral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baibaswata Saha
- Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Surajit Bhattacharjee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Tripura Central University, Agartala, India
| | - Arup Sarkar
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Renuka Bhor
- Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Kalpana Pai
- Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Neelam Bodhale
- Jagadis Bose National Science Talent Search, 1300 Rajdanga Road, Kolkata 700107, India; National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
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Cytokines and splenic remodelling during Leishmania donovani infection. Cytokine X 2020; 2:100036. [PMID: 33604560 PMCID: PMC7885873 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis leads to extensive remodelling of splenic microarchitecture. Splenomegaly is associated with compartmentalised vascular remodelling. Alterations in white pulp stromal cells affects leucocyte segregation. Splenic remodelling involves multiple cytokines from diverse cellular sources. Understanding splenic remodelling may lead to new therapeutic interventions.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) causes extensive splenic pathology that contributes to dysfunctional immune responses, in part through displacement and destruction of cell populations involved in maintaining splenic structural integrity. The expression of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines is crucial in orchestrating the delicate balance that exists between host resistance and tissue pathology. In an effort to restore homeostatic balance to the local microenvironment, remodelling of the splenic architecture occurs in a compartmentalised manner to retain some level of functionality, despite persistent inflammatory pressures. Animal models of VL as well as human studies have significantly contributed to our understanding of the architectural changes that occur in the spleen during VL. Here, we review the role of cytokines in mediating microarchitectural changes associated with the development of splenomegaly during VL.
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Tasew G, Gadisa E, Abera A, Chanyalew M, Abebe M, Howe R, Ritter U, Aseffa A, Laskay T. Whole blood-based in vitro culture reveals diminished secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in visceral leishmaniasis. Cytokine 2020; 145:155246. [PMID: 32828639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The likelihood of being bitten by sand flies infected with Leishmania (L.) donovani is considered to be high for all inhabitants living in the endemic areas, but only a small ratio of the population develop symptomatic visceral leishmanisis (VL). Since adequate activation of antimicrobial immune response plays a key role in control of pathogens early after infection we hypothesized that a dysfunction of essential cells of the immune system is associated with disease development after infection with L. donovani. In order to obtain insights into the capacity of leukocytes to respond to L. donovani, a whole blood based assay was applied to evaluate the production of cytokines and chemokines in clinical VL versus Ethiopian endemic healthy control (EHC). In response to L. donovani, VL blood cultures showed significantly lower secretion of IL-12p70, IL-6, IL-17, IL-8 and IP-10 compared to EHC. On the contrary, there was a significantly higher secretion of IL-10 observed in VL compared to EHC. In response to LPS also a lower IL-1β, IL-12p70 and IL-6 secretion was observed in VL as compared to EHC. The data clearly indicate a diminished ability of blood leukocytes in VL to respond to L. donovani and to the TLR ligand LPS. This compromised response in VL may contribute to the severe disease development and enhanced susceptibility to secondary infections in VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geremew Tasew
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, P.O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Endalamaw Gadisa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Neglected Tropical Diseases and Malaria Research Team, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adugna Abera
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, P.O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Menberework Chanyalew
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Neglected Tropical Diseases and Malaria Research Team, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Markos Abebe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Neglected Tropical Diseases and Malaria Research Team, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rawleigh Howe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Neglected Tropical Diseases and Malaria Research Team, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Uwe Ritter
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Regensburg and University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Neglected Tropical Diseases and Malaria Research Team, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tamás Laskay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23560 Lübeck, Germany
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Jafarzadeh A, Nemati M, Chauhan P, Patidar A, Sarkar A, Sharifi I, Saha B. Interleukin-27 Functional Duality Balances Leishmania Infectivity and Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1573. [PMID: 32849534 PMCID: PMC7427467 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-27 is a cytokine that exerts diverse effects on the cells of innate and adaptive immune systems. Chiefly expressed in macrophages and dendritic cells during the early phase of Leishmania infection, IL-27 contributes to the protection against L. major infection but suppresses the protective Th1 response against L. donovani, L. infantum, L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis infections, suggesting its functional duality. During the late stage of Leishmania infection, IL-27 limits the immunopathogenic reactions and tissue damages. Herein, we analyze the mechanism of the functional duality of IL-27 in the resistance or susceptibility to Leishmania infection, prompting IL-27 for anti-Leishmanial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Haematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | | | - Arup Sarkar
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
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Saini S, Rai AK. Hamster, a close model for visceral leishmaniasis: Opportunities and challenges. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12768. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Saini
- Department of Biotechnology Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad Praygraj India
| | - Ambak K. Rai
- Department of Biotechnology Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad Praygraj India
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42
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Martínez-Flórez A, Martori C, Monteagudo PL, Rodriguez F, Alberola J, Rodríguez-Cortés A. Sirolimus enhances the protection achieved by a DNA vaccine against Leishmania infantum. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:294. [PMID: 32517744 PMCID: PMC7282043 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniases are a group of neglected tropical parasitic diseases, mainly affecting vulnerable populations of countries with poor socioeconomic status. Development of efficient vaccines is a priority due to the increasing incidence of drug resistance and toxicity to current treatments. In the search for a safe and efficient protective vaccine for human and dog visceral leishmaniases, we analyzed the suitability of the immunomodulatory drug sirolimus (SIR) to boost a preventive DNA vaccine against leishmaniasis. SIR is an already marketed drug that has been described to boost immune protection against different disease models and has also emerged as a promising therapeutic drug against L. major. Methods Syrian hamsters were treated with SIR concomitantly with the administration of a DNA vaccine formulation consisting in four plasmids carrying the Leishmania genes LACK, TRYP, PAPLE22 and KMPII, respectively. Two weeks after the last vaccination, the animals were infected intraperitoneally with L. infantum parasites. Five weeks post-infection the parasite load was measured by real-time PCR in target tissues and immune response was evaluated by determining anti-Leishmania specific antibodies in combination with cytokine expression in the spleen. Results Our results show that the DNA vaccine itself efficiently reduced the burden of parasites in the skin (P = 0.0004) and lymph nodes (P = 0.0452). SIR administration also enhanced the protection by reducing the parasite load in the spleen (P = 0.0004). Vaccinated animals with or without SIR co-treatment showed lower IFN-γ expression levels than those found in the spleen of control animals. mRNA expression levels of NOS2 and IL-10 were found to be significantly higher in the vaccinated plus SIR treated group. Conclusions Co-administration of SIR enhances a DNA vaccination regimen against L. infantum, improving the reduction of parasite load in skin, lymph node and spleen. The analysis of immune markers in the spleen after challenge suggests that the trend to recover naïve levels of IFN-γ and IL-10, and the concurrent higher expression of NOS2, may be responsible for the protection induced by our vaccine co-administered with SIR.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Martínez-Flórez
- Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Martori
- Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula L Monteagudo
- Centre de Recerca En Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Fernando Rodriguez
- Centre de Recerca En Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Alberola
- Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alhelí Rodríguez-Cortés
- Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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43
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Pandey SC, Kumar A, Samant M. Genetically modified live attenuated vaccine: A potential strategy to combat visceral leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12732. [PMID: 32418227 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by a protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani mainly influencing the population of tropical and subtropical regions across the globe. The arsenal of drugs available is limited, and prolonged use of such drugs makes parasite to become resistant. Therefore, it is very imperative to develop a safe, cost-effective and inexpensive vaccine against VL. Although in recent years, many strategies have been pursued by researchers, so far only some of the vaccine candidates reached for clinical trial and more than half of them are still in pipeline. There is now a broad consent among Leishmania researchers that the perseverance of parasite is very essential for eliciting a protective immune response and may perhaps be attained by live attenuated parasite vaccination. For making a live attenuated parasite, it is very essential to ensure that the parasite is deficient of virulence and should further study genetically modified parasites to perceive the mechanism of pathogenesis. So it is believed that in the near future, a complete understanding of the Leishmania genome will explore clear strategies to discover a novel vaccine. This review describes the need for a genetically modified live attenuated vaccine against VL, and obstacles associated with its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Chandra Pandey
- Cell and Molecular biology laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, Almora, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India
| | - Mukesh Samant
- Cell and Molecular biology laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, Almora, India
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44
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Kumar A, Pandey SC, Samant M. A spotlight on the diagnostic methods of a fatal disease Visceral Leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12727. [PMID: 32378226 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania donovani (a causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis) poses a serious health threat to the human population which is fatal if left untreated. The life cycle of Leishmania alternates between vertebrate host and Phlebotomine fly as intermediate ones. Due to the difficulties linked to vector (sandfly) control and the lack of an effective vaccine, the control of leishmaniasis relies mostly on chemotherapy. Unfortunately, the prevalence of parasites becoming resistant to the first-line drug pentavalent antimonial (SbV )/sodium antimony gluconate (SAG) and some other anti-leishmanial drug is increasing in several parts of the world. With the alarming rise of drug resistance and other issues related to VL, there is an urgent need to focus on early detection and quick diagnosis of VL case. Therefore, we have reviewed most of the methods used in the diagnostic process of VL. Along with existing diagnostic methods, developing more effective and sensitive diagnostic methods and biomarkers is also vital for enhancing VL identification and control programs. This review gathers the comprehensive information on diagnostics methods of VL under a single umbrella that could be the prominent tools for the development of rapid, accurate and cost-effective diagnostic kits for VL which can be used in field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India
| | - Satish Chandra Pandey
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, Almora, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Mukesh Samant
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, Almora, India
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45
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Lewis MD, Paun A, Romano A, Langston H, Langner CA, Moore IN, Bock KW, Francisco AF, Brenchley JM, Sacks DL. Fatal progression of experimental visceral leishmaniasis is associated with intestinal parasitism and secondary infection by commensal bacteria, and is delayed by antibiotic prophylaxis. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008456. [PMID: 32282850 PMCID: PMC7179947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania donovani causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL), which is typically fatal without treatment. There is substantial variation between individuals in rates of disease progression, response to treatment and incidence of post-treatment sequelae, specifically post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). Nevertheless, the majority of infected people are asymptomatic carriers. Hamsters and mice are commonly used as models of fatal and non-fatal VL, respectively. Host and parasite genetics are likely to be important factors, but in general the reasons for heterogeneous disease presentation in humans and animal models are poorly understood. Host microbiota has become established as a factor in cutaneous forms of leishmaniasis but this has not been studied in VL. We induced intestinal dysbiosis in mice and hamsters by long-term treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics in their drinking water. There were no significant differences in disease presentation in dysbiotic mice. In contrast, dysbiotic hamsters infected with L. donovani had delayed onset and progression of weight loss. Half of control hamsters had a rapid progression phenotype compared with none of the ABX-treated animals and the nine-month survival rate was significantly improved compared to untreated controls (40% vs. 10%). Antibiotic-treated hamsters also had significantly less severe hepatosplenomegaly, which was accompanied by a distinct cytokine gene expression profile. The protective effect was not explained by differences in parasite loads or haematological profiles. We further found evidence that the gut-liver axis is a key aspect of fatal VL progression in hamsters, including intestinal parasitism, bacterial translocation to the liver, malakoplakia and iron sequestration, none of which occurred in non-progressing murine VL. Diverse bacterial genera were cultured from VL affected livers, of which Rodentibacter was specifically absent from ABX-treated hamsters, indicating this pathobiont may play a role in promoting disease progression. The results provide experimental support for antibiotic prophylaxis against secondary bacterial infections as an adjunct therapy in human VL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Lewis
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrea Paun
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Audrey Romano
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Harry Langston
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte A. Langner
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ian N. Moore
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kevin W. Bock
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amanda Fortes Francisco
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David L. Sacks
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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46
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Parasitic load determination by differential expressions of 5-lipoxygenase and PGE2 synthases in visceral leishmaniasis. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 147:106390. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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47
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Bastos DSS, Miranda BM, Fialho Martins TV, Guimarães Ervilha LO, Souza ACF, de Oliveira Emerick S, Carneiro da Silva A, Novaes RD, Neves MM, Santos EC, de Oliveira LL, Marques-da-Silva EDA. Lipophosphoglycan-3 recombinant protein vaccine controls hepatic parasitism and prevents tissue damage in mice infected by Leishmania infantum chagasi. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 126:110097. [PMID: 32203891 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS In this work, we aimed to evaluate the effects of the Leishmania infantum chagasi infection on the liver of vaccinated mice, considering parameters of tissue damage and the inflammatory response elicited by vaccination. MAIN METHODS We used recombinant LPG3 protein (rLPG3) as immunogen in BALB/c mice before challenge with promastigote forms of L. infantum chagasi. The animals were separated into five groups: NI: non-infected animals; NV: non-vaccinated; SAP: treated with saponin; rLPG3: immunized with rLPG3; rLPG3 + SAP: immunized with rLPG3 plus SAP. The experiment was conducted in replicate, and the vaccination protocol consisted of three subcutaneous doses of rLPG3 (40 μg + two boosters of 20 μg). The mice were challenged two weeks after the last immunization. KEY FINDINGS Our results showed that rLPG3 + SAP immunization decreased the parasite burden in 99 %, conferring immunological protection in the liver of the infected animals. Moreover, the immunization improved the antioxidant defenses, increasing CAT and GST activity, while reducing the levels of oxidative stress markers, such as H2O2 and NO3/NO2, and carbonyl protein in the organ. As a consequence, rLPG3 + SAP immunization preserved tissue integrity and reduced the granuloma formation, inflammatory infiltrate and serum levels of AST, ALT, and ALP. SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, these results showed that rLPG3 vaccine confers liver protection against L. infantum chagasi in mice, while maintaining the liver tissue protected against the harmful inflammatory effects caused by the vaccine followed by the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rômulo Dias Novaes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, MG, Brazil
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48
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Zhang J, He J, Li J, Zhou Q, Chen H, Zheng Z, Chen Q, Chen D, Chen J. The immunogenicity and protective immunity of multi-epitopes DNA prime-protein boost vaccines encoding Amastin-Kmp-11, Kmp11-Gp63 and Amastin-Gp63 against visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230381. [PMID: 32176727 PMCID: PMC7075555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most fatal form of leishmaniasis if left untreated and 50,000 to 90,000 new cases of VL occur worldwide each year. Although various vaccines had been studied in animal models, none of them was eligible to prevent human from infections. In this study, according to the silico analysis of Leishmania Amastin, Kmp-11 and Gp63 protein, dominant epitope sequences of these proteins were selected and linked to construct dominant multi-epitopes DNA and protein vaccines (Amastin-Kmp-11, Amastin-Gp63 and Kmp-11-Gp63) against VL. BALB/c mice were immunized with a DNA prime-protein boost immunization strategy and challenged with a new Leishmania parasite strain isolated from a VL patient. After immunization, the results including specific antibody titers, IL-4 and TNF-α levels, and CD4 and CD8 T cell proportion suggested the potent immunogenicity of the three vaccines. After infection, the results of spleen parasite burdens in the three vaccine groups were significantly lower than those of control groups, and the parasite reduction rates of Amastin-Kmp-11, Amastin-Gp63 and Kmp-11-Gp63 groups were 89.38%, 91.01% and 88.42%, respectively. Spleen smear observation and liver histopathological changes showed that all vaccine groups could produce significant immunoprotection against VL and Amastin-Gp63 vaccine was the best. In conclusion, our work demonstrated that the three dominant multi-epitopes Amastin-Kmp-11, Amastin-Gp63 and Kmp-11-Gp63 DNA prime-protein boost vaccines might be new vaccine candidates for VL, and the Amastin-Gp63 vaccine have best efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinlei He
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiwan Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiwei Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dali Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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49
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Zheng ZW, Li J, Chen H, He JL, Chen QW, Zhang JH, Zhou Q, Chen DL, Chen JP. Evaluation of in vitro antileishmanial efficacy of cyclosporin A and its non-immunosuppressive derivative, dihydrocyclosporin A. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:94. [PMID: 32085719 PMCID: PMC7035640 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3958-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New therapeutic drugs are urgently needed against visceral leishmaniasis because current drugs, such as pentavalent antimonials and miltefosine, produce severe side effects and development of resistance. Whether cyclosporine A (CsA) and its derivatives can be used as therapeutic drugs for visceral leishmaniasis has been controversial for many years. Methods In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of CsA and its derivative, dihydrocyclosporin A (DHCsA-d), against promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania donovani. Sodium stibogluconate (SSG) was used as a positive control. Results Our results showed that DHCsA-d was able to inhibit the proliferation of L. donovani promastigotes (IC50: 21.24 μM and 12.14 μM at 24 h and 48 h, respectively) and intracellular amastigotes (IC50: 5.23 μM and 4.84 μM at 24 and 48 h, respectively) in vitro, but CsA treatment increased the number of amastigotes in host cells. Both DHCsA-d and CsA caused several alterations in the morphology and ultrastructure of L. donovani, especially in the mitochondria. However, DHCsA-d showed high cytotoxicity towards cells of the mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7, with CC50 values of 7.98 μM (24 h) and 6.65 μM (48 h). Moreover, DHCsA-d could increase IL-12, TNF-α and IFN-γ production and decrease the levels of IL-10, IL-4, NO and H2O2 in infected macrophages. On the contrary, CsA decreased IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ production and increased the levels of IL-10, IL-4, NO and H2O2 in infected macrophages. The expression of L. donovani cyclophilin A (LdCyPA) in promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes and the expression of cyclophilin A (CyPA) in RAW 264.7 cells were found to be significantly downregulated in the CsA-treated group compared to those in the untreated group. However, no significant changes in LdCyPA and CyPA levels were found after DHCsA-d or SSG treatment. Conclusions Our findings initially resolved the dispute regarding the efficacy of CsA and DHCsA-d for visceral leishmaniasis treatment. CsA showed no significant inhibitory effect on intracellular amastigotes. DHCsA-d significantly inhibited promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes, but it was highly cytotoxic. Therefore, CsA and DHCsA-d are not recommended as antileishmanial drugs.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wan Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin-Lei He
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi-Wei Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian-Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Da-Li Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. .,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
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50
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Efficient antileishmanial activity of amphotericin B and piperine entrapped in enteric coated guar gum nanoparticles. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 11:118-130. [PMID: 32016707 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmB) exhibits potential antileishmanial activity, with only a little rate of recurrence. However, low bioavailability and severe nephrotoxicity are among the major shortcomings of AmB-based therapy. Various AmB nanoformulations have been developed, which to an extent, have reduced its toxicity and increased the drug efficacy. To further reduce the nonspecific tissue distribution and the cost of the treatment, the current AmB-based formulations require additional improvements. Combination of natural bioenhancers with AmB is expected to further increase its bioavailability. Therefore, we developed a nanoformulation of AmB and piperine (Pip), a plant alkaloid, known to enhance the bioavailability of various drugs, by entrapping them in guar gum, a macrophage targeting polymer. Owing to the ease of oral delivery, these nanoparticles (NPs) were coated with eudragit to make them suitable for oral administration. The formulated eudragit-coated AmB and Pip-loaded NPs (Eu-HDGG-AmB-Pip-NPs) exhibited controlled release of the loaded therapeutic agents and protected the drug from acidic pH. These NPs exhibited effective suppression of growth of both promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania donovani parasite under in vitro. In vivo evaluation of these NPs for therapeutic efficacy in golden hamster-L. donovani model demonstrated enhanced drug bioavailability, non-nephrotoxic nature, and potential antileishmanial activity with up to 96% inhibition of the parasite. Graphical abstract.
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