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Sun CQ, Fu YQ, Ma X, Shen JR, Hu B, Zhang Q, Wang LK, Hu R, Chen JJ. Trends in temporal and spatial changes of Japanese encephalitis in Chinese mainland, 2004-2019: A population-based surveillance study. Travel Med Infect Dis 2024; 60:102724. [PMID: 38692338 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2024.102724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a serious health concern in China, with approximately 80 % of global infections occurring in China. To develop effective prevention and control strategies, this study explored the epidemiological characteristics of JE in China based on spatiotemporal data, to understand the patterns and trends of JE incidence in different regions and time periods. METHOD The incidence and mortality rates of JE were extracted from the Public Health Data Center, the official website of the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, and the National Notifiable Infectious Disease Surveillance System from 2004 to 2019. Joinpoint regression was applied to examine the spatiotemporal patterns and annual percentage change in incidence and mortality of the JE. RESULTS From 2004 to 2019, a total of 43,569 cases of JE were diagnosed, including 2081 deaths. The annual incidence rate of JE decreased from 0.4171/100,000 in 2004 to 0.0298/100,000 in 2019, with an annual percentage change (APC) of -13.5 % (P < 0.001). The annual mortality rate of JE showed three stages of change, with inflection points in 2006 and 2014. The incidence and mortality rates of JE have declined in all provinces of China, and more cases were reported in 0-14 years of age, accounting for nearly 80 % of all patients. CONCLUSIONS The morbidity and mortality rates of JE in China are generally on a downward trend, and emphasis should be placed on strengthening disease surveillance in special areas and populations, popularizing vaccination, and increasing publicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qing Sun
- Department of College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
| | - Yun-Qiang Fu
- Department of College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
| | - Xuan Ma
- Department of College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Jun-Ru Shen
- Department of College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Bo Hu
- School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Lian-Ke Wang
- School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Rui Hu
- Department of College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Jia-Jun Chen
- Department of College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, High-Tech Development Zone of States, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
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Zhang WX, Zhao S, Pan C, Zhou Y, Wang C, Rui L, Du J, Wei TT, Liu YQ, Liu M, Lu QB, Cui F. Mass immunisation to eradicate Japanese encephalitis: Real-world evidence from Guizhou Province in 2005-2021. J Virus Erad 2024; 10:100366. [PMID: 38586471 PMCID: PMC10998223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2024.100366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives To explore epidemiological changes of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in a long-time span and evaluate the impact of mass immunisation. Method Data on JE cases from hospitals and the county Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Guizhou Province was collected between 2005 and 2021. Epidemiological changes were analyzed according to a series of policy implementations and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Results A total of 5138 JE cases and 152 deaths were reported in Guizhou Province during 2005-2021. The average incidence and case fatality rates were 0.83/100,000 and 2.96%, respectively. The JE prevalence showed a declining trend over the years with the reduced incidence gap between age groups and narrowing of the high-epidemic regions. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the JE activity reached its nadir in 2020. The inclusion in the Expanded Program on Immunization of the JE vaccine and catch-up immunisations showed a significant impact on the JE declining incidence rate. Conclusions The implementation of JE immunisation programs has played a crucial role in controlling its spread. Continued efforts should be made to maintain high coverage of the JE vaccine and strengthen disease surveillance systems, ensuring JE effective control and eventual elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Xue Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Policy Research & Global Health and Infectious Diseases Group, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Suye Zhao
- Institute for Immunization Program, Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Chunliu Pan
- Guiyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Yiguo Zhou
- Center for Infectious Disease and Policy Research & Global Health and Infectious Diseases Group, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Rui
- Institute for Immunization Program, Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Juan Du
- Center for Infectious Disease and Policy Research & Global Health and Infectious Diseases Group, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wei
- Center for Infectious Disease and Policy Research & Global Health and Infectious Diseases Group, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Qiong Liu
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Institute for Immunization Program, Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Qing-Bin Lu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Policy Research & Global Health and Infectious Diseases Group, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Fuqiang Cui
- Center for Infectious Disease and Policy Research & Global Health and Infectious Diseases Group, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Li W, Feng Y, Zhong H, Jiang M, Zhang J, Lin S, Chen N, He S, Zhang K, Fu S, Wang H, Liang G. Incongruence between confirmed and suspected clinical cases of Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1302314. [PMID: 38343888 PMCID: PMC10853334 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1302314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a notifiable infectious disease in China. Information on every case of JE is reported to the superior health administration department. However, reported cases include both laboratory-confirmed and clinically diagnosed cases. This study aimed to differentiate between clinical and laboratory-confirmed cases of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection, and improve the accuracy of reported JE cases by analyzing the acute-phase serum and cerebrospinal fluid of all reported JE cases in the Sichuan province from 2012 to 2022. Methods All acute-phase serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid samples of the reported JE cases were screened for IgM(ImmunoglobulinM)to JEV using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the detection of the viral genes of JEV and 9 other pathogens including enterovirus (EV), using reverse transcription PCR was attempted. Epidemiological analyses of JE and non-JE cases based on sex, age, onset time, and geographical distribution were also performed. Results From 2012 to 2022, 1558 JE cases were reported in the Sichuan province. The results of serological (JEV-specific IgM) and genetic testing for JEV showed that 81% (1262/1558) of the reported cases were confirmed as JEV infection cases (laboratory-confirmed cases). Among the 296 cases of non-JEV infection, 6 viruses were detected in the cerebrospinal fluid in 62 cases, including EV and the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), constituting 21% (62/296) of all non-JE cases. Among the 62 non-JEV infection cases with confirmed pathogens, infections with EV and EBV included 17 cases each, herpes simplex virus (HSV-1/2) included 14 cases, varicella- zoster virus included 6 cases, mumps virus included 2 cases, and human herpes viruses-6 included 1 case. Additionally, there were five cases involving mixed infections (two cases of EV/EBV, one case of HSV-1/HSV-2, one case of EBV/HSV-1, and one case of EV/herpes viruses-6). The remaining 234 cases were classified as unknown viral encephalitis cases. Our analysis indicated that those aged 0-15 y were the majority of the patients among the 1558 reported JE cases. However, the incidence of laboratory-confirmed JE cases in the >40 y age group has increased in recent years. The temporal distribution of laboratory-confirmed cases of JE revealed that the majority of cases occurred from May to September each year, with the highest incidence in August. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that there is a certain discrepancy between clinically diagnosed and laboratory-confirmed cases of JE. Each reported case should be based on laboratory detection results, which is of great importance in improving the accuracy of case diagnosis and reducing misreporting. Our results are not only important for addressing JE endemic to the Sichuan province, but also provide a valuable reference for the laboratory detection of various notifiable infectious diseases in China and other regions outside China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Institute of Microbiological Detection and Analyses, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuliang Feng
- Institute of Microbiological Detection and Analyses, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongrong Zhong
- Institute of Microbiological Detection and Analyses, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingfeng Jiang
- Institute of Microbiological Detection and Analyses, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiake Zhang
- Institute of Microbiological Detection and Analyses, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Shihua Lin
- Institute of Microbiological Detection and Analyses, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Na Chen
- Institute of Microbiological Detection and Analyses, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Shusen He
- Institute of Microbiological Detection and Analyses, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Institute of Immunization Programme, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- Department of Arbovirus, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Department of Arbovirus, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- Department of Arbovirus, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Ziaullah M S, Azhar Kamal M, Khan Warsi M, Alghamdi S, Al Qahtani MY, Al Rumaihi AM, Akber AH, Al Qahtani MA, M Rafeeq M. Potential biomarkers in Japanese encephalitis from different hosts and geographical locations. Bioinformation 2023; 19:611-622. [PMID: 37886150 PMCID: PMC10599671 DOI: 10.6026/97320630019611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a single-stranded, mosquito-borne, positive-sense RNA flavivirus that causes one of the most severe encephalitides. There are treatments available for those who contact this illness; however, there are no known cures. This disease has a 30% fatality rate, and of the people who survive, 30-50% develops neurologic and psychiatric sequelae. The JE virus genome size is 10.98 kb and contains two coding DNA sequences (CDS), two genes, and 15 mature peptides; the CDS polyprotein is 10.3 kb. In this study, we used 29 genomics sequences of the JE virus reported from different countries and infecting different animals and analysed vast dimensions of the genomic annotation of JE comparatively to understand its evolutionary aspects. The extensive SNPs analysis revealed that KF907505.1, reported from Taiwan, has only three SNPs, similar to sequences reported from India. Repeat and polymorphism analyses revealed that the genome tends to be similar in most JE sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sain Ziaullah M
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine,
Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah KSA 21589
| | - Mohammad Azhar Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy,
Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohiuddin Khan Warsi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science,
University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23890, Saudi Arabia
- University of Jeddah Centre for Scientific and Medical
Research (UJ-CSMR), University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alghamdi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied
Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Yahya Al Qahtani
- Central Military Laboratory and Blood Bank Department -
Virology Division, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 12233, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Ahmed Muhammed Al Rumaihi
- Central Military Laboratory and Blood Bank Department -
Virology Division, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 12233, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Asif Hussain Akber
- Central Military Laboratory and Blood Bank Department -
Virology Division, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 12233, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ali Al Qahtani
- Central Military Laboratory and Blood Bank Department -
Microbiology Division, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 12233, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Misbahuddin M Rafeeq
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine,
Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, 21589, KSA
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Frank JC, Song BH, Lee YM. Mice as an Animal Model for Japanese Encephalitis Virus Research: Mouse Susceptibility, Infection Route, and Viral Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050715. [PMID: 37242385 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a zoonotic flavivirus, is principally transmitted by hematophagous mosquitoes, continually between susceptible animals and incidentally from those animals to humans. For almost a century since its discovery, JEV was geographically confined to the Asia-Pacific region with recurrent sizable outbreaks involving wildlife, livestock, and people. However, over the past decade, it has been detected for the first time in Europe (Italy) and Africa (Angola) but has yet to cause any recognizable outbreaks in humans. JEV infection leads to a broad spectrum of clinical outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic conditions to self-limiting febrile illnesses to life-threatening neurological complications, particularly Japanese encephalitis (JE). No clinically proven antiviral drugs are available to treat the development and progression of JE. There are, however, several live and killed vaccines that have been commercialized to prevent the infection and transmission of JEV, yet this virus remains the main cause of acute encephalitis syndrome with high morbidity and mortality among children in the endemic regions. Therefore, significant research efforts have been directed toward understanding the neuropathogenesis of JE to facilitate the development of effective treatments for the disease. Thus far, multiple laboratory animal models have been established for the study of JEV infection. In this review, we focus on mice, the most extensively used animal model for JEV research, and summarize the major findings on mouse susceptibility, infection route, and viral pathogenesis reported in the past and present, and discuss some unanswered key questions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C Frank
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Byung-Hak Song
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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Zhang X, Jin N, Tu A, Dong M, Shi T, Ren X, Liu S, Zhao X, Liu J, Wu Z, Li Y, Wu D, Wang H, Wang H, Hu Y, Zhang B, Wang W, Meng L. Adults in Northwest China experienced the largest outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in history 10 years after the Japanese encephalitis vaccine was included in the national immunization program: A retrospective epidemiological study. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28782. [PMID: 37212323 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Mainland China included Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine in the national immunization program in 2008 to control the JE epidemic. However, Gansu province in Western China experienced the largest JE outbreak since 1958 in 2018. We conducted a retrospective epidemiological study to explore the causes of this outbreak. We found that adults aged ≥20 years (especially those in rural areas) were the main JE cases in Gansu Province, with a significant increase in the JE incidence in older adults aged ≥60 years in 2017 and 2018. In addition, JE outbreaks in Gansu Province were mainly located in the southeastern region, while the temperature and precipitation in Gansu Province were gradually increasing in recent years, which made the JE epidemic areas in Gansu Province gradually spread to the western of Gansu Province. We also found that adults aged ≥20 years in Gansu Province had lower JE antibody positivity than children and infants, and the antibody positivity rate decreased with age. In the summer of 2017 and 2018, the density of mosquitoes (mainly the Culex tritaeniorhynchus) in Gansu Province was significantly higher than in other years, and the genotype of JEV was mainly Genotype-G1. Therefore, in the future JE control in Gansu Province, we need to strengthen JE vaccination for adults. Moreover, strengthening mosquito surveillance can provide early warning of JE outbreaks and the spread of epidemic areas in Gansu Province. At the same time, strengthening JE antibody surveillance is also necessary for JE control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshu Zhang
- Department of Immunization Program, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Na Jin
- Department of Immunization Program, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Aixia Tu
- Department of Immunization Program, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Maoxing Dong
- Department of Immunization Program, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tianshan Shi
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Ren
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuyu Liu
- Department of Immunization Program, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhao
- Department of Immunization Program, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Department of Immunization Program, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhao Wu
- Department of Immunization Program, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yixing Li
- Department of Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Department of Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Haijun Wang
- Department of Immunization Program, Longnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Longnan, China
| | - Yukun Hu
- Department of Immunization Program, Pingliang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Pingliang, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Immunization Program, Tianshui Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianshui, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Immunization Program, Qingyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingyang, China
| | - Lei Meng
- Department of Immunization Program, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
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Shi T, Meng L, Li D, Jin N, Zhao X, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zheng H, Zhao X, Li J, Shen X, Ren X. Effect of different vaccine strategies for the control of Japanese encephalitis in mainland China from 1961 to 2020: A quantitative analysis. Vaccine 2022; 40:6243-6254. [PMID: 36137902 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to quantify the impact of each vaccine strategy (including the P3-inactivated vaccine strategy [1968-1987], the SA 14-14-2 live-attenuated vaccine strategy [1988-2007], and the Expanded Program on Immunization [EPI, 2008-2020]) on the incidence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in regions with different economic development levels. METHODS The JE incidence in mainland China from 1961 to 2020 was summarized by year, then modeled and analyzed using an interrupted time series analysis. RESULTS After the P3-inactivated vaccine was used, the JE incidence in Eastern China, Central China, Western China and Northeast China in 1968 decreased by 39.80 % (IRR = 0.602, P < 0.001), 7.80 % (IRR = 0.922, P < 0.001), 10.80 % (IRR = 0.892, P < 0.001) and 31.90 % (IRR = 0.681, P < 0.001); the slope/trend of the JE incidence from 1968 to 1987 decreased by 30.80 % (IRR = 0.692, P < 0.001), 29.30 % (IRR = 0.707, P < 0.001), 33.00 % (IRR = 0.670, P < 0.001) and 41.20 % (IRR = 0.588, P < 0.001). After the SA 14-14-2 live-attenuated vaccine was used, the JE incidence in Eastern China and Northeast China in 1988 decreased by 2.60 % (IRR = 0.974, P = 0.009) and 14.70 % (IRR = 0.853, P < 0.001); the slope/trend of the JE incidence in Eastern China and Central China from 1988 to 2007 decreased by 4.60 % (IRR = 0.954, P < 0.001) and 4.70 % (IRR = 0.953, P < 0.001). After the EPI was implemented, the JE incidence in Eastern China, Central China and Western China in 2008 decreased by 10.50 % (IRR = 0.895, P = 0.013), 18.00 % (IRR = 0.820, P < 0.001) and 24.20 % (IRR = 0.758, P < 0.001), the slope/trend of the JE incidence in Eastern China from 2008 to 2020 decreased by 17.80 % (IRR = 0.822, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Each vaccine strategy has different effects on the JE incidence in regions with different economic development. Additionally, some economically underdeveloped regions have gradually become the main areas of the JE outbreak. Therefore, mainland China should provide economic assistance to areas with low economic development and improve JE vaccination plans in the future to control the epidemic of JE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshan Shi
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Lei Meng
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Donghua Li
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Na Jin
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiangkai Zhao
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiaoshu Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yanchen Liu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Hongmiao Zheng
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Juansheng Li
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiping Shen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiaowei Ren
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
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8
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Li D, Zhang X, Shi T, Jin N, Zhao X, Meng L, Liu Y, Zheng H, Zhao X, Li J, Shen X, Ren X. A comparison of clinical manifestations of Japanese encephalitis between children and adults in Gansu Province, Northwest China (2005-2020). Acta Trop 2022; 231:106449. [PMID: 35395230 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE), a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease, has emerged as a major public health concern around the world. Previous research has shown that JE has serious sequelae, and the recent shift in the population from children to adults presents a significant challenge for JE treatment and prevention. Therefore, we examined the differences in clinical manifestations (clinical symptoms, clinical signs, complications, and clinical typing) of JE between children and adults over the 15 years in Gansu Province to provide a theoretical basis for better response to JE treatment. Clinical typing was found to be statistically significant in the child versus adult groups and the groups with or without vaccination. Only the dysfunction of consciousness differed statistically between children with and without vaccination, whereas neurological symptoms such as vomiting (jet vomiting), irritability, drowsiness, convulsions, and hyperspasmia differed statistically between children and adults, and the rest of the symptoms did not differ statistically. Only pupil size changes were statistically different in clinical signs between the children with and without vaccination, while blood pressure changes, change in pupil size, positive meningeal stimulation signs, and positive pathological reflexes (increased muscle tone and Babinski's sign) were statistically different between adults and children. Bronchopneumonia was the most common complication, especially in adults. Therefore, the authors believe that children and adults differ in some clinical manifestations and propose that efforts should be directed toward developing individualized treatment plans for different age groups and employing more effective supportive treatment for various populations. In addition, we suggest expanding the coverage of the JE vaccine and increasing overall vaccination rates and adopting multiple measures in conjunction with JE prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghua Li
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiaoshu Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu 733000, China
| | - Tianshan Shi
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Na Jin
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu 733000, China
| | - Xiangkai Zhao
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Lei Meng
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu 733000, China
| | - Yanchen Liu
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Hongmiao Zheng
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Juansheng Li
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiping Shen
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiaowei Ren
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
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9
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Wang LP, Yuan Y, Liu YL, Lu QB, Shi LS, Ren X, Zhou SX, Zhang HY, Zhang XA, Wang X, Wang YF, Lin SH, Zhang CH, Geng MJ, Li J, Zhao SW, Yi ZG, Chen X, Yang ZS, Meng L, Wang XH, Cui AL, Lai SJ, Liu MY, Zhu YL, Xu WB, Chen Y, Yuan ZH, Li MF, Huang LY, Jing HQ, Li ZJ, Liu W, Fang LQ, Wu JG, Hay SI, Yang WZ, Gao GF. Etiological and epidemiological features of acute meningitis or encephalitis in China: a nationwide active surveillance study. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2022; 20:100361. [PMID: 35036977 PMCID: PMC8743210 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute meningitis or encephalitis (AME) results from a neurological infection causing high case fatality and severe sequelae. AME lacked comprehensive surveillance in China. METHODS Nation-wide surveillance of all-age patients with AME syndromes was conducted in 144 sentinel hospitals of 29 provinces in China. Eleven AME-causative viral and bacterial pathogens were tested with multiple diagnostic methods. FINDINGS Between 2009 and 2018, 20,454 AME patients were recruited for tests. Based on 9,079 patients with all-four-virus tested, 28.43% (95% CI: 27.50%‒29.36%) of them had at least one virus-positive detection. Enterovirus was the most frequently determined virus in children <18 years, herpes simplex virus and Japanese encephalitis virus were the most frequently determined in 18-59 and ≥60 years age groups, respectively. Based on 6,802 patients with all-seven-bacteria tested, 4.43% (95% CI: 3.94%‒4.91%) had at least one bacteria-positive detection, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis were the leading bacterium in children aged <5 years and 5-17 years, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently detected in adults aged 18-59 and ≥60 years. The pathogen spectrum also differed statistically significantly between northern and southern China. Joinpoint analysis revealed age-specific positive rates, with enterovirus, herpes simplex virus and mumps virus peaking at 3-6 years old, while Japanese encephalitis virus peaked in the ≥60 years old. As age increased, the positive rate for Streptococcus pneumoniae and Escherichia coli statistically significantly decreased, while for Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus suis it increased. INTERPRETATION The current findings allow enhanced identification of the predominant AME-related pathogen candidates for diagnosis in clinical practice and more targeted application of prevention and control measures in China, and a possible reassessment of vaccination strategy. FUNDING China Mega-Project on Infectious Disease Prevention and the National Natural Science Funds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Lu-Sha Shi
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Xia Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hai-Yang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ai Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Fei Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-Hong Lin
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Cui-Hong Zhang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Jie Geng
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Wen Zhao
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Yi
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zuo-Sen Yang
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Meng
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin-Hua Wang
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ai-Li Cui
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-Jie Lai
- University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Yang Liu
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Liang Zhu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Bo Xu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Liu-Yu Huang
- The Institute for Disease Prevention and Control of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Huai-Qi Jing
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Jie Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- Peking University, Beijing, China
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li-Qun Fang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | | | - Simon I Hay
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington
| | - Wei-Zhong Yang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - George F Gao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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10
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Xu C, Zhang W, Pan Y, Wang G, Yin Q, Fu S, Li F, He Y, Xu S, Wang Z, Liang G, Nie K, Wang H. A Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research on Japanese Encephalitis From 1934 to 2020. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:833701. [PMID: 35155284 PMCID: PMC8829047 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.833701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). The disease is mainly an epidemic in Asia and has been studied for nearly 90 years. To evaluate the research trends of JE, 3,023 English publications between 1934 and 2020 were retrieved and analyzed from the Web of Science database using indicators for publication, country or territory, citation, journal, author and affiliation, keyword co-occurrence cluster, and strongest citation bursts detection. The results of the bibliometric analysis and the visualization tools show that the number of annual publications on JE has been increasing. JE has been continuously studied in the USA and also many Asian countries, such as Japan, China, India, and South Korea; however, only a few publications have high citations. The main research groups of JE in the last 5 years were in China, Japan, and the UK. The keyword co-occurrence analysis and the strongest citation bursts detection revealed that most studies focused on the pathogenic mechanism of JEV, control of outbreaks, and immunization with JE vaccine. The research maps on JE obtained by our analysis are expected to help researchers effectively explore the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxiao Xu
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuefeng Pan
- Saint John’s Preparatory School, Collegeville, MN, United States
| | - Guowei Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Qikai Yin
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ying He
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Songtao Xu
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhai Wang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Engineering Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Ningxia Nervous System Diseases, Yinchuan, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Nie
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Huanyu Wang, ; Kai Nie,
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Joint Research Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Huanyu Wang, ; Kai Nie,
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11
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Long-Term Neurological Sequelae and Disease Burden of Japanese Encephalitis in Gansu Province, China. Ann Glob Health 2021; 87:103. [PMID: 34722167 PMCID: PMC8533657 DOI: 10.5334/aogh.3343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objects: The study aimed to evaluate the long-term neurological sequelae and the disease burden of JE in Gansu, China. Methods: JE patients were included as study population from 2005–2011 in Gansu, and a follow-up survey was conducted in 2007–2014. Pair-matched healthy individuals were selected as controls. All subjects underwent a neurological examination and intelligence quotient (IQ) and memory quotient (MQ) assessments. Then, the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and direct and indirect medical expenses were systematic assessed. Results: Forty-four point seven percent of the JE patients had objective neurological deficits, compared with 2.4% of controls. Subnormal intelligence was found in 21.2% of JE subjects, compared with 1.2% control who exhibited a mildly reduced IQ. Abnormal MQ scores were noted in 56.3% JE subjects, compared with only 12.7% controls. Prevalence of each sequelae caused by JE were significantly higher in adults than in younger subjects. Furthermore, median DALY lost due to JE was 9.2 per subject. Median economic cost of JE was approximately $2776.6 per subject and significantly higher in adults than in younger subjects. Findings and Conclusions: JE patients suffered from severe neurological sequelae and high disease burden, resulting in a significant downstream burden for both the patients (especially adults) and the healthcare system.
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12
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Moore SM. The current burden of Japanese encephalitis and the estimated impacts of vaccination: Combining estimates of the spatial distribution and transmission intensity of a zoonotic pathogen. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009385. [PMID: 34644296 PMCID: PMC8544850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a major cause of neurological disability in Asia and causes thousands of severe encephalitis cases and deaths each year. Although Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a WHO reportable disease, cases and deaths are significantly underreported and the true burden of the disease is not well understood in most endemic countries. Here, we first conducted a spatial analysis of the risk factors associated with JE to identify the areas suitable for sustained JEV transmission and the size of the population living in at-risk areas. We then estimated the force of infection (FOI) for JE-endemic countries from age-specific incidence data. Estimates of the susceptible population size and the current FOI were then used to estimate the JE burden from 2010 to 2019, as well as the impact of vaccination. Overall, 1,543.1 million (range: 1,292.6-2,019.9 million) people were estimated to live in areas suitable for endemic JEV transmission, which represents only 37.7% (range: 31.6-53.5%) of the over four billion people living in countries with endemic JEV transmission. Based on the baseline number of people at risk of infection, there were an estimated 56,847 (95% CI: 18,003-184,525) JE cases and 20,642 (95% CI: 2,252-77,204) deaths in 2019. Estimated incidence declined from 81,258 (95% CI: 25,437-273,640) cases and 29,520 (95% CI: 3,334-112,498) deaths in 2010, largely due to increases in vaccination coverage which have prevented an estimated 314,793 (95% CI: 94,566-1,049,645) cases and 114,946 (95% CI: 11,421-431,224) deaths over the past decade. India had the largest estimated JE burden in 2019, followed by Bangladesh and China. From 2010-2019, we estimate that vaccination had the largest absolute impact in China, with 204,734 (95% CI: 74,419-664,871) cases and 74,893 (95% CI: 8,989-286,239) deaths prevented, while Taiwan (91.2%) and Malaysia (80.1%) had the largest percent reductions in JE burden due to vaccination. Our estimates of the size of at-risk populations and current JE incidence highlight countries where increasing vaccination coverage could have the largest impact on reducing their JE burden. Japanese encephalitis is a vector-transmitted, zoonotic disease that is endemic throughout a large portion of Asia. Vaccination has significantly reduced the JE burden in several formerly high-burden countries, but vaccination coverage remains limited in several other countries with high JE burdens. A better understanding of both the spatial distribution and the magnitude of the burden in endemic countries is critical for future disease prevention efforts. To estimate the number of people living in areas within Asia suitable for JEV transmission we conducted a spatial analysis of the risk factors associated with JE. We estimate that over one billion people live in areas suitable for local JEV transmission. We then combined these population-at-risk estimates with estimates of the force of infection (FOI) to model the national-level burden of JE (annual cases and deaths) over the past decade. Increases in vaccination coverage have reduced JE incidence from over 80,000 cases in 2010 to fewer than 57,000 cases in 2019. We estimate that vaccination has prevented almost 315,000 cases and 115,000 deaths in the past decade. Our results also call attention to the countries, and high-risk areas within countries, where increases in vaccination coverage are most needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an endemic disease dominantly in the Asia-Pacific region with mortality rate varying between 3% and 30%. Long-term neuropsychiatric sequelae developed in 30–50% of the survivors. There is no available antiviral therapy for JE. JE vaccines play a major role in preventing this devastating disease. The incidence of JE declined over years and the age distribution shifted toward adults in countries where JE immunization program exists. Mouse brain–JE vaccine is currently replaced by inactivated Vero cell-derived vaccine and live-attenuated vaccine using SA14-14-2 strain, and live chimeric JE vaccines. These three types of JE vaccines are associated with favorable efficacy and safety profiles. Common adverse reactions include injection site reactions and fever, and severe adverse reactions are rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Ing Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Pan J, Wang Y, Cao L, Wang Y, Zhao Q, Tang S, Gong W, Guo L, Liu Z, Wen Z, Zheng B, Wang W. Impact of immunization programs on 11 childhood vaccine-preventable diseases in China: 1950-2018. Innovation (N Y) 2021; 2:100113. [PMID: 34557762 PMCID: PMC8454656 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the achievements of China's immunization program between 1950 and 2018, we chose 11 vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) as representative notifiable diseases and used annual surveillance data obtained between 1950 and 2018 to derive disease incidence and mortality trends. Quasi-Poisson and polynomial regression models were used to estimate the impacts of specific vaccine programs, and life-table methods were used to calculate the loss of life expectancy, years of life lost, and loss of working years. The total notification number for the 11 VPDs was 211,866,000 from 1950 to 2018. The greatest number occurred in 1959, with a total incidence of 1,723 per million persons. From 1978 to 2018, a substantial decline was observed in the incidence of major infectious diseases. The incidence of pertussis fell 98% from 126.35 to 1.58 per million, and the incidences of measles, meningococcal meningitis, and Japanese encephalitis fell 99%, 99%, and 98%, respectively. The regression models showed that most of the 11 diseases exhibited dramatic declines in morbidity after their integration into the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI), while varicella and paratyphoid fever, which were not integrated into the EPI, showed increased morbidity. From 1978 to 2018, the total life expectancy for the 11 VPDs increased by 0.79 years, and similar results were obtained for different age groups. China has had great success in controlling VPDs in recent decades, and improving vaccination coverage is a key aspect of controlling VPDs in China. 11 vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) were examined to measure the impact of the national immunization program Most of the 11 VPDs exhibited dramatic declines in morbidity rate after their integration into the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) From 1978 to 2018, the total life expectancy for the 11 VPDs increased by 0.79 years, and similar results were obtained for different age groups Improving vaccination coverage is a key aspect of controlling VPDs in China
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Pan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yesheng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lingsheng Cao
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shenglan Tang
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Wenfeng Gong
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Zhixi Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zexuan Wen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weibing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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15
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Fang Y, Li XS, Zhang W, Xue JB, Wang JZ, Yin SQ, Li SG, Li XH, Zhang Y. Molecular epidemiology of mosquito-borne viruses at the China-Myanmar border: discovery of a potential epidemic focus of Japanese encephalitis. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:57. [PMID: 33902684 PMCID: PMC8073957 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00838-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito-based arbovirus surveillance can serve as an early warning in evaluating the status of mosquito-borne virus prevalence and thus prevent local outbreaks. Although Tengchong County in Yunnan Province-which borders Myanmar-is abundant and diverse in mosquitoes, very few mosquito-based arbovirus investigations have been conducted in the recent decade. Herein, this study aims to evaluate the presence and the diffusion of mosquito-borne pathogens, currently prevalent in this region. METHODS We collected 9486 mosquitoes, representing eight species, with Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Anopheles sinensis as the dominant species, during high mosquito activity seasons (July-October) in Tengchong, in 2018. Samples collected from 342 pools were tested using reverse-transcription PCR to determine the species, distribution, and infection rates of virus and parasite, and further analyze their genotypes, phylogenetic relationships, infection rate, and potential pathogenicity. RESULTS Fifteen Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) strains from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus pools were detected. Seven strains of insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFVs), including two Aedes flavivirus (AeFV) and Yunnan Culex flavivirus strains each, one Culex theileri flavivirus, Yamadai flavivirus (YDFV) and Anopheles-associated flavivirus (AAFV) strains each were detected in Aedes albopictus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. vagans, Cx. pseudovihnui, and An. sinensis pools, respectively. The whole-genome was successfully amplified in one strain of JEV and AeFV each. Phylogenetic analysis using the E gene placed all the newly detected JEV strains into the GI-b genotype. They showed highly nucleotide identities, and were most closely related to the strain detected in Tengchong in 2010. The comparison of the E protein of JEV strains and vaccine-derived strain, showed six amino residue differences. The bias-corrected maximum likelihood estimation values (and 95% confidence interval) for JEV in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus collected in Tengchong in 2018 were 2.4 (1.4-3.9). CONCLUSIONS A potential Japanese encephalitis epidemic focus with the abundance of host mosquitoes and high JEV infection rate was observed in Tengchong. In addition, at least five species of ISFVs co-circulate in this area. This study highlights the importance of widespread and sustained mosquito-based arbovirus surveillance in local areas to prevent the transmission of JEV, and other emerging/re-emerging mosquito-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Shang Li
- Tengchong County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tengchong, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Zichuan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, Zibo, China
| | - Jing-Bo Xue
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Zhi Wang
- Tengchong County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tengchong, Yunnan, China
| | - Shou-Qin Yin
- Zichuan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, Zibo, China
| | - Sheng-Guo Li
- Tengchong County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tengchong, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin-He Li
- Tengchong County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tengchong, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Tu T, Xu K, Xu L, Gao Y, Zhou Y, He Y, Liu Y, Liu Q, Ji H, Tang W. Association between meteorological factors and the prevalence dynamics of Japanese encephalitis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247980. [PMID: 33657174 PMCID: PMC7928514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an acute infectious disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and is transmitted by mosquitoes. Meteorological conditions are known to play a pivotal role in the spread of JEV. In this study, a zero-inflated generalised additive model and a long short-term memory model were used to assess the relationship between the meteorological factors and population density of Culex tritaeniorhynchus as well as the incidence of JE and to predict the prevalence dynamics of JE, respectively. The incidence of JE in the previous month, the mean air temperature and the average of relative humidity had positive effects on the outbreak risk and intensity. Meanwhile, the density of all mosquito species in livestock sheds (DMSL) only affected the outbreak risk. Moreover, the region-specific prediction model of JE was developed in Chongqing by used the Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the JE dynamics and helps the local government establish precise prevention and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotian Tu
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Keqiang Xu
- College of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaming He
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hengqing Ji
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (WT); (HJ)
| | - Wenge Tang
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (WT); (HJ)
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17
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Wu D, Chen X, Liu W, Fu S, Li F, Liang G, Yang G, Zheng H, Li J, Yin Z, Li Y, Wang H. Emergence of Japanese encephalitis among adults 40 years of age or older in northern China: Epidemiological and clinical characteristics. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:3415-3423. [PMID: 33283432 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vector-borne vaccine preventable infectious disease for which vaccine provides direct protection. China introduced nationwide JE vaccination of young children in 2007, rapidly achieving high coverage. In 2018, 1,800 JE cases were reported in China, with morbidity and mortality rates of 0.13/100,000 and 0.0097/100,000. Nationally, 64% of cases were among adults aged 40 years or older, and in northern China, 82% were among adults, mainly in outbreaks. Severity varied little by age grouping. Compared with the previous 10 years, the proportion and absolute number of cases among adults increased, indicating possible emergence of adult JE in China as childhood JE decreased. We describe JE epidemiology and clinical features nationally and in areas with low endemicity after more than 10 years of routine childhood JE vaccination. Determining population JE seroprevalence should be a priority; vaccination campaigns among adults in high risk areas should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Chen
- Department of Viral Encephalitis, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Department of Viral Encephalitis, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- Department of Viral Encephalitis, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Viral Encephalitis, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- Department of Viral Encephalitis, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Junhong Li
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zundong Yin
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yixing Li
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Department of Viral Encephalitis, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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18
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Chen D, Duan Z, Zhou W, Zou W, Jin S, Li D, Chen X, Zhou Y, Yang L, Zhang Y, Shresta S, Wen J. Japanese encephalitis virus-primed CD8+ T cells prevent antibody-dependent enhancement of Zika virus pathogenesis. J Exp Med 2020; 217:e20192152. [PMID: 32501510 PMCID: PMC7478723 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20192152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-reactive anti-flaviviral immunity can influence the outcome of infections with heterologous flaviviruses. However, it is unclear how the interplay between cross-reactive antibodies and T cells tilts the balance toward pathogenesis versus protection during secondary Zika virus (ZIKV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infections. We show that sera and IgG from JEV-vaccinated humans and JEV-inoculated mice cross-reacted with ZIKV, exacerbated lethal ZIKV infection upon transfer to mice, and promoted viral replication and mortality upon ZIKV infection of the neonates born to immune mothers. In contrast, transfer of CD8+ T cells from JEV-exposed mice was protective, reducing the viral burden and mortality of ZIKV-infected mice and abrogating the lethal effects of antibody-mediated enhancement of ZIKV infection in mice. Conversely, cross-reactive anti-ZIKV antibodies or CD8+ T cells displayed the same pathogenic or protective effects upon JEV infection, with the exception that maternally acquired anti-ZIKV antibodies had no effect on JEV infection of the neonates. These results provide clues for developing safe anti-JEV/ZIKV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chen
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- The Sixth People’s Hospital of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhiliang Duan
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Wenhua Zhou
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Weiwei Zou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shengwei Jin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dezhou Li
- Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yongchao Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lan Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jinsheng Wen
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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19
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Song S, Yao H, Yang Z, He Z, Shao Z, Liu K. Epidemic Changes and Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Japanese Encephalitis in Shaanxi Province, China, 2005-2018. Front Public Health 2020; 8:380. [PMID: 32850600 PMCID: PMC7426712 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne viral disease, which is the most serious viral encephalitis in China and other countries of the Asia-Pacific region. Since 2005, the epidemic patterns of JE have changed dramatically in China because of the vaccination of children younger than 15 years old, and JE is expanding geographically along with global warming. This retrospective epidemiological study analyzed dynamic environmental factors and the spatio-temporal distribution of human cases of JE in Shaanxi Province—one of the most severely affected areas of China—from 2005 to 2018. The results demonstrated that the high-risk population changed rapidly as the annual rate of JE cases increased by more than 40% in the age group >60 years during the study period, and endemic areas expanded northward in Shaanxi. Hotspot analysis detected four hotspots accounting for 52.38% the total cases, and the panel negative binomial regression model revealed that the spatio-temporal distribution of JE was significantly affected by temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity, El Niño-Southern Oscillation, coniferous forest coverage, and urban areas. These findings can provide useful information for improving current strategies and measures to reduce disease incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxuan Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongwu Yao
- The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zurong Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Centre for Disease Prevent and Control in Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhen He
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhongjun Shao
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
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20
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Zheng X, Yu X, Wang Y, Turtle L, Cui M, Wang R, Yin C. Complete protection for mice conferred by a DNA vaccine based on the Japanese encephalitis virus P3 strain used to prepare the inactivated vaccine in China. Virol J 2020; 17:126. [PMID: 32831096 PMCID: PMC7444069 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01400-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) has been dramatically reduced in China after sufficient vaccine coverage. The live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) vaccine SA14-14-2 is believed to have strongly contribute to this decrease. Another vaccine that seems to have decreased in importance is an inactivated vaccine based on the JEV P3 strain, which is considered to be modifiable, such as being transformed into a DNA vaccine to improve its immunogenicity. METHODS In this study, the protective efficacy induced by the Japanese encephalitis DNA vaccine candidate pV-JP3ME encoding the premembrane (prM) and envelope (E) proteins of the P3 strain was assessed in BALB/c mice. The prM/E genes of the JEV P3 strain were subcloned into the vector pVAX1 (pV) to construct pV-JP3ME. RESULTS The plasmid DNA was immunized into BALB/c mice, and high titers of IgG antibody and neutralizing antibody (nAb) against JEV were detected. The key cytokines in splenocytes were secreted upon stimulation with JEV antigens. Finally, complete protective efficacy was generated after challenge with the JEV P3 strain in the mice. CONCLUSIONS The DNA vaccine pV-JP3ME based on the JEV P3 strain in this study can induce specific humoral immune and cytokine responses and provide complete protection against JEV in mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- China
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cytokines/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/classification
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control
- Female
- Immunization
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plasmids/genetics
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zheng
- Beijing Institute of Tropical Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Research on Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiaozheng Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Outpatient Department, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
- Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital (member of Liverpool Health Partners), Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China.
| | - Chenghong Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China.
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21
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Wang R, Fan D, Wang L, Li Y, Zhou H, Gao N, An J. Neutralizing antibody rather than cellular immune response is maintained for nearly 20 years among Japanese encephalitis SA14-14-2 vaccinees in an endemic setting. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 85:104476. [PMID: 32736041 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE), caused by infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), is the most important viral encephalitis in Asia. JE incidence has significantly decreased by immunization with live-attenuated vaccine SA14-14-2. However, the duration of immune response overtime after vaccination is inconclusive and may be associated with the risk of JE occurrence in adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 961 JE-vaccinated local residents aged 19-20 years in Beijing, China. 620 (65%) and 513 (53%) individuals were anti-JEV IgG antibody and neutralizing antibody (nAb) positive, respectively. The geometric mean titer (GMT) of nAb was 1:11, suggesting a seroprotection among the study population. As for IFN-γ production, peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples isolated from 60 subjects showed negative response following the stimulation with concentrated JEV particles. Overall, longer persistence of nAb response among vaccinees is observed than that of cellular immune response after 17-18 years of vaccination. Taken together, our results not only provide the data for evaluating herd immunity against JEV among vaccinated adults in Beijing but also offer useful information for JE prevention and control in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Acadesmy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Dongying Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Faculty of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou 061001, Hebei province, China
| | - Yueqi Li
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hongning Zhou
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Disease Control and Research, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Simao 665000, Yunnan province, China
| | - Na Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Jing An
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China
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22
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Liu W, Fu S, Ma X, Chen X, Wu D, Zhou L, Yin Q, Li F, He Y, Lei W, Li Y, Xu S, Wang H, Wang Z, Wang H, Yu H, Liang G. An outbreak of Japanese encephalitis caused by genotype Ib Japanese encephalitis virus in China, 2018: A laboratory and field investigation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008312. [PMID: 32453787 PMCID: PMC7274457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Japanese encephalitis virus genotype Ib (JEV GIb) has replaced JEV GIII as the dominant genotype in endemic areas of Asia, no JEV GIb has been isolated from JE cases and natural mosquitoes at the same time in an outbreak of JE. In this study, we conducted virological and molecular biological laboratory tests on JE case samples (serum/cerebrospinal fluid) and locally collected mosquito samples from the 2018 JE outbreak in Ningxia, China. The result of JEV IgM antibody detection showed that 96% (67/70) of the suspected cases were laboratory-confirmed JE cases. Of the mosquitoes collected from local environments, 70% (17400/24900) were Culex tritaeniorhynchus of which 4.6% (16 /348 of the pools tested) were positive for JEV, other mosquitoes were negative. JEVs isolated from both the human cases and C. tritaeniorhynchus specimens belong to JEV GIb and are in the same evolutionary clade according to molecular evolution analyses. JEV GIb was detected simultaneously from specimens of JE cases and mosquito samples collected in nature in this study, suggesting that the JE outbreak that occurred in Ningxia in 2018 was due to infection of JEV GIb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shihong Fu
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuemin Ma
- Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Chen
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Wu
- National Immunization Programme, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liwei Zhou
- Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qikai Yin
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying He
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Lei
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yixing Li
- National Immunization Programme, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songtao Xu
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaqing Wang
- National Immunization Programme, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenhai Wang
- Center for Neurology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guodong Liang
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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23
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A need to raise the bar - A systematic review of temporal trends in diagnostics for Japanese encephalitis virus infection, and perspectives for future research. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 95:444-456. [PMID: 32205287 PMCID: PMC7294235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) remains a leading cause of neurological infection in Asia. A systematic review identified 20,212 published human cases of laboratory-confirmed JEV infections from 205 studies. 15,167 (75%) of cases were confirmed with the lowest confidence diagnostic test, i.e., level 3 or 4, or level 4. Only 109 (53%) of the studies reported contemporaneous testing for dengue-specific antibodies. A fundamental pre-requisite for the control of JE is lacking — that of a simple and specific diagnostic procedure that can be adapted for point-of-care tests and readily used throughout JE endemic regions of the world.
Objective Japanese encephalitis virus infection (JE) remains a leading cause of neurological disease in Asia, mainly involving individuals living in remote areas with limited access to treatment centers and diagnostic facilities. Laboratory confirmation is fundamental for the justification and implementation of vaccination programs. We reviewed the literature on historical developments and current diagnostic capability worldwide, to identify knowledge gaps and instill urgency to address them. Methods Searches were performed in Web of Science and PubMed using the term 'Japanese encephalitis' up to 13th October 2019. Studies reporting laboratory-confirmed symptomatic JE cases in humans were included, and data on details of diagnostic tests were extracted. A JE case was classified according to confirmatory levels (Fischer et al., 2008; Campbell et al., 2011; Pearce et al., 2018; Heffelfinger et al., 2017), where level 1 represented the highest level of confidence. Findings 20,212 published JE cases were identified from 205 studies. 15,167 (75%) of these positive cases were confirmed with the lowest-confidence diagnostic tests (level 3 or 4, or level 4). Only 109 (53%) of the studies reported contemporaneous testing for dengue-specific antibodies. Conclusion A fundamental pre-requisite for the control of JEV is lacking — that of a simple and specific diagnostic procedure that can be adapted for point-of-care tests and readily used throughout JE-endemic regions of the world.
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24
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Zhang W, Xu Y, Zhao F, Tarbe M, Zhou S, Wang W, Zhang S, Zhang W, Xu Q, Shi L, Yuan F, Lin X, Liu S, Sun J, Zhao J, Yang Y, Liang X, Zhong J, Long G, Qin C, Leng Q, Tang H. The pre-existing cellular immunity to Japanese encephalitis virus heterotypically protects mice from Zika virus infection. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2020; 65:402-409. [PMID: 36659231 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are closely related flaviviruses, ZIKV circulates in the population that has been JEV vaccinated in Southeast Asian countries. This alerts that a pre-existing immunity to JEV would impact ZIKV infection and/or pathogenesis. Herein we showed that the pre-existing immunity to JEV SA14-14-2 vaccination provided an ample protection against non-lethal or lethal dose of ZIKV infection in mice. This was in sharp contrast to the passive immunization of JEV antibodies, which failed to affect ZIKV infection or pathogenesis in mice, albeit these antibodies exhibited cross-reactivity and antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) of ZIKV infection in vitro. Furthermore, we determined that JEV vaccine-elicited CD8+ T cells were required to mediate the heterotypic protection of ZIKV infection, which cross-reacted to ZIKV E and NS5 antigens (E294-302 and NS52839-2848). Adoptive transfer of these CD8+ T cells could partially protect the mice from ZIKV challenge. Therefore, although short of epidemiological evidence, these results suggested that cross-reactive CD8+ T cells activated by JEV vaccination could protect potential ZIKV infection in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongfen Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Fanfan Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Marion Tarbe
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shuru Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Weihong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shengyuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qiuping Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lina Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feng Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinwen Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Yaling Yang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Xiaozhen Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Gang Long
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chengfeng Qin
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Qibin Leng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, China.
| | - Hong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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25
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Choe YJ, Jee Y, Takashima Y, Lee JK. Japanese encephalitis in the Western Pacific Region: Implication from the Republic of Korea. Vaccine 2020; 38:2760-2763. [PMID: 32111531 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is endemic in the Western Pacific Region. We aim to describe the regional status of control of JE, based on the World Health Organization (WHO) surveillance data, and to share the experience from the Republic of Korea. Substantial progress has been made in the region to date; however, epidemiologic changes have not been delineated. The vaccination coverage should be addressed to close the immunity gap. The lessons learned from Korea may aid in establishing a high-quality surveillance system with a sustainable JE vaccination program in order to prepare for new challenges that this region will face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young June Choe
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmee Jee
- National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoshihiro Takashima
- Expanded Programme on Immunization Unit, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines
| | - Jong-Koo Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Center for Healthy Society and Education, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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26
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He X, Lang X, Yu J, Zhu L, Qin Z, Liu X, Chen P, Dai C, Chen T, Li X, Chen Y, Zhou D, Fang W, Xiao W, Zhang B, Xie Q, Wu Q, Zhao W. The effects of Japanese encephalitis virus antibodies on Zika virus infection. Med Microbiol Immunol 2020; 209:177-188. [PMID: 32078028 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-020-00658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, Zika virus (ZIKV) has become more widespread, thus attracting global attention. The vaccine against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is currently used in China, being included in planned immunisation regimes. Although ZIKV and JEV are closely related mosquito-borne Flaviviruses, and a complex cross-immune response within flaviviruses has been demonstrated, the effect of JEV vaccination on ZIKV infection has not been well described. Thus, this study aimed to explore the impact of different titres of anti-JEV antibodies (Abs) against ZIKV infection using sera from healthy human donors in Guangzhou and anti-JEV rabbit polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) in vitro and vivo. Human anti-JEV Ab titres were tested at decreasing concentrations as the age increased. A neutralising effect on ZIKV infection was observed when anti-JEV Ab titres in human sera or rabbit pAbs were high (the corresponding age was under 30 years). Even though a lower titre in human sera showed no apparent effect, whereas rabbit pAbs had an antibody-dependent enhancement(ADE)effect, we proved an ADE effect in vivo for the first time. This study suggests that individuals over 60 years of age are at high risk for JEV and ZIKV infection, and screening this age group for infection should strengthen. Furthermore, a deep exploration of the relationship between anti-JEV Abs and ZIKV infection is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoen He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xinyue Lang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jianhai Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhiran Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xuling Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Pei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Chengguqiu Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xujuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yangyang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Dongrui Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wanyi Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Weiwei Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qian Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmacy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Wei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmacy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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27
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Hu XT, Li QF, Ma C, Zhao ZX, He LF, Tang TT, Yu W, Owiti P. Reduction patterns of Japanese encephalitis incidence following vaccine introduction into long-term expanded program on immunization in Yunnan Province, China. Infect Dis Poverty 2019; 8:102. [PMID: 31818328 PMCID: PMC6902501 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-019-0608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a leading cause of childhood viral encephalitis both at global level and in China. Vaccination is recommended as a key strategy to control JE. In China most JE cases have been reported in southwest provinces, which include Yunnan. In this study, we quantify the epidemiological shift of JE in Yunnan Province from 2005 to 2017, covering before and after the introduction of JE vaccination into routine Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in 2007. METHODS We used routinely collected data in the case-based JE surveillance system from 2005 through 2017 in Yunnan. Cases were reported from hospital and county-level Centers for Disease Control in line with the National JE Surveillance Guideline. Epidemiological data were extracted, analysed and presented in appropriate ways. Immunization coverage was estimated from actual JE doses administered and new births for each year. RESULTS A total 4780 JE cases (3077 laboratory-confirmed, 1266 clinical and 437 suspected) were reported in the study period. Incidence of JE (per 100 000 population) increased from 0.95 in 2005 to 1.69 in 2007. With increase in vaccination coverage, incidence rates decreased steadily from 1.16 in 2009 to 0.17 in 2017. However, seasonality remained similar across the years, peaking in June-September. Banna (bordering Myanmar and Laos), Dehong (bordering Myanmar), and Zhaotong (an inland prefecture) had the highest incidence rates of 2.3, 1.9, and 1.6, respectively. 97% of all cases were among local residents. As vaccination coverage increased (and incidence decreased), proportion of JE cases among children < 10 years old decreased from 70% in 2005 to 32% in 2017, while that among adults ≥20 years old increased from 12 to 48%. There were a large number of JE cases with unknown treatment outcomes, especially in the earlier years of the surveillance system. CONCLUSIONS The 13-year JE surveillance data in Yunnan Province showed dramatic decrease of total incidence and a shift from children to adults. Improving vaccination coverage, including access to adults at risk, and strengthening the JE surveillance system is needed to further control or eliminate JE in the province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ting Hu
- Expanded Program on Immunization, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO.158 DongSi Street, XiShan District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province China
| | - Qiong-Fen Li
- Expanded Program on Immunization, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO.158 DongSi Street, XiShan District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province China
| | - Chao Ma
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Xian Zhao
- Expanded Program on Immunization, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO.158 DongSi Street, XiShan District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province China
| | - Li-Fang He
- Expanded Program on Immunization, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO.158 DongSi Street, XiShan District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province China
| | - Ting-Ting Tang
- Expanded Program on Immunization, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO.158 DongSi Street, XiShan District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province China
| | - Wen Yu
- Expanded Program on Immunization, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO.158 DongSi Street, XiShan District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province China
| | - Philip Owiti
- The International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France
- The National Tuberculosis, Leprosy and Lung Disease Program, Nairobi, Kenya
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28
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Turtle L, Easton A, Defres S, Ellul M, Bovill B, Hoyle J, Jung A, Lewthwaite P, Solomon T. 'More than devastating'-patient experiences and neurological sequelae of Japanese encephalitis§. J Travel Med 2019; 26:5554873. [PMID: 31504712 PMCID: PMC6792067 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taz064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis (JE), caused by the mosquito-borne JE virus, is a vaccine-preventable disease endemic to much of Asia. Travellers from non-endemic areas are susceptible if they travel to a JE endemic area. Although the risk to travellers of JE is low, the consequences may be severe. METHODS Here, we describe three cases of JE in British travellers occurring in 2014-15. In addition, we report, through interviews with survivors and their families, personal experiences of life after JE. RESULTS Three cases of JE were diagnosed in British travellers in 2014/15. One was acquired in Thailand, one in China and one in either Thailand, Laos or Cambodia. All three patients suffered severe, life-threatening illnesses, all were admitted to intensive care units and required medical evacuation back to the UK. One patient suffered a cardiac arrest during the acute stage but made a good recovery. The other two patients remain significantly paralysed and ventilator dependent. All three cases had clear indications for vaccination, and all have been left with life-changing neurological sequelae. CONCLUSIONS Travel health providers should be aware of the severity of JE, as well as the risk, allowing travellers to make fully informed decisions on JE vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Turtle
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK.,Tropical & Infectious Disease Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Ava Easton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK.,Encephalitis Society, Malton, North Yorkshire, YO17 7DT, UK
| | - Sylviane Defres
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK.,Tropical & Infectious Disease Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Mark Ellul
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK.,Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, L9 7LJ, UK
| | - Begona Bovill
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, Southmead Road, Westbury-on-Trym, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Jim Hoyle
- Neuro-Intensive Care Unit, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, Glossop Rd, S10 2JF, UK
| | - Agam Jung
- Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, LS1 3EX, UK
| | - Penny Lewthwaite
- St James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, Beckett Street, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Tom Solomon
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK.,Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, L9 7LJ, UK
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Chronic post-encephalitic epilepsy following Japanese encephalitis: Clinical features, neuroimaging data, and outcomes. Seizure 2019; 72:49-53. [PMID: 31600677 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Japanese encephalitis (JE), the main cause of viral encephalitis in Asia, usually presents with acute symptomatic seizures; however, there have been very few systematic reports regarding late unprovoked seizures and epilepsy. We aimed to describe the clinical features and outcomes of post-encephalitic epilepsy following JE. METHODS Patients with epilepsy with a previous confirmed diagnosis of JE visiting West China Hospital from 2013 to 2019 were enrolled in the observational case-controlled study. Patients with epilepsy with a history of other non-specific viral encephalitis were enrolled as controls. For all enrolled subjects, disease related information was recorded. RESULTS Forty-eight patients with JE (20 males; median age, 21.0 years; average epilepsy duration, 8.55 years) were identified. The median duration from JE to the first unprovoked seizure was 7.73 years, which significantly differed from that of the controls (7.73 vs. 2.69 years, respectively; p = 4.59 × 10-6). Most patients had focal epilepsy, and 29 (78.38%) were drug resistant. Among 45 patients with available neuroimaging data, three in fourth had no obvious abnormality, and the temporal lobe and hippocampus (22.22%) were the most affected brain regions. Six patients had surgery, and three achieved class-one seizure-free status. CONCLUSION The latency to the first unprovoked seizure was longer in patients with JE than controls. Regarding chronic epilepsy, three in four had structural abnormalities, and the long-term outcomes of post-encephalitic epilepsy following JE were poor. Surgery remains an option for drug-resistant epilepsy.
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30
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The etiology of acute meningitis and encephalitis syndromes in a sentinel pediatric hospital, Shenzhen, China. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:560. [PMID: 31242869 PMCID: PMC6595616 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4162-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute meningitis and encephalitis syndromes (AMES) is a severe neurological infection which causes high case fatality and severe sequelae in children. To determine the etiology of childhood AMES in Shenzhen, a hospital-based study was undertaken. Methods A total of 240 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 171 children meeting the case definition were included and screened for 12 common causative organisms. The clinical data and conventional testing results were collected and analyzed. Whole genome sequencing was performed on a Neisseria meningitidis isolate. Results A pathogen was found in 85 (49.7%) cases; Group B Streptococcus (GBS) was detected in 17 cases, Escherichia coli in 15, Streptococcus pneumoniae in 14, enterovirus (EV) in 13, herpes simplex virus (HSV) in 3, N. meningitidis in 1, Haemophilus influenzae in 1, and others in 23. Notably, HSV was found after 43 days of treatment. Twelve GBS and 6 E. coli meningitis were found in neonates aged less than 1 month; 13 pneumococcal meningitis in children aged > 3 months; and 12 EV infections in children aged > 1 year old. The multilocus sequence typing of serogroup B N. meningitidis isolate was ST-3200/CC4821. High resistance rate to tetracycline (75%), penicillin (75%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (75%) was found in 4 of S. pneumoniae isolates; clindamycin (100%) and tetracycline (100%) in 9 of GBS; and ampicillin (75%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (67%) in 12 of E. coli. Conclusions The prevalence of N. meningitidis and JEV was very low and the cases of childhood AMES were mainly caused by other pathogens. GBS and E. coli were the main causative organisms in neonates, while S. pneumoniae and EV were mainly found in older children. HSV could be persistently found in the CSF samples despite of the treatment. A better prevention strategy for GBS, the introduction of pneumococcal vaccine, and incorporation of PCR methods were recommended.
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31
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Wang R, Xie L, Gao N, Fan D, Chen H, Wang P, Zhou H, An J. Decreases in Both the Seroprevalence of Serum Antibodies and Seroprotection against Japanese Encephalitis Virus among Vaccinated Children. Virol Sin 2019; 34:243-252. [PMID: 30911897 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) has significantly decreased in China due to JE vaccines. In this study, we investigated the post-JE vaccination seroprevalence and protection provided by vaccinated sera against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) to elucidate the persistence and waning of antibodies to JEV among JE-SA14-14-2-vaccinated children. A total of 300 serum samples were collected from vaccinated children aged 3-10 years in Zhaotong, Yunnan, China. The seroprevalence of anti-JEV antibodies was determined by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay and plaque reduction neutralization test. The highest seropositivity of 82% was observed in vaccinated children during the first 0.5-1.5 years after booster vaccination. Then, the seropositivity began to decline and remained lower than the original level observed in the 0.5-1.5-year group. An association was found between the waning of seroprevalence and elapsed time of the post-booster vaccination. Similarly, the neutralizing antibody (nAb) titres gradually decreased over time, and the levels showed a positive correlation with the protective efficacy in mice. This finding suggests that nAbs play an important role in the antiviral process and that the nAb titre is an adequately credible parameter for evaluating the protective efficacy induced by the JE vaccine. Our results provide data that clarify the persistence and waning of antibodies to JEV, which may help elucidate the pathogenesis of JE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Lyu Xie
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Disease Control and Research, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665000, China
| | - Na Gao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Dongying Fan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Peigang Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hongning Zhou
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Disease Control and Research, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665000, China.
| | - Jing An
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China. .,Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Yao Y, Yang H, Shi L, Liu S, Li C, Chen J, Zhou Z, Sun M, Shi L. HLA Class II Genes HLA-DRB1, HLA-DPB1, and HLA-DQB1 Are Associated With the Antibody Response to Inactivated Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine. Front Immunol 2019; 10:428. [PMID: 30906300 PMCID: PMC6418001 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II genes HLA-DRB1, HLA-DPB1, and HLA-DQB1 with the humoral immune response elicited by inactivated Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine (IJEV). Methods: A total of 373 individuals aged 3–12 years in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in China, who received two doses of IJEV at 0 and 7 days, were enrolled in the current study. Based on the individuals' specific JE virus (JEV)-neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), they were divided into a seropositive and a seronegative group. HLA-DRB1, HLA-DPB1, and HLA-DQB1 were genotyped using a sequencing-based typing method. Next, the association of the HLA class II genes and their haplotypes with antibody response was evaluated. Results: Based on NAbs, a total of 161 individuals were classified as seropositive and 212 as seronegative. DQB1*02:01 was significantly associated with JEV seropositivity (P < 0.001, OR = 0.364, 95% CI: 0.221–0.600), while DQB1*02:02 was significantly associated with JEV seronegativity (P = 5.03 × 10−6, OR = 7.341, 95% CI: 2.876–18.736). The haplotypes DRB1*07:01-DPB1*04:01-DQB1*02:01, DRB1*15:01-DPB1*02:01-DQB1*06:02, DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01, and DPB1*02:01-DQB1*06:02 were very frequent in the seropositive group, while DRB1*07:01-DPB1*17:01-DQB1*02:02, DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:02, and DPB1*17:01-DQB1*02:02 were very frequent in the seronegative group. The presence of DRB1*01:01, DRB1*04:05, DRB1*09:01, DRB1*12:02, DRB1*13:02, and DRB1*14:01 was associated with a higher geometric mean titer (GMT) of NAbs than that of DRB1*11:01 at the DRB1 locus (P < 0.05). At the DPB1 locus, the presence of DPB1*05:01 was associated with higher GMTs than that of DPB1*02:01 and DPB1*13:01 (P < 0.05), and the presence of DPB1*04:01 and DPB1*09:01 was associated with higher GMTs than that of DPB1*13:01 (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The present study suggests that HLA class II genes may influence the antibody response to IJEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Yao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Huijuan Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Shuyuan Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Chuanying Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Ziyun Zhou
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Mingbo Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Li Shi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
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Muniaraj M, Rajamannar V. Impact of SA 14-14-2 vaccination on the occurrence of Japanese encephalitis in India. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:834-840. [PMID: 30681400 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1564435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus is the major cause of encephalitis in India. To control the increasing incidence and fatal outbreaks, SA 14-14-2 vaccine was introduced initially in 104 endemic districts in phased manner from 2006 to 2011. As there is no data available before 2008 on the number of Japanese encephalitis (JE) cases excluding cases of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES), a four year average of the number of JE vs. AES cases reported during 2008- 2011 was calculated and the value was used to determine the percentage of JE cases out of AES cases for the period 1994 to 2007. The analysis of data for the period 1994 to 2017 showed that there was a substantial increase of JE cases after the initiation of vaccination in 2006. Since the JE vaccination was given only in selected districts, comparing the vaccinated district with non vaccinated district would be more appropriate to determine the impact of vaccination. However, the data available on JE is only at the state wide. Hence, Tamil Nadu state where, district-wise JE data is available from 1993 onwards was used as a model state to determine the impact of vaccination. Even though the data for entire Tamil Nadu state showed an increasing trend, the analysis of data for vaccinated districts reveals that, the increase was due to increase of JE cases in non-vaccinated districts. It shows that, there was a reduction in JE case incidences in the vaccinated districts of Tamil Nadu in particular and India as a whole following the introduction of SA 14-14-2 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayilsamy Muniaraj
- a Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research , Vector Control Research Centre Field Station, Govt. of India , Madurai , India
| | - Veeramanoharan Rajamannar
- a Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research , Vector Control Research Centre Field Station, Govt. of India , Madurai , India
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34
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Gao X, Liu H, Li X, Fu S, Cao L, Shao N, Zhang W, Wang Q, Lu Z, Lei W, He Y, Cao Y, Wang H, Liang G. Changing Geographic Distribution of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotypes, 1935-2017. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 19:35-44. [PMID: 30207876 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a representative virus of the JEV serogroup in genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. JEV is a mosquito-borne virus that causes Japanese encephalitis (JE), one of the most severe viral encephalitis diseases in the world. JEV is divided into five genotypes (G1-G5), and each genotype has its own distribution pattern. However, the distribution of different JEV genotypes has changed markedly in recent years. JEV G1 has replaced G3 as the dominant genotype in the traditional epidemic areas in Asia, while G3 has spread from Asia to Europe and Africa and caused domestic JE cases in Africa. G2 and G5, which were endemic in Malaysia, exhibited great geographical changes as well. G2 migrated southward and led to prevalence of JE in Australia, while G5 emerged in China and South Korea after decades of silence. Along with these changes, JE occurred in some non-traditional epidemic regions as an emerging infectious disease. The regional changes in JEV pose a great threat to human health, leading to huge disease burdens. Therefore, it is of great importance to strengthen the monitoring of JEV as well as virus genotypes, especially in non-traditional epidemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Gao
- 1 Department of Science and Technology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Department of Viral Encephalitis and Arbovirus, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Liu
- 4 Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Department of Viral Encephalitis and Arbovirus, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Department of Viral Encephalitis and Arbovirus, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Cao
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Department of Viral Encephalitis and Arbovirus, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Shao
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Department of Viral Encephalitis and Arbovirus, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weijia Zhang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Department of Viral Encephalitis and Arbovirus, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianying Wang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Department of Viral Encephalitis and Arbovirus, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Lu
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Department of Viral Encephalitis and Arbovirus, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Lei
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Department of Viral Encephalitis and Arbovirus, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying He
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Department of Viral Encephalitis and Arbovirus, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxi Cao
- 1 Department of Science and Technology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Department of Viral Encephalitis and Arbovirus, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Department of Viral Encephalitis and Arbovirus, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Department of Viral Encephalitis and Arbovirus, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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Liu B, Gao X, Ma J, Jiao Z, Xiao J, Wang H. Influence of Host and Environmental Factors on the Distribution of the Japanese Encephalitis Vector Culex tritaeniorhynchus in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15091848. [PMID: 30150565 PMCID: PMC6165309 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15091848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Culex tritaeniorhynchus is an important vector that transmits a variety of human and animal diseases. Japanese encephalitis (JE), an endemic disease in the Asia-Pacific region, is primarily transmitted by Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Insufficient monitoring of vector mosquitoes has led to a poor understanding of the distribution of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in China. To delineate the habitat of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and any host and environmental factors that affect its distribution, we used a maximum entropy modeling method to predict its distribution in China. Our models provided high resolution predictions on the potential distribution of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. The predicted suitable habitats of the JE vector were correlated with areas of high JE incidence in parts of China. Factors driving the distribution of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in China were also revealed by our models. Furthermore, human population density and the maximum NDVI were the most important predictors in our models. Bioclimate factors and elevation also significantly impacted the distribution of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Our findings may serve as a reference for vector and disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Liu
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Zhihui Jiao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Jianhua Xiao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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36
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Barzon L, Palù G. Recent developments in vaccines and biological therapies against Japanese encephalitis virus. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 18:851-864. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1499721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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37
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Cao L, Fu S, Lu Z, Tang C, Gao X, Li X, Lei W, He Y, Li M, Cao Y, Wang H, Liang G. Detection of West Nile Virus Infection in Viral Encephalitis Cases, China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 19:45-50. [PMID: 29985780 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study detected West Nile virus (WNV) infection in serum samples of patients clinically diagnosed with viral encephalitis in the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) endemic area (seven provinces) and JEV nonendemic area (Xinjiang province) in China from 2011 to 2012. In JEV endemic areas, there were 22 positive cases of WNV immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody in serum specimens of 65 JEV patients (JEV IgM antibody positive) in the acute phase, whereas WNV IgM antibodies were not detected in serum specimens of 63 non-JEV patients (JEV IgM antibody negative). However, the titer of JEV-neutralizing antibody was four times higher than that of WNV-neutralizing antibody in WNV-IgM-positive serum specimens. Detection was also conducted in serum specimens collected from 12 patients clinically diagnosed as viral encephalitis in Xinjiang; five serum specimens were WNV IgM antibody positive, and there were fourfold differences in WNV-neutralizing antibody titers between convalescent and acute serum. Meanwhile JEV-neutralizing antibody titer was negative or significantly lower than that of WNV-neutralizing antibody in the same specimens. WNV IgM antibodies positive were detected in acute serum specimens of patients clinically diagnosed with JEV infection in JEV-endemic areas, but no WNV neutralization antibodies were detected fourfold greater than that of the corresponding JEV antibodies. Clinical cases of WNV infection were detected in patients clinically diagnosed with viral encephalitis in Xinjiang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Lu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengjun Tang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Lei
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying He
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minghua Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxi Cao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We examine the present global burden of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in endemic populations, summarize published cases in travelers since 2009, examine current guidelines for vaccination for international travelers, and consider challenges in prevention of this vector-borne disease. RECENT FINDINGS We identified 11 JE cases in travelers that were published in peer-reviewed literature since 2009. JE incidence in endemic countries appears to be declining but the number of JE cases reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) varied from estimates derived from other published reports based on serosurveys or sentinel surveillance. Current JE vaccines appear to be safe and are not associated with delayed hypersensitivity in contrast to the older mouse brain vaccine. Given differences between WHO-reported cases and local surveillance data, future research on true incidence is needed. Regular assessment will inform JE risk in travelers. National and international guidelines on JE vaccination varied; we suggest areas for improvement.
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Chen X, Guo J, Li J, Li Q, Ai J, Sun S, Xie Z. Serotypes of human enteroviruses causing pediatric viral encephalitis and meningitis in Hebei province, China, from 2013 to 2015. Pediatr Investig 2018; 2:98-104. [PMID: 32851241 PMCID: PMC7331305 DOI: 10.1002/ped4.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Viral encephalitis and meningitis are severe infectious diseases responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality in children. Enteroviruses are typically the most common causative agents of viral encephalitis and meningitis. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the etiology of viral encephalitis and meningitis among children in Hebei province, China. METHODS Cerebrospinal fluid samples from children with viral encephalitis (n=309) and meningitis (n=133) were collected between Nov 2013 and Dec 2015 and viral pathogens were identified by real-time and multiplex PCR. Amplification and sequencing of partial VP1 genes was used to type enteroviruses. RESULTS The causative pathogen was successfully detected in 176 (57%) patients with viral encephalitis and 82 (61.7%) patients with viral meningitis. The most common causative agents of both viral encephalitis and meningitis were enteroviruses (55.7% and 64.6% of cases, respectively). The most common enterovirus serotypes identified were echovirus 18, echovirus 6 and echovirus 30. Echovirus 18 accounted for 74.4% of all typed enteroviruses and caused a viral encephalitis and meningitis outbreak in Hebei province in 2015. By contrast, the major enterovirus serotypes circulating in 2014 were echovirus 6 and echovirus 30. INTERPRETATION Enteroviruses were the main causative agents of viral encephalitis and meningitis in children in Hebei province from Nov 2013 to Dec 2015. Echovirus 18 became the leading cause of viral encephalitis and meningitis for the first time in Hebei province in 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangpeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in ChildrenMinistry of EducationBeijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection DiseasesVirology LaboratoryBeijing Pediatric Research InstituteBeijing Children's HospitalCapital Medical UniversityNational Center for Children's HealthBeijingChina
| | - Jiayun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in ChildrenMinistry of EducationBeijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection DiseasesVirology LaboratoryBeijing Pediatric Research InstituteBeijing Children's HospitalCapital Medical UniversityNational Center for Children's HealthBeijingChina
| | - Jingjie Li
- Department of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Hebei ProvinceShijiazhuangChina
| | - Qiuping Li
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in ChildrenMinistry of EducationBeijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection DiseasesVirology LaboratoryBeijing Pediatric Research InstituteBeijing Children's HospitalCapital Medical UniversityNational Center for Children's HealthBeijingChina
| | - Junhong Ai
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in ChildrenMinistry of EducationBeijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection DiseasesVirology LaboratoryBeijing Pediatric Research InstituteBeijing Children's HospitalCapital Medical UniversityNational Center for Children's HealthBeijingChina
| | - Suzhen Sun
- Department of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Hebei ProvinceShijiazhuangChina
| | - Zhengde Xie
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in ChildrenMinistry of EducationBeijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection DiseasesVirology LaboratoryBeijing Pediatric Research InstituteBeijing Children's HospitalCapital Medical UniversityNational Center for Children's HealthBeijingChina
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Li X, Gao X, Fu S, Wang H, Lu Z, He Y, Lei W, Liang G. An Outbreak of Japanese Encephalitis in Adults in Northern China, 2013: A Population-Based Study. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 19:26-34. [PMID: 29741995 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A Japanese encephalitis (JE) epidemic occurred in 2013 in China. The aim of this study was to determine the spatial-temporal pattern of JE cases in adults occurring in 2013, as well as identify potential hotspots of incidences in the afflicted regions in China. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To generate a spatial-temporal pattern of JE cases in China, epidemiological and demographic data between 2011 and 2013 were collected. Our results indicate that the total number of JE cases in 2013 was significantly higher compared with those in 2011 and 2012. While the incidence of JE in individuals aged less than 15 years decreased in 2013, the incidence rate increased substantially in those aged 15 years and older. The population aged over 40 years was associated with the greatest increase of JE. Demographic analysis revealed a consistent increase in the proportion of JE cases aged 15 years and older in 2013 (42%) compared with that in 2012 (15%). In addition, JE cases from areas located between 35°N, 114°E and 40°N, 120°E in northern China were found to account for 27.17% of total JE cases nationwide in 2013, compared with 2.21% and 3.13% in 2011 and 2012, respectively. In these northern regions, the group aged 15 years and older represents the predominant population with JE, accounting for 73% of total cases. Further cluster analysis identified a large number of hotspots of JE in adults (>15 years of age) in northern China. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Unlike the JE epidemics primarily in children below 15 years old in southern China, a significant outbreak of JE occurred in northern China in 2013, with the older age groups being the primary population affected. The increasing incidence of JE in adults has become an important public health issue and poses a new challenge to the successful prevention and control of JE in China, as well as other countries in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Lu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying He
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Lei
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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Liang G, Li X, Gao X, Fu S, Wang H, Li M, Lu Z, Zhu W, Lu X, Wang L, Cao Y, He Y, Lei W. Arboviruses and their related infections in China: A comprehensive field and laboratory investigation over the last 3 decades. Rev Med Virol 2017; 28. [PMID: 29210509 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1980s, a comprehensive field and laboratory investigation has been conducted throughout China, and a total of 29 virus species belonging to 7 families and 13 genera were identified through virological, morphological, and immunological methods, as well as whole-genome sequencing and molecular genetic analyses. Most of the virus isolates belong to 9 genera in the families Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae, Togaviridae, and Reoviridae. Among them, 4 genera (Orthobunyavirus, Bunyavirus, Phlebovirus, and Nairovirus) belong to the family Bunyaviridae and 3 genera (Seadonavirus, Orbivirus, and Cypovirus) belong to the family Reoviridae. Analyses of the relationships between viruses and human/animal diseases indicated that Japanese encephalitis virus, dengue virus, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, West Nile virus, and Tahyna virus can cause human and animal infections and disease epidemics in China. This review systematically introduces the current status of the diversity and geographical distribution of arboviruses and vectors in China. In addition, our results provide strong technical support for the prevention and control of arboviral diseases, the treatment of epidemics, and the early warning and prediction of diseases, and so they are significant for the control and prevention of arboviral diseases in Asia and around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wuyang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying He
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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Yoshii K, Song JY, Park SB, Yang J, Schmitt HJ. Tick-borne encephalitis in Japan, Republic of Korea and China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e82. [PMID: 28928417 PMCID: PMC5625319 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) causes mild or moderate febrile illness in humans that may progress to encephalitis, leading to severe long-term complications and sometimes death. TBEV is prevalent in the Eurasian continent and has been isolated in China, Japan and Republic of Korea (ROK). The TBEV isolates from Japan are of the Far-Eastern subtype; in ROK, the isolates are of the Western subtype; and all TBEV isolates in China are of the Far-Eastern subtype, except one strain that was identified most recently as the Siberian subtype. TBE is endemic to the northeast, northwest and southeast of China; only two confirmed TBE cases have been reported in Japan to date; and no TBE case has been confirmed in ROK. For TBE patients in China, the onset of disease is acute with no biphasic course for disease presentation. The clinical spectrum of disease phenotypes may be wider than currently understood, since serological evidence suggests the presence of TBEV infections in healthy people, indicating that asymptomatic or unspecific manifestations of TBEV infection may exist. The current treatment for TBE is supportive care. In China, vaccines against TBEV have been developed and are available with demonstrated immunogenicity and safety, although efficacy data are lacking. No vaccines are available in ROK or Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yoshii
- Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Joon Young Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Gurodongro 148, Gurogu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Beom Park
- Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Korea Ltd, Seoul 100-771, Republic of Korea
| | - Junfeng Yang
- Pfizer Investment Co., Ltd. The Fifth Square, Tower B, 9/F, No. 3-7, Chaoyangmen North Avenue, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Heinz-Josef Schmitt
- Scientific Affairs, Pfizer Vaccines Europe, 23-25 Avenue du Dr Lannelongue, Paris 75014, France
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43
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Ginsburg AS, Meghani A, Halstead SB, Yaich M. Use of the live attenuated Japanese Encephalitis vaccine SA 14-14-2 in children: A review of safety and tolerability studies. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:2222-2231. [PMID: 28841362 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1356496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the leading cause of viral neurological disease and disability in Asia. Some 50-80% of children with clinical JE die or have long-term neurologic sequelae. Since there is no cure, human vaccination is the only effective long-term control measure, and the World Health Organization recommends that at-risk populations receive a safe and effective vaccine. Four different types of JE vaccines are currently available: inactivated mouse brain-derived vaccines, inactivated Vero cell vaccines, live attenuated SA 14-14-2 vaccines and a live recombinant (chimeric) vaccine. With the rapidly increasing demand for and availability and use of JE vaccines, countries face an important decision in the selection of a JE vaccine. This article provides a comprehensive review of the available safety literature for the live attenuated SA 14-14-2 JE vaccine (LAJEV), the most widely used new generation JE vaccine. With well-established effectiveness data, a single dose of LAJEV protects against clinical JE disease for at least 5 years, providing a long duration of protection compared with inactivated mouse brain-derived vaccines. Since 1988, about 700 million doses of the LAJEV have been distributed globally. Our review found that LAJEV is well tolerated across a wide age range and can safely be given to children as young as 8 months of age. While serious adverse events attributable to LAJEV have been reported, independent experts have not found sufficient evidence for causality based on the available data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ankita Meghani
- b Department of International Health , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Scott B Halstead
- c Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA
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Gould E, Pettersson J, Higgs S, Charrel R, de Lamballerie X. Emerging arboviruses: Why today? One Health 2017; 4:1-13. [PMID: 28785601 PMCID: PMC5501887 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent global (re)emergence of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), such as chikungunya and Zika virus, was widely reported in the media as though it was a new phenomenon. This is not the case. Arboviruses and other human microbial pathogens have been (re)emerging for centuries. The major difference today is that arbovirus emergence and dispersion are more rapid and geographically extensive, largely due to intensive growth of global transportation systems, arthropod adaptation to increasing urbanisation, our failure to contain mosquito population density increases and land perturbation. Here we select examples of (re)emerging pathogenic arboviruses and explain the reasons for their emergence and different patterns of dispersal, focusing particularly on the mosquito vectors which are important determinants of arbovirus emergence. We also attempt to identify arboviruses likely to (re)emerge in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Gould
- Emergence des Pathologies Virales (EPV: Aix-Marseille Université-IRD 190-INSERM 1207-EHESP), Marseille, France
| | - John Pettersson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Modelling/Molecular Biology, Domain for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology (IMBIM), Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, United States.,KS Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, United States
| | - Remi Charrel
- Emergence des Pathologies Virales (EPV: Aix-Marseille Université-IRD 190-INSERM 1207-EHESP), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Emergence des Pathologies Virales (EPV: Aix-Marseille Université-IRD 190-INSERM 1207-EHESP), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, Marseille, France
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Ren X, Fu S, Dai P, Wang H, Li Y, Li X, Lei W, Gao X, He Y, Lv Z, Cheng J, Wang G, Liang G. Pigsties near dwellings as a potential risk factor for the prevalence of Japanese encephalitis virus in adult in Shanxi, China. Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:100. [PMID: 28592296 PMCID: PMC5463306 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increasing trend of adult cases of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in China, particularly in northern China, has become an important public health issue. We conducted an epidemiological investigation in the south of Shanxi Province to examine the relationships between mosquitoes, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and adult JE cases. Methods Mosquito specimens were collected from the courtyards of farmers’ households and pig farms in Shanxi Province. Mosquitoes were pooled, homogenized, and centrifuged. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect mosquito-borne arbovirus genes in homogenates. Specimens positive for these genes were inoculated into the baby hamster kidney cell line (BHK-21) to isolate virus. Minimum infection rate was calculated and phylogenetic analyses were performed. Results A total of 7 943 mosquitoes belonging to six species in four genera were collected; Culex tritaeniorhynchus accounted for 73.08% (5 805/7 943), C. pipiens pallens for 24.75% (1 966/7 943), and the remaining 3% (104/ 7943) consisted of Anopheles sinensis, Aedes vexans, Ae. dorsalis, and Armigeres subalbatus. Sixteen pools were positive for JEV based on RT-PCR using JEV pre-membrane gene nested primers. Phylogenetic analyses showed that all JEVs belonged to genotype I; two pools were positive using Getah Virus (GETV) gene primers. In addition, one JEV strain (SXYC1523) was isolated from C. pipiens pallens specimens. These results indicate that the minimum infection rate of JEV in mosquito specimens collected from the courtyards of farmers’ households with pigsties was 7.39/1 000; the rate for pig farms was 2.68/1 000; and the rate for farmers’ courtyards without pigsties was zero. Conclusions The high-prevalence regions of adult JE investigated in this study are still the natural epidemic focus of JEV. Having pigsties near dwellings is a potential risk factor contributing to the prevalence of adult JE. To prevent the occurrence of local adult JE cases, a recommendation was raised that, besides continuing to implement the Expanded Program on Immunization for children, the government should urge local farmers to cease raising pigs in their own courtyards to reduce the probability of infection with JEV. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-017-0312-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Ren
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Peifang Dai
- Shanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenwen Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ying He
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhi Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jingxia Cheng
- Shanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Guiqin Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Chu H, Wu Z, Chen H, Li C, Guo X, Liu R, Wang G, Zhou M, Zhao T. Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection Rate and Detection of Genotype I From Culex tritaeniorhynchus Collected From Jiangsu, China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 17:503-509. [PMID: 28509619 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.2086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Information regarding the infection rate and genotype shifts for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are important for JE vaccine application. In Jiangsu province, China, which is one of the provinces with a high prevalence of JE, JEV infection in swine and mosquitoes in certain cities has only been investigated in 2008-2009. Lianyungang City has one of the highest numbers of JE cases in Jiangsu province, and it has a high risk of JEV invasion via migrant birds. JEV infection in vectors in Lianyungang City, which has urban and rural parts, has not been investigated. In 2015-2016, we collected mosquitoes in cowsheds with ultraviolet light traps and detected JEV by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method in Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Xintan village, Xuzhuang village, and Xiaogaozhuang village in Lianyungang City, China. The proportion of positive pools, which is calculated by the number of infected pools to the total number of pools tested in these villages, were 16.67%, 20.00%, and 4.17%, respectively, and the minimum infection rates, which is calculated as the ratio of the number of positive pools to the total number of mosquitoes tested, were 3.33‰, 4.00‰, and 0.83‰, respectively. Four JEV strains from positive samples were coded as LYG-1, LYG-2, LYG-3, and LYG-4, and the complete E genes were sequenced. Furthermore, the complete genome of LYG-3 was sequenced. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that all the four JEV strains belonged to genotype I-b. This is the first report of genotype I JEV strain in Jiangsu province. The high JEV infection rate in Culex tritaeniorhynchus indicated a high risk of JE reemergence in Lianyungang. The detected JEV strains may have similar antigenicity to that of SA14-14-2 according to molecular characters. These findings suggest that the vaccine can still be effective in Lianyungang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Chu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Fengtai District, Beijing, China .,2 Department of Disinfection and Vector Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Gulou District, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiming Wu
- 2 Department of Disinfection and Vector Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Gulou District, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongna Chen
- 2 Department of Disinfection and Vector Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Gulou District, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunxiao Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Guo
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Liu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Wang
- 3 Zhejiang Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of the People's Republic of China, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minghao Zhou
- 2 Department of Disinfection and Vector Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Gulou District, Nanjing, China
| | - Tongyan Zhao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Fengtai District, Beijing, China
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Matsuda S, Nerome R, Maegawa K, Kotaki A, Sugita S, Kawasaki K, Kuroda K, Yamaguchi R, Takasaki T, Nerome K. Development of a Japanese encephalitis virus-like particle vaccine in silkworms using codon-optimised prM and envelope genes. Heliyon 2017; 3:e00286. [PMID: 28435908 PMCID: PMC5390689 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have successfully prepared a Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) - Nakayama virus like particle (NVLP) vaccine using synthetic codon-optimized prM and E genes. The expression of the recombinant JEV Nakayama-BmNPV (JEV-NNPV) virus was determined in infected silkworm Bm-N cells by fluorescence and Western blot analysis. The recombinant was inoculated into silkworm pupae and the yield of Nakayama VLP (NVLP) reached a peak in the homogenates after 3 days. Additionally, in the peptide analysis of infected pupae homogenate, it appeared approximately 300-500 μg E protein/pupa were produced. When purified the above eluates on the discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation, NVLP showed a strong hemagglutination (HA) activity by using chicken red blood cell in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) free from Mg++ and Ca++ ions. The immune antisera against NVLP strain could efficiently neutralize the plaque formation of Nakayama, Beijing-1 and Muar strains, showing tendency of much higher reaction with heterologous Muar strain than homologous Nakayama strain. Our findings suggest that the JEV-NVLP may be useful for JEV epidemic control in many endemic areas of Asian countries as a widely effective and less expensive JE vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Matsuda
- The Institute of Biological Resources, 893-2, Nakayama, Nago-shi, Okinawa 905-0004, Japan
| | - Reiko Nerome
- The Institute of Biological Resources, 893-2, Nakayama, Nago-shi, Okinawa 905-0004, Japan
| | - Kenichi Maegawa
- The Institute of Biological Resources, 893-2, Nakayama, Nago-shi, Okinawa 905-0004, Japan
| | - Akira Kotaki
- The Institute of Biological Resources, 893-2, Nakayama, Nago-shi, Okinawa 905-0004, Japan
| | - Shigeo Sugita
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kawasaki
- National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Kazumichi Kuroda
- Division of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1, Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Ryoji Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Takasaki
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Nerome
- The Institute of Biological Resources, 893-2, Nakayama, Nago-shi, Okinawa 905-0004, Japan
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Zhang F, Liu Z, Zhang C, Jiang B. Short-term effects of floods on Japanese encephalitis in Nanchong, China, 2007-2012: A time-stratified case-crossover study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 563-564:1105-10. [PMID: 27241207 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This time-stratified case-crossover study aimed to quantify the impact of floods on daily Japanese encephalitis (JE) cases from 2007 to 2012 in Nanchong city of Sichuan Province, China. Using conditional logistic regression analysis, we calculated the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) at different lagged days, adjusting for daily average temperature (AT) and daily average relative humidity (ARH). A total of 370 JE cases were notified during the study period, with the median patient age being 4.2years. The seasonal pattern of JE cases clustered in July and August during the study period. Floods were significantly associated with an increased number of JE cases from lag 23 to lag 24, with the strongest lag effect at lag 23 (OR=2.00, 95% CI: 1.14-3.52). Similarly, AT and ARH were positively associated with daily JE cases from lag 0 to lag 8 and from lag 0 to lag 9, respectively. Floods, with AT and ARH, can be used to forecast JE outbreaks in the study area. Based on the results of this study, recommendations include undertaking control measures before the number of cases increases, especially for regions with similar geographic, climatic, and socio-economic conditions as those in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China; Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China; Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Caixia Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China; Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Baofa Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China; Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China.
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Sero-Molecular Epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis in Zhejiang, an Eastern Province of China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004936. [PMID: 27560360 PMCID: PMC4999095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sporadic Japanese encephalitis (JE) cases still have been reported in Zhejiang Province in recent years, and concerns about vaccine cross-protection and population-level immunity have been raised off and on within the public health sphere. Genotype I (GI) has replaced GIII as the dominant genotype in Asian countries during the past few decades, which caused considerable concerns about the potential change of epidemiology characteristics and the vaccine effectiveness. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of JE neutralizing antibody and its waning antibody trend after live attenuated JE vaccine immunization. Additionally, this study analyzed the molecular characteristics of the E gene of Zhejiang Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) strains, and established genetic relationships with other JEV strains. Methodology/Principal Findings A total of 570 serum specimens were sampled from community population aged from 0 to 92 years old in Xianju county of Zhejiang Province in 2013–2014. Microseroneutralization test results were analyzed to estimate the population immunity and to observe antibody dynamics in vaccinated children. E genes of 28 JEV strains isolated in Zhejiang Province were sequenced for phylogenetic tree construction and molecular characteristics analysis with other selected strains. Positive JE neutralizing antibody rates were higher in residents ≥35 years old (81%~98%) and lower in residents <35 years old (0~57%). 7 or 8 years after the 2nd live attenuated vaccine dose, the antibodies against for 4 different strains with microseroneutralization test were decreased by 55%~73% on seropositive rates and by 25%~38% on GMTs respectively. JEV strains isolated in recent years were all grouped into GI, while those isolated in the 1980s belonged to GIII. On important amino acid sites related to antigenicity, there was no divergence between the Zhejiang JE virus strains and the vaccine strain (SA14-14-2). Conclusion/Significances JE neutralizing antibody positive rates increase in age ≥10 years old population, likely reflecting natural infection or natural boosting of immunity through exposure to wild virus. JE seropositivity rates were quite low in <35 years old age groups in Zhejiang Province. Waning of neutralizing antibody after live attenuated vaccine immunization was observed, but the clinical significance should be further investigated. Both the peripheral antibody response and genetic characterization indicate that current live attenuated JE vaccine conferred equal neutralizing potency against GI or GIII of wild strains. GI has replaced GIII as the dominant genotype in Zhejiang in the past few decades. Although the chance of exposure to wild JE virus has reduced, the virus still circulates in nature; therefore, it is necessary to implement immunization program for children continually and to conduct surveillance activity periodically. Japanese encephalitis (JE) remains one of the most significant public health problems in Asia and the Western Pacific region. A JE viral infection can cause death and severe sequelae. Vaccination is the most effective method for preventing JE currently. After decades of routine vaccination, the number of JE cases declined considerably in Zhejiang Province, China. However, emergence of genotype I of JE as the most common genotype in China in recent decades has become a major public health problem. As all the currently available vaccines are derived from genotype III strains, the circulations of another genotype have caused considerable concerns about vaccine effectiveness. In this study, we found that population immunity against JE was quite low in children and adolescents. Waning of JE neutralizing antibody after JE immunization was observed. Therefore, issues about duration of protection and booster dose necessity need further research. On the bright side, evidence shows that the JE vaccine currently used is effective for both genotype I and III of wild viruses. Although clinical JE cases have reduced, the virus is still spreading in nature; therefore, we encourage children and other high-risk groups to adhere to the immunization program continuously.
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Cao L, Fu S, Gao X, Li M, Cui S, Li X, Cao Y, Lei W, Lu Z, He Y, Wang H, Yan J, Gao GF, Liang G. Low Protective Efficacy of the Current Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine against the Emerging Genotype 5 Japanese Encephalitis Virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004686. [PMID: 27139722 PMCID: PMC4854478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine derived from G3 JE virus (JEV) can induce protective immunity against G1-G4 JEV genotypes. However, protective efficacy against the emerging G5 genotype has not been reported. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using in vitro and in vivo tests, biological phenotype and cross-immunoreactions were compared between G3 JEV and G5 JEV (wild strains). The PRNT90 method was used to detect neutralizing antibodies against different genotypes of JEV in JE vaccine-immunized subjects and JE patients. In JE vaccine-immunized mice, the lethal challenge protection rates against G3 and G5 JEV wild strains were 100% and 50%, respectively. The seroconversion rates (SCRs) of virus antibodies against G3 and G5 JEV among vaccinated healthy subjects were 100% and 35%, respectively. All clinically identified JE patients showed high levels of G3 JEV neutralizing antibodies (≥1:10-1280) with positive serum geometric mean titers (GMTs) of 43.2, while for G5 JEV, neutralizing antibody conversion rates were only 64% with positive serum GMTs of 11.14. Moreover, the positive rate of JEV neutralizing antibodies against G5 JEV in pediatric patients was lower than in adults. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Low levels of neutralizing/protective antibodies induced by the current JE vaccine, based on the G3 genotype, were observed against the emerging G5 JEV genotype. Our results demonstrate the need for more detailed studies to reevaluate whether or not the apparent emergence of G5 JEV can be attributed to failure of the current vaccine to induce appropriate immune protectivity against this genotype of JEV.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Cell Line
- Cricetinae
- Cross Protection
- Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/physiology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control
- Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
- Female
- Genotype
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Immunoglobulin M/blood
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shihong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiheng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying He
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinghua Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - George Fu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (GFG); (GL)
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (GFG); (GL)
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