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Wilson LR, McElroy AK. Rift Valley Fever Virus Encephalitis: Viral and Host Determinants of Pathogenesis. Annu Rev Virol 2024; 11:309-325. [PMID: 38635867 PMCID: PMC11427164 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-093022-011544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne virus endemic to Africa and the Middle East. RVFV infection can cause encephalitis, which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Studies of RVFV encephalitis following percutaneous inoculation, as would occur following a mosquito bite, have historically been limited by a lack of consistent animal models. In this review, we describe new insights into the pathogenesis of RVFV and the opportunities provided by new mouse models. We underscore the need to consider viral strain and route of inoculation when interpreting data obtained using animal models. We discuss the trafficking of RVFV and the role of host genetics and immunity in modulating the pathogenesis of RVFV encephalitis. We also explore potential strategies to prevent and treat central nervous system disease caused by RVFV and discuss remaining knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay R Wilson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Anita K McElroy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, and Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA;
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O’Neill L, Gubbins S, Reynolds C, Limon G, Giorgakoudi K. The socioeconomic impacts of Rift Valley fever: A rapid review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012347. [PMID: 39207938 PMCID: PMC11361445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a neglected vector-borne disease which is endemic in many countries across Africa and has seen recent geographical expansions into the Arabian Peninsula. RVF can cause severe infections in both animals and humans. RVF infections in livestock can lead to mass fatalities. In humans, the symptoms are nonspecific and can often lead to misdiagnosis. However, a small proportion progresses to haemorrhagic infection with a significantly higher mortality rate. The culmination of this can cause severe socioeconomic impacts. This review aims to identify the main socioeconomic impacts caused by RVF outbreaks as well as existing knowledge gaps. Ninety-three academic and grey papers were selected, covering 19 countries and 10 methodological approaches. A variety of socioeconomic impacts were found across all levels of society: Livestock trade disruptions consequently impacted local food security, local and national economies. Most livestock farmers in endemic countries are subsistence farmers and so rely on their livestock for sustenance and income. RVF outbreaks resulted in a variety of socioeconomic impacts, e.g., the inability to pay for school fees. Main barriers to vaccine uptake in communities were lack of access, funds, interest along with other social aspects. The occupational risks for women (and pregnant women) are largely unknown. To our knowledge, this is the first review on RVF to highlight the clear knowledge gap surrounding the potential gender differences on risks of RVF exposure, as well as differences on occupational health risk in pastoral communities. Further work is required to fill the gaps identified in this review and inform control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke O’Neill
- HSRM Department, School of Health and Psychological Sciences, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christian Reynolds
- HSRM Department, School of Health and Psychological Sciences, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kyriaki Giorgakoudi
- HSRM Department, School of Health and Psychological Sciences, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Nsengimana I, Juma J, Roesel K, Gasana MN, Ndayisenga F, Muvunyi CM, Hakizimana E, Hakizimana JN, Eastwood G, Chengula AA, Bett B, Kasanga CJ, Oyola SO. Genomic Epidemiology of Rift Valley Fever Virus Involved in the 2018 and 2022 Outbreaks in Livestock in Rwanda. Viruses 2024; 16:1148. [PMID: 39066310 PMCID: PMC11281637 DOI: 10.3390/v16071148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF), a mosquito-borne transboundary zoonosis, was first confirmed in Rwanda's livestock in 2012 and since then sporadic cases have been reported almost every year. In 2018, the country experienced its first large outbreak, which was followed by a second one in 2022. To determine the circulating virus lineages and their ancestral origin, two genome sequences from the 2018 outbreak, and thirty-six, forty-one, and thirty-eight sequences of small (S), medium (M), and large (L) genome segments, respectively, from the 2022 outbreak were generated. All of the samples from the 2022 outbreak were collected from slaughterhouses. Both maximum likelihood and Bayesian-based phylogenetic analyses were performed. The findings showed that RVF viruses belonging to a single lineage, C, were circulating during the two outbreaks, and shared a recent common ancestor with RVF viruses isolated in Uganda between 2016 and 2019, and were also linked to the 2006/2007 largest East Africa RVF outbreak reported in Kenya, Tanzania, and Somalia. Alongside the wild-type viruses, genetic evidence of the RVFV Clone 13 vaccine strain was found in slaughterhouse animals, demonstrating a possible occupational risk of exposure with unknown outcome for people working in meat-related industry. These results provide additional evidence of the ongoing wide spread of RVFV lineage C in Africa and emphasize the need for an effective national and international One Health-based collaborative approach in responding to RVF emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidore Nsengimana
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3000, Tanzania
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3297, Tanzania
- Rwanda Inspectorate, Competition and Consumer Protection Authority, Kigali P.O. Box 375, Rwanda
- Department of Entomology, and Center for Emerging Zoonotic & Arthropod-Borne Pathogens (CeZAP), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - John Juma
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi P.O. Box 30709, Kenya
| | - Kristina Roesel
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi P.O. Box 30709, Kenya
| | - Methode N. Gasana
- Department of Animal Resource Research and Technology Transfer, Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board (RAB), Huye P.O. Box 5016, Rwanda
| | - Fabrice Ndayisenga
- Department of Animal Resource Research and Technology Transfer, Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board (RAB), Huye P.O. Box 5016, Rwanda
| | | | | | - Jean N. Hakizimana
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3297, Tanzania
| | - Gillian Eastwood
- Department of Entomology, and Center for Emerging Zoonotic & Arthropod-Borne Pathogens (CeZAP), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Augustino A. Chengula
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3000, Tanzania
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi P.O. Box 30709, Kenya
| | - Christopher J. Kasanga
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3000, Tanzania
| | - Samuel O. Oyola
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi P.O. Box 30709, Kenya
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Kimble JB, Noronha L, Trujillo JD, Mitzel D, Richt JA, Wilson WC. Rift Valley Fever. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2024; 40:293-304. [PMID: 38453549 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic viral disease that affects domestic and wild ruminants such as cattle, sheep, goats, camels, and buffaloes. Rift valley fever virus (RVFV), the causative agent of RVF, can also infect humans. RVFV is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) that is primarily spread through the bites of infected mosquitoes or exposure to infected blood. RVFV was first isolated and characterized in the Rift Valley of Kenya in 1931 and is endemic throughout sub-Saharan Africa, including Comoros and Madagascar, the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia and Yemen), and Mayotte.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brian Kimble
- Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, USDA, ARS, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Leela Noronha
- Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, USDA, ARS, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jessie D Trujillo
- Diganostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Dana Mitzel
- Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, USDA, ARS, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Diganostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - William C Wilson
- Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, USDA, ARS, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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Gerken KN, Owuor KO, Ndenga B, Wambua S, Winter C, Chemutai S, Omukuti R, Arabu D, Miring’u I, Wilson WC, Mutuku F, Waggoner JJ, Pinsky B, Bosire C, LaBeaud AD. Expanding Understanding of Urban Rift Valley Fever Risk and Associated Vector Ecology at Slaughterhouses in Kisumu, Kenya. Pathogens 2024; 13:488. [PMID: 38921786 PMCID: PMC11206928 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an adaptable arbovirus that can be transmitted by a wide variety of arthropods. Widespread urban transmission of RVFV has not yet occurred, but peri-urban outbreaks of RVFV have recently been documented in East Africa. We previously reported low-level exposure in urban communities and highlighted the risk of introduction via live animal influx. We deployed a slaughtered animal testing framework in response to an early warning system at two urban slaughterhouses and tested animals entering the meat value chain for anti-RVFV IgG and IgM antibodies. We simultaneously trapped mosquitoes for RVFV and bloodmeal testing. Out of 923 animals tested, an 8.5% IgG seroprevalence was identified but no evidence of recent livestock exposure was detected. Mosquito species abundance varied greatly by slaughterhouse site, which explained 52% of the variance in blood meals. We captured many Culex spp., a known RVFV amplifying vector, at one of the sites (p < 0.001), and this species had the most diverse blood meals. No mosquito pools tested positive for RVFV antigen using a rapid VecTOR test. These results expand understanding of potential RVF urban disease ecology, and highlight that slaughterhouses are key locations for future surveillance, modelling, and monitoring efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli Nicole Gerken
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (B.P.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Kevin Omondi Owuor
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu 40100, Kenya; (K.O.O.); (B.N.); (C.W.)
| | - Bryson Ndenga
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu 40100, Kenya; (K.O.O.); (B.N.); (C.W.)
| | - Sammy Wambua
- Pwani University Biosciences Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, Kilifi 80108, Kenya; (S.W.); (S.C.); (R.O.); (D.A.); (I.M.)
- Research and Conservation Support Society (RECOURSE), Kilifi 80108, Kenya
- School of Biodiversity One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Christabel Winter
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu 40100, Kenya; (K.O.O.); (B.N.); (C.W.)
| | - Salome Chemutai
- Pwani University Biosciences Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, Kilifi 80108, Kenya; (S.W.); (S.C.); (R.O.); (D.A.); (I.M.)
- Research and Conservation Support Society (RECOURSE), Kilifi 80108, Kenya
| | - Rodney Omukuti
- Pwani University Biosciences Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, Kilifi 80108, Kenya; (S.W.); (S.C.); (R.O.); (D.A.); (I.M.)
- Research and Conservation Support Society (RECOURSE), Kilifi 80108, Kenya
| | - Daniel Arabu
- Pwani University Biosciences Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, Kilifi 80108, Kenya; (S.W.); (S.C.); (R.O.); (D.A.); (I.M.)
- Research and Conservation Support Society (RECOURSE), Kilifi 80108, Kenya
| | - Irene Miring’u
- Pwani University Biosciences Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, Kilifi 80108, Kenya; (S.W.); (S.C.); (R.O.); (D.A.); (I.M.)
- Research and Conservation Support Society (RECOURSE), Kilifi 80108, Kenya
| | - William C. Wilson
- Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research, United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Manhattan, KS 66502, USA;
| | - Francis Mutuku
- Department of Environment and Health Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa 80110, Kenya;
| | - Jesse J. Waggoner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Benjamin Pinsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (B.P.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Carren Bosire
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa 80100, Kenya;
| | - Angelle Desiree LaBeaud
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (B.P.); (A.D.L.)
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Wainaina M, Lindahl JF, Mayer-Scholl A, Ufermann CM, Domelevo Entfellner JB, Roesler U, Roesel K, Grace D, Bett B, Al Dahouk S. Molecular and serological diagnosis of multiple bacterial zoonoses in febrile outpatients in Garissa County, north-eastern Kenya. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12263. [PMID: 38806576 PMCID: PMC11133362 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62714-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial zoonoses are diseases caused by bacterial pathogens that can be naturally transmitted between humans and vertebrate animals. They are important causes of non-malarial fevers in Kenya, yet their epidemiology remains unclear. We investigated brucellosis, Q-fever and leptospirosis in the venous blood of 216 malaria-negative febrile patients recruited in two health centres (98 from Ijara and 118 from Sangailu health centres) in Garissa County in north-eastern Kenya. We determined exposure to the three zoonoses using serological (Rose Bengal test for Brucella spp., ELISA for C. burnetti and microscopic agglutination test for Leptospira spp.) and real-time PCR testing and identified risk factors for exposure. We also used non-targeted metagenomic sequencing on nine selected patients to assess the presence of other possible bacterial causes of non-malarial fevers. Considerable PCR positivity was found for Brucella (19.4%, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 14.2-25.5) and Leptospira spp. (1.7%, 95% CI 0.4-4.9), and high endpoint titres were observed against leptospiral serovar Grippotyphosa from the serological testing. Patients aged 5-17 years old had 4.02 (95% CI 1.18-13.70, p-value = 0.03) and 2.42 (95% CI 1.09-5.34, p-value = 0.03) times higher odds of infection with Brucella spp. and Coxiella burnetii than those of ages 35-80. Additionally, patients who sourced water from dams/springs, and other sources (protected wells, boreholes, bottled water, and water pans) had 2.39 (95% CI 1.22-4.68, p-value = 0.01) and 2.24 (1.15-4.35, p-value = 0.02) times higher odds of exposure to C. burnetii than those who used unprotected wells. Streptococcus and Moraxella spp. were determined using metagenomic sequencing. Brucellosis, leptospirosis, Streptococcus and Moraxella infections are potentially important causes of non-malarial fevers in Garissa. This knowledge can guide routine diagnosis, thus helping lower the disease burden and ensure better health outcomes, especially in younger populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wainaina
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 12277, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Johanna F Lindahl
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anne Mayer-Scholl
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 12277, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph-Martin Ufermann
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 12277, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Uwe Roesler
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Roesel
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Delia Grace
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
- Food and Markets Department, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, London, ME130NQ, UK
| | - Bernard Bett
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Sascha Al Dahouk
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 12277, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department 1 - Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
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Becquart P, Bohou Kombila L, Mebaley TN, Paupy C, Garcia D, Nesi N, Olive MM, Vanhomwegen J, Boundenga L, Mombo IM, Piro-Mégy C, Fritz M, Lenguiya LH, Ar Gouilh M, Leroy EM, N’Dilimabaka N, Cêtre-Sossah C, Maganga GD. Evidence for circulation of Rift Valley fever virus in wildlife and domestic animals in a forest environment in Gabon, Central Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011756. [PMID: 38427694 PMCID: PMC10936825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne viral zoonosis caused by the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) that can infect domestic and wild animals. Although the RVFV transmission cycle has been well documented across Africa in savanna ecosystems, little is known about its transmission in tropical rainforest settings, particularly in Central Africa. We therefore conducted a survey in northeastern Gabon to assess RVFV circulation among wild and domestic animals. Among 163 wildlife samples tested using RVFV-specific RT-qPCR, four ruminants belonging to subfamily Cephalophinae were detected positive. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the four RVFV sequences clustered together with a virus isolated in Namibia within the well-structured Egyptian clade. A cross-sectional survey conducted on sheep, goats and dogs living in villages within the same area determined the IgG RVFV-specific antibody prevalence using cELISA. Out of the 306 small ruminants tested (214 goats, 92 sheep), an overall antibody prevalence of 15.4% (95% CI [11.5-19.9]) was observed with a higher rate in goats than in sheep (20.1% versus 3.3%). RVFV-specific antibodies were detected in a single dog out of the 26 tested. Neither age, sex of domestic animals nor season was found to be significant risk factors of RVFV occurrence. Our findings highlight sylvatic circulation of RVFV for the first time in Gabon. These results stress the need to develop adequate surveillance plan measures to better control the public health threat of RVFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Becquart
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier University, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Linda Bohou Kombila
- Unité Emergence des Maladies Virales, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Telstar Ndong Mebaley
- Unité Emergence des Maladies Virales, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Christophe Paupy
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier University, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Déborah Garcia
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier University, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Nesi
- INSERM Dynamicure UMR 1311, CHU Caen, department of virology, University of Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Marie-Marie Olive
- ASTRE (Animaux, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes), University of Montpellier, CIRAD (Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement), INRAE (Institut national de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement), Montpellier, France
| | - Jessica Vanhomwegen
- Cellule d’Intervention Biologique d’Urgence (CIBU), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Unité Emergence des Maladies Virales, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Department of Anthropology, University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Illich Manfred Mombo
- Unité Emergence des Maladies Virales, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Camille Piro-Mégy
- ASTRE (Animaux, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes), University of Montpellier, CIRAD (Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement), INRAE (Institut national de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement), Montpellier, France
| | - Matthieu Fritz
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier University, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Meriadeg Ar Gouilh
- INSERM Dynamicure UMR 1311, CHU Caen, department of virology, University of Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Eric M. Leroy
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier University, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Nadine N’Dilimabaka
- Unité Emergence des Maladies Virales, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- ASTRE (Animaux, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes), University of Montpellier, CIRAD (Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement), INRAE (Institut national de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement), Montpellier, France
| | - Gael Darren Maganga
- Unité Emergence des Maladies Virales, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Institut National Supérieur d’Agronomie et de Biotechnologies (INSAB), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
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Ebogo-Belobo JT, Sadeuh-Mba SA, Chavely GM, Groschup MH, Mbacham WF, Njouom R. First detection of Rift Valley fever virus antibodies in non-human primates in Cameroon. J Med Primatol 2024; 53:e12687. [PMID: 38083993 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
We tested for Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) from at least 15 species of non-human primates. RVFV IgG/IgM antibodies were detected in 3.7% (2 out of 53) of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and in 1.4% (1 out of 72) of unidentified non-human primate species. This study was the first investigation of RVFV in monkeys in Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Thierry Ebogo-Belobo
- Department of Virology, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Research on Health and Priority Pathologies, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Martin H Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Wilfred Fon Mbacham
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Richard Njouom
- Department of Virology, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Smith CB, Hodges NF, Kading RC, Campbell CL. Dishevelled Has Anti-Viral Activity in Rift Valley Fever Virus Infected Aedes aegypti. Viruses 2023; 15:2140. [PMID: 38005818 PMCID: PMC10675198 DOI: 10.3390/v15112140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes in the genera Aedes and Culex are vectors of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), which emerges in periodic epidemics in Africa and Saudi Arabia. Factors that influence the transmission dynamics of RVFV are not well characterized. To address this, we interrogated mosquito host-signaling responses through analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in two mosquito species with marked differences in RVFV vector competence: Aedes aegypti (Aae, low competence) and Culex tarsalis (Cxt, high competence). Mosquito-host transcripts related to three different signaling pathways were investigated. Selected genes from the Wingless (Wg, WNT-beta-catenin) pathway, which is a conserved regulator of cell proliferation and differentiation, were assessed. One of these, dishevelled (DSH), differentially regulates progression/inhibition of the WNT and JNK (c-Jun N-terminal Kinase) pathways. A negative regulator of the JNK-signaling pathway, puckered, was also assessed. Lastly, Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) are important for innate immunity; in this context, we tested domeless levels. Here, individual Aae and Cxt were exposed to RVFV MP-12 via oral bloodmeals and held for 14 days. Robust decreases in DEGs in both Aae and Cxt were observed. In particular, Aae DSH expression, but not Cxt DSH, was correlated to the presence/absence of viral RNA at 14 days post-challenge (dpc). Moreover, there was an inverse relationship between the viral copy number and aaeDSH expression. DSH silencing resulted in increased viral copy numbers compared to controls at 3 dpc, consistent with a role for aaeDSH in antiviral immunity. Analysis of cis-regulatory regions for the genes of interest revealed clues to upstream regulation of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Corey L. Campbell
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (C.B.S.); (R.C.K.)
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10
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Marzok M, Alkashif K, Kandeel M, Salem M, Sayed-Ahmed MZ, Selim A. Seroprevalence of Rift Valley Fever virus in one-humped camels (Camelus dromedaries) in Egypt. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:345. [PMID: 37789189 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03765-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne viral disease that affects a variety of domestic animals, including cattle, sheep, goats, and camels, and has zoonotic potential. Although the rift valley fever virus (RVFV) is usually asymptomatic in camels, it can induce abortion in some pregnant animals. In the current study, a serosurvey was carried out to investigate the prevalence of RVFV antibodies and related risk factors in camels from four Egyptian governorates. A total of 400 serum samples were examined for anti-RVFV antibodies using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). The results revealed that the overall prevalence of RVF among examined camels was 21.5% and the disease was more prevalent in Kafr ElSheikh governorate in Nile Delta of Egypt. In addition, the age group of camels with more than 5 years (OR=4.49, 95%CI: 1.39-14.49), the female sex (OR=3.38, 95%CI: 1.51-7.58), the emaciated animals (OR=1.52, 95%CI: 0.86-2.66), the summer season's infection (OR=5.98, 95%CI: 1.79-19.93), the presence of mosquitoes (OR= 2.88, 95%CI: 1.39-5.95), and the absence of mosquitoes control (OR=3.97, 95%CI: 2.09-7.57) were identified as risk factors for RVFV infection. The results of this study support knowledge on the risk factors for RVFV infection and demonstrate that camels raising in Egypt have RVFV antibodies. Quarantine measures or vaccination program should be implemented to reduce the likelihood of RVFV introduction, dissemination among susceptible animals, and ultimately transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Marzok
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt.
| | - Khalid Alkashif
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 82722, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr elsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Salem
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 12613, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Z Sayed-Ahmed
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, 13736, Egypt
| | - Abdelfattah Selim
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, 13736, Egypt.
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11
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Muturi M, Mwatondo A, Nijhof AM, Akoko J, Nyamota R, Makori A, Nyamai M, Nthiwa D, Wambua L, Roesel K, Thumbi SM, Bett B. Ecological and subject-level drivers of interepidemic Rift Valley fever virus exposure in humans and livestock in Northern Kenya. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15342. [PMID: 37714941 PMCID: PMC10504342 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42596-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly a century after the first reports of Rift Valley fever (RVF) were documented in Kenya, questions on the transmission dynamics of the disease remain. Specifically, data on viral maintenance in the quiescent years between epidemics is limited. We implemented a cross-sectional study in northern Kenya to determine the seroprevalence, risk factors, and ecological predictors of RVF in humans and livestock during an interepidemic period. Six hundred seventy-six human and 1,864 livestock samples were screened for anti-RVF Immunoglobulin G (IgG). Out of the 1,864 livestock samples tested for IgG, a subset of 1,103 samples was randomly selected for additional testing to detect the presence of anti-RVFV Immunoglobulin M (IgM). The anti-RVF virus (RVFV) IgG seropositivity in livestock and humans was 21.7% and 28.4%, respectively. RVFV IgM was detected in 0.4% of the livestock samples. Participation in the slaughter of livestock and age were positively associated with RVFV exposure in humans, while age was a significant factor in livestock. We detected significant interaction between rainfall and elevation's influence on livestock seropositivity, while in humans, elevation was negatively associated with RVF virus exposure. The linear increase of human and livestock exposure with age suggests an endemic transmission cycle, further corroborated by the detection of IgM antibodies in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Muturi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Dahlem Research School of Biomedical Sciences (DRS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Kenya Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Center for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis-University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Athman Mwatondo
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Kenya Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ard M Nijhof
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Univesität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - James Akoko
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Anita Makori
- Center for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis-University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Mutono Nyamai
- Center for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis-University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Daniel Nthiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | - Lilian Wambua
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - S M Thumbi
- Center for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis-University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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12
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Ebogo‐Belobo JT, Kenmoe S, Abanda NN, Bowo‐Ngandji A, Mbaga DS, Magoudjou‐Pekam JN, Kame‐Ngasse GI, Tchatchouang S, Menkem EZ, Okobalemba EA, Noura EA, Meta‐Djomsi D, Maïdadi‐Foudi M, Kenfack‐Zanguim J, Kenfack‐Momo R, Kengne‐Nde C, Esemu SN, Mbacham WF, Sadeuh‐Mba SA, Ndip L, Njouom R. Contemporary epidemiological data of Rift Valley fever virus in humans, mosquitoes and other animal species in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2309-2328. [PMID: 37548116 PMCID: PMC10508527 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a severe zoonotic mosquito-borne disease that represents an important threat to human and animal health, with major public health and socioeconomic impacts. This disease is endemic throughout many African countries and the Arabian Peninsula. This systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted to determine the RVF prevalence in humans, mosquitoes and other animal species in Africa. The review also provides contemporary data on RVF case fatality rate (CFR) in humans. In this systematic review with meta-analysis, a comprehensive literature search was conducted on the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Global Index Medicus databases from January 2000 to June 2022 to identify relevant studies. Pooled CFR and prevalence estimates were calculated using the random-effects model. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were performed, and the I2 -statistic was used to investigate a potential source of heterogeneity. A total of 205 articles were included in the final analysis. The overall RVF CFR in humans was found to be 27.5% [95% CI = 8.0-52.5]. The overall pooled prevalence was 7.8% [95% CI = 6.2-9.6] in humans and 9.3% [95% CI = 8.1-10.6] in animals, respectively. The RVF prevalence in individual mosquitoes ranged from 0.0% to 25%. Subgroup analysis showed substantial heterogeneity with respect to geographical regions and human categories. The study shows that there is a correspondingly similar prevalence of RVF in human and animals; however, human CFR is much higher than the observed prevalence. The lack of a surveillance programme and the fact that this virus has subclinical circulation in animals and humans could explain these observations. The implementation of a One Health approach for RVF surveillance and control would be of great interest for human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Thierry Ebogo‐Belobo
- Centre for Research on Health and Priority PathologiesInstitute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants StudiesYaoundeCameroon
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of SciencesThe University of Yaounde IYaoundéCameroon
| | - Sebastien Kenmoe
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyUniversity of BueaBueaCameroon
| | - Ngu Njei Abanda
- Virology DepartmentCentre Pasteur of CameroonYaoundéCameroon
| | - Arnol Bowo‐Ngandji
- Department of MicrobiologyFaculty of SciencesThe University of Yaounde IYaoundéCameroon
| | - Donatien Serge Mbaga
- Department of MicrobiologyFaculty of SciencesThe University of Yaounde IYaoundéCameroon
| | | | - Ginette Irma Kame‐Ngasse
- Centre for Research on Health and Priority PathologiesInstitute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants StudiesYaoundeCameroon
| | | | | | | | - Efietngab Atembeh Noura
- Centre for Research on Health and Priority PathologiesInstitute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants StudiesYaoundeCameroon
| | - Dowbiss Meta‐Djomsi
- Research Centre on Emerging and Re‐Emerging DiseasesInstitute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants StudiesYaoundeCameroon
| | - Martin Maïdadi‐Foudi
- Research Centre on Emerging and Re‐Emerging DiseasesInstitute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants StudiesYaoundeCameroon
| | | | - Raoul Kenfack‐Momo
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of SciencesThe University of Yaounde IYaoundéCameroon
| | - Cyprien Kengne‐Nde
- Epidemiological Surveillance, Evaluation and Research UnitNational AIDS Control CommitteeYaoundéCameroon
| | | | - Wilfred Fon Mbacham
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of SciencesThe University of Yaounde IYaoundéCameroon
| | - Serge Alain Sadeuh‐Mba
- Virology DepartmentCentre Pasteur of CameroonYaoundéCameroon
- Maryland Department of AgricultureSalisbury Animal Health LaboratorySalisburyMarylandUSA
| | - Lucy Ndip
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyUniversity of BueaBueaCameroon
| | - Richard Njouom
- Virology DepartmentCentre Pasteur of CameroonYaoundéCameroon
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13
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Bermúdez-Méndez E, Angelino P, van Keulen L, van de Water S, Rockx B, Pijlman GP, Ciuffi A, Kortekaas J, Wichgers Schreur PJ. Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals Intense Host-Pathogen Dispute Compromising Homeostasis during Acute Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection. J Virol 2023; 97:e0041523. [PMID: 37306574 PMCID: PMC10308945 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00415-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) (family Phenuiviridae) can cause severe disease, and outbreaks of this mosquito-borne pathogen pose a significant threat to public and animal health. Yet many molecular aspects of RVFV pathogenesis remain incompletely understood. Natural RVFV infections are acute, characterized by a rapid onset of peak viremia during the first days post-infection, followed by a rapid decline. Although in vitro studies identified a major role of interferon (IFN) responses in counteracting the infection, a comprehensive overview of the specific host factors that play a role in RVFV pathogenesis in vivo is still lacking. Here, the host in vivo transcriptional profiles in the liver and spleen tissues of lambs exposed to RVFV are studied using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology. We validate that IFN-mediated pathways are robustly activated in response to infection. We also link the observed hepatocellular necrosis with severely compromised organ function, which is reflected as a marked downregulation of multiple metabolic enzymes essential for homeostasis. Furthermore, we associate the elevated basal expression of LRP1 in the liver with RVFV tissue tropism. Collectively, the results of this study deepen the knowledge of the in vivo host response during RVFV infection and reveal new insights into the gene regulation networks underlying pathogenesis in a natural host. IMPORTANCE Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-transmitted pathogen capable of causing severe disease in animals and humans. Outbreaks of RVFV pose a significant threat to public health and can result in substantial economic losses. Little is known about the molecular basis of RVFV pathogenesis in vivo, particularly in its natural hosts. We employed RNA-seq technology to investigate genome-wide host responses in the liver and spleen of lambs during acute RVFV infection. We show that RVFV infection drastically decreases the expression of metabolic enzymes, which impairs normal liver function. Moreover, we highlight that basal expression levels of the host factor LRP1 may be a determinant of RVFV tissue tropism. This study links the typical pathological phenotype induced by RVFV infection with tissue-specific gene expression profiles, thereby improving our understanding of RVFV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Bermúdez-Méndez
- Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Angelino
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucien van Keulen
- Department of Bacteriology, Host-Pathogen Interaction and Diagnostics Development, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra van de Water
- Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Barry Rockx
- Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Gorben P. Pijlman
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Ciuffi
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen Kortekaas
- Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J. Wichgers Schreur
- Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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14
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Telford C, Nyakarahuka L, Waller L, Kitron U, Shoemaker T. Geostatistical Modeling and Prediction of Rift Valley Fever Seroprevalence among Livestock in Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:712-721. [PMID: 36878208 PMCID: PMC10076992 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Uganda reported cases of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) for the first time in almost 50 years in 2016, following an outbreak of Rift Valley fever (RVF) that caused four human infections, two of which resulted in death. Subsequent outbreak investigation serosurveys found high seroprevalence of IgG antibodies without evidence of acute infection or IgM antibodies, suggesting the possibility of undetected RVFV circulation prior to the outbreak. After the 2016 outbreak investigation, a serosurvey was conducted in 2017 among domesticated livestock herds across Uganda. Sampling data were incorporated into a geostatistical model to estimate RVF seroprevalence among cattle, sheep, and goats. Variables resulting in the best fit to RVF seroprevalence sampling data included annual variability in monthly precipitation and enhanced vegetation index, topographic wetness index, log human population density percent increase, and livestock species. Individual species RVF seroprevalence prediction maps were created for cattle, sheep, and goats, and a composite livestock prediction was created based on the estimated density of each species across the country. Seroprevalence was greater in cattle compared with sheep and goats. Predicted seroprevalence was greatest in the central and northwestern quadrant of the country, surrounding Lake Victoria, and along the Southern Cattle Corridor. We identified areas that experienced conditions conducive to potential increased RVFV circulation in 2021 in central Uganda. An improved understanding of the determinants of RVFV circulation and locations with high probability of elevated RVF seroprevalence can guide prioritization of disease surveillance and risk mitigation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson Telford
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Luke Nyakarahuka
- Uganda Virus Research Institute
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lance Waller
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Uriel Kitron
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Trevor Shoemaker
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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15
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Bergmann S, Bohn MC, Dornbusch S, Becker SC, Stern M. Influence of RVFV Infection on Olfactory Perception and Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040558. [PMID: 37111444 PMCID: PMC10142484 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In blood-feeding dipterans, olfaction plays a role in finding hosts and, hence, in spreading pathogens. Several pathogens are known to alter olfactory responses and behavior in vectors. As a mosquito-borne pathogen, Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) can affect humans and cause great losses in livestock. We test the influence of RVFV infection on sensory perception, olfactory choice behavior and activity on a non-biting insect, Drosophila melanogaster, using electroantennograms (EAG), Y-maze, and locomotor activity monitor. Flies were injected with RVFV MP12 strain. Replication of RVFV and its persistence for at least seven days was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR). One day post injection, infected flies showed weaker EAG responses towards 1-hexanol, vinegar, and ethyl acetate. In the Y-maze, infected flies showed a significantly lower response for 1-hexanol compared to uninfected flies. At days six or seven post infection, no significant difference between infected and control flies could be found in EAG or Y-maze anymore. Activity of infected flies was reduced at both time points. We found an upregulation of the immune-response gene, nitric oxide synthase, in infected flies. An infection with RVFV is able to transiently reduce olfactory perception and attraction towards food-related odors in Drosophila, while effects on activity and immune effector gene expression persist. A similar effect in blood-feeding insects could affect vector competence in RVFV transmitting dipterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Bergmann
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maja C. Bohn
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Susann Dornbusch
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie C. Becker
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Stern
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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16
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Zahouli JZB, Dibo JD, Diakaridia F, Yao LVA, Souza SD, Horstmann S, Koudou BG. Semi-field evaluation of the space spray efficacy of Fludora Co-Max EW against wild insecticide-resistant Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito populations from Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:47. [PMID: 36732832 PMCID: PMC9893543 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05572-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Space spraying of insecticides is still an important means of controlling Aedes and Culex mosquitoes and arboviral diseases. This study evaluated the space spray efficacy of Fludora Co-Max EW, (water-based insecticide space spray combining flupyradifurone and transfluthrin with film forming aqueous spray technology (FFAST)), against wild insecticide-resistant Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes from Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, compared with K-Othrine EC (deltamethrin-only product), in small-scale field trials. METHODS Wild Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquito larvae were collected in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire from August to December 2020. Mosquito larvae were reared in the laboratory until the adult stage. Fludora Co-Max EW and K-Othrine EC were tested against emerged adult females (F0 generation) using ultra-low volume cold fogging (ULV) and thermal fogging (TF) delivery technology, both outdoors and indoors in Agboville, Côte d'Ivoire. Specifically, cages containing 20 mosquitoes each were placed at distances of 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 m from the spraying line for outdoor spraying, and at ceiling, mid-height and floor levels for indoor house spraying. Knockdown and mortality were recorded at each checkpoint and compared by treatments. RESULTS Overall, Fludora Co-Max EW induced significantly higher knockdown and mortality effects in the wild insecticide-resistant Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus compared with K-Othrine EC. In both species, mortality rates with Fludora Co-Max EW were > 80% (up to 100%) with the ULV spray outdoors at each distance checkpoint (i.e. 10-100 m), and 100% with the ULV and TF sprays indoors at all checkpoints (i.e. ceiling, mid-height and floor). K-Othrine EC induced high mortality indoors (97.9-100%), whereas mortality outdoors rapidly declined in Ae. aegypti from 96.7% (10 m) to 36.7% (100 m) with the ULV spray, and from 85.0% (10 m) to 38.3% (100 m) with the TF spray. Fludora Co-Max EW spray applied as ULV spray outdoors had higher knockdown and higher killing effects on Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus than when applied as TF spray. Fludora Co-Max EW performed better against Cx. quinquefasciatus than against Ae. aegypti. CONCLUSIONS Fludora Co-Max EW induced high mortality and knockdown effects against wild insecticide-resistant Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus Abidjan strains and performed better than K-Othrine EC. The presence of flupyradifurone and transfluthrin (with new and independent modes of action) and FFAST technology in the current Fludora Co-Max EW formulation appears to have broadened its killing capacity. Fludora Co-Max EW is thus an effective adulticide and may be a useful tool for Aedes and Culex mosquito and arbovirus control in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Z. B. Zahouli
- grid.462846.a0000 0001 0697 1172Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire ,grid.449926.40000 0001 0118 0881Centre d’Entomologie Médicale et Vétérinaire, Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Jean-Denis Dibo
- grid.462846.a0000 0001 0697 1172Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire ,grid.452889.a0000 0004 0450 4820Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences de la Nature, Université Nangui-Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Fofana Diakaridia
- grid.512166.70000 0004 0382 3934Institut National d’Hygiène Publique, Ministère de la Santé et de l’Hygiène Publique, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Laurence V. A. Yao
- grid.462846.a0000 0001 0697 1172Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Sarah D. Souza
- Envu, 2022 Environmental Science FR S.A.S., France, Lyon, France
| | | | - Benjamin G. Koudou
- grid.462846.a0000 0001 0697 1172Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire ,grid.452889.a0000 0004 0450 4820Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences de la Nature, Université Nangui-Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
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Marsot M, Bernard C, Payne A, Rossi S, Ruette S, Desvaux S, Richomme C, Bouchez-Zacria M, Durand B. "BACACIX", a spatial index combining proxies of bovine and badger space use associated with extended Mycobacterium bovis circulation in France. Prev Vet Med 2023; 211:105817. [PMID: 36543069 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To better prevent and control multi-host pathogen circulation over large areas, it is essential to identify patterns of disease persistence within host communities involved in pathogen circulation at a macroscale. The aim of this study was to design and calculate "BACACIX", a spatial index of indirect contacts between cattle and badgers, two species involved in the circulation of Mycobacterium bovis, one of the main causative agents of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), in some areas of France. The index combined spatial models of land use distribution (the probable distribution defining animal use of space) based on pasture location for cattle, and based on land cover for badgers, with proxies for animal density for both species. For badgers, we used two series of census data of badger setts in two regions of France to evaluate our model of badger space use distribution (also known as utilization distribution), and analyzed the relationship between BACACIX and the upsurge of bovine tuberculosis observed in several regions of France during the decade after the country obtained the officially bTB-free status in 2001. We observed high values of BACACIX from the southwest to the northeast of France and from Brittany to the Channel coast. Conversely, in two areas (north-central area and Mediterranean coast), index values were low, suggesting that indirect cattle-badger contacts were unlikely. In the two series of census data of badger setts that we analyzed, 96.5% and 87% of the global positioning system (GPS) locations of badger setts, respectively were located in the calculated badger space use distribution. A logistic regression model showed that after controlling bTB over the previous decade, the value of the index was positively associated with the risk of cattle outbreaks between 2001 and 2010 (OR = 1.57). In addition, the risk of bTB occurrence in cattle decreased when the pasture area outside the badger space use distribution increased. In the future, the spatial index of indirect cattle-badger contacts we propose could help to better target bTB surveillance and control in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Marsot
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Célia Bernard
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Ariane Payne
- French Office for Biodiversity, Research and Scientific Support Division, Vincennes, France
| | - Sophie Rossi
- French Office for Biodiversity, Research and Scientific Support Division, Vincennes, France
| | - Sandrine Ruette
- French Office for Biodiversity, Research and Scientific Support Division, Vincennes, France
| | - Stéphanie Desvaux
- French Office for Biodiversity, Research and Scientific Support Division, Vincennes, France
| | - Céline Richomme
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Malzéville, France
| | - Malika Bouchez-Zacria
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France; Independent researcher, Audincthun, France
| | - Benoit Durand
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Mechanistic models of Rift Valley fever virus transmission: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010339. [PMID: 36399500 PMCID: PMC9718419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic arbovirosis which has been reported across Africa including the northernmost edge, South West Indian Ocean islands, and the Arabian Peninsula. The virus is responsible for high abortion rates and mortality in young ruminants, with economic impacts in affected countries. To date, RVF epidemiological mechanisms are not fully understood, due to the multiplicity of implicated vertebrate hosts, vectors, and ecosystems. In this context, mathematical models are useful tools to develop our understanding of complex systems, and mechanistic models are particularly suited to data-scarce settings. Here, we performed a systematic review of mechanistic models studying RVF, to explore their diversity and their contribution to the understanding of this disease epidemiology. Researching Pubmed and Scopus databases (October 2021), we eventually selected 48 papers, presenting overall 49 different models with numerical application to RVF. We categorized models as theoretical, applied, or grey, depending on whether they represented a specific geographical context or not, and whether they relied on an extensive use of data. We discussed their contributions to the understanding of RVF epidemiology, and highlighted that theoretical and applied models are used differently yet meet common objectives. Through the examination of model features, we identified research questions left unexplored across scales, such as the role of animal mobility, as well as the relative contributions of host and vector species to transmission. Importantly, we noted a substantial lack of justification when choosing a functional form for the force of infection. Overall, we showed a great diversity in RVF models, leading to important progress in our comprehension of epidemiological mechanisms. To go further, data gaps must be filled, and modelers need to improve their code accessibility.
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de Glanville WA, Nyarobi JM, Kibona T, Halliday JEB, Thomas KM, Allan KJ, Johnson PCD, Davis A, Lankester F, Claxton JR, Rostal MK, Carter RW, de Jong RMF, Rubach MP, Crump JA, Mmbaga BT, Nyasebwa OM, Swai ES, Willett B, Cleaveland S. Inter-epidemic Rift Valley fever virus infection incidence and risks for zoonotic spillover in northern Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010871. [PMID: 36306281 PMCID: PMC9665400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that has caused epidemics involving people and animals across Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. A number of studies have found evidence for the circulation of RVFV among livestock between these epidemics but the population-level incidence of infection during this inter-epidemic period (IEP) is rarely reported. General force of infection (FOI) models were applied to age-adjusted cross-sectional serological data to reconstruct the annual FOI and population-level incidence of RVFV infection among cattle, goats, and sheep in northern Tanzania from 2009 through 2015, a period without reported Rift Valley fever (RVF) cases in people or animals. To evaluate the potential for zoonotic RVFV spillover during this period, the relationship between village-level livestock RVFV FOI and human RVFV seropositivity was quantified using multi-level logistic regression. The predicted average annual incidence was 72 (95% Credible Interval [CrI] 63, 81) RVFV infections per 10,000 animals and 96 (95% CrI 81, 113), 79 (95% CrI 62, 98), and 39 (95% CrI 28, 52) per 10,000 cattle, sheep, and goats, respectively. There was variation in transmission intensity between study villages, with the highest estimated village-level FOI 2.49% (95% CrI 1.89, 3.23) and the lowest 0.12% (95% CrI 0.02, 0.43). The human RVFV seroprevalence was 8.2% (95% Confidence Interval 6.2, 10.9). Human seropositivity was strongly associated with the village-level FOI in livestock, with the odds of seropositivity in an individual person increasing by around 1.2 times (95% CrI 1.1, 1.3) for each additional annual RVFV seroconversion per 1,000 animals. A history of raw milk consumption was also positively associated with human seropositivity. RVFV has circulated at apparently low levels among livestock in northern Tanzania in the period since the last reported epidemic. Although our data do not allow us to confirm human RVFV infections during the IEP, a strong association between human seropositivity and the FOI in cattle, goats, and sheep supports the hypothesis that RVFV circulation among livestock during the IEP poses a risk for undetected zoonotic spillover in northern Tanzania. We provide further evidence for the likely role of raw milk consumption in RVFV transmission from animals to people.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A. de Glanville
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- University of Global Health Equity, Kigali, Rwanda
- * E-mail: (WAdG); (SC)
| | - James M. Nyarobi
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Tito Kibona
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Jo E. B. Halliday
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kate M. Thomas
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Kathryn J. Allan
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul C. D. Johnson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Davis
- School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Lankester
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Global Animal Health Tanzania, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - John R. Claxton
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Melinda K. Rostal
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ryan W. Carter
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rosanne M. F. de Jong
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew P. Rubach
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - John A. Crump
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Blandina T. Mmbaga
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, United Republic of Tanzania
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Obed M. Nyasebwa
- Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Dodoma, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Emanuel S. Swai
- Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Dodoma, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Brian Willett
- MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (WAdG); (SC)
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Campbell CL, Snell TK, Bennett S, Wyckoff JH, Heaslip D, Flatt J, Harris EK, Hartman DA, Lian E, Bird BH, Stenglein MD, Bowen RA, Kading RC. Safety study of Rift Valley Fever human vaccine candidate (DDVax) in mosquitoes. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:2621-2633. [PMID: 34890118 PMCID: PMC9788258 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen with significant human and veterinary health consequences that periodically emerges in epizootics. RVFV causes fetal loss and death in ruminants and in humans can lead to liver and renal disease, delayed-onset encephalitis, retinitis, and in some cases severe haemorrhagic fever. A live attenuated vaccine candidate (DDVax), was developed by the deletion of the virulence factors NSs and NSm from a clinical isolate, ZH501, and has proven safe and immunogenic in rodents, pregnant sheep and non-human primates. Deletion of NSm also severely restricted mosquito midgut infection and inhibited vector-borne transmission. To demonstrate environmental safety, this study investigated the replication, dissemination and transmission efficiency of DDVax in mosquitoes following oral exposure compared to RVFV strains MP-12 and ZH501. Infection and dissemination profiles were also measured in mosquitoes 7 days after they fed on goats inoculated with DDvax or MP-12. We hypothesized that DDVax would infect mosquitoes at significantly lower rates than other RVFV strains and, due to lack of NSm, be transmission incompetent. Exposure of Ae. aegypti and Cx. tarsalis to 8 log10 plaque forming units (PFU)/ml DDVax by artificial bloodmeal resulted in significantly reduced DDVax infection rates in mosquito bodies compared to controls. Plaque assays indicated negligible transmission of infectious DDVax in Cx. tarsalis saliva (1/140 sampled) and none in Ae. aegypti saliva (0/120). Serum from goats inoculated with DDVax or MP-12 did not harbour detectable infectious virus by plaque assay at 1, 2 or 3 days post-inoculation. Infectious virus was, however, recovered from Aedes and Culex bodies that fed on goats vaccinated with MP-12 (13.8% and 4.6%, respectively), but strikingly, DDvax-positive mosquito bodies were greatly reduced (4%, and 0%, respectively). Furthermore, DDVax did not disseminate to legs/wings in any of the goat-fed mosquitoes. Collectively, these results are consistent with a beneficial environmental safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey L. Campbell
- Department of MicrobiologyImmunology, and PathologyCenter for Vector‐Borne Infectious DiseasesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado
| | - Trey K. Snell
- Department of MicrobiologyImmunology, and PathologyCenter for Vector‐Borne Infectious DiseasesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado
| | - Susi Bennett
- Department of MicrobiologyImmunology, and PathologyCenter for Vector‐Borne Infectious DiseasesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado
| | - John H. Wyckoff
- BioMARC, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado
| | - Darragh Heaslip
- BioMARC, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado
| | - Jordan Flatt
- BioMARC, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado
| | - Emma K. Harris
- Department of MicrobiologyImmunology, and PathologyCenter for Vector‐Borne Infectious DiseasesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado
| | - Daniel A. Hartman
- Department of MicrobiologyImmunology, and PathologyCenter for Vector‐Borne Infectious DiseasesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado
| | - Elena Lian
- Department of MicrobiologyImmunology, and PathologyCenter for Vector‐Borne Infectious DiseasesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado
| | - Brian H. Bird
- School of Veterinary MedicineOne Health InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia
| | - Mark D. Stenglein
- Department of MicrobiologyImmunology, and PathologyCenter for Vector‐Borne Infectious DiseasesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado
| | - Richard A. Bowen
- Department of MicrobiologyImmunology, and PathologyCenter for Vector‐Borne Infectious DiseasesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado
| | - Rebekah C. Kading
- Department of MicrobiologyImmunology, and PathologyCenter for Vector‐Borne Infectious DiseasesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado
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21
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Evidence of co-exposure with Brucella spp, Coxiella burnetii, and Rift Valley fever virus among various species of wildlife in Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010596. [PMID: 35939503 PMCID: PMC9359551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Co-infection, especially with pathogens of dissimilar genetic makeup, may result in a more devastating impact on the host. Investigations on co-infection with neglected zoonotic pathogens in wildlife are necessary to inform appropriate prevention and control strategies to reduce disease burden in wildlife and the potential transmission of these pathogens between wildlife, livestock and humans. This study assessed co-exposure of various Kenyan wildflife species with Brucella spp, Coxiella burnetii and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). Methodology A total of 363 sera from 16 different wildlife species, most of them (92.6%) herbivores, were analysed by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for IgG antibodies against Brucella spp, C. burnetii and RVFV. Further, 280 of these were tested by PCR to identify Brucella species. Results Of the 16 wildlife species tested, 15 (93.8%) were seropositive for at least one of the pathogens. Mean seropositivities were 18.9% (95% CI: 15.0–23.3) for RVFV, 13.7% (95% CI: 10.3–17.7) for Brucella spp and 9.1% (95% CI: 6.3–12.5) for C. burnetii. Buffaloes (n = 269) had higher seropositivity for Brucella spp. (17.1%, 95% CI: 13.0–21.7%) and RVFV (23.4%, 95% CI: 18.6–28.6%), while giraffes (n = 36) had the highest seropositivity for C. burnetii (44.4%, 95% CI: 27.9–61.9%). Importantly, 23 of the 93 (24.7%) animals positive for at least one pathogen were co-exposed, with 25.4% (18/71) of the positive buffaloes positive for brucellosis and RVFV. On molecular analysis, Brucella DNA was detected in 46 (19.5%, CI: 14.9–24.7) samples, with 4 (8.6%, 95% CI: 2.2–15.8) being identified as B. melitensis. The Fisher’s Exact test indicated that seropositivity varied significantly within the different animal families, with Brucella (p = 0.013), C. burnetii (p = <0.001) and RVFV (p = 0.007). Location was also significantly associated (p = <0.001) with Brucella spp. and C. burnetii seropositivities. Conclusion Of ~20% of Kenyan wildlife that are seropositive for Brucella spp, C. burnetii and RVFV, almost 25% indicate co-infections with the three pathogens, particularly with Brucella spp and RVFV. Infection of an animal with more than one pathogen may result into a more devastating impact. Only few studies have investigated co-infection with multiple pathogens in wildlife, despite their key role as reservoirs of zoonotic diseases. Therefore, there is need for investigations on co-infection with neglected zoonotic pathogens in wildlife to inform prevention and control approaches and reduce disease impact in wildlife and potential transmission of these pathogens between wildlife, livestock, and humans. This study assessed co-exposure of various Kenyan wildlife species with three zoonotic pathogens, including Brucella spp, Coxiella burnetii and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). Results from this study revealed widespread, but varied exposure levels to the three individual pathogens within the several wildlife species. Likewise, the study also found the presence of co-exposure with the three pathogens. The findings from this study points to the need for establishment of surveillance and control programmes that target multiple pathogens in the wildlife populations to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious pathogens in wildlife and their zoonotic transmission.
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22
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Cecilia H, Vriens R, Wichgers Schreur PJ, de Wit MM, Métras R, Ezanno P, ten Bosch QA. Heterogeneity of Rift Valley fever virus transmission potential across livestock hosts, quantified through a model-based analysis of host viral load and vector infection. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010314. [PMID: 35867712 PMCID: PMC9348665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantifying the variation of pathogens’ life history traits in multiple host systems is crucial to understand their transmission dynamics. It is particularly important for arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), which are prone to infecting several species of vertebrate hosts. Here, we focus on how host-pathogen interactions determine the ability of host species to transmit a virus to susceptible vectors upon a potentially infectious contact. Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a viral, vector-borne, zoonotic disease, chosen as a case study. The relative contributions of livestock species to RVFV transmission has not been previously quantified. To estimate their potential to transmit the virus over the course of their infection, we 1) fitted a within-host model to viral RNA and infectious virus measures, obtained daily from infected lambs, calves, and young goats, 2) estimated the relationship between vertebrate host infectious titers and probability to infect mosquitoes, and 3) estimated the net infectiousness of each host species over the duration of their infectious periods, taking into account different survival outcomes for lambs. Our results indicate that the efficiency of viral replication, along with the lifespan of infectious particles, could be sources of heterogeneity between hosts. Given available data on RVFV competent vectors, we found that, for similar infectious titers, infection rates in the Aedes genus were on average higher than in the Culex genus. Consequently, for Aedes-mediated infections, we estimated the net infectiousness of lambs to be 2.93 (median) and 3.65 times higher than that of calves and goats, respectively. In lambs, we estimated the overall infectiousness to be 1.93 times higher in individuals which eventually died from the infection than in those recovering. Beyond infectiousness, the relative contributions of host species to transmission depend on local ecological factors, including relative abundances and vector host-feeding preferences. Quantifying these contributions will ultimately help design efficient, targeted, surveillance and vaccination strategies. Viruses spread by mosquitoes present a major threat to animal and public health worldwide. When these pathogenic viruses can infect multiple species, controlling their spread becomes difficult. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is such a virus. It spreads predominantly among ruminant livestock but can also spill over and cause severe disease in humans. Understanding which of these ruminant species are most important for the transmission of RVFV can help for effective control. One piece of this puzzle is to assess how effective infected animals are at transmitting RVFV to mosquitoes. To answer this question, we combine mathematical models with observations from experimental infections in cattle, sheep, and goats, and model changes in viremia over time within individuals. We then quantify the relationship between hosts’ viremia and the probability to infect mosquitoes. In combining these two analyses, we estimate the overall transmission potential of sheep, when in contact with mosquitoes, to be 3 to 5 times higher than that of goats and cattle. Further, sheep that experience a lethal infection have an even larger overall transmission potential. Once applied at the level of populations, with setting-specific herd composition and exposure to mosquitoes, these results will help unravel species’ role in RVF outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Cecilia
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes, France
- * E-mail: (HC); (QAtB)
| | - Roosmarie Vriens
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mariken M. de Wit
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Raphaëlle Métras
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), Paris, France
| | | | - Quirine A. ten Bosch
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (HC); (QAtB)
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23
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Clarke LL, Mead DG, Ruder MG, Howerth EW, Stallknecht D. North American Arboviruses and White-Tailed Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus): Associated Diseases and Role in Transmission. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2022; 22:425-442. [PMID: 35867036 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2022.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Arboviral disease is of increasing concern to human and animal health professionals as emerging and re-emerging arboviruses are more frequently recognized. Wildlife species are known to play a role in the transmission and maintenance of arboviruses and infections can result in morbidity and mortality in wildlife hosts. Materials and Methods: In this review, we detail existing evidence of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) as an important host to a diverse collection of arboviruses and evaluate the utility of this species as a resource to better understand the epidemiology of related viral diseases. Results: Relevant veterinary and zoonotic viral pathogens endemic to North America include epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, bluetongue virus, orthobunyaviruses, vesicular stomatitis virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, and Powassan virus. Exotic viral pathogens that may infect white-tailed deer are also identified with an emphasis on zoonotic disease risks. The utility of this species is attributed to the high degree of contact with humans and domestic livestock and evidence of preferential feeding by various insect vectors. Conclusions: There is mounting evidence that white-tailed deer are a useful, widely available source of information regarding arboviral circulation, and that surveillance and monitoring of deer populations would be of value to the understanding of certain viral transmission dynamics, with implications for improving human and domestic animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorelei L Clarke
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Daniel G Mead
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Mark G Ruder
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Howerth
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - David Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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24
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Fang Y, Khater EIM, Xue JB, Ghallab EHS, Li YY, Jiang TG, Li SZ. Epidemiology of Mosquito-Borne Viruses in Egypt: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071577. [PMID: 35891557 PMCID: PMC9322113 DOI: 10.3390/v14071577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are at least five common mosquito-borne viruses (MBVs) recorded in Egypt, including dengue virus (DENV), Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), West Nile virus (WNV), Chikungunya virus, and Sindbis virus. Unexpected outbreaks caused by MBVs reflect the deficiencies of the MBV surveillance system in Egypt. This systematic review characterized the epidemiology of MBV prevalence in Egypt. Human, animal, and vector prevalence studies on MBVs in Egypt were retrieved from Web of Science, PubMed, and Bing Scholar, and 33 eligible studies were included for further analyses. The monophyletic characterization of the RVFV and WNV strains found in Egypt, which spans about half a century, suggests that both RVFV and WNV are widely transmitted in this nation. Moreover, the seropositive rates of DENV and WNV in hosts were on the rise in recent years, and spillover events of DENV and WNV to other countries from Egypt have been recorded. The common drawback for surveillance of MBVs in Egypt is the lack of seroprevalence studies on MBVs, especially in this century. It is necessary to evaluate endemic transmission risk, establish an early warning system for MBVs, and develop a sound joint system for medical care and public health for managing MBVs in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China; (Y.F.); (J.-B.X.); (Y.-Y.L.)
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
| | - Emad I. M. Khater
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbasiah, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (E.I.M.K.); (E.H.S.G.)
| | - Jing-Bo Xue
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China; (Y.F.); (J.-B.X.); (Y.-Y.L.)
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
| | - Enas H. S. Ghallab
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbasiah, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (E.I.M.K.); (E.H.S.G.)
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China; (Y.F.); (J.-B.X.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Tian-Ge Jiang
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
| | - Shi-Zhu Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China; (Y.F.); (J.-B.X.); (Y.-Y.L.)
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
- Correspondence:
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Tober AV, Govender D, Russo IRM, Cable J. The microscopic five of the big five: Managing zoonotic diseases within and beyond African wildlife protected areas. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2022; 117:1-46. [PMID: 35878948 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
African protected areas strive to conserve the continent's great biodiversity with a targeted focus on the flagship 'Big Five' megafauna. Though often not considered, this biodiversity protection also extends to the lesser-known microbes and parasites that are maintained in these diverse ecosystems, often in a silent and endemically stable state. Climate and anthropogenic change, and associated diversity loss, however, are altering these dynamics leading to shifts in ecological interactions and pathogen spill over into new niches and hosts. As many African protected areas are bordered by game and livestock farms, as well as villages, they provide an ideal study system to assess infection dynamics at the human-livestock-wildlife interface. Here we review five zoonotic, multi-host diseases (bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, Rift Valley fever, schistosomiasis and cryptosporidiosis)-the 'Microscopic Five'-and discuss the biotic and abiotic drivers of parasite transmission using the iconic Kruger National Park, South Africa, as a case study. We identify knowledge gaps regarding the impact of the 'Microscopic Five' on wildlife within parks and highlight the need for more empirical data, particularly for neglected (schistosomiasis) and newly emerging (cryptosporidiosis) diseases, as well as zoonotic disease risk from the rising bush meat trade and game farm industry. As protected areas strive to become further embedded in the socio-economic systems that surround them, providing benefits to local communities, One Health approaches can help maintain the ecological integrity of ecosystems, while protecting local communities and economies from the negative impacts of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya V Tober
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom.
| | - Danny Govender
- SANParks, Scientific Services, Savanna and Grassland Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Isa-Rita M Russo
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Cable
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
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Bronsvoort BM, Kelly RF, Freeman E, Callaby R, Bagninbom JM, Ndip L, Handel IG, Tanya VN, Morgan KL, Ngwa VN, Rossi G, Nfon CK, Mazeri S. A Cross-Sectional, Population-Based, Seroepidemiological Study of Rift Valley Fever in Cameroonian Cattle Populations. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:897481. [PMID: 35774979 PMCID: PMC9237551 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.897481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an important emerging zoonoses causing abortion and neonatal deaths in livestock and hemorrhagic fever in humans. It is typically characterized by acute epidemics with abortion storms often preceding human disease and these events have been associated with the El Niño weather cycles. Outside of areas that experience epidemics, little is known about its epidemiology. Here, we present results from a serological study using biobank samples from a study of cattle conducted in 2013 at two sites in Cameroon. A total of 1,458 cattle from 100 herds were bled and sera screened using a commercially available RVF ELISA. The overall design-adjusted animal-level apparent seroprevalence of RVF exposure for the Northwest Region (NWR) of Cameroon was 6.5% (95% CI: 3.9–11.0) and for the Vina Division (VIN) of the Adamawa Region was 8.2% (95% CI: 6.2–11.0). The age-stratified serological results were also used to estimate the force of infection, and the age-independent estimates were 0.029 for the VIN and 0.024 for the NWR. The effective reproductive number was ~1.08. Increasing age and contact with wild antelope species were associated with an increased risk of seropositivity, while high altitudes and contact with buffalo were associated with a reduced risk of seropositivity. The serological patterns are more consistent with an endemical stability rather than the more typical epidemic patterns seen in East Africa. However, there is little surveillance in livestock for abortion storms or in humans with fevers in Cameroon, and it is, therefore, difficult to interpret these observations. There is an urgent need for an integrated One Health approach to understand the levels of human- and livestock-related clinical and asymptomatic disease and whether there is a need to implement interventions such as vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barend Mark Bronsvoort
- Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Farm Animal Services, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Barend Mark Bronsvoort
| | - Robert Francis Kelly
- Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Farm Animal Services, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Freeman
- Farm Animal Services, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Callaby
- Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Marc Bagninbom
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Lucy Ndip
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Ian Graham Handel
- Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Farm Animal Services, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kenton Lloyd Morgan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Ngu Ngwa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Gianluigi Rossi
- Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Charles K. Nfon
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Stella Mazeri
- Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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An unusually long Rift valley fever inter-epizootic period in Zambia: Evidence for enzootic virus circulation and risk for disease outbreak. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010420. [PMID: 35653390 PMCID: PMC9197056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne disease of animals and humans. Although RVF outbreaks are usually reported at 5-15-year intervals in sub-Saharan Africa, Zambia has experienced an unusually long inter-epizootic/-epidemic period of more than three decades. However, serological evidence of RVF virus (RVFV) infection in domestic ruminants during this period underscores the need for comprehensive investigation of the mechanisms of virus perpetuation and disease emergence. Mosquitoes (n = 16,778) captured from eight of the ten provinces of Zambia between April 2014 and May 2019 were pooled (n = 961) and screened for RVFV genome by a pan-phlebo RT-PCR assay. Aedes mosquito pools (n = 85) were further screened by nested RT-PCR assay. Sera from sheep (n = 13), goats (n = 259) and wild ungulates (n = 285) were screened for RVFV antibodies by ELISA while genome detection in pooled sera (n = 276) from domestic (n = 248) and wild ungulates (n = 37) was performed by real-time RT-PCR assay. To examine the association between the long inter-epizootic period and climatic variables, we examined El Niño-Southern Oscillation indices, precipitation anomalies, and normalized difference vegetation index. We then derived RVF risk maps by exploring climatic variables that would favor emergence of primary RVFV vectors. While no RVFV genome could be detected in pooled mosquito and serum samples, seroprevalence was significantly high (OR = 8.13, 95% CI [4.63–14.25]) in wild ungulates (33.7%; 96/285) compared to domestic ruminants (5.6%; 16/272). Retrospective analysis of RVF epizootics in Zambia showed a positive correlation between anomalous precipitation (La Niña) and disease emergence. On risk mapping, whilst northern and eastern parts of the country were at high risk, domestic ruminant population density was low (< 21 animals/km2) in these areas compared to low risk areas (>21 animals/km2). Besides evidence of silent circulation of RVFV and the risk of disease emergence in some areas, wildlife may play a role in the maintenance of RVFV in Zambia. Rift valley fever (RVF) is an important mosquito borne disease of humans and ruminants. RVF is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa where disease outbreaks are frequently reported in humans and animals. For RVF outbreaks to occur, there has to be presence of the host (animals or humans) and favorable climatic conditions that favor emergence of RVF virus vectors (mosquitoes). Understanding this complex interaction enables us to predict future disease outbreaks and map RVF high risk areas. Above normal rainfall and floods will usually trigger RVF outbreaks. In this study, we conducted surveillance for RVF in mosquitoes, domestic and wild ruminants. We then examined climatic conditions that may have been responsible for past RVF outbreaks and the unusually (>30 years) long inter-epizootic period. Finally, we derived RVF risk maps for Zambia using a combination of climatic variables. We found evidence of RVF infection in both wild and domestic ruminants while there was a positive correlation between past RVF outbreaks and above-normal rainfall. On risk mapping, we found favorable conditions (i.e. high rainfall and risk of flooding) for RVF emergence in northern and eastern parts of the country. Studies like this are important in planning surveillance and disease control programs.
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Zhang S, Yan F, Liu D, Li E, Feng N, Xu S, Wang H, Gao Y, Yang S, Zhao Y, Xia X. Bacterium-Like Particles Displaying the Rift Valley Fever Virus Gn Head Protein Induces Efficacious Immune Responses in Immunized Mice. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:799942. [PMID: 35369468 PMCID: PMC8969503 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.799942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), a mosquito-borne zoonotic phlebovirus, causes serious disease in humans and ruminants. According to the World Health Organization, Rift Valley fever is classified as a priority disease, and as such, vaccine development is of high priority due to the lack of licensed vaccines. In this study, a bacterium-like particle vaccine (BLP), RVFV-BLPs, is constructed. A novel display system is described, which is based on non-living and non-genetically modified Gram-positive bacterial cells, designated as Gram-positive enhancer matrix (GEM). The RVFV Gn head protein was displayed on the surface of GEM by co-expression with the peptidoglycan-binding domain (protein anchor) at the C-terminus. We determined that the RVFV Gn head-PA fusion protein was successfully displayed on the GEM. Mice immunized with RVFV-BLPs produced humoral and cellular immunity. Interestingly, comparing the production of RVFV Gn head-specific IgG and its subtype by vaccinating with different antigen doses of the RVFV-BLPs determined that the RVFV-BLPs (50 μg) group showed a greater effect than the other two groups. More importantly, antibodies produced by mice immunized with RVFV-BLPs (50 μg) exhibited potent neutralizing activity against RVFV pseudovirus. RVFV-BLPs (50 μg) also could induce IFN-γ and IL-4 in immunized mice; these mice generated memory cells among the proliferating T cell population after immunization with RVFV-BLPs with effector memory T cells as the major population, which means that RVFV-BLPs is an effective vaccine to establish a long-lived population of memory T cells. The findings suggest that the novel RVFV-BLPs subunit vaccine has the potential to be considered a safe and effective candidate vaccine against RVFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Feihu Yan
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Dongping Liu
- The Nanjing Unicorn Academy of Innovation, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Entao Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Na Feng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Shengnan Xu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Hualei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Songtao Yang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Songtao Yang,
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Yongkun Zhao,
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Xianzhu Xia,
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Atuman YJ, Kudi CA, Abdu PA, Okubanjo OO, Wungak Y, Ularamu HG, Abubakar A. Serological Evidence of Antibodies to Rift Valley Fever Virus in Wild and Domestic Animals in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Vet Med Int 2022; 2022:6559193. [PMID: 35340539 PMCID: PMC8942677 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6559193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an arthropod-borne zoonotic disease responsible for severe outbreaks in livestock and humans with concomitant economic losses in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The study, therefore, investigated the seroprevalence of the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) among wild and domestic animals. Blood samples were collected between 2013 and 2015 from 106 wild animals, 300 cattle (Bos indicus), and 200 horses (Equus caballus), respectively, in Yankari Game Reserve (YGR) and Sumu Wildlife Park (SWP) in Bauchi state, Nigeria. Harvested sera from blood were evaluated for the presence of anti-RVFV IgM/IgG antibodies. The overall seroprevalence in cattle was 11.3% (p = 0.677; 95% CI: 0.624-0.730) and in wildlife was 8.5% (p = 0.006; 95% CI: 0.00-0.60). The diversity of wildlife species sampled indicated seropositivity of 36.0% in waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymus), 25.0% in elephant (Loxodonta africana), 12.5% in eland (Taurotragus oryx), and 8.3% in wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus). Whereas, samples from zebra (Equus quagga crawshayi), kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), and hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus caama) did not show detectable antibodies to RVFV, and seroprevalence in female (15.0%) wildlife species was higher than in males (4.5%) (p = 0.061). Classification of cattle into breed and sex showed no significant difference in seropositivity. Seropositivity of 12.0% was observed in White Fulani, 12.1% in Red Bororo, and 7.8% in Sokoto Gudali breeds of cattle (p = 0.677). Whereas, seropositivity of 13.6% was observed in females and 6.4% observed in males (p = 0.068). This study indicated the presence of antibodies to RVFV among some wild animals and cattle in the absence of a reported outbreak in the study area. The circulation of RVFV in the study area may pose a significant health risk to livestock, wildlife, and humans. Therefore, surveillance for RVFV should be intensified targeting mosquito vectors and humans in Bauchi state, Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. J. Atuman
- National Veterinary Research Institute Vom Outstation Laboratory, Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - C. A. Kudi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - P. A. Abdu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - O. O. Okubanjo
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Y. Wungak
- Viral Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - H. G. Ularamu
- Viral Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - A. Abubakar
- Force Animal Branch Department, Nigeria Police Force Headquarters, Abuja, Nigeria
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Lysholm S, Lindahl JF, Munyeme M, Misinzo G, Mathew C, Alvåsen K, Dautu G, Linde S, Mitternacht L, Olovsson E, Wilén E, Berg M, Wensman JJ. Crossing the Line: Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Transboundary Animal Diseases Along the Tanzania-Zambia Border. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:809128. [PMID: 35359681 PMCID: PMC8962627 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.809128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transboundary pathogens pose a threat to livelihood security in countries such as Zambia and Tanzania. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), sheep and goat pox virus (SGPV), Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) and Brucella spp. in sheep and goats along the Tanzania-Zambia border. Another aim was to assess the association between certain predictor variables and seroprevalence, focusing on trade and proximity to an international border, to a town and to the Tanzania-Zambia highway. During September-October 2018, 486 serum samples from small ruminants in Zambia and 491 in Tanzania were collected and analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). A questionnaire focused on management strategies was administered to each household. The animal-level seroprevalence in Zambia was 0.21% [95% confidence interval (CI) (0.01–1.14) for PPRV, 1.03% (95% CI 0.33–2.39) for FMDV, 0% (95% CI 0–0.76) for SGPV, 2.26% (95% CI 1.14–4.01) for RVFV and 1.65% (95% CI 0.71–3.22) for Brucella spp.]. In Tanzania, animal-level seroprevalence was 2.85% (95% CI 1.57–4.74) for PPRV, 16.9% (95% CI 13.7–20.5) for FMDV, 0.20% (95% CI 0.01–1.13) for SGPV, 3.26% (95% CI 1.87–5.24) for RVFV and 20.0% (95% CI 14.5–26.5) for Brucella spp. For PPRV (OR 6.83, 95% CI 1.37–34.0, p = 0.019) and FMDV (OR 5.68, 95% CI 1.58–20.3, p = 0.008), herds situated more than 30 km from an international border were more likely to be seropositive, while being located 10–30 km (OR 4.43, 95% CI 1.22–16.1 p = 0.024) from a border was identified as a risk factor for Brucella spp. For FMDV (OR 79.2, 95% CI 4.52–1388.9, p = 0.003), being situated within 30 km from a town was associated with seropositivity. Furthermore, contact with wild ruminants (OR 18.2, 95% CI 1.36–244), and the presence of sheep in the household (OR 5.20, 95% CI 1.00–26.9, p = 0.049), was associated with seropositivity for PPRV, and FMDV. No significant associations between trade or distance to the Tan-Zam highway and seroprevalence were found. We recommend that the impact of trade and proximity to borders, towns and roads should be further evaluated in larger studies, ideally incorporating aspects such as temporal trade fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lysholm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Sara Lysholm
| | - Johanna F. Lindahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Musso Munyeme
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Coletha Mathew
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Pathology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Karin Alvåsen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - George Dautu
- Department of Veterinary Services Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Central Veterinary Research Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Siri Linde
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lydia Mitternacht
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emelie Olovsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elsa Wilén
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Berg
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas J. Wensman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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Anywaine Z, Lule SA, Hansen C, Warimwe G, Elliott A. Clinical manifestations of Rift Valley fever in humans: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010233. [PMID: 35333856 PMCID: PMC8986116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an emerging, neglected, mosquito-borne viral zoonosis associated with significant morbidity, mortality and expanding geographical scope. The clinical signs and symptoms in humans are non-specific and case definitions vary. We reviewed and analysed the clinical manifestations of RVF in humans. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis we searched on different dates, the Embase (from 1947 to 13th October 2019), Medline (1946 to 14th October 2019), Global Health (1910 to 15th October 2019), and Web of Science (1970 to 15th October 2019) databases. Studies published in English, reporting frequency of symptoms in humans, and laboratory confirmed RVF were included. Animal studies, studies among asymptomatic volunteers, and single case reports for which a proportion could not be estimated, were excluded. Quality assessment was done using a modified Hoy and Brooks et al tool, data was extracted, and pooled frequency estimates calculated using random effects meta-analysis. RESULTS Of the 3765 articles retrieved, less than 1% (32 articles) were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Nine RVF clinical syndromes were reported including the general febrile, renal, gastrointestinal, hepatic, haemorrhagic, visual, neurological, cardio-pulmonary, and obstetric syndromes. The most common clinical manifestations included fever (81%; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 69-91; [26 studies, 1286 patients]), renal failure (41%; 23-59; [4, 327]), nausea (38%; 12-67; [6, 325]), jaundice (26%; 16-36; [15, 393]), haemorrhagic disease (26%; 17-36; [16, 277]), partial blindness (24%; 7-45; [11, 225]), encephalitis (21%; 11-33; [4, 327]), cough (4%; 0-17; [4, 11]), and miscarriage (54%) respectively. Death occurred in 21% (95% CI 14-29; [16 studies, 328 patients]) of cases, most of whom were hospitalised. DISCUSSION This study delineates the complex symptomatology of human RVF disease into syndromes. This approach is likely to improve case definitions and detection rates, impact outbreak control, increase public awareness about RVF, and subsequently inform 'one-health' policies. This study provides a pooled estimate of the proportion of RVF clinical manifestations alongside a narrative description of clinical syndromes. However, most studies reviewed were case series with small sample sizes and enrolled mostly in-patients and out-patients, and captured symptoms either sparsely or using broad category terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacchaeus Anywaine
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- * E-mail:
| | - Swaib Abubaker Lule
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Hansen
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- MRC International Statistics & Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - George Warimwe
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- KEMRI WellcomeTrust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Alison Elliott
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
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32
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Troupin C, Ellis I, Doukouré B, Camara A, Keita M, Kagbadouno M, Bart JM, Diallo R, Lacôte S, Marianneau P, Groschup MH, Tordo N. Seroprevalence of brucellosis, Q fever and Rift Valley fever in domestic ruminants in Guinea in 2017-2019. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:64. [PMID: 35120506 PMCID: PMC8815129 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis, Q fever and Rift Valley fever are considered as Neglected Zoonotic Diseases (NZDs) leading to socioeconomic losses in livestock globally, and particularly in developing countries of Africa where they are under-reported. In this study, we evaluated the seroprevalence of these 3 zoonotic diseases in domestic ruminants in Guinea from 2017 to 2019. A total of 1357 sera, sampled from 463 cattle, 408 goats and 486 sheep, were collected in 17 Guinean prefectures and analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Cattle was the species with highest seroprevalence (5 to 20-fold higher than in small ruminants) for the three diseases. The seroprevalence of brucellosis, mostly focused in Western Guinea, was 11.0% (51 of 463) in cattle, 0.4% (2 in 486) in sheep while no specific antibodies were found in goats. Q fever, widespread across the country, was the most frequently detected zoonosis with a mean seroprevalence of 20.5% (95 in 463), 4.4% (18 in 408) and 2.3% (11 in 486) in cattle, goats and sheep, respectively. The mean seroprevalence of RVF was 16.4% (76 in 463) in cattle, 1.0% (4 in 408) in goats and 1.0% (5 in 486) in sheep. Among the samples 19.3% were seropositive for at least one of the three NZDs, 2.5% showed specific antibodies against at least two pathogens and 4 cattle (0.8%) were seropositive for all three pathogens. In cattle, adults over 3-years old and females presented a higher antibody seroprevalence for the three diseases, in congruence with putative exposure risk. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the circulation of these three zoonotic pathogens in Guinea and highlights the need for implementing a syndromic surveillance of ruminant abortions by the Guinean veterinary authorities as well as for the screening of the human population at risk (veterinarians, breeders, slaughterers) in a One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Troupin
- Institut Pasteur de Guinée, BP 4416, Conakry, Guinea
- Present address: Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | | | - Alimou Camara
- Institut Pasteur de Guinée, BP 4416, Conakry, Guinea
- Institut National de Santé Publique, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Moustapha Keita
- Institut Supérieur Des Sciences Et de Médecine Vétérinaire, Dalaba, Guinea
| | - Moise Kagbadouno
- Programme National de Lutte Contre La Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Jean-Mathieu Bart
- Umr Intertryp Ird-Cirad, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ramadan Diallo
- Laboratoire Central de Diagnostic Vétérinaire, Conakry, Guinea
| | | | | | - Martin H Groschup
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Noël Tordo
- Institut Pasteur de Guinée, BP 4416, Conakry, Guinea.
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Gerken KN, LaBeaud AD, Mandi H, L’Azou Jackson M, Breugelmans JG, King CH. Paving the way for human vaccination against Rift Valley fever virus: A systematic literature review of RVFV epidemiology from 1999 to 2021. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0009852. [PMID: 35073355 PMCID: PMC8812886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a lethal threat to humans and livestock in many parts of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Indian Ocean. This systematic review's objective was to consolidate understanding of RVFV epidemiology during 1999-2021 and highlight knowledge gaps relevant to plans for human vaccine trials. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The review is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020221622). Reports of RVFV infection or exposure among humans, animals, and/or vectors in Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Indian Ocean during the period January 1999 to June 2021 were eligible for inclusion. Online databases were searched for publications, and supplemental materials were recovered from official reports and research colleagues. Exposures were classified into five groups: 1) acute human RVF cases, 2) acute animal cases, 3) human RVFV sero-surveys, 4) animal sero-surveys, and 5) arthropod infections. Human risk factors, circulating RVFV lineages, and surveillance methods were also tabulated. In meta-analysis of risks, summary odds ratios were computed using random-effects modeling. 1104 unique human or animal RVFV transmission events were reported in 39 countries during 1999-2021. Outbreaks among humans or animals occurred at rates of 5.8/year and 12.4/year, respectively, with Mauritania, Madagascar, Kenya, South Africa, and Sudan having the most human outbreak years. Men had greater odds of RVFV infection than women, and animal contact, butchering, milking, and handling aborted material were significantly associated with greater odds of exposure. Animal infection risk was linked to location, proximity to water, and exposure to other herds or wildlife. RVFV was detected in a variety of mosquito vectors during interepidemic periods, confirming ongoing transmission. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE With broad variability in surveillance, case finding, survey design, and RVFV case confirmation, combined with uncertainty about populations-at-risk, there were inconsistent results from location to location. However, it was evident that RVFV transmission is expanding its range and frequency. Gaps assessment indicated the need to harmonize human and animal surveillance and improve diagnostics and genotyping. Given the frequency of RVFV outbreaks, human vaccination has strong potential to mitigate the impact of this now widely endemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli N. Gerken
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - A. Desirée LaBeaud
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Henshaw Mandi
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Charles H. King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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Mahmoud AS, Sawesi OK, El-Waer OR, Bennour EM. Rift valley fever in Africa with the emerging interest in Libya. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2021.237-245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift valley fever (RVF) is an acute vector-borne viral zoonotic disease of domestic and wild ruminants. The RVF virus (RVFV) belonging to the Phlebovirus genus of the Bunyaviridae family causes this disease. Studies have shown that mosquitoes are the vectors that transmit RVFV. Specifically, Aedes and Culex mosquito species are among the many vectors of this virus, which affects not only sheep, goats, buffalo, cattle, and camels but also human beings. Since the 30s of the last century, RVF struck Africa, and to a lesser extent, Asian continents, with subsequent episodes of epizootic, epidemic, and sporadic outbreaks. These outbreaks, therefore, resulted in the cumulative loss of thousands of human lives, thereby disrupting the livestock market or only those with seropositive cases. After that outbreak episode, RVF was not reported in Libya until January 13, 2020, where it was reported for the 1st time in a flock of sheep and goats in the southern region of the country. Although insufficient evidence to support RVF clinical cases among the confirmed seropositive animals exists, neither human cases nor death were reported in Libya. Yet, the overtime expansion of RVF kinetics in the Libyan neighborhoods, in addition to the instability and security vacuum experienced in the country, lack of outbreak preparedness, and the availability of suitable climatic and disease vector factors, makes this country a possible future scene candidate for RVF expansion. Urgently, strengthening veterinary services (VS) and laboratory diagnostic capacities, including improvement of monitoring and surveillance activity programs, should be implemented in areas at risk (where imported animals crossing borders from Libyan neighborhoods and competent vectors are found) at national, sub-national, and regional levels. The Libyan government should also implement a tripartite framework (one health approach) among the veterinary public health, public health authority, and environmental sanitation sectors to implement RVF surveillance protocols, along with an active partnership with competent international bodies (OIE, FAO, and WHO). Therefore, this review comprises the most updated data regarding the epidemiological situation of RVF infections and its socioeconomic impacts on African and Asian continents, and also emphasize the emerging interest of RVF in Libya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdusalam S. Mahmoud
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Osama K. Sawesi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Osama R. El-Waer
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Emad M. Bennour
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
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Isotype-Specific Fc Effector Functions Enhance Antibody-Mediated Rift Valley Fever Virus Protection In Vivo. mSphere 2021; 6:e0055621. [PMID: 34494884 PMCID: PMC8550229 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00556-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered in 1931, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arbovirus that causes disease in humans and livestock. In humans, disease ranges from a self-limiting febrile illness to a more severe hepatitis or encephalitis. There are currently no licensed human therapeutics for RVFV disease. Given the recent advances in the use of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for treating infectious disease, a panel of anti-RVFV Gn glycoprotein MAbs was developed and characterized. RVFV MAbs spanned a range of neutralizing abilities and mapped to distinct epitopes along Gn. The contribution of Fc effector functions in providing MAb-mediated protection from RVFV was assessed. IgG2a version MAbs had increased capacity to induce effector functions and conferred better protection from RVFV challenge in a lethal mouse model than IgG1 version MAbs. Overall, this study shows that Fc-mediated functions are a critical component of humoral protection from RVFV. IMPORTANCE Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne virus found throughout Africa and into the Middle East. It has a substantial disease burden; in areas of endemicity, up to 60% of adults are seropositive. With a case fatality rate of up to 3% and the ability to cause hemorrhagic fever and encephalitis, RVFV poses a serious threat to human health. Despite the known human disease burden and the fact that it is a NIAID category A priority pathogen and a WHO priority disease for research and development, there are no vaccines or therapeutics available for RVF. In this study, we developed and characterized a panel of monoclonal antibodies against the RVFV surface glycoprotein, Gn. We then demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in the prevention of RVF in vivo in an otherwise lethal mouse model. Finally, we revealed a role for Fc-mediated function in augmenting the protection provided by these antibodies.
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Hassan-Kadle AA, Osman AM, Shair MA, Abdi OM, Yusuf AA, Ibrahim AM, Vieira RFC. Rift Valley fever and Brucella spp. in ruminants, Somalia. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:280. [PMID: 34419043 PMCID: PMC8380344 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02980-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fourteen-years after the last Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus (RVFV) outbreak, Somalia still suffers from preventable transboundary diseases. The tradition of unheated milk consumption and handling of aborted materials poses a public health risk for zoonotic diseases. Limited data are available on RVF and Brucella spp. in Somali people and their animals. Hence, this study has evaluated the occurrence of RVFV and Brucella spp. antibodies in cattle, goats and sheep sera from Afgoye and Jowhar districts of Somalia. Methods Serum samples from 609 ruminants (201 cattle, 203 goats and 205 sheep), were serologically screened for RVF by a commercial cELISA, and Brucella species by modified Rose Bengal Plate Test (mRBPT) and a commercial iELISA. Results Two out of 609 (0.3 %; 95 %CI: 0.04–1.2 %) ruminants were RVF seropositive, both were female cattle from both districts. Anti-Brucella spp. antibodies were detected in 64/609 (10.5 %; 95 %CI: 8.2–13.2 %) ruminants by mRBPT, which were 39/201 (19.4 %) cattle, 16/203 (7.9 %) goats and 9/205 (4.4 %) sheep. Cattle were 5.2 and 2.8 times more likely to be Brucella-seropositive than sheep (p = 0.000003) and goats (p = 0.001), respectively. When mRBPT-positive samples were tested by iELISA, 29/64 (45.3 %; 95 %CI: 32.8–58.3 %) ruminant sera were positive for Brucella spp. Only 23/39 (58.9 %) cattle sera and 6/16 (37.5 %) goat sera were positive to Brucella spp. by iELISA. Conclusions The present study showed the serological evidence of RVF and brucellosis in ruminants from Afgoye and Jowhar districts of Somalia. Considering the negligence of the zoonotic diseases at the human-animal interface in Somali communities, a One Health approach is needed to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Hassan-Kadle
- Abrar Research and Training Centre, Abrar University, Mogadishu, Somalia. .,Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Aamir M Osman
- Abrar Research and Training Centre, Abrar University, Mogadishu, Somalia.,Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mohamed A Shair
- Abrar Research and Training Centre, Abrar University, Mogadishu, Somalia.,Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Omar M Abdi
- Abrar Research and Training Centre, Abrar University, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Abdulkarim A Yusuf
- Abrar Research and Training Centre, Abrar University, Mogadishu, Somalia.,Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Department of Slaughterhouses, Somali Meat Company, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Abdalla M Ibrahim
- Abrar Research and Training Centre, Abrar University, Mogadishu, Somalia.,Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafael F C Vieira
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Gortázar C, Barroso P, Nova R, Cáceres G. The role of wildlife in the epidemiology and control of Foot-and-mouth-disease And Similar Transboundary (FAST) animal diseases: A review. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2462-2473. [PMID: 34268873 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transboundary Animal Diseases (TADs) are notifiable diseases which are highly transmissible and have the potential for rapid spread regardless of national borders. Many TADs are shared between domestic animals and wildlife, with the potential to affect both livestock sector and wildlife conservation and eventually, public health in the case of zoonosis. The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), a commission of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), has grouped six TADs as 'Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) And Similar Transboundary animal diseases' (FAST diseases). FAST diseases are ruminant infections caused by viruses, for which vaccination is a control option. The EuFMD hold-FAST strategy aims primarily at addressing the threat represented by FAST diseases for Europe. Prevention and control of FAST diseases might benefit from assessing the role of wildlife. We reviewed the role of wildlife as indicators, victims, bridge hosts or maintenance hosts for the six TADs included in the EuFMD hold-FAST strategy: FMD, peste des petits ruminants, lumpy skin disease, sheep and goatpox, Rift Valley fever and bovine ephemeral fever. We observed that wildlife can act as indicator species. In addition, they are occasionally victims of disease outbreaks, and they are often relevant for disease management as either bridge or maintenance hosts. Wildlife deserves to become a key component of future integrated surveillance and disease control strategies in an ever-changing world. It is advisable to increase our knowledge on wildlife roles in relevant TADs to improve our preparedness in case of an outbreak in previously disease-free regions, where wildlife may be significant for disease surveillance and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gortázar
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC; CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Patricia Barroso
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC; CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Nova
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Germán Cáceres
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Rome, Italy
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Ahmed A, Mahmoud I, Eldigail M, Elhassan RM, Weaver SC. The Emergence of Rift Valley Fever in Gedaref State Urges the Need for a Cross-Border One Health Strategy and Enforcement of the International Health Regulations. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070885. [PMID: 34358035 PMCID: PMC8308630 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the causative agent of a haemorrhagic fever epidemic in Gedaref state, south-east Sudan. Six cases of febrile illness with haemorrhagic manifestations presented at outpatient health-clinics. Blood samples were collected from the patients and shipped to Khartoum where they were tested for dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) using real-time qPCR. Fifty percent (3/6) of them tested positive for RVFV and neither DENV or CHIKV was detected. All patients were males between 20 and 48 years old who had no history of recent travel. This finding describes the first emergence of RVFV in Gedaref state. Considering that the state hosts a major market of livestock, and it has one of the largest-seasonal open pastures in the country that is usually flooded with herds from the neighbouring states and countries during the rainy season, this emergence could represent a major threat to public health in the region and countries importing animals and/or animal products from east Africa. Therefore, we urge the policymakers of the health and animal resources sectors to implement a one health strategy with a well-established early warning surveillance and response system to prevent the establishment of the disease in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Ahmed
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA;
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +249-123997091
| | - Iman Mahmoud
- National Public Health Laboratory, Sudan Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum 11111, Sudan; (I.M.); (M.E.); (R.M.E.)
| | - Mawahib Eldigail
- National Public Health Laboratory, Sudan Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum 11111, Sudan; (I.M.); (M.E.); (R.M.E.)
| | - Rehab M. Elhassan
- National Public Health Laboratory, Sudan Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum 11111, Sudan; (I.M.); (M.E.); (R.M.E.)
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA;
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
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Clemmons EA, Alfson KJ, Dutton JW. Transboundary Animal Diseases, an Overview of 17 Diseases with Potential for Global Spread and Serious Consequences. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2039. [PMID: 34359167 PMCID: PMC8300273 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals provide food and other critical resources to most of the global population. As such, diseases of animals can cause dire consequences, especially disease with high rates of morbidity or mortality. Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) are highly contagious or transmissible, epidemic diseases, with the potential to spread rapidly across the globe and the potential to cause substantial socioeconomic and public health consequences. Transboundary animal diseases can threaten the global food supply, reduce the availability of non-food animal products, or cause the loss of human productivity or life. Further, TADs result in socioeconomic consequences from costs of control or preventative measures, and from trade restrictions. A greater understanding of the transmission, spread, and pathogenesis of these diseases is required. Further work is also needed to improve the efficacy and cost of both diagnostics and vaccines. This review aims to give a broad overview of 17 TADs, providing researchers and veterinarians with a current, succinct resource of salient details regarding these significant diseases. For each disease, we provide a synopsis of the disease and its status, species and geographic areas affected, a summary of in vitro or in vivo research models, and when available, information regarding prevention or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Clemmons
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
| | - Kendra J. Alfson
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - John W. Dutton
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
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First Serological Evidence of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus and Rift Valley Fever Virus in Ruminants in Tunisia. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060769. [PMID: 34207423 PMCID: PMC8234966 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV, Nairoviridae family) and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV, Phenuiviridae family) are zoonotic vector-borne pathogens with clinical relevance worldwide. Our study aimed to determine seroprevalences of these viruses and potential risk factors among livestock (cattle, sheep, and goats) in Tunisia. Sera were tested for antibodies against CCHFV (n = 879) and RVFV (n = 699) using various enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and indirect immunofluorescence assays (IIFA). The overall seroprevalence of IgG antibodies was 8.6% (76/879) and 2.3% (16/699) against CCHFV and RVFV, respectively. For CCHF seropositivity bioclimatic zones and breed were potential risk factors for the three tested animal species; while the season was associated with cattle and sheep seropositivity, tick infestation was associated with cattle and goats seropositivity and age as a risk factor was only associated with cattle seropositivity. Age and season were significantly associated with RVFV seropositivity in sheep. Our results confirm the circulation of CCHFV and RVFV in Tunisia and identified the principal risk factors in ruminants. This knowledge could help to mitigate the risk of ruminant infections and subsequently also human infections.
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Over 100 Years of Rift Valley Fever: A Patchwork of Data on Pathogen Spread and Spillover. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060708. [PMID: 34198898 PMCID: PMC8227530 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past 100 years, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), a mosquito-borne virus, has caused potentially lethal disease in livestock, and has been associated with significant economic losses and trade bans. Spillover to humans occurs and can be fatal. Here, we combined data on RVF disease in humans (22 countries) and animals (37 countries) from 1931 to 2020 with seroprevalence studies from 1950 to 2020 (n = 228) from publicly available databases and publications to draw a more complete picture of the past and current RVFV epidemiology. RVFV has spread from its original locus in Kenya throughout Africa and into the Arabian Peninsula. Throughout the study period seroprevalence increased in both humans and animals, suggesting potentially increased RVFV exposure. In 24 countries, animals or humans tested positive for RVFV antibodies even though outbreaks had never been reported there, suggesting RVFV transmission may well go unnoticed. Among ruminants, sheep were the most likely to be exposed during RVF outbreaks, but not during periods of cryptic spread. We discuss critical data gaps and highlight the need for detailed study descriptions, and long-term studies using a one health approach to further convert the patchwork of data to the tale of RFV epidemiology.
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Pedarrieu A, El Mellouli F, Khallouki H, Zro K, Sebbar G, Sghaier S, Madani H, Bouayed N, Lo MM, Diop M, Ould El Mamy AB, Barry Y, Dakouo M, Traore A, Gagara H, Souley MM, Acha S, Mapaco L, Chang’a J, Nyakilinga D, Lubisi BA, Tshabalala T, Filippone C, Heraud JM, Chamassy SB, Achiraffi A, Keck N, Grard G, Mohammed KAA, Alrizqi AM, Cetre-Sossah C. External quality assessment of Rift Valley fever diagnosis in countries at risk of the disease: African, Indian Ocean and Middle-East regions. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251263. [PMID: 34010292 PMCID: PMC8133482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), an arbovirus belonging to the Phlebovirus genus of the Phenuiviridae family, causes the zoonotic and mosquito-borne RVF. The virus, which primarily affects livestock (ruminants and camels) and humans, is at the origin of recent major outbreaks across the African continent (Mauritania, Libya, Sudan), and in the South-Western Indian Ocean (SWIO) islands (Mayotte). In order to be better prepared for upcoming outbreaks, to predict its introduction in RVFV unscathed countries, and to run efficient surveillance programmes, the priority is harmonising and improving the diagnostic capacity of endemic countries and/or countries considered to be at risk of RVF. A serological inter-laboratory proficiency test (PT) was implemented to assess the capacity of veterinary laboratories to detect antibodies against RVFV. A total of 18 laboratories in 13 countries in the Middle East, North Africa, South Africa, and the Indian Ocean participated in the initiative. Two commercial kits and two in-house serological assays for the detection of RVFV specific IgG antibodies were tested. Sixteen of the 18 participating laboratories (88.9%) used commercial kits, the analytical performance of test sensitivity and specificity based on the seroneutralisation test considered as the reference was 100%. The results obtained by the laboratories which used the in-house assay were correct in only one of the two criteria (either sensitivity or specificity). In conclusion, most of the laboratories performed well in detecting RVFV specific IgG antibodies and can therefore be considered to be prepared. Three laboratories in three countries need to improve their detection capacities. Our study demonstrates the importance of conducting regular proficiency tests to evaluate the level of preparedness of countries and of building a network of competent laboratories in terms of laboratory diagnosis to better face future emerging diseases in emergency conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Pedarrieu
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Fatiha El Mellouli
- Laboratoire Régional d’Analyses et de Recherches de Casablanca, Office National de la Sécurité Sanitaire des aliments), Nouaceur, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Hanane Khallouki
- Laboratoire Régional d’Analyses et de Recherches de Casablanca, Office National de la Sécurité Sanitaire des aliments), Nouaceur, Casablanca, Morocco
| | | | | | - Soufien Sghaier
- Département de Virologie, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie (IRVT), Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hafsa Madani
- Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire d’Alger, Institut National de Médecine Vétérinaire (INMV), Mohammadia, Algeria
| | - Nadera Bouayed
- Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire d’Alger, Institut National de Médecine Vétérinaire (INMV), Mohammadia, Algeria
| | - Modou Moustapha Lo
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mariame Diop
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Yahya Barry
- Office National de Recherches et de Développement de l’Elevage (ONARDEL), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | | | | | - Haladou Gagara
- Laboratoire Central de l’Elevage (LABOCEL), Niamey, Niger
| | | | - Sara Acha
- Agrarian Research Institute of Mozambique, Directorate of Aninal Science, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Laurenco Mapaco
- Agrarian Research Institute of Mozambique, Directorate of Aninal Science, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Jelly Chang’a
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Denis Nyakilinga
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Baratang A. Lubisi
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research (ARC-OVR), Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Thabisile Tshabalala
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research (ARC-OVR), Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Claudia Filippone
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Unité de Virologie, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Jean Michel Heraud
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Unité de Virologie, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Abdou Achiraffi
- Laboratoire vétérinaire et d’analyses départemental (LVAD976), Mayotte, France
| | - Nicolas Keck
- Laboratoire Départemental Vétérinaire (LDV34), Montpellier, France
| | - Gilda Grard
- Centre National de Référence sur les arboviruses (CNR Arbovirus), Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Marseille, France
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | | | - Abdulwahed Mohammed Alrizqi
- The Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture (MEWA), Jazan Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Jizan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Catherine Cetre-Sossah
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- * E-mail:
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Ushijima Y, Abe H, Nguema Ondo G, Bikangui R, Massinga Loembé M, Zadeh VR, Essimengane JGE, Mbouna AVN, Bache EB, Agnandji ST, Lell B, Yasuda J. Surveillance of the major pathogenic arboviruses of public health concern in Gabon, Central Africa: increased risk of West Nile virus and dengue virus infections. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:265. [PMID: 33731022 PMCID: PMC7966894 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05960-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing arbovirus infections have been a global burden in recent decades. Many countries have experienced the periodic emergence of arbovirus diseases. However, information on the prevalence of arboviruses is largely unknown or infrequently updated because of the lack of surveillance studies, especially in Africa. METHODS A surveillance study was conducted in Gabon, Central Africa, on arboviruses, which are a major public health concern in Africa, including: West Nile virus (WNV), dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), yellow fever virus (YFV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). Serological and molecular assays were performed to investigate past infection history and the current status of infection, using serum samples collected from healthy individuals and febrile patients, respectively. RESULTS The overall seroprevalence during 2014-2017 was estimated to be 25.3% for WNV, 20.4% for DENV, 40.3% for ZIKV, 60.7% for YFV, 61.2% for CHIKV, and 14.3% for RVFV. No significant differences were found in the seroprevalence of any of the viruses between the male and female populations. However, a focus on the mean age in each arbovirus-seropositive individual showed a significantly younger age in WNV- and DENV-seropositive individuals than in CHIKV-seropositive individuals, indicating that WNV and DENV caused a relatively recent epidemic in the region, whereas CHIKV had actively circulated before. Of note, this indication was supported by the detection of both WNV and DENV genomes in serum samples collected from febrile patients after 2016. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed the recent re-emergence of WNV and DENV in Gabon as well as the latest seroprevalence state of the major arboviruses, which indicated the different potential risks of virus infections and virus-specific circulation patterns. This information will be helpful for public health organizations and will enable a rapid response towards these arbovirus infections, thereby preventing future spread in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Ushijima
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Haruka Abe
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Rodrigue Bikangui
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marguerite Massinga Loembé
- African Society for Laboratory Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Vahid R. Zadeh
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Joseph G. E. Essimengane
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, Gabon
| | | | | | - Selidji T. Agnandji
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bertrand Lell
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiro Yasuda
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Sero-surveillance of emerging viral diseases in camels and cattle in Nouakchott, Mauritania: an abattoir study. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:195. [PMID: 33666802 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02636-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the monitoring of several emerging viral pathogens in Mauritania, which was carried out by the analysis of bovine and camel samples taken at the slaughterhouse of Nouakchott. Blood and serum were collected by random sampling from 159 camels and 118 cattle in March 2013 at the large animals abattoir in Nouakchott. Serological tests for Rift Valley Fever (RVF), Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), West Nile disease (WND), epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) and African horse sickness (AHS) were carried out using commercial ELISA kits. The samples, which resulted positives for PPR, WND and AHS, were tested with the confirmatory virus neutralization test (VNT). According to ELISA results, serological prevalence of RVF was 45% (95% CI 52.3-37.7) in camels and 16% (95% CI 22.6-9.4) in cattle. The difference between the observed prevalences in camels and in cattle was significant (p value ≤ 0.01). PPR was absent in camels and had 12% prevalence (95% CI, 17.86-6.14) in cattle. Furthermore, camels showed 92% (95% CI, 96.1-87.9) prevalence of WNV, 73% (95% CI, 82.3-63.64) of EHD and 3% (95% CI, 5.6-0.4) of AHS. This data are of relevance since provided useful feedbacks on the circulation of the pathogens in field. Moreover, this survey provided new information on the susceptibility of camels to several emerging pathogens and on the possible use of this species as sentinel animal.
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Kamau J, Ashby E, Shields L, Yu J, Murray S, Vodzak M, Kwallah AO, Ambala P, Zimmerman D. The intersection of land use and human behavior as risk factors for zoonotic pathogen exposure in Laikipia County, Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009143. [PMID: 33606671 PMCID: PMC7894889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A majority of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are zoonotic, mainly caused through spillover events linked to human-animal interactions. We conducted a survey-based human behavioral study in Laikipia County, Kenya, which is characterized by a dynamic human-wildlife-livestock interface. Questionnaires that assessed human-animal interactions, sanitation, and illnesses experienced within the past year were distributed to 327 participants among five communities in Laikipia. This study aimed to 1) describe variation in reported high-risk behaviors by community type and 2) assess the relationship between specific behaviors and self-reported illnesses. Behavioral trends were assessed in R via Fisher’s exact tests. A generalized linear mixed model with Lasso penalization (GLMMLasso) was used to assess correlations between behaviors and participants’ self-reported illness within the past year, with reported behaviors as independent variables and reported priority symptoms as the outcome. Reported behaviors varied significantly among the study communities. Participants from one community (Pastoralist-1) were significantly more likely to report eating a sick animal in the past year (p< 0.001), collecting an animal found dead to sell in the past year (p<0.0001), and not having a designated location for human waste (p<0.0001) when compared to participants from other communities. The GLMMLasso revealed that reports of an ill person in the household in the past year was significantly associated with self-reported illness. Sixty-eight percent of participants reported that bushmeat is available within the communities. Our study demonstrates community-level variation in behaviors that may influence zoonotic pathogen exposure. We further recommend development of targeted studies that explore behavioral variations among land use systems in animal production contexts. Many infectious diseases, such as H1N1, Ebola, and COVID-19, can be spread to humas from animals. In order to reduce the risk of disease “spillover” (disease transmission from an animal to a person), it is important to understand how interactions between humans and animals can influence spread. Certain behaviors, such as eating raw meat, hunting, or sharing drinking water with animals can put people at greater risk of contacting bacteria and viruses that can cause these diseases. Globally, communities that depend on animal production are at heightened risk due to increased contact with animals. In this study, the authors conducted human behavioral surveys among different communities in Kenya that raise livestock. Results show that reported behaviors varied greatly by community. One of the communities reported a significantly higher proportion of behaviors, such as eating raw meat or eating animals found dead. Communities that show high prevalence of these behaviors may be at greater risk for contracting diseases from animals. Understanding this variation is important for developing plans for community outreach and addressing behaviors that can influence risk of disease spread.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Ashby
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Jennifer Yu
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Suzan Murray
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Megan Vodzak
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | | | - Peris Ambala
- Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dawn Zimmerman
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
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Sero-prevalence of brucellosis, Q-fever and Rift Valley fever in humans and livestock in Somali Region, Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008100. [PMID: 33493173 PMCID: PMC7861547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Information on zoonotic diseases in humans and livestock are limited in pastoral/agro-pastoral communities in Ethiopia. A multi-stage cross sectional cluster design study was implemented with the aim to establish the seroprevalence of zoonotic diseases including brucellosis, Q-fever and Rift Valley fever (RVF) in humans and livestock in Adadle Woreda of the Somali Region, Ethiopia. Blood samples were collected from humans and livestock and tested by relevant serological tests. For brucellosis, Rose Bengal test (RBT) and indirect ELISA was used for screening and confirmatory diagnosis respectively. Indirect and competitive ELISA were also used for Q-fever and RVF respectively. The individual seropositivity of Q-fever in livestock was 9.6% (95% CI 5.9-15.1) in cattle, 55.7% (95% CI 46.0-65.0) in camels, 48.8% (95% CI 42.5-55.0) in goats, and 28.9% (95% CI 25.0-33.2) in sheep. In humans, seropositivity of Q-fever was 27.0% (95% CI 20.4-34.0), with prevalence in males of 28.9% vs 24.2% in females (OR = 1.3; 95% CI 0.6-2.5). Camel seropositivity of Q-fever was significantly associated with age (OR = 8.1; 95% CI 2.8-23.7). The individual apparent seroprevalence of RVF was 13.2% (95% CI 8.7-18.8) in humans, 17.9% (95% CI 11.0-27.8) in cattle, 42.6% (95% CI 34.8-50.7) in camels, 6.3% (95% CI 3.3-11.6) in goats and 7.4% (95% CI 4.7-11.5) in sheep. Camels had the highest seropositivity of both Q-fever and RVF. Only a weak correlation was observed between human and livestock seropositivity for both Q-fever and RVF. Only cattle and camels were seropositive for brucellosis by iELISA. The individual seroprevalence of brucellosis was 2.8(0.9-6.4) in humans, 1.5% (95% CI 0.2-5.2) in cattle and 0.6% (95% CI 0.0-3.2) in camels. This study showed the importance of zoonoses in Somali Region and is the first published study to describe RVF exposure in humans and livestock in the country. Even though human exposure to RVF virus was reported, public health sector of Somali Region has not given attention to such zoonoses. Collaboration between public and animal health sectors for further investigation on these zoonoses using the One Health concept is indispensable.
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Wu Z, Han Y, Liu B, Li H, Zhu G, Latinne A, Dong J, Sun L, Su H, Liu L, Du J, Zhou S, Chen M, Kritiyakan A, Jittapalapong S, Chaisiri K, Buchy P, Duong V, Yang J, Jiang J, Xu X, Zhou H, Yang F, Irwin DM, Morand S, Daszak P, Wang J, Jin Q. Decoding the RNA viromes in rodent lungs provides new insight into the origin and evolutionary patterns of rodent-borne pathogens in Mainland Southeast Asia. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:18. [PMID: 33478588 PMCID: PMC7818139 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00965-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the largest group of mammalian species, which are also widely distributed all over the world, rodents are the natural reservoirs for many diverse zoonotic viruses. A comprehensive understanding of the core virome of diverse rodents should therefore assist in efforts to reduce the risk of future emergence or re-emergence of rodent-borne zoonotic pathogens. RESULTS This study aimed to describe the viral range that could be detected in the lungs of rodents from Mainland Southeast Asia. Lung samples were collected from 3284 rodents and insectivores of the orders Rodentia, Scandentia, and Eulipotyphla in eighteen provinces of Thailand, Lao PDR, and Cambodia throughout 2006-2018. Meta-transcriptomic analysis was used to outline the unique spectral characteristics of the mammalian viruses within these lungs and the ecological and genetic imprints of the novel viruses. Many mammalian- or arthropod-related viruses from distinct evolutionary lineages were reported for the first time in these species, and viruses related to known pathogens were characterized for their genomic and evolutionary characteristics, host species, and locations. CONCLUSIONS These results expand our understanding of the core viromes of rodents and insectivores from Mainland Southeast Asia and suggest that a high diversity of viruses remains to be found in rodent species of this area. These findings, combined with our previous virome data from China, increase our knowledge of the viral community in wildlife and arthropod vectors in emerging disease hotspots of East and Southeast Asia. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Yelin Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bo Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | | | | | - Alice Latinne
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Viet Nam Country Program, Ha Noi, Vietnam
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jie Dong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lilin Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Haoxiang Su
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Liguo Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jiang Du
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Siyu Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mingxing Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Anamika Kritiyakan
- Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Veasna Duong
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Jian Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jinyong Jiang
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, PR China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, PR China
| | - Hongning Zhou
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, PR China
| | - Fan Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - David M Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Serge Morand
- Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Jianwei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qi Jin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.
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Hassan A, Muturi M, Mwatondo A, Omolo J, Bett B, Gikundi S, Konongoi L, Ofula V, Makayotto L, Kasiti J, Oele E, Onyango C, Gura Z, Njenga K, Munyua P. Epidemiological Investigation of a Rift Valley Fever Outbreak in Humans and Livestock in Kenya, 2018. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:1649-1655. [PMID: 32748778 PMCID: PMC7543801 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
On the last week of May of 2018, a community-based syndromic surveillance system detected mass abortions and deaths of young livestock in northeastern Kenya. Two weeks later, Rift Valley fever (RVF) was confirmed in humans presenting with febrile illness and hemorrhagic syndrome in the same region. A joint animal and human response team carried out an investigation to characterize the outbreak and identify drivers of disease transmission. Here, we describe the outbreak investigation and findings. A total of 106 human cases were identified in the months of May and June 2018: 92% (98) and 8% (8) of these cases occurring in the northern and western regions of Kenya, respectively. Seventy-six (72%) were probable cases, and 30 (28%) were laboratory confirmed by ELISA and/or PCR. Among the confirmed cases, the median age was 27.5 years (interquartile range = 20), and 60% (18) were males. Overall, the case fatality rate was 7% (n = 8). The majority of the confirmed cases, 19 (63%), reported contact with livestock during slaughter and consumption of meat from sick animals. All confirmed cases had fever, 40% (12) presented with hemorrhagic syndrome, and 23% (7) presented with jaundice. Forty-three livestock herds with at least one suspect and/or confirmed animal case were identified. Death of young animals was reported in 93% (40) and abortions in 84% (36) of livestock herds. The outbreak is indicative of the emergence potential of RVF in traditionally high- and low-risk areas and the risk posed by zoonosis to livestock keepers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdala Hassan
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Jack Omolo
- Kenya Zoonotic Disease Unit, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Limbaso Konongoi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Virus Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Victor Ofula
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Virus Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lyndah Makayotto
- Division of Disease Surveillance and Response, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jacqueline Kasiti
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elizabeth Oele
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Clayton Onyango
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Zeinab Gura
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kariuki Njenga
- Washington State University Global Health Program-Kenya, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Peninah Munyua
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
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Asebe G, Mamo G, Michlmayr D, Abegaz WE, Endale A, Medhin G, Larrick JW, Legesse M. Seroprevalence of Rift Valley Fever and West Nile Fever in Cattle in Gambella Region, South West Ethiopia. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2020; 11:119-130. [PMID: 33244452 PMCID: PMC7683499 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s278867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rift Valley fever (RVF) and West Nile fever (WNF) are re-emerging mosquito-borne zoonotic diseases that cause public health and economic crises. Ethiopia shares borders with South Sudan and Kenya, where these diseases are often documented. The free movement of animals and humans across these borders expects to increase the spread of these diseases. The current study was conducted to assess the occurrence of these diseases in the Gambella region of Ethiopia. METHODOLOGY We collected a total of 368 cattle serum samples from the Lare district on the border of South Sudan and measured the presence of IgG antibody against RVF and WNF virus infections using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). RESULTS The prevalence of anti-RVF virus IgG antibody was 7.6% (95% CI: 5.3-10.82%), while that of anti-WNF virus IgG antibody was 5.4% (95% CI: 3.52-8.29%). In this study higher seroprevalence of IgG antibodies to RVF virus infection was observed comparing to the WNF virus in cattle. There was no significant association between the prevalence and the cattle age, sex or sampled locations. CONCLUSION The detection of IgG antibody to RVF and WNF virus infections in the Gambella region warrants further study of active case findings and the dynamics of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getahun Asebe
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
- College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gambella University, Gambella, Ethiopia
| | - Gezahegne Mamo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Daniela Michlmayr
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Woldaregay Erku Abegaz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adugna Endale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Estimation of Rift Valley fever virus spillover to humans during the Mayotte 2018-2019 epidemic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24567-24574. [PMID: 32929025 PMCID: PMC7533885 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004468117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an emerging, zoonotic hemorrhagic fever, affecting mainly livestock and humans in Africa. Despite its growing global concern, the impact of control measures on epidemic dynamics using empirical data has not been assessed. By combining a unique RVF epidemic dataset covering both livestock and human data in a closed ecosystem (Mayotte island) with a dynamic model, we estimate viral transmission potential among livestock, and from livestock to humans. We also quantify the impact of vaccination in decreasing the epidemic size. We demonstrate that reactive livestock vaccination is key. We present a reference case study for RVF and illustrate the value of a One Health quantitative approach to surveillance and control of zoonotic infectious diseases. Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an emerging, zoonotic, arboviral hemorrhagic fever threatening livestock and humans mainly in Africa. RVF is of global concern, having expanded its geographical range over the last decades. The impact of control measures on epidemic dynamics using empirical data has not been assessed. Here, we fitted a mathematical model to seroprevalence livestock and human RVF case data from the 2018–2019 epidemic in Mayotte to estimate viral transmission among livestock, and spillover from livestock to humans through both direct contact and vector-mediated routes. Model simulations were used to assess the impact of vaccination on reducing the epidemic size. The rate of spillover by direct contact was about twice as high as vector transmission. Assuming 30% of the population were farmers, each transmission route contributed to 45% and 55% of the number of human infections, respectively. Reactive vaccination immunizing 20% of the livestock population reduced the number of human cases by 30%. Vaccinating 1 mo later required using 50% more vaccine doses for a similar reduction. Vaccinating only farmers required 10 times as more vaccine doses for a similar reduction in human cases. Finally, with 52.0% (95% credible interval [CrI] [42.9–59.4]) of livestock immune at the end of the epidemic wave, viral reemergence in the next rainy season (2019–2020) is unlikely. Coordinated human and animal health surveillance, and timely livestock vaccination appear to be key to controlling RVF in this setting. We furthermore demonstrate the value of a One Health quantitative approach to surveillance and control of zoonotic infectious diseases.
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