1
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Lou QM, Lai FF, Li JW, Mao KJ, Wan HT, He Y. Mechanisms of cuproptosis and its relevance to distinct diseases. Apoptosis 2024; 29:981-1006. [PMID: 38824478 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-024-01983-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Copper is a trace element required by the organism, but once the level of copper exceeds the threshold, it becomes toxic and even causes death. The underlying mechanisms of copper-induced death are inconclusive, with different studies showing different opinions on the mechanism of copper-induced death. Multiple investigations have shown that copper induces oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, nucleolar stress, and proteasome inhibition, all of which can result in cell death. The latest research elucidates a copper-dependent death and denominates it as cuproptosis. Cuproptosis takes place through the combination of copper and lipoylated proteins of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, triggering agglomeration of lipoylated proteins and loss of iron-sulfur cluster proteins, leading to proteotoxic stress and ultimately death. Given the toxicity and necessity of copper, abnormal levels of copper lead to diseases such as neurological diseases and cancer. The development of cancer has a high demand for copper, neurological diseases involve the change of copper contents and the binding of copper to proteins. There is a close relationship between these two kinds of diseases and copper. Here, we summarize the mechanisms of copper-related death, and the association between copper and diseases, to better figure out the influence of copper in cell death and diseases, thus advancing the clinical remedy of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Mei Lou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Fei-Fan Lai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Jing-Wei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Kun-Jun Mao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Hai-Tong Wan
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Yu He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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2
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Hao D, Luo W, Yan Y, Zhou J. Focus on cuproptosis: Exploring new mechanisms and therapeutic application prospects of cuproptosis regulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 178:117182. [PMID: 39053428 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cuproptosis is a novel form of regulated cell death, which plays an important role in the physiological and pathological processes of the human body. Despite the increasing research on cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) and their correlation with diseases, the pathogenesis of cuproptosis-related diseases remains unclear. Furthermore, there is a lack of reviews on the emerging technologies for regulating cuproptosis in disease treatment. This study delves into the copper-induced cell death mechanism, distinguishing cuproptosis from mechanisms like oxidative stress, glutathione synthesis inhibition, and ubiquitin-proteasome system inhibition. Several long-standing mysteries of diseases such as Wilson's disease and Menkes disease may be attributed to the occurrence of cuproptosis. In addition, we also review the detection indicators related to cuproptosis, providing targets for the diagnosis of cuproptosis-related diseases, and summarize the application value of cuproptosis in tumor therapy to better elucidate the impact of copper in cell death and diseases, and thus to promote the application prospects and possible strategies of cuproptosis-related substances, such as copper ion chelators, copper ion carriers, and copper nanomaterials, in disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin Hao
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Cancer Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China; Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Cancer Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yongmin Yan
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Cancer Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China.
| | - Jing Zhou
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Cancer Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China.
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3
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Yang Z, Feng R, Zhao H. Cuproptosis and Cu: a new paradigm in cellular death and their role in non-cancerous diseases. Apoptosis 2024:10.1007/s10495-024-01993-y. [PMID: 39014119 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-024-01993-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Cuproptosis, a newly characterized form of regulated cell death driven by copper accumulation, has emerged as a significant mechanism underlying various non-cancerous diseases. This review delves into the complex interplay between copper metabolism and the pathogenesis of conditions such as Wilson's disease (WD), neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular pathologies. We examine the molecular mechanisms by which copper dysregulation induces cuproptosis, highlighting the pivotal roles of key copper transporters and enzymes. Additionally, we evaluate the therapeutic potential of copper chelation strategies, which have shown promise in experimental models by mitigating copper-induced cellular damage and restoring physiological homeostasis. Through a comprehensive synthesis of recent advancements and current knowledge, this review underscores the necessity of further research to translate these findings into clinical applications. The ultimate goal is to harness the therapeutic potential of targeting cuproptosis, thereby improving disease management and patient outcomes in non-cancerous conditions associated with copper dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, 3201 Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Hanzhong, 723000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ridong Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (FAHZU), 79 Qingchun Rd., Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 330100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hai Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266005, Shandong, China.
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4
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Panaiotov S, Tancheva L, Kalfin R, Petkova-Kirova P. Zeolite and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules 2024; 29:2614. [PMID: 38893490 PMCID: PMC11173861 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), characterized by progressive degeneration and death of neurons, are strongly related to aging, and the number of people with NDs will continue to rise. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common NDs, and the current treatments offer no cure. A growing body of research shows that AD and especially PD are intricately related to intestinal health and the gut microbiome and that both diseases can spread retrogradely from the gut to the brain. Zeolites are a large family of minerals built by [SiO4]4- and [AlO4]5- tetrahedrons joined by shared oxygen atoms and forming a three-dimensional microporous structure holding water molecules and ions. The most widespread and used zeolite is clinoptilolite, and additionally, mechanically activated clinoptilolites offer further improved beneficial effects. The current review describes and discusses the numerous positive effects of clinoptilolite and its forms on gut health and the gut microbiome, as well as their detoxifying, antioxidative, immunostimulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects, relevant to the treatment of NDs and especially AD and PD. The direct effects of clinoptilolite and its activated forms on AD pathology in vitro and in vivo are also reviewed, as well as the use of zeolites as biosensors and delivery systems related to PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Panaiotov
- National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Yanko Sakazov Blvd. 26, 1504 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Lyubka Tancheva
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. 23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Reni Kalfin
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. 23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
- Department of Healthcare, Faculty of Public Health, Healthcare and Sport, South-West University, 66 Ivan Mihailov St., 2700 Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria
| | - Polina Petkova-Kirova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. 23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
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5
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Patwa J, Flora SJS. Copper: From enigma to therapeutic target for neurological disorder. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 134:778-791. [PMID: 38622813 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.14010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Neurological disorders (NDs) have a negative impact on the lives of individuals. There could be two explanations for this: unclear aetiology and lack of effective therapy. However, research in the past few years has revealed the role of bio-metals dyshomeostasis in NDs. The imbalance in copper (Cu) concentration may be one of the main causative factors in NDs. In this review, we have discussed the role of Cu in NDs, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD), including the molecular mechanisms involved in Cu-associated NDs like oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and protein misfolding. We have also summarized the recent Cu-targeting approaches and highlighted the in vitro and in vivo studies recently being reported on the subject. Based on the earlier published reports, it could be speculated that the Cu targeting strategy might be an interesting and potential therapeutic approach for NDs. Various difficulties must be overcome to develop safe and efficient Cu-targeting medications for NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Patwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Swaran Jeet Singh Flora
- Era College of Pharmaceuticals, Era Lucknow Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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6
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Grover K, Koblova A, Pezacki AT, Chang CJ, New EJ. Small-Molecule Fluorescent Probes for Binding- and Activity-Based Sensing of Redox-Active Biological Metals. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5846-5929. [PMID: 38657175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Although transition metals constitute less than 0.1% of the total mass within a human body, they have a substantial impact on fundamental biological processes across all kingdoms of life. Indeed, these nutrients play crucial roles in the physiological functions of enzymes, with the redox properties of many of these metals being essential to their activity. At the same time, imbalances in transition metal pools can be detrimental to health. Modern analytical techniques are helping to illuminate the workings of metal homeostasis at a molecular and atomic level, their spatial localization in real time, and the implications of metal dysregulation in disease pathogenesis. Fluorescence microscopy has proven to be one of the most promising non-invasive methods for studying metal pools in biological samples. The accuracy and sensitivity of bioimaging experiments are predominantly determined by the fluorescent metal-responsive sensor, highlighting the importance of rational probe design for such measurements. This review covers activity- and binding-based fluorescent metal sensors that have been applied to cellular studies. We focus on the essential redox-active metals: iron, copper, manganese, cobalt, chromium, and nickel. We aim to encourage further targeted efforts in developing innovative approaches to understanding the biological chemistry of redox-active metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karandeep Grover
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Alla Koblova
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Aidan T Pezacki
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Elizabeth J New
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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7
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Han J, Luo J, Wang C, Kapilevich L, Zhang XA. Roles and mechanisms of copper homeostasis and cuproptosis in osteoarticular diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116570. [PMID: 38599063 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Copper is an essential trace element in the human body that is extensively distributed throughout various tissues. The appropriate level of copper is crucial to maintaining the life activities of the human body, and the excess and deficiency of copper can lead to various diseases. The copper levels in the human body are regulated by copper homeostasis, which maintains appropriate levels of copper in tissues and cells by controlling its absorption, transport, and storage. Cuproptosis is a distinct form of cell death induced by the excessive accumulation of intracellular copper. Copper homeostasis and cuproptosis has recently elicited increased attention in the realm of human health. Cuproptosis has emerged as a promising avenue for cancer therapy. Studies concerning osteoarticular diseases have elucidated the intricate interplay among copper homeostasis, cuproptosis, and the onset of osteoarticular diseases. Copper dysregulation and cuproptosis cause abnormal bone and cartilage metabolism, affecting related cells. This phenomenon assumes a critical role in the pathophysiological processes underpinning various osteoarticular diseases, with implications for inflammatory and immune responses. While early Cu-modulating agents have shown promise in clinical settings, additional research and advancements are warranted to enhance their efficacy. In this review, we summarize the effects and potential mechanisms of copper homeostasis and cuproptosis on bone and cartilage, as well as their regulatory roles in the pathological mechanism of osteoarticular diseases (e.g., osteosarcoma (OS), osteoarthritis (OA), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA)). We also discuss the clinical-application prospects of copper-targeting strategy, which may provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of osteoarticular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Han
- College of Exercise and Health, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang 110100, China
| | - Jiayi Luo
- College of Exercise and Health, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang 110100, China
| | - Cuijing Wang
- College of Exercise and Health, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang 110100, China
| | - Leonid Kapilevich
- Faculty of Physical Education, Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Xin-An Zhang
- College of Exercise and Health, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang 110100, China.
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8
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Wang L, Fang X, Ling B, Wang F, Xia Y, Zhang W, Zhong T, Wang X. Research progress on ferroptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1359453. [PMID: 38515787 PMCID: PMC10955106 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1359453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Globally, millions of individuals are impacted by neurodegenerative disorders including Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although a great deal of energy and financial resources have been invested in disease-related research, breakthroughs in therapeutic approaches remain elusive. The breakdown of cells usually happens together with the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the mechanism that triggers neuronal loss is unknown. Lipid peroxidation, which is iron-dependent, causes a specific type of cell death called ferroptosis, and there is evidence its involvement in the pathogenic cascade of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the specific mechanisms are still not well known. The present article highlights the basic processes that underlie ferroptosis and the corresponding signaling networks. Furthermore, it provides an overview and discussion of current research on the role of ferroptosis across a variety of neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiansong Fang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Baodian Ling
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Fangsheng Wang
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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9
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Ban XX, Wan H, Wan XX, Tan YT, Hu XM, Ban HX, Chen XY, Huang K, Zhang Q, Xiong K. Copper Metabolism and Cuproptosis: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Med Sci 2024; 44:28-50. [PMID: 38336987 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-024-2832-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Copper is an essential trace element, and plays a vital role in numerous physiological processes within the human body. During normal metabolism, the human body maintains copper homeostasis. Copper deficiency or excess can adversely affect cellular function. Therefore, copper homeostasis is stringently regulated. Recent studies suggest that copper can trigger a specific form of cell death, namely, cuproptosis, which is triggered by excessive levels of intracellular copper. Cuproptosis induces the aggregation of mitochondrial lipoylated proteins, and the loss of iron-sulfur cluster proteins. In neurodegenerative diseases, the pathogenesis and progression of neurological disorders are linked to copper homeostasis. This review summarizes the advances in copper homeostasis and cuproptosis in the nervous system and neurodegenerative diseases. This offers research perspectives that provide new insights into the targeted treatment of neurodegenerative diseases based on cuproptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xia Ban
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 430013, China
| | - Hao Wan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 430013, China
| | - Xin-Xing Wan
- Department of Endocrinology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 430013, China
| | - Ya-Ting Tan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 430013, China
| | - Xi-Min Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 430013, China
| | - Hong-Xia Ban
- Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010050, China
| | - Xin-Yu Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 430013, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 430013, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 430013, China.
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China.
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 430013, China.
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 430013, China.
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10
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Lobato AG, Ortiz-Vega N, Zhu Y, Neupane D, Meier KK, Zhai RG. Copper enhances aggregational toxicity of mutant huntingtin in a Drosophila model of Huntington's Disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166928. [PMID: 38660915 PMCID: PMC11046041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with clinical presentations of moderate to severe cognitive, motor, and psychiatric disturbances. HD is caused by the trinucleotide repeat expansion of CAG of the huntingtin (HTT) gene. The mutant HTT protein containing pathological polyglutamine (polyQ) extension is prone to misfolding and aggregation in the brain. It has previously been observed that copper and iron concentrations are increased in the striata of post-mortem human HD brains. Although it has been shown that the accumulation of mutant HTT protein can interact with copper, the underlying HD progressive phenotypes due to copper overload remains elusive. Here, in a Drosophila model of HD, we showed that copper induces dose-dependent aggregational toxicity and enhancement of Htt-induced neurodegeneration. Specifically, we found that copper increases mutant Htt aggregation, enhances the accumulation of Thioflavin S positive β-amyloid structures within Htt aggregates, and consequently alters autophagy in the brain. Administration of copper chelator D-penicillamine (DPA) through feeding significantly decreases β-amyloid aggregates in the HD pathological model. These findings reveal a direct role of copper in potentiating mutant Htt protein-induced aggregational toxicity, and further indicate the potential impact of environmental copper exposure in the disease onset and progression of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda G Lobato
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Graduate Program in Human Genetics and Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Natalie Ortiz-Vega
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Deepa Neupane
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Katlyn K Meier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - R Grace Zhai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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11
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Zhong G, Wang X, Li J, Xie Z, Wu Q, Chen J, Wang Y, Chen Z, Cao X, Li T, Liu J, Wang Q. Insights Into the Role of Copper in Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Therapeutic Potential of Natural Compounds. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1650-1671. [PMID: 38037913 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x22666231103085859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases encompass a collection of neurological disorders originating from the progressive degeneration of neurons, resulting in the dysfunction of neurons. Unfortunately, effective therapeutic interventions for these diseases are presently lacking. Copper (Cu), a crucial trace element within the human body, assumes a pivotal role in various biological metabolic processes, including energy metabolism, antioxidant defense, and neurotransmission. These processes are vital for the sustenance, growth, and development of organisms. Mounting evidence suggests that disrupted copper homeostasis contributes to numerous age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Wilson's disease (WD), Menkes disease (MD), prion diseases, and multiple sclerosis (MS). This comprehensive review investigates the connection between the imbalance of copper homeostasis and neurodegenerative diseases, summarizing pertinent drugs and therapies that ameliorate neuropathological changes, motor deficits, and cognitive impairments in these conditions through the modulation of copper metabolism. These interventions include Metal-Protein Attenuating Compounds (MPACs), copper chelators, copper supplements, and zinc salts. Moreover, this review highlights the potential of active compounds derived from natural plant medicines to enhance neurodegenerative disease outcomes by regulating copper homeostasis. Among these compounds, polyphenols are particularly abundant. Consequently, this review holds significant implications for the future development of innovative drugs targeting the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcheng Zhong
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhouyuan Xie
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiqing Wu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyun Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziying Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Cao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianyao Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinman Liu
- Affiliated Jiangmen TCM Hospital of Ji'nan University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Cordeiro LM, Soares MV, da Silva AF, Dos Santos LV, de Souza LI, da Silveira TL, Baptista FBO, de Oliveira GV, Pappis C, Dressler VL, Arantes LP, Zheng F, Soares FAA. Toxicity of Copper and Zinc alone and in combination in Caenorhabditis elegans model of Huntington's disease and protective effects of rutin. Neurotoxicology 2023:S0161-813X(23)00085-2. [PMID: 37302585 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) are required in small concentrations for metabolic functions, but are also toxic. There is a great concern about soil pollution by heavy metals, which may exposure the population to these toxicants, either by inhalation of dust or exposure to toxicants through ingestion of food derived from contaminated soils. In addition, the toxicity of metals in combination is questionable, as soil quality guidelines only assess them separately. It is well known that metal accumulation is often found in the pathologically affected regions of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's disease (HD). HD is caused by an autosomal dominantly inherited CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. This results in the formation of a mutant huntingtin (mHTT) protein with an abnormally long polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat. The pathology of HD results in loss of neuronal cells, motor changes, and dementia. Rutin is a flavonoid found in various food sources, and previous studies indicate it has protective effects in HD models and acts as a metal chelator. However, further studies are needed to unravel its effects on metal dyshomeostasis and to discern the underlying mechanisms. In the present study, we investigated the toxic effects of long-term exposure to copper, zinc, and their mixture, and the relationship with the progression of neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration in a C. elegans-based HD model. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of rutin post metal exposure. Overall, we demonstrate that chronic exposure to the metals and their mixture altered body parameters, locomotion, and developmental delay, in addition to increasing polyQ protein aggregates in muscles and neurons causing neurodegeneration. We also propose that rutin has protective effects acting through mechanisms involving antioxidant and chelating properties. Altogether, our data provides new indications about the higher toxicity of metals in combination, the chelating potential of rutin in the C. elegans model of HD and possible strategies for future treatments of neurodegenerative diseases caused by the aggregation of proteins related to metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Marafiga Cordeiro
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Camobi, Zip code 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcell Valandro Soares
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Camobi, Zip code 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Franzen da Silva
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Camobi, Zip code 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiza Venturini Dos Santos
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Camobi, Zip code 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Ilha de Souza
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Camobi, Zip code 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Tássia Limana da Silveira
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Camobi, Zip code 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiane Bicca Obetine Baptista
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Camobi, Zip code 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Vitória de Oliveira
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Camobi, Zip code 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Pappis
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Valderi Luiz Dressler
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Leticia Priscilla Arantes
- State University of Minas Gerais, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Health, Zip code 37900-106, Passos, MG, Brazil
| | - Fuli Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian Province, China
| | - Felix Alexandre Antunes Soares
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Camobi, Zip code 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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13
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Kamitsuka PJ, Ghanem MM, Ziar R, McDonald SE, Thomas MG, Kwakye GF. Defective Mitochondrial Dynamics and Protein Degradation Pathways Underlie Cadmium-Induced Neurotoxicity and Cell Death in Huntington's Disease Striatal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087178. [PMID: 37108341 PMCID: PMC10139096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to heavy metals, including cadmium (Cd), can induce neurotoxicity and cell death. Cd is abundant in the environment and accumulates in the striatum, the primary brain region selectively affected by Huntington's disease (HD). We have previously reported that mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT) combined with chronic Cd exposure induces oxidative stress and promotes metal dyshomeostasis, resulting in cell death in a striatal cell model of HD. To understand the effect of acute Cd exposure on mitochondrial health and protein degradation pathways, we hypothesized that expression of mHTT coupled with acute Cd exposure would cooperatively alter mitochondrial bioenergetics and protein degradation mechanisms in striatal STHdh cells to reveal novel pathways that augment Cd cytotoxicity and HD pathogenicity. We report that mHTT cells are significantly more susceptible to acute Cd-induced cell death as early as 6 h after 40 µM CdCl2 exposure compared with wild-type (WT). Confocal microscopy, biochemical assays, and immunoblotting analysis revealed that mHTT and acute Cd exposure synergistically impair mitochondrial bioenergetics by reducing mitochondrial potential and cellular ATP levels and down-regulating the essential pro-fusion proteins MFN1 and MFN2. These pathogenic effects triggered cell death. Furthermore, Cd exposure increases the expression of autophagic markers, such as p62, LC3, and ATG5, and reduces the activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome system to promote neurodegeneration in HD striatal cells. Overall, these results reveal a novel mechanism to further establish Cd as a pathogenic neuromodulator in striatal HD cells via Cd-triggered neurotoxicity and cell death mediated by an impairment in mitochondrial bioenergetics and autophagy with subsequent alteration in protein degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Kamitsuka
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland Street, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA
| | - Marwan M Ghanem
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland Street, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA
| | - Rania Ziar
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland Street, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA
| | - Sarah E McDonald
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland Street, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA
| | - Morgan G Thomas
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland Street, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA
| | - Gunnar F Kwakye
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland Street, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA
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14
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Xu Y, Zhao J, Zhao Y, Zhou L, Qiao H, Xu Q, Liu Y. The role of ferroptosis in neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:1655-1661. [PMID: 36385663 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is newly identified as a non-apoptotic form of programmed cell death. It is characterized by iron-dependent intracellular accumulation of lipid peroxides which ultimately leads to oxidative stress and cell death. Ferroptosis has been identified in several diseases, such as cancer, renal failure, liver injury, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Besides, it has been reported to be involved in the pathological mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases (NDD). In addition, interventions targeting ferroptosis can influence the course of NDD, making it a potential therapeutic target for NDD. By summarizing the current research on ferroptosis and its impact on many neurological diseases, we hope to provide valuable strategies for the underlying mechanisms and treatment of these neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Haoduo Qiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
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15
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Tolomeu HV, Fraga CAM. Imidazole: Synthesis, Functionalization and Physicochemical Properties of a Privileged Structure in Medicinal Chemistry. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020838. [PMID: 36677894 PMCID: PMC9865940 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Imidazole was first synthesized by Heinrich Debus in 1858 and was obtained by the reaction of glyoxal and formaldehyde in ammonia, initially called glyoxaline. The current literature provides much information about the synthesis, functionalization, physicochemical characteristics and biological role of imidazole. Imidazole is a structure that, despite being small, has a unique chemical complexity. It is a nucleus that is very practical and versatile in its construction/functionalization and can be considered a rich source of chemical diversity. Imidazole acts in extremely important processes for the maintenance of living organisms, such as catalysis in enzymatic processes. Imidazole-based compounds with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiparasitic, antituberculosis, antifungal, antioxidant, antitumor, antimalarial, anticancer, antidepressant and many others make up the therapeutic arsenal and new bioactive compounds proposed in the most diverse works. The interest and importance of imidazole-containing analogs in the field of medicinal chemistry is remarkable, and the understanding from the development of the first blockbuster drug cimetidine explores all the chemical and biological concepts of imidazole in the context of research and development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heber Victor Tolomeu
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Manssour Fraga
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-39386447
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16
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Chen L, Min J, Wang F. Copper homeostasis and cuproptosis in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:378. [PMID: 36414625 PMCID: PMC9681860 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As an essential micronutrient, copper is required for a wide range of physiological processes in virtually all cell types. Because the accumulation of intracellular copper can induce oxidative stress and perturbing cellular function, copper homeostasis is tightly regulated. Recent studies identified a novel copper-dependent form of cell death called cuproptosis, which is distinct from all other known pathways underlying cell death. Cuproptosis occurs via copper binding to lipoylated enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, which leads to subsequent protein aggregation, proteotoxic stress, and ultimately cell death. Here, we summarize our current knowledge regarding copper metabolism, copper-related disease, the characteristics of cuproptosis, and the mechanisms that regulate cuproptosis. In addition, we discuss the implications of cuproptosis in the pathogenesis of various disease conditions, including Wilson's disease, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer, and we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting cuproptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Chen
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XThe Fourth Affiliated Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China ,grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918The First Affiliated Hospital, Basic Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Junxia Min
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Fudi Wang
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,The First Affiliated Hospital, Basic Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.
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17
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Jomova K, Makova M, Alomar SY, Alwasel SH, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, Rhodes CJ, Valko M. Essential metals in health and disease. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 367:110173. [PMID: 36152810 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In total, twenty elements appear to be essential for the correct functioning of the human body, half of which are metals and half are non-metals. Among those metals that are currently considered to be essential for normal biological functioning are four main group elements, sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca), and six d-block transition metal elements, manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and molybdenum (Mo). Cells have developed various metallo-regulatory mechanisms for maintaining a necessary homeostasis of metal-ions for diverse cellular processes, most importantly in the central nervous system. Since redox active transition metals (for example Fe and Cu) may participate in electron transfer reactions, their homeostasis must be carefully controlled. The catalytic behaviour of redox metals which have escaped control, e.g. via the Fenton reaction, results in the formation of reactive hydroxyl radicals, which may cause damage to DNA, proteins and membranes. Transition metals are integral parts of the active centers of numerous enzymes (e.g. Cu,Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, Catalase) which catalyze chemical reactions at physiologically compatible rates. Either a deficiency, or an excess of essential metals may result in various disease states arising in an organism. Some typical ailments that are characterized by a disturbed homeostasis of redox active metals include neurological disorders (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disorders), mental health problems, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes. To comprehend more deeply the mechanisms by which essential metals, acting either alone or in combination, and/or through their interaction with non-essential metals (e.g. chromium) function in biological systems will require the application of a broader, more interdisciplinary approach than has mainly been used so far. It is clear that a stronger cooperation between bioinorganic chemists and biophysicists - who have already achieved great success in understanding the structure and role of metalloenzymes in living systems - with biologists, will access new avenues of research in the systems biology of metal ions. With this in mind, the present paper reviews selected chemical and biological aspects of metal ions and their possible interactions in living systems under normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Jomova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine The Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 01, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Marianna Makova
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Suliman Y Alomar
- King Saud University, Zoology Department, College of Science, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh H Alwasel
- King Saud University, Zoology Department, College of Science, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | | | - Marian Valko
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia; King Saud University, Zoology Department, College of Science, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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18
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Tripathi R, Gupta R, Sahu M, Srivastava D, Das A, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Free radical biology in neurological manifestations: mechanisms to therapeutics interventions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:62160-62207. [PMID: 34617231 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements and growing attention about free radicals (ROS) and redox signaling enable the scientific fraternity to consider their involvement in the pathophysiology of inflammatory diseases, metabolic disorders, and neurological defects. Free radicals increase the concentration of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the biological system through different endogenous sources and thus increased the overall oxidative stress. An increase in oxidative stress causes cell death through different signaling mechanisms such as mitochondrial impairment, cell-cycle arrest, DNA damage response, inflammation, negative regulation of protein, and lipid peroxidation. Thus, an appropriate balance between free radicals and antioxidants becomes crucial to maintain physiological function. Since the 1brain requires high oxygen for its functioning, it is highly vulnerable to free radical generation and enhanced ROS in the brain adversely affects axonal regeneration and synaptic plasticity, which results in neuronal cell death. In addition, increased ROS in the brain alters various signaling pathways such as apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation and microglial activation, DNA damage response, and cell-cycle arrest, leading to memory and learning defects. Mounting evidence suggests the potential involvement of micro-RNAs, circular-RNAs, natural and dietary compounds, synthetic inhibitors, and heat-shock proteins as therapeutic agents to combat neurological diseases. Herein, we explain the mechanism of free radical generation and its role in mitochondrial, protein, and lipid peroxidation biology. Further, we discuss the negative role of free radicals in synaptic plasticity and axonal regeneration through the modulation of various signaling molecules and also in the involvement of free radicals in various neurological diseases and their potential therapeutic approaches. The primary cause of free radical generation is drug overdosing, industrial air pollution, toxic heavy metals, ionizing radiation, smoking, alcohol, pesticides, and ultraviolet radiation. Excessive generation of free radicals inside the cell R1Q1 increases reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which causes oxidative damage. An increase in oxidative damage alters different cellular pathways and processes such as mitochondrial impairment, DNA damage response, cell cycle arrest, and inflammatory response, leading to pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative disease other neurological defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Tripathi
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Delhi, India
| | - Rohan Gupta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Delhi, India
| | - Mehar Sahu
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Delhi, India
| | - Devesh Srivastava
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Delhi, India
| | - Ankita Das
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Delhi, India
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Delhi, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Delhi, India.
- , Delhi, India.
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India.
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19
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Song J, Qu R, Sun B, Chen R, Kan H, An Z, Jiang J, Li J, Zhang Y, Wu W. Associations of Short-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter with Neural Damage Biomarkers: A Panel Study of Healthy Retired Adults. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7203-7213. [PMID: 34964348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with various adverse health effects, such as respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the association of PM2.5 with neural damage biomarkers. A total of 34 healthy retirees were recruited from Xinxiang Medical University from December 2018 to April 2019. Concentrations of PM2.5 constituents including 24 metals and nonmetallic elements and 6 ions, and 5 biomarkers of neural damage including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurofilament light chain (NfL), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), and S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) in serum were measured. A linear mixed-effect model was employed to estimate the association of PM2.5 and its constituents with neural damage biomarkers. Modification effects of glutathione S-transferase theta 1 gene (GSTT1) polymorphism, sex, education, and physical activity on PM2.5 exposure with neural damage were explored. PM2.5 and its key constituents were significantly associated with neural damage biomarkers. A 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration was associated with 2.09% (95% CI, 39.3-76.5%), 100% (95% CI, 1.73-198%), and 122% (95% CI, 20.7-222%) increments in BDNF, NfL, and PGP9.5, respectively. Several constituents such as Cu, Zn, Ni, Mn, Sn, V, Rb, Pb, Al, Be, Cs, Co, Th, U, Cl-, and F- were significantly associated with NfL. The estimated association of PM2.5 with NSE in GSTT1-sufficient volunteers was significantly higher than that in GSTT1-null volunteers. Therefore, short-term PM2.5 exposure was associated with neural damage, and GSTT1 expression levels modified the PM2.5-induced adverse neural effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Rongrong Qu
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Beibei Sun
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Zhen An
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Juan Li
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Yange Zhang
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
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20
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Brinvillier D, Barrast M, Couderc-Murillo P, Bono-Yagüe J, Rousteau A, Gómez Escribano AP, Palmeira-Mello MV, Doménech-Carbó A, Passe-Coutrin N, Sylvestre M, Vázquez-Manrique RP, Cebrián-Torrejón G. Spectroscopic, Electrochemical, and Biological Assays of Copper-Binding Molecules for Screening of Different Drugs and Plant Extracts against Neurodegenerative Disorders. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:16260-16269. [PMID: 35601340 PMCID: PMC9118385 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, caused by prone-to-aggregation proteins, such as Alzheimer disease or Huntington disease, share other traits such as disrupted homeostasis of essential metal ions, like copper. In this context, in an attempt to identify Cu2+ chelating agents, we study several organic compounds (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, phenylenediamine, metformin, salicylate, and trehalose) and organic extracts obtained from Bacopa monnieri L., which has been used in Ayurvedic therapies and presented a broad spectrum of biological properties. For this purpose, UV-visible spectroscopy analysis and electrochemical measurements were performed. Further, biological assays were performed in Caenorhabditis elegans models of polyQ toxicity, in an attempt to obtain better insights on neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Brinvillier
- COVACHIM-M2E
Laboratory EA 3592, UFR SEN, Department of Chemistry, University of the French West Indies, Fouillole Campus, Pointe-à-Pitre
Cedex 97157, France
| | - Melissa Barrast
- COVACHIM-M2E
Laboratory EA 3592, UFR SEN, Department of Chemistry, University of the French West Indies, Fouillole Campus, Pointe-à-Pitre
Cedex 97157, France
| | - Petra Couderc-Murillo
- COVACHIM-M2E
Laboratory EA 3592, UFR SEN, Department of Chemistry, University of the French West Indies, Fouillole Campus, Pointe-à-Pitre
Cedex 97157, France
- UA,
UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université
de Guyane, Université des Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre 97159, France
| | - José Bono-Yagüe
- Laboratory
of Molecular, Cellular and Genomic Biomedicine, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia 46026, Spain
- Joint
Unit for Rare Diseases IIS La Fe-CIPF, Valencia 46012, Spain
| | - Alain Rousteau
- UA,
UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université
de Guyane, Université des Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre 97159, France
| | - Ana Pilar Gómez Escribano
- Laboratory
of Molecular, Cellular and Genomic Biomedicine, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia 46026, Spain
- Joint
Unit for Rare Diseases IIS La Fe-CIPF, Valencia 46012, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras
(CIBERER), Madrid 46010, Spain
| | - Marcos V. Palmeira-Mello
- Instituto
de Química, Universidade Federal
Fluminense, Outeiro S. João Batista S/N, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonio Doménech-Carbó
- Departament
de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nady Passe-Coutrin
- COVACHIM-M2E
Laboratory EA 3592, UFR SEN, Department of Chemistry, University of the French West Indies, Fouillole Campus, Pointe-à-Pitre
Cedex 97157, France
| | - Muriel Sylvestre
- COVACHIM-M2E
Laboratory EA 3592, UFR SEN, Department of Chemistry, University of the French West Indies, Fouillole Campus, Pointe-à-Pitre
Cedex 97157, France
| | - Rafael P. Vázquez-Manrique
- Laboratory
of Molecular, Cellular and Genomic Biomedicine, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia 46026, Spain
- Joint
Unit for Rare Diseases IIS La Fe-CIPF, Valencia 46012, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras
(CIBERER), Madrid 46010, Spain
| | - Gerardo Cebrián-Torrejón
- COVACHIM-M2E
Laboratory EA 3592, UFR SEN, Department of Chemistry, University of the French West Indies, Fouillole Campus, Pointe-à-Pitre
Cedex 97157, France
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21
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Kaminska J, Soczewka P, Rzepnikowska W, Zoladek T. Yeast as a Model to Find New Drugs and Drug Targets for VPS13-Dependent Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095106. [PMID: 35563497 PMCID: PMC9104724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in human VPS13A-D genes result in rare neurological diseases, including chorea-acanthocytosis. The pathogenesis of these diseases is poorly understood, and no effective treatment is available. As VPS13 genes are evolutionarily conserved, the effects of the pathogenic mutations could be studied in model organisms, including yeast, where one VPS13 gene is present. In this review, we summarize advancements obtained using yeast. In recent studies, vps13Δ and vps13-I2749 yeast mutants, which are models of chorea-acanthocytosis, were used to screen for multicopy and chemical suppressors. Two of the suppressors, a fragment of the MYO3 and RCN2 genes, act by downregulating calcineurin activity. In addition, vps13Δ suppression was achieved by using calcineurin inhibitors. The other group of multicopy suppressors were genes: FET4, encoding iron transporter, and CTR1, CTR3 and CCC2, encoding copper transporters. Mechanisms of their suppression rely on causing an increase in the intracellular iron content. Moreover, among the identified chemical suppressors were copper ionophores, which require a functional iron uptake system for activity, and flavonoids, which bind iron. These findings point at areas for further investigation in a higher eukaryotic model of VPS13-related diseases and to new therapeutic targets: calcium signalling and copper and iron homeostasis. Furthermore, the identified drugs are interesting candidates for drug repurposing for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kaminska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Piotr Soczewka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Weronika Rzepnikowska
- Neuromuscular Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Teresa Zoladek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence:
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22
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You J, Lee S, Tark HJ, Nang MJ, Oh JH, Choi I. Optical Detection of Copper Ions via Structural Dissociation of Plasmonic Sugar Nanoprobes. Anal Chem 2022; 94:5521-5529. [PMID: 35344342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Heavy metal ions are known to cause environmental pollution and several human diseases because of their inherent toxicity. Among them, Cu2+ is an essential element for the human body, but its continuous exposure and accumulation may cause adverse effects. Thus, copper ion levels in aquatic environments are strictly regulated by international standards. Herein, we demonstrate a simple optical method for detecting Cu2+ using plasmonic sugar nanoprobes (PSNs) composed of gold nanoparticles and polysaccharides. Gold precursors were reduced to nanoparticles and spontaneously embedded in the sugar-based polymeric network with the sulfated residues of carrageenan during the polymerization procedure. Owing to the abundant functional residues of PSNs and their affinity toward Cu2+, we observed the Cu2+-mediated preferential dissociation of the PSNs, resulting in absorbance spectral shifts and scattering shifts of the PSNs. Based on these plasmon band shifts, Cu2+ below the EPA regulation level of 20 μM can be easily detected by the optimized experimental condition. Additionally, the reaction mechanism between the PSNs and Cu2+ was elucidated by indepth spectroscopic analyses, which revealed that the increased binding of Cu2+ to the sulfate groups in the PSNs induces the eventual decomposition of the PSNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun You
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, 163 Siripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungki Lee
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, 163 Siripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Tark
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, 163 Siripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jeong Nang
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, 163 Siripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Oh
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, 163 Siripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhee Choi
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, 163 Siripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea.,Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Seoul, 163 Siripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
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23
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Dietary Plant Polyphenols as the Potential Drugs in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Current Evidence, Advances, and Opportunities. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5288698. [PMID: 35237381 PMCID: PMC8885204 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5288698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Huntington’s disease (HD), are characterized by the progressive degeneration of neurons. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases have been studied intensively, the mechanism is still in its infancy. In general, most neurodegenerative diseases share common molecular mechanisms, and multiple risks interact and promote the pathologic process of neurogenerative diseases. At present, most of the approved drugs only alleviate the clinical symptoms but fail to cure neurodegenerative diseases. Numerous studies indicate that dietary plant polyphenols are safe and exhibit potent neuroprotective effects in various neurodegenerative diseases. However, low bioavailability is the biggest obstacle for polyphenol that largely limits its adoption from evidence into clinical practice. In this review, we summarized the widely recognized mechanisms associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as misfolded proteins, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage, and neuroinflammatory responses. In addition, we summarized the research advances about the neuroprotective effect of the most widely reported dietary plant polyphenols. Moreover, we discussed the current clinical study and application of polyphenols and the factors that result in low bioavailability, such as poor stability and low permeability across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In the future, the improvement of absorption and stability, modification of structure and formulation, and the combination therapy will provide more opportunities from the laboratory into the clinic for polyphenols. Lastly, we hope that the present review will encourage further researches on natural dietary polyphenols in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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24
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Huang Y, Zhao M, Chen X, Zhang R, Le A, Hong M, Zhang Y, Jia L, Zang W, Jiang C, Wang J, Fan X, Wang J. Tryptophan Metabolism in Central Nervous System Diseases: Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Aging Dis 2022; 14:858-878. [PMID: 37191427 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of L-tryptophan (TRP) regulates homeostasis, immunity, and neuronal function. Altered TRP metabolism has been implicated in the pathophysiology of various diseases of the central nervous system. TRP is metabolized through two main pathways, the kynurenine pathway and the methoxyindole pathway. First, TRP is metabolized to kynurenine, then kynurenic acid, quinolinic acid, anthranilic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and finally 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid along the kynurenine pathway. Second, TRP is metabolized to serotonin and melatonin along the methoxyindole pathway. In this review, we summarize the biological properties of key metabolites and their pathogenic functions in 12 disorders of the central nervous system: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease. Furthermore, we summarize preclinical and clinical studies, mainly since 2015, that investigated the metabolic pathway of TRP, focusing on changes in biomarkers of these neurologic disorders, their pathogenic implications, and potential therapeutic strategies targeting this metabolic pathway. This critical, comprehensive, and up-to-date review helps identify promising directions for future preclinical, clinical, and translational research on neuropsychiatric disorders.
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25
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Priessner M, Summers PA, Lewis BW, Sastre M, Ying L, Kuimova MK, Vilar R. Selective Detection of Cu
+
Ions in Live Cells via Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Priessner
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Peter A. Summers
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Benjamin W. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Magdalena Sastre
- Department of Brain Sciences Imperial College London Hammersmith Campus London W12 0NN UK
| | - Liming Ying
- National Heart and Lung Institute Molecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus Imperial College London London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Marina K. Kuimova
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Ramon Vilar
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
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26
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Priessner M, Summers PA, Lewis BW, Sastre M, Ying L, Kuimova MK, Vilar R. Selective Detection of Cu + Ions in Live Cells via Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23148-23153. [PMID: 34379368 PMCID: PMC8596571 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Copper is an essential trace element in living organisms with its levels and localisation being carefully managed by the cellular machinery. However, if misregulated, deficiency or excess of copper ions can lead to several diseases. Therefore, it is important to have reliable methods to detect, monitor and visualise this metal in cells. Herein we report a new optical probe based on BODIPY, which shows a switch-on in its fluorescence intensity upon binding to copper(I), but not in the presence of high concentration of other physiologically relevant metal ions. More interestingly, binding to copper(I) leads to significant changes in the fluorescence lifetime of the new probe, which can be used to visualize copper(I) pools in lysosomes of live cells via fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Priessner
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonWhite City CampusLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Peter A. Summers
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonWhite City CampusLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Benjamin W. Lewis
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonWhite City CampusLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Magdalena Sastre
- Department of Brain SciencesImperial College LondonHammersmith CampusLondonW12 0NNUK
| | - Liming Ying
- National Heart and Lung InstituteMolecular Sciences Research HubWhite City CampusImperial College LondonLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Marina K. Kuimova
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonWhite City CampusLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Ramon Vilar
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonWhite City CampusLondonW12 0BZUK
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27
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Investigation of bovine serum albumin aggregation upon exposure to silver(i) and copper(ii) metal ions using Zetasizer. OPEN CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2021-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Depending upon the metal coordination capacity and the binding sites of proteins, interaction between metal and proteins leads to a number of changes in the protein molecule which may include the change in conformation, unfolding, overall charge, and aggregation in some cases. In this study, Cu(ii) and Ag(i) metal ions were selected to investigate aggregation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) molecule upon interaction by measuring the size and charge of the aggregates using nano-Zetasizer instrument. Two concentrations of metal ions were made to interact with a specific concentration of BSA and the size and zeta potential of BSA aggregates were measured from 0 min upto 18 h. The Cu(ii) and Ag(i) metal ions showed almost similar behavior in inducing the BSA aggregation and the intensity of peak corresponding to the normal-sized protein decreased with time, whereas the peak corresponding to the protein aggregate increased. However, the effect on zeta potential of the aggregates was observed to be different with both metal ions. The aggregation of protein due to interaction of different metal ions is important to study as it gives insight to the pathogenesis of many neurological disorders and would result in developing effective ways to limit their exposure.
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28
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Maung MT, Carlson A, Olea-Flores M, Elkhadragy L, Schachtschneider KM, Navarro-Tito N, Padilla-Benavides T. The molecular and cellular basis of copper dysregulation and its relationship with human pathologies. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21810. [PMID: 34390520 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100273rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient required for the activity of redox-active enzymes involved in critical metabolic reactions, signaling pathways, and biological functions. Transporters and chaperones control Cu ion levels and bioavailability to ensure proper subcellular and systemic Cu distribution. Intensive research has focused on understanding how mammalian cells maintain Cu homeostasis, and how molecular signals coordinate Cu acquisition and storage within organs. In humans, mutations of genes that regulate Cu homeostasis or facilitate interactions with Cu ions lead to numerous pathologic conditions. Malfunctions of the Cu+ -transporting ATPases ATP7A and ATP7B cause Menkes disease and Wilson disease, respectively. Additionally, defects in the mitochondrial and cellular distributions and homeostasis of Cu lead to severe neurodegenerative conditions, mitochondrial myopathies, and metabolic diseases. Cu has a dual nature in carcinogenesis as a promotor of tumor growth and an inducer of redox stress in cancer cells. Cu also plays role in cancer treatment as a component of drugs and a regulator of drug sensitivity and uptake. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of Cu metabolism and transport and its relation to various human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- May T Maung
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Alyssa Carlson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Monserrat Olea-Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Lobna Elkhadragy
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kyle M Schachtschneider
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Napoleon Navarro-Tito
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero, Mexico
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29
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Cheng H, Yang B, Ke T, Li S, Yang X, Aschner M, Chen P. Mechanisms of Metal-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurological Disorders. TOXICS 2021; 9:142. [PMID: 34204190 PMCID: PMC8235163 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9060142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Metals are actively involved in multiple catalytic physiological activities. However, metal overload may result in neurotoxicity as it increases formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and elevates oxidative stress in the nervous system. Mitochondria are a key target of metal-induced toxicity, given their role in energy production. As the brain consumes a large amount of energy, mitochondrial dysfunction and the subsequent decrease in levels of ATP may significantly disrupt brain function, resulting in neuronal cell death and ensuing neurological disorders. Here, we address contemporary studies on metal-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and its impact on the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cheng
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (H.C.); (X.Y.)
| | - Bobo Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (B.Y.); (T.K.)
| | - Tao Ke
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (B.Y.); (T.K.)
| | - Shaojun Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China;
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (H.C.); (X.Y.)
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (B.Y.); (T.K.)
| | - Pan Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (B.Y.); (T.K.)
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30
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Małecka M, Skoczyńska A, Goodman DM, Hartinger CG, Budzisz E. Biological properties of ruthenium(II)/(III) complexes with flavonoids as ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Abstract
Significance: The molecular processes that determine Huntington's disease (HD) pathogenesis are not yet fully understood, and until now no effective neuroprotective therapeutic strategies have been developed. Mitochondria are one of most important organelles required for neuronal homeostasis, by providing metabolic pathways relevant for energy production, regulating calcium homeostasis, or controlling free radical generation and cell death. Because augmented reactive oxygen species (ROS) accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction are relevant early HD mechanisms, targeting these cellular mechanisms may constitute relevant therapeutic approaches. Recent Advances: Previous findings point toward a close relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and redox changes in HD. Mutant huntingtin (mHTT) can directly interact with mitochondrial proteins, as translocase of the inner membrane 23 (TIM23), disrupting mitochondrial proteostasis and favoring ROS production and HD progression. Furthermore, abnormal brain and muscle redox signaling contributes to altered proteostasis and motor impairment in HD, which can be improved with the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant mitoquinone or resveratrol, an SIRT1 activator that ameliorates mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Critical Issues: Various antioxidants and metabolic enhancers have been studied in HD; however, the real outcome of these molecules is still debatable. New compounds have proven to ameliorate mitochondrial and redox-based signaling pathways in early stages of HD, potentially precluding selective neurodegeneration. Future Directions: Unraveling the molecular etiology of deregulated mitochondrial function and dynamics, and oxidative stress opens new prospects for HD therapeutics. In this review, we explore the role of redox unbalance and mitochondrial dysfunction in HD progression, and further describe advances on clinical trials in HD based on mitochondrial and redox-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia Fão
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Rego
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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32
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Na I, Kennedy DC. Size-Specific Copper Nanoparticle Cytotoxicity Varies between Human Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1548. [PMID: 33557022 PMCID: PMC7913709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercially available copper nanoparticles of three different sizes were tested for cytotoxicity against three human cell lines using four different cytotoxicity assays. This array of data was designed to elucidate trends in particle stability, uptake, and cytotoxicity. The copper nanoparticles are not stable in cell culture media, and rapid changes over the time course of the assays play a critical role in the measured endpoints. Typically, the 40-60 nm particles tested were more cytotoxic than either smaller or larger particles. These particles were also taken up more readily by cells and exhibited different stability dynamics in cell culture media. This provides a good correlation between total cellular uptake of copper and cytotoxicity that may be directly linked to particle stability, though it is unclear why the intermediate-sized particles exhibited these unique properties when compared with both larger and smaller particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David C. Kennedy
- Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada;
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33
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34
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Ferro D, Bakiu R, Pucciarelli S, Miceli C, Vallesi A, Irato P, Santovito G. Molecular Characterization, Protein-Protein Interaction Network, and Evolution of Four Glutathione Peroxidases from Tetrahymena thermophila. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100949. [PMID: 33023127 PMCID: PMC7600574 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidases (GPxs) form a broad family of antioxidant proteins essential for maintaining redox homeostasis in eukaryotic cells. In this study, we used an integrative approach that combines bioinformatics, molecular biology, and biochemistry to investigate the role of GPxs in reactive oxygen species detoxification in the unicellular eukaryotic model organism Tetrahymena thermophila. Both phylogenetic and mechanistic empirical model analyses provided indications about the evolutionary relationships among the GPXs of Tetrahymena and the orthologous enzymes of phylogenetically related species. In-silico gene characterization and text mining were used to predict the functional relationships between GPxs and other physiologically-relevant processes. The GPx genes contain conserved transcriptional regulatory elements in the promoter region, which suggest that transcription is under tight control of specialized signaling pathways. The bioinformatic findings were next experimentally validated by studying the time course of gene transcription and enzymatic activity after copper (Cu) exposure. Results emphasize the role of GPxs in the detoxification pathways that, by complex regulation of GPx gene expression, enable Tethraymena to survive in high Cu concentrations and the associated redox environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ferro
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Hospital and Clinics, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Rigers Bakiu
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Agricultural University of Tirana, 1000 Tiranë, Albania;
| | - Sandra Pucciarelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (S.P.); (C.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Cristina Miceli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (S.P.); (C.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Adriana Vallesi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (S.P.); (C.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Paola Irato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Gianfranco Santovito
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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35
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Lee S, Chung CYS, Liu P, Craciun L, Nishikawa Y, Bruemmer KJ, Hamachi I, Saijo K, Miller EW, Chang CJ. Activity-Based Sensing with a Metal-Directed Acyl Imidazole Strategy Reveals Cell Type-Dependent Pools of Labile Brain Copper. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14993-15003. [PMID: 32815370 PMCID: PMC7877313 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Copper is a required nutrient for life and particularly important to the brain and central nervous system. Indeed, copper redox activity is essential to maintaining normal physiological responses spanning neural signaling to metabolism, but at the same time copper misregulation is associated with inflammation and neurodegeneration. As such, chemical probes that can track dynamic changes in copper with spatial resolution, especially in loosely bound, labile forms, are valuable tools to identify and characterize its contributions to healthy and disease states. In this report, we present an activity-based sensing (ABS) strategy for copper detection in live cells that preserves spatial information by a copper-dependent bioconjugation reaction. Specifically, we designed copper-directed acyl imidazole dyes that operate through copper-mediated activation of acyl imidazole electrophiles for subsequent labeling of proximal proteins at sites of elevated labile copper to provide a permanent stain that resists washing and fixation. To showcase the utility of this new ABS platform, we sought to characterize labile copper pools in the three main cell types in the brain: neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. Exposure of each of these cell types to physiologically relevant stimuli shows distinct changes in labile copper pools. Neurons display translocation of labile copper from somatic cell bodies to peripheral processes upon activation, whereas astrocytes and microglia exhibit global decreases and increases in intracellular labile copper pools, respectively, after exposure to inflammatory stimuli. This work provides foundational information on cell type-dependent homeostasis of copper, an essential metal in the brain, as well as a starting point for the design of new activity-based probes for metals and other dynamic signaling and stress analytes in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yuki Nishikawa
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- ERATO Innovative Molecular Technology for Neuroscience Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
| | | | - Itaru Hamachi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- ERATO Innovative Molecular Technology for Neuroscience Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
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Lowe AJ, Sjödin S, Rodrigues FB, Byrne LM, Blennow K, Tortelli R, Zetterberg H, Wild EJ. Cerebrospinal fluid endo-lysosomal proteins as potential biomarkers for Huntington's disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233820. [PMID: 32804976 PMCID: PMC7430717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular markers derived from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) represent an accessible means of exploring the pathobiology of Huntington's disease (HD) in vivo. The endo-lysosomal/autophagy system is dysfunctional in HD, potentially contributing to disease pathogenesis and representing a potential target for therapeutic intervention. Several endo-lysosomal proteins have shown promise as biomarkers in other neurodegenerative diseases; however, they have yet to be fully explored in HD. We performed parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry analysis (PRM-MS) of multiple endo-lysosomal proteins in the CSF of 60 HD mutation carriers and 20 healthy controls. Using generalised linear models controlling for age and CAG, none of the 18 proteins measured displayed significant differences in concentration between HD patients and controls. This was affirmed by principal component analysis, in which no significant difference across disease stage was found in any of the three components representing lysosomal hydrolases, binding/transfer proteins and innate immune system/peripheral proteins. However, several proteins were associated with measures of disease severity and cognition: most notably amyloid precursor protein, which displayed strong correlations with composite Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale, UHDRS Total Functional Capacity, UHDRS Total Motor Score, Symbol Digit Modalities Test and Stroop Word Reading. We conclude that although endo-lysosomal proteins are unlikely to have value as disease state CSF biomarkers for Huntington's disease, several proteins demonstrate associations with clinical severity, thus warranting further, targeted exploration and validation in larger, longitudinal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Lowe
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Sjödin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Filipe B. Rodrigues
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren M. Byrne
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Rosanna Tortelli
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J. Wild
- UCL Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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The molecular mechanisms of copper metabolism and its roles in human diseases. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1415-1429. [PMID: 32506322 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02412-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an essential element in cells; it can act as either a recipient or a donor of electrons, participating in various reactions. However, an excess of copper ions in cells is detrimental as these copper ions can generate free radicals and increase oxidative stress. In multicellular organisms, copper metabolism involves uptake, distribution, sequestration, and excretion, at both the cellular and systemic levels. Mammalian enterocytes take in bioavailable copper ions from the diet in a Ctr1-dependent manner. After incorporation, cuprous ions are delivered to ATP7A, which pumps Cu+ from enterocytes into the blood. Copper ions arrive at the liver through the portal vein and are incorporated into hepatocytes by Ctr1. Then, Cu+ can be secreted into the bile or the blood via the Atox1/ATP7B/ceruloplasmin route. In the bloodstream, this micronutrient can reach peripheral tissues and is again incorporated by Ctr1. In peripheral tissue cells, cuprous ions are either sequestrated by molecules such as metallothioneins or targeted to utilization pathways by chaperons such as Atox1, Cox17, and CCS. Copper metabolism must be tightly controlled in order to achieve homeostasis and avoid disorders. A hereditary or acquired copper unbalance, including deficiency, overload, or misdistribution, may cause or aggravate certain diseases such as Menkes disease, Wilson disease, neurodegenerative diseases, anemia, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. A full understanding of copper metabolism and its roles in diseases underlies the identification of novel effective therapies for such diseases.
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Ayton S, Lei P, Appukuttan AT, Renoir T, Foliaki S, Chen F, Adlard PA, Hannan AJ, Bush AI. Brain Zinc Deficiency Exacerbates Cognitive Decline in the R6/1 Model of Huntington's Disease. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:243-251. [PMID: 31520307 PMCID: PMC7007468 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00785-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is currently no disease-modifying treatment for Huntington's disease (HD), which is characterized by chorea motor impairment and cognitive decline. The zinc ionophore, PBT2, was previously shown to improve the phenotype of a HD mouse model and reported efficacy in certain cognitive tests in a phase II clinical trial in HD. Here we report that zinc deficiency is a feature of the hippocampus and cortex in the R6/1 mouse model of HD. Low cortical zinc has been shown to induce cognitive impairment, and indeed, dietary restriction of zinc in R6/1 mice was associated with cognitive impairment in the Y-maze, an exacerbated hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) deficit and reduction of AMPA receptors (and not other glutamatergic receptors). These data reveal the importance of zinc in maintaining brain function in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Peng Lei
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ambili T Appukuttan
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Thibault Renoir
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Simote Foliaki
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Feng Chen
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Paul A Adlard
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
- University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
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Poulson BG, Szczepski K, Lachowicz JI, Jaremko L, Emwas AH, Jaremko M. Aggregation of biologically important peptides and proteins: inhibition or acceleration depending on protein and metal ion concentrations. RSC Adv 2020; 10:215-227. [PMID: 35492549 PMCID: PMC9047971 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09350h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of aggregation of proteins and peptides is dependent on the concentration of proteins, and the rate of aggregation can be altered by the presence of metal ions, but this dependence is not always a straightforward relationship. In general, aggregation does not occur under normal physiological conditions, yet it can be induced in the presence of certain metal ions. However, the extent of the influence of metal ion interactions on protein aggregation has not yet been fully comprehended. A consensus has thus been difficult to reach because the acceleration/inhibition of the aggregation of proteins in the presence of metal ions depends on several factors such as pH and the concentration of the aggregated proteins involved as well as metal concentration level of metal ions. Metal ions, like Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+etc. may either accelerate or inhibit aggregation simply because the experimental conditions affect the behavior of biomolecules. It is clear that understanding the relationship between metal ion concentration and protein aggregation will prove useful for future scientific applications. This review focuses on the dependence of the aggregation of selected important biomolecules (peptides and proteins) on metal ion concentrations. We review proteins that are prone to aggregation, the result of which can cause serious neurodegenerative disorders. Furthering our understanding of the relationship between metal ion concentration and protein aggregation will prove useful for future scientific applications, such as finding therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. The process of aggregation of proteins and peptides is dependent on the concentration of proteins, and the rate of aggregation can be altered by the presence of metal ions, but this dependence is not always a straightforward relationship.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gabriel Poulson
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE)
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Kacper Szczepski
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE)
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Joanna Izabela Lachowicz
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health
- University of Cagliari
- Cittadella Universitaria
- Italy
| | - Lukasz Jaremko
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE)
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core Labs
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE)
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
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Nakagawa Y, Yamada S. Metal homeostasis disturbances in neurodegenerative disorders, with special emphasis on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - Potential pathogenetic mechanism and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 207:107455. [PMID: 31863817 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is characterized by a rapidly progressive dementia often accompanied by myoclonus and other signs of brain dysfunction, relying on the conversion of the normal cellular form of the prion protein (PrPC) to a misfolded form (PrPSc). The neuropathological changes include spongiform degeneration, neuronal loss, astrogliosis, and deposition of PrPSc. It is still unclear how these pathological changes correlate with the development of CJD symptoms because few patients survive beyond 2 years after diagnosis. Inasmuch as the symptoms of CJD overlap some of those observed in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, there may be some underlying pathologic mechanisms associated with CJD that may contribute to the symptoms of non-prion neurodegenerative diseases as well. Data suggest that imbalance of metals, including copper, zinc, iron, and manganese, induces abnormalities in processing and degradation of prion proteins that are accompanied by self-propagation of PrPSc. These events appear to be responsible for glutamatergic synaptic dysfunctions, neuronal death, and PrPSc aggregation. Given that the prodromal symptoms of CJD such as sleep disturbances and mood disorders are associated with brain stem and limbic system dysfunction, the pathological changes may initially occur in these brain regions, then spread throughout the entire brain. Alterations in cerebrospinal fluid homeostasis, which may be linked to imbalance of these metals, seem to be more important than neuroinflammation in causing the cell death. It is proposed that metal dyshomeostasis could be responsible for the initiation and progression of the pathological changes associated with symptoms of CJD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Nakagawa
- Center for Pharma-Food Research (CPFR), Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Integrative Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Shizuo Yamada
- Center for Pharma-Food Research (CPFR), Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Integrative Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Tellone E, Galtieri A, Ficarra S. Reviewing Biochemical Implications of Normal and Mutated Huntingtin in Huntington's Disease. Curr Med Chem 2019; 27:5137-5158. [PMID: 31223078 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190621101909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Huntingtin (Htt) is a multi-function protein of the brain. Normal Htt shows a common alpha-helical structure but conformational changes in the form with beta strands are the principal cause of Huntington's disease. Huntington's disease is a genetic neurological disorder caused by a repeated expansion of the CAG trinucleotide, causing instability in the N-terminal of the gene coding for the Huntingtin protein. The mutation leads to the abnormal expansion of the production of the polyglutamine tract (polyQ) resulting in the form of an unstable Huntingtin protein commonly referred to as mutant Huntingtin. Mutant Huntingtin is the cause of the complex neurological metabolic alteration of Huntington's disease, resulting in both the loss of all the functions of normal Huntingtin and the genesis of abnormal interactions due to the presence of this mutation. One of the problems arising from the misfolded Huntingtin is the increase in oxidative stress, which is common in many neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. In the last few years, the use of antioxidants had a strong incentive to find valid therapies for defence against neurodegenerations. Although further studies are needed, the use of antioxidant mixtures to counteract neuronal damages seems promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Tellone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Galtieri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Silvana Ficarra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Zhou DR, Eid R, Miller KA, Boucher E, Mandato CA, Greenwood MT. Intracellular second messengers mediate stress inducible hormesis and Programmed Cell Death: A review. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:773-792. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Trigo D, Nadais A, da Cruz e Silva OA. Unravelling protein aggregation as an ageing related process or a neuropathological response. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 51:67-77. [PMID: 30763619 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregation is normally associated with amyloidosis, namely motor neurone, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's or prion diseases. However, recent results have unveiled a concept of gradual increase of protein aggregation associated with the ageing process, apparently not necessarily associated with pathological conditions. Given that protein aggregation is sufficient to activate stress-response and inflammation, impairing protein synthesis and quality control mechanisms, the former is assumed to negatively affect cellular metabolism and behaviour. In this review the state of the art in protein aggregation research is discussed, namely the relationship between pathology and proteostasis. The role of pathology and ageing in overriding protein quality-control mechanisms, and consequently, the effect of these faulty cellular processes on pathological and healthy ageing, are also addressed.
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Sbodio JI, Snyder SH, Paul BD. Redox Mechanisms in Neurodegeneration: From Disease Outcomes to Therapeutic Opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1450-1499. [PMID: 29634350 PMCID: PMC6393771 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Once considered to be mere by-products of metabolism, reactive oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur species are now recognized to play important roles in diverse cellular processes such as response to pathogens and regulation of cellular differentiation. It is becoming increasingly evident that redox imbalance can impact several signaling pathways. For instance, disturbances of redox regulation in the brain mediate neurodegeneration and alter normal cytoprotective responses to stress. Very often small disturbances in redox signaling processes, which are reversible, precede damage in neurodegeneration. Recent Advances: The identification of redox-regulated processes, such as regulation of biochemical pathways involved in the maintenance of redox homeostasis in the brain has provided deeper insights into mechanisms of neuroprotection and neurodegeneration. Recent studies have also identified several post-translational modifications involving reactive cysteine residues, such as nitrosylation and sulfhydration, which fine-tune redox regulation. Thus, the study of mechanisms via which cell death occurs in several neurodegenerative disorders, reveal several similarities and dissimilarities. Here, we review redox regulated events that are disrupted in neurodegenerative disorders and whose modulation affords therapeutic opportunities. CRITICAL ISSUES Although accumulating evidence suggests that redox imbalance plays a significant role in progression of several neurodegenerative diseases, precise understanding of redox regulated events is lacking. Probes and methodologies that can precisely detect and quantify in vivo levels of reactive oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur species are not available. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Due to the importance of redox control in physiologic processes, organisms have evolved multiple pathways to counteract redox imbalance and maintain homeostasis. Cells and tissues address stress by harnessing an array of both endogenous and exogenous redox active substances. Targeting these pathways can help mitigate symptoms associated with neurodegeneration and may provide avenues for novel therapeutics. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 30, 1450-1499.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I. Sbodio
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Solomon H. Snyder
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bindu D. Paul
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Zhou DR, Eid R, Boucher E, Miller KA, Mandato CA, Greenwood MT. Stress is an agonist for the induction of programmed cell death: A review. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:699-712. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Paul BD, Snyder SH. Impaired Redox Signaling in Huntington's Disease: Therapeutic Implications. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:68. [PMID: 30941013 PMCID: PMC6433839 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease triggered by expansion of polyglutamine repeats in the protein huntingtin. Mutant huntingtin (mHtt) aggregates and elicits toxicity by multiple mechanisms which range from dysregulated transcription to disturbances in several metabolic pathways in both the brain and peripheral tissues. Hallmarks of HD include elevated oxidative stress and imbalanced redox signaling. Disruption of antioxidant defense mechanisms, involving antioxidant molecules and enzymes involved in scavenging or reversing oxidative damage, have been linked to the pathophysiology of HD. In addition, mitochondrial function is compromised in HD leading to impaired bioenergetics and elevated production of free radicals in cells. However, the exact mechanisms linking redox imbalance to neurodegeneration are still elusive. This review will focus on the current understanding of aberrant redox homeostasis in HD and potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu D. Paul
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Solomon H. Snyder
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Roy A, Tiwari S, Karmakar S, Anki Reddy K, Pandey LM. The effect of the stoichiometric ratio of zinc towards the fibrillation of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA): A mechanistic insight. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 123:409-419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kwakye GF, Jiménez JA, Thomas MG, Kingsley BA, McIIvin M, Saito MA, Korley EM. Heterozygous huntingtin promotes cadmium neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration in striatal cells via altered metal transport and protein kinase C delta dependent oxidative stress and apoptosis signaling mechanisms. Neurotoxicology 2019; 70:48-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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50
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Lee HJ, Lee YG, Kang J, Yang SH, Kim JH, Ghisaidoobe ABT, Kang HJ, Lee SR, Lim MH, Chung SJ. Monitoring metal-amyloid-β complexation by a FRET-based probe: design, detection, and inhibitor screening. Chem Sci 2018; 10:1000-1007. [PMID: 30774894 PMCID: PMC6349019 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04943b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A FRET-based method was developed for monitoring metal–amyloid-β complexation and identifying inhibitors against such interaction.
Aggregation of amyloidogenic peptides could cause the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. These amyloidogenic peptides can coordinate to metal ions, including Zn(ii), which can subsequently affect the peptides' aggregation and toxicity, leading to neurodegeneration. Unfortunately, the detection of metal–amyloidogenic peptide complexation has been very challenging. Herein, we report the development and utilization of a probe (A-1) capable of monitoring metal–amyloid-β (Aβ) complexation based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Our probe, A-1, is composed of Aβ1–21 grafted with a pair of FRET donor and acceptor capable of providing a FRET signal upon Zn(ii) binding even at nanomolar concentrations. The FRET intensity of A-1 increases upon Zn(ii) binding and decreases when Zn(ii)-bound A-1 aggregates. Moreover, as the FRET intensity of Zn(ii)-added A-1 is drastically changed when their interaction is disrupted, A-1 can be used for screening a chemical library to determine effective inhibitors against metal–Aβ interaction. Eight natural products (out of 145 compounds; >80% inhibition) were identified as such inhibitors in vitro, and six of them could reduce Zn(ii)–Aβ-induced toxicity in living cells, suggesting structural moieties useful for inhibitor design. Overall, we demonstrate the design of a FRET-based probe for investigating metal–amyloidogenic peptide complexation as well as the feasibility of screening inhibitors against metal-bound amyloidogenic peptides, providing effective and efficient methods for understanding their pathology and finding therapeutic candidates against neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuck Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Young Geun Lee
- Department of Chemistry , Dongguk University , Seoul 04620 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Juhye Kang
- Department of Chemistry , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea . .,Department of Chemistry , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Yang
- Department of Chemistry , Dongguk University , Seoul 04620 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Ju Hwan Kim
- School of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Amar B T Ghisaidoobe
- Department of Chemistry , Dongguk University , Seoul 04620 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Hyo Jin Kang
- Department of Chemistry , Dongguk University , Seoul 04620 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC) , Korea Research Institute of Biosience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Chungbuk 28116 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Sang J Chung
- Department of Chemistry , Dongguk University , Seoul 04620 , Republic of Korea . .,School of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea .
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