1
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Liao YE, Liu J, Arnold K. Heparan sulfates and heparan sulfate binding proteins in sepsis. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1146685. [PMID: 36865384 PMCID: PMC9971734 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1146685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfates (HSs) are the main components in the glycocalyx which covers endothelial cells and modulates vascular homeostasis through interactions with multiple Heparan sulfate binding proteins (HSBPs). During sepsis, heparanase increases and induces HS shedding. The process causes glycocalyx degradation, exacerbating inflammation and coagulation in sepsis. The circulating heparan sulfate fragments may serve as a host defense system by neutralizing dysregulated Heparan sulfate binding proteins or pro-inflammatory molecules in certain circumstances. Understanding heparan sulfates and heparan sulfate binding proteins in health and sepsis is critical to decipher the dysregulated host response in sepsis and advance drug development. In this review, we will overview the current understanding of HS in glycocalyx under septic condition and the dysfunctional heparan sulfate binding proteins as potential drug targets, particularly, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and histones. Moreover, several drug candidates based on heparan sulfates or related to heparan sulfates, such as heparanase inhibitors or heparin-binding protein (HBP), will be discussed regarding their recent advances. By applying chemical or chemoenzymatic approaches, the structure-function relationship between heparan sulfates and heparan sulfate binding proteins is recently revealed with structurally defined heparan sulfates. Such homogenous heparan sulfates may further facilitate the investigation of the role of heparan sulfates in sepsis and the development of carbohydrate-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-En Liao
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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2
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Using heparan sulfate octadecasaccharide (18-mer) as a multi-target agent to protect against sepsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2209528120. [PMID: 36649428 PMCID: PMC9942825 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2209528120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a lethal syndrome manifested by an unregulated, overwhelming inflammation from the host in response to infection. Here, we exploit the use of a synthetic heparan sulfate octadecasaccharide (18-mer) to protect against sepsis. The 18-mer not only inhibits the pro-inflammatory activity of extracellular histone H3 and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), but also elicits the anti-inflammatory effect from apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I). We demonstrate that the 18-mer protects against sepsis-related injury and improves survival in cecal ligation and puncture mice and reduces inflammation in an endotoxemia mouse model. The 18-mer neutralizes the cytotoxic histone-3 (H3) through direct interaction with the protein. Furthermore, the 18-mer enlists the actions of ApoA-I to dissociate the complex of HMGB1 and lipopolysaccharide, a toxic complex contributing to cell death and tissue damage in sepsis. Our study provides strong evidence that the 18-mer mitigates inflammatory damage in sepsis by targeting numerous mediators, setting it apart from other potential therapies with a single target.
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3
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Huuska N, Netti E, Tulamo R, Lehti S, Jahromi BR, Kovanen PT, Niemelä M. Serum Amyloid A Is Present in Human Saccular Intracranial Aneurysm Walls and Associates With Aneurysm Rupture. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 80:966-974. [PMID: 34534311 PMCID: PMC9278718 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlab086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccular intracranial aneurysm (sIA) rupture leads to a disabling subarachnoid hemorrhage. Chronic inflammation and lipid accumulation in the sIA wall contribute to wall degenerative remodeling that precedes its rupture. A better understanding of the pathobiological process is essential for improved future treatment of patients carrying sIAs. Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute-phase protein produced in response to acute and chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Here, we studied the presence and the potential role of SAA in 36 intraoperatively resected sIAs (16 unruptured and 20 ruptured), that had previously been studied by histology and immunohistochemistry. SAA was present in all sIAs, but the extent of immunopositivity varied greatly. SAA immunopositivity correlated with wall degeneration (p = 0.028) and rupture (p = 0.004), with numbers of CD163-positive and CD68-positive macrophages and CD3-positive T lymphocytes (all p < 0.001), and with the expression of myeloperoxidase, matrix metalloproteinase-9, prostaglandin E-2 receptor, and cyclo-oxygenase 2 in the sIA wall. Moreover, SAA positivity correlated with the accumulation of apolipoproteins A-1 and B-100. In conclusion, SAA occurs in the sIA wall and, as an inflammation-related factor, may contribute to the development of a rupture-prone sIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Huuska
- From the Doctoral Programme in Biomedicine, Doctoral School in Health Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Neurosurgery Research Group, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eliisa Netti
- Neurosurgery Research Group, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Tulamo
- Neurosurgery Research Group, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Lehti
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Behnam Rezai Jahromi
- Neurosurgery Research Group, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Mika Niemelä
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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4
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Griffiths K, Maxwell AP, McCarter RV, Nicol P, Hogg RE, Harbinson M, McKay GJ. Serum amyloid A levels are associated with polymorphic variants in the serum amyloid A 1 and 2 genes. Ir J Med Sci 2019; 188:1175-1183. [PMID: 30852808 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-019-01996-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum amyloid A (SAA) is secreted by liver hepatocytes in response to increased inflammation whereupon it associates with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and alters the protein and lipid composition of HDL negating some of its anti-atherogenic properties. AIMS To identify variants within the SAA gene that may be associated with SAA levels and/or cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS We identified exonic variants within the SAA genes by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Sanger sequencing. We tested the association between SAA variants and serum SAA levels in 246 individuals with and without CVD. RESULTS Increased SAA was associated with rs2468844 (beta [β] = 1.73; confidence intervals [CI], 1.14-1.75; p = 0.01), rs1136747 (β = 1.53 (CI, 1.11-1.73); p = 0.01) and rs149926073 (β = 3.37 (CI, 1.70-4.00); p = 0.02), while rs1136745 was significantly associated with decreased SAA levels (β = 0.70 (CI, 0.53-0.94); p = 0.02). Homozygous individuals with the SAA1.3 haplotype had significantly lower levels of SAA compared with those with SAA1.1 or SAA1.5 (β = 0.43 (CI, 0.22-0.85); p = 0.02) while SAA1.3/1.5 heterozygotes had significantly higher SAA levels compared with those homozygous for SAA1.1 (β = 2.58 (CI, 1.19-5.57); p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS We have identified novel genetic variants in the SAA genes associated with SAA levels, a biomarker of inflammation and chronic disease. The utility of SAA as a biomarker for inflammation and chronic disease may be influenced by underlying genetic variation in baseline levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh Griffiths
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Alexander P Maxwell
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Rachel V McCarter
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Patrick Nicol
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Ruth E Hogg
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Mark Harbinson
- Centre for Medical Education, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- Department of Cardiology, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Royal Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Gareth J McKay
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
- Centre for Public Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Block B, Royal Victoria Hospital, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BA, Ireland.
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5
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Zhang Y, Zhang J, Sheng H, Li H, Wang R. Acute phase reactant serum amyloid A in inflammation and other diseases. Adv Clin Chem 2019; 90:25-80. [PMID: 31122611 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute-phase reactant serum amyloid A (A-SAA) plays an important role in acute and chronic inflammation and is used in clinical laboratories as an indicator of inflammation. Although both A-SAA and C-reactive protein (CRP) are acute-phase proteins, the detection of A-SAA is more conclusive than the detection of CRP in patients with viral infections, severe acute pancreatitis, and rejection reactions to kidney transplants. A-SAA has greater clinical diagnostic value in patients who are immunosuppressed, patients with cystic fibrosis who are treated with corticoids, and preterm infants with late-onset sepsis. Nevertheless, for the assessment of the inflammation status and identification of viral infection in other pathologies, such as bacterial infections, the combinatorial use of A-SAA and other acute-phase proteins (APPs), such as CRP and procalcitonin (PCT), can provide more information and sensitivity than the use of any of these proteins alone, and the information generated is important in guiding antibiotic therapy. In addition, A-SAA-associated diseases and the diagnostic value of A-SAA are discussed. However, the relationship between different A-SAA isotypes and their human diseases are mostly derived from research laboratories with limited clinical samples. Thus, further clinical evaluations are necessary to confirm the clinical significance of each A-SAA isotype. Furthermore, the currently available A-SAA assays are based on polyclonal antibodies, which lack isotype specificity and are associated with many inflammatory diseases. Therefore, these assays are usually used in combination with other biomarkers in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Shanghai R&D Center, DiaSys Diagnostic Systems (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Shanghai R&D Center, DiaSys Diagnostic Systems (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Huiming Sheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haichuan Li
- C.N. Maternity & Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongfang Wang
- Shanghai R&D Center, DiaSys Diagnostic Systems (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China.
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6
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Lipoproteins from vertebrate host blood plasma are involved in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote agglutination and participate in interaction with the vector insect, Rhodnius prolixus. Exp Parasitol 2018; 195:24-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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7
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Siegel G, Mockenhaupt FHME, Behnke AL, Ermilov E, Winkler K, Pries AR, Malmsten M, Hetzer R, Saunders R, Lindman B. Lipoprotein binding to anionic biopolyelectrolytes and the effect of glucose on nanoplaque formation in arteriosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 232:25-35. [PMID: 26969281 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Arteriosclerosis with its clinical sequelae (cardiac infarction, stroke, peripheral arterial occlusive disease) and vascular/Alzheimer dementia not only result in far more than half of all deaths but also represent dramatic economic problems. The reason is, among others, that diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for both disorders, and the number of diabetics strongly increases worldwide. More than one-half of infants in the first 6months of life have already small collections of macrophages and macrophages filled with lipid droplets in susceptible segments of the coronary arteries. On the other hand, the authors of the Bogalusa Heart Study found a strong increase in the prevalence of obesity in childhood that is paralleled by an increase in blood pressure, blood lipid concentration, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, there is a clear linkage between arteriosclerosis/Alzheimer's disease on the one hand and diabetes mellitus on the other hand. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that distinct apoE isoforms on the blood lipids further both arteriosclerotic and Alzheimer nanoplaque formation and therefore impair flow-mediated vascular reactivity as well. Nanoplaque build-up seems to be the starting point for arteriosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease in their later full clinical manifestation. In earlier work, we could portray the anionic biopolyelectrolytes syndecan/perlecan as blood flow sensors and lipoprotein receptors in cell membrane and vascular matrix. We described extensively molecular composition, conformation, form and function of the macromolecule heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HS-PG). In two supplementary experimental settings (ellipsometry, myography), we utilized isolated HS-PG for in vitro nanoplaque investigations and isolated human coronary artery segments for in vivo tension measurements. With the ellipsometry-based approach, we were successful in establishing a direct connection on a molecular level between diabetes mellitus on the one side and arteriosclerosis/Alzheimer's disease on the other side. Application of glucose at a concentration representative for diabetics and leading to glycation of proteins and lipids, entailed a significant increase in arteriosclerotic and Alzheimer nanoplaque formation. IDLapoE4/E4 was by far superior to IDLapoE3/E3 in plaque build-up, both in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Recording vascular tension of flow-dependent reactivity in blood substitute solution and under application of different IDLapoE isoforms showed an impaired vasorelaxation for pooled IDL and IDLapoE4/E4, thus confirming the ellipsometric investigations. Incubation in IDLapoE0/E0 (apoE "knockout man"), however, resulted in a massive flow-mediated contraction, also complemented by strongly aggregated nanoplaques. In contrast, HDL was shown to present a powerful protection against nanoplaque formation on principle, both in the in vitro model and the in vivo scenario on the endothelial cell membrane. The competitive interplay with LDL is highlighted through the flow experiment, where flow-mediated, HDL-induced vasodilatation remains untouched by additional incubation with LDL. This is due to the four times higher affinity for the proteoglycan receptor of HDL as compared to LDL. Taken together, the studies demonstrate that while simplistic, the ellipsometry approach and the endothelial-mimicking proteoglycan-modified surfaces provide information on the initial steps of lipoprotein-related plaque formation, which correlates with findings on endothelial cells and blood vessels, and afford insight into the role of lipoprotein deposition and exchange phenomena at the onset of these pathophysiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Siegel
- Charité - University Clinic Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; University of Uppsala Biomedical Center, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; St. George's University School of Arts & Sciences, True Blue, Grenada.
| | | | - A-L Behnke
- Charité - University Clinic Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - E Ermilov
- Charité - University Clinic Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - K Winkler
- University Clinic Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - A R Pries
- Charité - University Clinic Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Malmsten
- University of Uppsala Biomedical Center, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; Charité - University Clinic Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - R Hetzer
- German Heart Institute Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - R Saunders
- St. George's University School of Arts & Sciences, True Blue, Grenada; Charité - University Clinic Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - B Lindman
- University of Lund, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; Nanyang Technological University School of Materials Science & Engineering, Singapore
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8
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Digre A, Nan J, Frank M, Li JP. Heparin interactions with apoA1 and SAA in inflammation-associated HDL. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 474:309-314. [PMID: 27105909 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) is the main protein component responsible for transportation of cholesterol on high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute phase protein associated with HDL. Apart from their physiological functions, both apoA1 and SAA have been identified as 'amyloidogenic peptides'. We report herein that the polysaccharide heparin interacts with both apoA1 and SAA in HDL isolated from plasma of inflamed mice. The reaction is rapid, forming complex aggregates composed of heparin, apoA1 and SAA as revealed by gel electrophoresis. This interaction is dependent on the size and concentration of added heparin. Mass spectrometry analysis of peptides derived from chemically crosslinked HDL-SAA particles detected multiple crosslinks between apoA1 and SAA, indicating close proximity (within 25 Å) of these two proteins on the HDL surface, providing a molecular and structural mechanism for the simultaneous binding of heparin to apoA1 and SAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Digre
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology/SciLifeLab, University of Uppsala, The Biomedical Center, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jie Nan
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology/SciLifeLab, University of Uppsala, The Biomedical Center, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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9
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van der Heijden RA, Bijzet J, Meijers WC, Yakala GK, Kleemann R, Nguyen TQ, de Boer RA, Schalkwijk CG, Hazenberg BPC, Tietge UJF, Heeringa P. Obesity-induced chronic inflammation in high fat diet challenged C57BL/6J mice is associated with acceleration of age-dependent renal amyloidosis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16474. [PMID: 26563579 PMCID: PMC4643235 DOI: 10.1038/srep16474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity-induced inflammation presumably accelerates the development of chronic kidney diseases. However, little is known about the sequence of these inflammatory events and their contribution to renal pathology. We investigated the effects of obesity on the evolution of age-dependent renal complications in mice in conjunction with the development of renal and systemic low-grade inflammation (LGI). C57BL/6J mice susceptible to develop age-dependent sclerotic pathologies with amyloid features in the kidney, were fed low (10% lard) or high-fat diets (45% lard) for 24, 40 and 52 weeks. HFD-feeding induced overt adiposity, altered lipid and insulin homeostasis, increased systemic LGI and adipokine release. HFD-feeding also caused renal upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes, infiltrating macrophages, collagen I protein, increased urinary albumin and NGAL levels. HFD-feeding severely aggravated age-dependent structural changes in the kidney. Remarkably, enhanced amyloid deposition rather than sclerosis was observed. The degree of amyloidosis correlated significantly with body weight. Amyloid deposits stained positive for serum amyloid A (SAA) whose plasma levels were chronically elevated in HFD mice. Our data indicate obesity-induced chronic inflammation as a risk factor for the acceleration of age-dependent renal amyloidosis and functional impairment in mice, and suggest that obesity-enhanced chronic secretion of SAA may be the driving factor behind this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel A van der Heijden
- Department of Pathology &Medical Biology, Medical Biology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Bijzet
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter C Meijers
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gopala K Yakala
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tri Q Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Casper G Schalkwijk
- Experimental Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bouke P C Hazenberg
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Heeringa
- Department of Pathology &Medical Biology, Medical Biology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Ahlin S, Olsson M, Wilhelmson AS, Skålén K, Borén J, Carlsson LMS, Svensson PA, Sjöholm K. Adipose tissue-derived human serum amyloid a does not affect atherosclerotic lesion area in hSAA1+/-/ApoE-/- mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95468. [PMID: 24751653 PMCID: PMC3994058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronically elevated serum levels of serum amyloid A (SAA) are linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, whether SAA is directly involved in atherosclerosis development is still not known. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of adipose tissue-derived human SAA on atherosclerosis in mice. hSAA1+/- transgenic mice (hSAA1 mice) with a specific expression of human SAA1 in adipose tissue were bred with ApoE-deficient mice. The hSAA1 mice and their wild type (wt) littermates were fed normal chow for 35 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the mice were euthanized and blood, gonadal adipose tissue and aortas were collected. Plasma levels of SAA, cholesterol and triglycerides were measured. Atherosclerotic lesion areas were analyzed in the aortic arch, the thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta in en face preparations of aorta stained with Sudan IV. The human SAA protein was present in plasma from hSAA1 mice but undetectable in wt mice. Similar plasma levels of cholesterol and triglycerides were observed in hSAA1 mice and their wt controls. There were no differences in atherosclerotic lesion areas in any sections of the aorta in hSAA1 mice compared to wt mice. In conclusion, our data suggest that adipose tissue-derived human SAA does not influence atherosclerosis development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Ahlin
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maja Olsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna S. Wilhelmson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Skålén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lena M. S. Carlsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per-Arne Svensson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kajsa Sjöholm
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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Li H, An Y, Zhang L, Lei H, Zhang L, Wang Y, Tang H. Combined NMR and GC–MS Analyses Revealed Dynamic Metabolic Changes Associated with the Carrageenan-Induced Rat Pleurisy. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:5520-34. [DOI: 10.1021/pr400440d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Li
- Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Yanpeng An
- Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Biospectroscopy and Metabolomics,
School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Hehua Lei
- Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Limin Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Yulan Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Huiru Tang
- Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Biospectroscopy and Metabolomics,
School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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12
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Tricarico PM, Marcuzzi A, Zanin V, Kleiner G, Bianco AM, Crovella S. Serum amyloid A and cholesterol: a pivotal role on inflammation. Amyloid 2012; 19:163-4; author reply 165-6. [PMID: 22624603 DOI: 10.3109/13506129.2012.689266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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Noborn F, Ancsin JB, Ubhayasekera W, Kisilevsky R, Li JP. Heparan sulfate dissociates serum amyloid A (SAA) from acute-phase high-density lipoprotein, promoting SAA aggregation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:25669-77. [PMID: 22654109 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.363895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation-related (AA) amyloidosis is a severe clinical disorder characterized by the systemic deposition of the acute-phase reactant serum amyloid A (SAA). SAA is normally associated with the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction in plasma, but under yet unclear circumstances, the apolipoprotein is converted into amyloid fibrils. AA amyloid and heparan sulfate (HS) display an intimate relationship in situ, suggesting a role for HS in the pathogenic process. This study reports that HS dissociates SAA from HDLs isolated from inflamed mouse plasma. Application of surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and molecular modeling suggests that HS simultaneously binds to two apolipoproteins of HDL, SAA and ApoA-I, and thereby induce SAA dissociation. The activity requires a minimum chain length of 12-14 sugar units, proposing an explanation to previous findings that short HS fragments preclude AA amyloidosis. The results address the initial events in the pathogenesis of AA amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Noborn
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, The Biomedical Center, Husargatan 3, Box 582, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA), a protein originally of interest primarily to investigators focusing on AA amyloidogenesis, has become a subject of interest to a very broad research community. SAA is still a major amyloid research topic because AA amyloid, for which SAA is the precursor, is the prototypic model of in vivo amyloidogenesis and much that has been learned with this model has been applicable to much more common clinical types of amyloid. However, SAA has also become a subject of considerable interest to those studying (i) the synthesis and regulation of acute phase proteins, of which SAA is a prime example, (ii) the role that SAA plays in tissue injury and inflammation, a situation in which the plasma concentration of SAA may increase a 1000-fold, (iii) the influence that SAA has on HDL structure and function, because during inflammation the majority of SAA is an apolipoprotein of HDL, (iv) the influence that SAA may have on HDL's role in reverse cholesterol transport, and therefore, (v) SAA's potential role in atherogenesis. However, no physiological role for SAA, among many proposed, has been widely accepted. None the less from an evolutionary perspective SAA must have a critical physiological function conferring survival-value because SAA genes have existed for at least 500 million years and SAA's amino acid sequence has been substantially conserved. An examination of the published literature over the last 40 years reveals a great deal of conflicting data and interpretation. Using SAA's conserved amino acid sequence and the physiological effects it has while in its native structure, namely an HDL apolipoprotein, we argue that much of the confounding data and interpretation relates to experimental pitfalls not appreciated when working with SAA, a failure to appreciate the value of physiologic studies done in the 1970-1990 and a current major focus on putative roles of SAA in atherogenesis and chronic disease. When viewed from an evolutionary perspective, published data suggest that acute-phase SAA is part of a systemic response to injury to recycle and reuse cholesterol from destroyed and damaged cells. This is accomplished through SAA's targeted delivery of HDL to macrophages, and its suppression of ACAT, the enhancement of neutral cholesterol esterase and ABC transporters in macrophages. The recycling of cholesterol during serious injury, when dietary intake is restricted and there is an immediate and critical requirement of cholesterol in the generation of myriads of cells involved in inflammation and repair responses, is likely SAA's important survival role. Data implicating SAA in atherogenesis are not relevant to its evolutionary role. Furthermore, in apoE(-/-) mice, domains near the N- and C- termini of SAA inhibit the initiation and progression of aortic lipid lesions illustrating the conflicting nature of these two sets of data.
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Leow KY, Goh WWB, Heng CK. Effect of serum amyloid A1 treatment on global gene expression in THP-1-derived macrophages. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:391-8. [PMID: 22228103 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-011-0424-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) on global gene expression in macrophages derived from THP-1 monocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Global genetic expression in THP-1-derived macrophages was determined using Illumina HT-12 microarray chips and the results were validated by real-time PCR. Cytokine levels in cellular supernatant were quantified by ELISA. RESULTS In total, 55 genes were upregulated with fold difference greater than two when THP-1-derived macrophages were incubated with SAA1 for 8 h. SAA1 is a strong cytokine inducer with significant upregulation of chemokines CCL1, CCL3, and CCL4 and this was confirmed by both real-time PCR and ELISA quantification. SAA1 also promotes the upregulation of genes involved in phagocytosis, anti-apoptosis, and tissue remodeling. CONCLUSIONS SAA1 appears to play an important role during the immune response and in chronic inflammatory diseases through the stimulation of genes involved in cytokine production, phagocytosis, and anti-apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koon-Yeow Leow
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E, Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
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16
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Serum amyloid A isoforms in serum and milk from cows with Staphylococcus aureus subclinical mastitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 145:120-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Venteclef N, Jakobsson T, Steffensen KR, Treuter E. Metabolic nuclear receptor signaling and the inflammatory acute phase response. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2011; 22:333-43. [PMID: 21646028 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The acute phase response (APR) classically refers to the rapid reprogramming of gene expression and metabolism in response to inflammatory cytokine signaling. As components of the innate immune system, hepatocyte-derived acute phase proteins (APPs) play a central role in restoring tissue homeostasis. Recently, an intriguing 'metaflammatory' facet of the APR became evident with chronically elevated APP levels being connected to metabolic syndrome disorders. The causality of these connections is unclear but could relate to adverse metabolic and inflammatory disturbances, particularly those affecting lipoprotein properties, cholesterol metabolism and atherogenesis. Here we review these aspects with an emphasis on the emerging importance of lipid-sensing nuclear receptors (LXRs, LRH-1, PPARs), in conjunction with anti-inflammatory transrepression pathways, as physiological and pharmacological relevant modulators of the APR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Venteclef
- Center for Biosciences, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, S-14183 Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Eckhardt ERM, Witta J, Zhong J, Arsenescu R, Arsenescu V, Wang Y, Ghoshal S, de Beer MC, de Beer FC, de Villiers WJS. Intestinal epithelial serum amyloid A modulates bacterial growth in vitro and pro-inflammatory responses in mouse experimental colitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2010; 10:133. [PMID: 21067563 PMCID: PMC2992040 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-10-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum Amyloid A (SAA) is a major acute phase protein of unknown function. SAA is mostly expressed in the liver, but also in other tissues including the intestinal epithelium. SAA reportedly has anti-bacterial effects, and because inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) result from a breakdown in homeostatic interactions between intestinal epithelia and bacteria, we hypothesized that SAA is protective during experimental colitis. METHODS Intestinal SAA expression was measured in mouse and human samples. Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis was induced in SAA 1/2 double knockout (DKO) mice and in wildtype controls. Anti-bacterial effects of SAA1/2 were tested in intestinal epithelial cell lines transduced with adenoviral vectors encoding the CE/J SAA isoform or control vectors prior to exposure to live Escherichia coli. RESULTS Significant levels of SAA1/SAA2 RNA and SAA protein were detected by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in mouse colonic epithelium. SAA3 expression was weaker, but similarly distributed. SAA1/2 RNA was present in the ileum and colon of conventional mice and in the colon of germfree mice. Expression of SAA3 was strongly regulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharides in cultured epithelial cell lines, whereas SAA1/2 expression was constitutive and not LPS inducible. Overexpression of SAA1/2 in cultured epithelial cell lines reduced the viability of co-cultured E. coli. This might partially explain the observed increase in susceptibility of DKO mice to DSS colitis. SAA1/2 expression was increased in colon samples obtained from Crohn's Disease patients compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal epithelial SAA displays bactericidal properties in vitro and could play a protective role in experimental mouse colitis. Altered expression of SAA in intestinal biopsies from Crohn's Disease patients suggests that SAA is involved in the disease process..
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R M Eckhardt
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Inflammation and the concomitant acute phase response induce marked changes in the lipoprotein profile, particularly the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction. The present review describes the transfer proteins and lipases that remodel HDL and regulate its plasma levels, discusses the changes occurring in their activities during inflammation, and the influence of this altered remodeling on HDL function. The review will also discuss the contribution of the ATP-binding-membrane-cassette transporters to the protective actions of HDL. RECENT FINDINGS Studies using different models showed that remodeling of acute phase HDL in vitro generates pre-beta migrating particles capable of cholesterol efflux. Induction of the acute phase response in humans resulted in a reduction of HDL phospholipids without a change in HDL-cholesterol. However, the capacity of HDL to promote cholesterol efflux ex vivo was impaired. Studies with ATP-binding-membrane-cassette transporter A1 and ATP-binding-membrane-cassette transporter G1 knockout mice demonstrated anti-inflammatory roles for these transporters by virtue of reducing cell-membrane-free cholesterol and lipid raft content, thus attenuating proinflammatory signaling pathways. SUMMARY It is well known that HDL has anti-inflammatory properties that are diminished during inflammation. Acute phase HDL contains serum amyloid A that can be liberated during remodeling by cholesteryl ester transfer protein and secretory phospholipase A2, or other inflammatory factors. The ability of serum amyloid A and apolipoprotein A-I to promote cholesterol efflux may confer protective effects during the acute phase response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisa Jahangiri
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA.
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20
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2010; 17:177-85. [PMID: 20190584 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283382286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Judström I, Jukkola H, Metso J, Jauhiainen M, Kovanen PT, Lee-Rueckert M. Mast cell-dependent proteolytic modification of HDL particles during anaphylactic shock in the mouse reduces their ability to induce cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells ex vivo. Atherosclerosis 2009; 208:148-54. [PMID: 19679305 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have found previously that proteolytic modification of HDL by mast cell chymase in vitro reduces cholesterol efflux from cultured macrophage foam cells. Here, we evaluated whether mast cell-dependent proteolysis of HDL particles may occur in vivo, and whether such modification would impair their function in inducing cellular cholesterol efflux ex vivo. METHODS Systemic activation of mast cells in the mouse was achieved by intraperitoneal injection of a high dose of the mast cell-specific noncytotoxic degranulating agent, compound 48/80. Serum and intraperitoneal fluid were then evaluated for degradation of HDL apolipoproteins and for their potential to act as cholesterol acceptors from cultured mouse macrophage foam cells. RESULTS Lysates of isolated mouse peritoneal mast cells containing active chymase partially proteolyzed apoA-I in alpha- and prebeta-HDL particles in mouse serum in vitro, and, when injected into the mouse peritoneal cavity, the lysates also degraded endogenous apoA-I in peritoneal fluid in vivo. Systemic activation of mast cells in mast cell-competent mice, but not in mast cell-deficient (W-sash c-kit mutant) mice, reduced the ability of serum and intraperitoneal fluid derived from these animals to promote efflux of cellular cholesterol. This inhibitory effect was related to mast cell-dependent proteolytic degradation of apoA-I, apoA-IV, and apoE, i.e., the HDL-associated apolipoproteins that are efficient inducers of cholesterol efflux. CONCLUSION The present results document a role for extracellular mast cell-dependent proteolysis in the generation of dysfunctional HDL, and suggest an inhibitory role for mast cells in the initial step of reverse cholesterol transport in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Judström
- Wihuri Research Institute, Kalliolinnatie, 4, Helsinki, Finland
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Elimova E, Kisilevsky R, Ancsin JB. Heparan sulfate promotes the aggregation of HDL‐associated serum amyloid A: evidence for a proamyloidogenic histidine molecular switch. FASEB J 2009; 23:3436-48. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-134981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Elimova
- Department of Biochemistry Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada
- Department of Medicine University of Ottawa Ottawa ON K1H 8L6 Canada
| | - Robert Kisilevsky
- Department of Biochemistry Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada
- The Syl and Molly Apps Research Centre Kingston General Hospital Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - John B. Ancsin
- Department of Biochemistry Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada
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Jaccard E, Widmann C. Genetics and molecular biology: so, so complex HDLs! Curr Opin Lipidol 2009; 20:254-5. [PMID: 19433921 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32832b713e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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