1
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Soumbara T, Bonnet C, Hamed CT, Veten F, Hemeyine M, Fall-Malick FZ, El Yezid MM, Diallo A, Mounah MM, Houmeida A. Genetic variation of TLR3 gene is associated with the outcome of hepatitis b infection in mauritanian patients: case control study. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:616. [PMID: 38907187 PMCID: PMC11191147 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09503-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-Like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the immune response during hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. In this study, we evaluated the association between two SNP variants (TLR3 rs3775290 and TLR4 rs4986790) and susceptibility to chronic HBV infection in Mauritania. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 188 subjects were recruited for this study: 102 chronically infected patients and 86 individuals with spontaneously resolved HBV infection who were considered controls. Targeted PCR products were sequenced using Sanger sequencing. RESULTS We found that TLR3 rs3775290 was significantly more frequent in patients with chronic HBV than in the control population (p = 0.03). However, no association was found between the TLR4 rs3775290 polymorphism and chronic infection. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the TLR3 rs3775290 polymorphism may be a risk factor for susceptibility to chronic HBV infection in the Mauritanian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetou Soumbara
- Research Unit on Biomarkers in the Mauritanian Population, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Nouakchott, Nouakchott, Mauritania
- National Institute of Hepato- Virology (INHV), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Crystel Bonnet
- Institute of Hearing, Pasteur Institute, INSERM, Paris, 75012, France
| | | | - Fatimetou Veten
- National Institute of Hepato- Virology (INHV), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Mohamed Hemeyine
- National Institute of Hepato- Virology (INHV), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | | | | | - Aichetou Diallo
- National Institute of Hepato- Virology (INHV), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | | | - Ahmed Houmeida
- Research Unit on Biomarkers in the Mauritanian Population, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Nouakchott, Nouakchott, Mauritania.
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2
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Chen J, Jing H, Martin-Nalda A, Bastard P, Rivière JG, Liu Z, Colobran R, Lee D, Tung W, Manry J, Hasek M, Boucherit S, Lorenzo L, Rozenberg F, Aubart M, Abel L, Su HC, Soler Palacin P, Casanova JL, Zhang SY. Inborn errors of TLR3- or MDA5-dependent type I IFN immunity in children with enterovirus rhombencephalitis. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212742. [PMID: 34726731 PMCID: PMC8570298 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus (EV) infection rarely results in life-threatening infection of the central nervous system. We report two unrelated children with EV30 and EV71 rhombencephalitis. One patient carries compound heterozygous TLR3 variants (loss-of-function F322fs2* and hypomorphic D280N), and the other is homozygous for an IFIH1 variant (loss-of-function c.1641+1G>C). Their fibroblasts respond poorly to extracellular (TLR3) or intracellular (MDA5) poly(I:C) stimulation. The baseline (TLR3) and EV-responsive (MDA5) levels of IFN-β in the patients’ fibroblasts are low. EV growth is enhanced at early and late time points of infection in TLR3- and MDA5-deficient fibroblasts, respectively. Treatment with exogenous IFN-α2b before infection renders both cell lines resistant to EV30 and EV71, whereas post-infection treatment with IFN-α2b rescues viral susceptibility fully only in MDA5-deficient fibroblasts. Finally, the poly(I:C) and viral phenotypes of fibroblasts are rescued by the expression of WT TLR3 or MDA5. Human TLR3 and MDA5 are critical for cell-intrinsic immunity to EV, via the control of baseline and virus-induced type I IFN production, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Sixth Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huie Jing
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Andrea Martin-Nalda
- Infection in Immunocompromised Pediatric Patients Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul Bastard
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jacques G Rivière
- Infection in Immunocompromised Pediatric Patients Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Roger Colobran
- Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Spain.,Diagnostic Immunology Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Immunology Division, Genetics Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Danyel Lee
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Wesley Tung
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jeremy Manry
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Mary Hasek
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Soraya Boucherit
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Lazaro Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Flore Rozenberg
- Laboratory of Virology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Mélodie Aubart
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Pediatric Neurology Department, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Helen C Su
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Pere Soler Palacin
- Infection in Immunocompromised Pediatric Patients Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
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3
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Bayer AL, Alcaide P. MyD88: At the heart of inflammatory signaling and cardiovascular disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 161:75-85. [PMID: 34371036 PMCID: PMC8629847 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide and is associated with systemic inflammation. In depth study of the cell-specific signaling mechanisms mediating the inflammatory response is vital to improving anti-inflammatory therapies that reduce mortality and morbidity. Cellular damage in the cardiovascular system results in the release of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), also known as "alarmins," which activate myeloid cells through the adaptor protein myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88). MyD88 is broadly expressed in most cell types of the immune and cardiovascular systems, and its role often differs in a cardiovascular disease context and cell specific manner. Herein we review what is known about MyD88 in the setting of a variety of cardiovascular diseases, discussing cell specific functions and the relative contributions of MyD88-dependent vs. independent alarmin triggered inflammatory signaling. The widespread involvement of these pathways in cardiovascular disease, and their largely unexplored complexity, sets the stage for future in depth mechanistic studies that may place MyD88 in both immune and non-immune cell types as an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham L Bayer
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine. 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, United States of America.
| | - Pilar Alcaide
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine. 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, United States of America.
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4
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Lincez PJ, Shanina I, Horwitz MS. Changes in MDA5 and TLR3 Sensing of the Same Diabetogenic Virus Result in Different Autoimmune Disease Outcomes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:751341. [PMID: 34804036 PMCID: PMC8602094 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.751341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Seemingly redundant in function, melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) and toll-like receptor- 3 (TLR3) both sense RNA viruses and induce type I interferon (IFN-I). Herein, we demonstrate that changes in sensing of the same virus by MDA5 and TLR3 can lead to distinct signatures of IFN-α and IFN-ß resulting in different disease outcomes. Specifically, infection with a diabetogenic islet β cell-tropic strain of coxsackievirus (CB4) results in diabetes protection under reduced MDA5 signaling conditions while reduced TLR3 function retains diabetes susceptibility. Regulating the induction of IFN-I at the site of virus infection creates a local site of interferonopathy leading to loss of T cell regulation and induction of autoimmune diabetes. We have not demonstrated another way to prevent T1D in the NOD mouse, rather we believe this work has provided compounding evidence for a specific control of IFN-I to drive a myriad of responses ranging from virus clearance to onset of autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J. Lincez
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Iryna Shanina
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marc S. Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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5
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Badal D, Sachdeva N, Maheshwari D, Basak P. Role of nucleic acid sensing in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:1655-1673. [PMID: 34754369 PMCID: PMC8554372 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i10.1655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During infections, nucleic acids of pathogens are also engaged in recognition via several exogenous and cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, such as the toll-like receptors, retinoic acid inducible gene-I-like receptors, and nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptors. The binding of the pathogen-derived nucleic acids to their corresponding sensors initiates certain downstream signaling cascades culminating in the release of type-I interferons (IFNs), especially IFN-α and other cytokines to induce proinflammatory responses towards invading pathogens leading to their clearance from the host. Although these sensors are hardwired to recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns, like viral and bacterial nucleic acids, under unusual physiological conditions, such as excessive cellular stress and increased apoptosis, endogenous self-nucleic acids like DNA, RNA, and mitochondrial DNA are also released. The presence of these self-nucleic acids in extranuclear compartments or extracellular spaces or their association with certain proteins sometimes leads to the failure of discriminating mechanisms of nucleic acid sensors leading to proinflammatory responses as seen in autoimmune disorders, like systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis and to some extent in type 1 diabetes (T1D). This review discusses the involvement of various nucleic acid sensors in autoimmunity and discusses how aberrant recognition of self-nucleic acids by their sensors activates the innate immune responses during the pathogenesis of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshan Badal
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Naresh Sachdeva
- Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Deep Maheshwari
- Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Preetam Basak
- Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
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6
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Viruses in the Heart: Direct and Indirect Routes to Myocarditis and Heart Failure. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101924. [PMID: 34696354 PMCID: PMC8537553 DOI: 10.3390/v13101924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are an underappreciated cause of heart failure. Indeed, several types of viral infections carry cardiovascular risks. Understanding shared and unique mechanisms by which each virus compromises heart function is critical to inform on therapeutic interventions. This review describes how the key viruses known to lead to cardiac dysfunction operate. Both direct host-damaging mechanisms and indirect actions on the immune systems are discussed. As viral myocarditis is a key pathologic driver of heart failure in infected individuals, this review also highlights the role of cytokine storms and inflammation in virus-induced cardiomyopathy.
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7
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Gao D, Ciancanelli MJ, Zhang P, Harschnitz O, Bondet V, Hasek M, Chen J, Mu X, Itan Y, Cobat A, Sancho-Shimizu V, Bigio B, Lorenzo L, Ciceri G, McAlpine J, Anguiano E, Jouanguy E, Chaussabel D, Meyts I, Diamond MS, Abel L, Hur S, Smith GA, Notarangelo L, Duffy D, Studer L, Casanova JL, Zhang SY. TLR3 controls constitutive IFN-β antiviral immunity in human fibroblasts and cortical neurons. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:134529. [PMID: 33393505 DOI: 10.1172/jci134529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis can be caused by inborn errors of the TLR3 pathway, resulting in impairment of CNS cell-intrinsic antiviral immunity. Deficiencies of the TLR3 pathway impair cell-intrinsic immunity to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and HSV-1 in fibroblasts, and to HSV-1 in cortical but not trigeminal neurons. The underlying molecular mechanism is thought to involve impaired IFN-α/β induction by the TLR3 recognition of dsRNA viral intermediates or by-products. However, we show here that human TLR3 controls constitutive levels of IFNB mRNA and secreted bioactive IFN-β protein, and thereby also controls constitutive mRNA levels for IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in fibroblasts. Tlr3-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts also have lower basal ISG levels. Moreover, human TLR3 controls basal levels of IFN-β secretion and ISG mRNA in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neurons. Consistently, TLR3-deficient human fibroblasts and cortical neurons are vulnerable not only to both VSV and HSV-1, but also to several other families of viruses. The mechanism by which TLR3 restricts viral growth in human fibroblasts and cortical neurons in vitro and, by inference, by which the human CNS prevents infection by HSV-1 in vivo, is therefore based on the control of early viral infection by basal IFN-β immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxing Gao
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, and.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Michael J Ciancanelli
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Turnstone Biologics, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Oliver Harschnitz
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, and.,Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vincent Bondet
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Mary Hasek
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xin Mu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuval Itan
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, and.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, United Kingdom
| | - Benedetta Bigio
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lazaro Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Gabriele Ciceri
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, and.,Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jessica McAlpine
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, and.,Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Esperanza Anguiano
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research/ANRS Center for Human Vaccines, INSERM U899, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Damien Chaussabel
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research/ANRS Center for Human Vaccines, INSERM U899, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Precision Immunology Institute and Mindich Child Health and Development Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Sun Hur
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory A Smith
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Luigi Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Darragh Duffy
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Lorenz Studer
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, and.,Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
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8
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Abstract
Sepsis is a host immune disorder induced by infection. It can lead to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), which has high morbidity and mortality. There has been great progress in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of sepsis, such as improvements in pathogen detection technology, innovations regarding anti-infection drugs, and the development of organ function support. Abnormal immune responses triggered by pathogens, ranging from excessive inflammation to immunosuppression, are recognized to be an important cause of the high mortality rate. However, no drugs have been approved specifically for treating sepsis. Here, we review the recent research progress on immune responses in sepsis to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of sepsis. Constructing and optimizing a dynamic immune system treatment regimen based on anti-infection treatment, fluid replacement, organ function support, and timely use of immunomodulatory interventions may improve the prognosis of sepsis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of, USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of, USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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9
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Bode MF, Schmedes CM, Egnatz GJ, Bharathi V, Hisada YM, Martinez D, Kawano T, Weithauser A, Rosenfeldt L, Rauch U, Palumbo JS, Antoniak S, Mackman N. Cell type-specific roles of PAR1 in Coxsackievirus B3 infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14264. [PMID: 34253819 PMCID: PMC8275627 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93759-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is widely expressed in humans and mice, and is activated by a variety of proteases, including thrombin. Recently, we showed that PAR1 contributes to the innate immune response to viral infection. Mice with a global deficiency of PAR1 expressed lower levels of CXCL10 and had increased Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis compared with control mice. In this study, we determined the effect of cell type-specific deletion of PAR1 in cardiac myocytes (CMs) and cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) on CVB3-induced myocarditis. Mice lacking PAR1 in either CMs or CFs exhibited increased CVB3 genomes, inflammatory infiltrates, macrophages and inflammatory mediators in the heart and increased CVB3-induced myocarditis compared with wild-type controls. Interestingly, PAR1 enhanced poly I:C induction of CXCL10 in rat CFs but not in rat neonatal CMs. Importantly, activation of PAR1 reduced CVB3 replication in murine embryonic fibroblasts and murine embryonic cardiac myocytes. In addition, we showed that PAR1 reduced autophagy in murine embryonic fibroblasts and rat H9c2 cells, which may explain how PAR1 reduces CVB3 replication. These data suggest that PAR1 on CFs protects against CVB3-induced myocarditis by enhancing the anti-viral response whereas PAR1 on both CMs and fibroblasts inhibits viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Bode
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
| | - Clare M Schmedes
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Drive CB 7035, 8004B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Grant J Egnatz
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Drive CB 7035, 8004B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Vanthana Bharathi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Drive CB 7035, 8004B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yohei M Hisada
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Drive CB 7035, 8004B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - David Martinez
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Drive CB 7035, 8004B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Tomohiro Kawano
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Drive CB 7035, 8004B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Alice Weithauser
- CharitéCentrum 11 Cardiovascular Diseases, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leah Rosenfeldt
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ursula Rauch
- CharitéCentrum 11 Cardiovascular Diseases, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joseph S Palumbo
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Drive CB 7035, 8004B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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10
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Pearson JA, Wong FS, Wen L. Inflammasomes and Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:686956. [PMID: 34177937 PMCID: PMC8219953 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.686956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiota have been identified as an important modulator of susceptibility in the development of Type 1 diabetes in both animal models and humans. Collectively these studies highlight the association of the microbiota composition with genetic risk, islet autoantibody development and modulation of the immune responses. However, the signaling pathways involved in mediating these changes are less well investigated, particularly in humans. Importantly, understanding the activation of signaling pathways in response to microbial stimulation is vital to enable further development of immunotherapeutics, which may enable enhanced tolerance to the microbiota or prevent the initiation of the autoimmune process. One such signaling pathway that has been poorly studied in the context of Type 1 diabetes is the role of the inflammasomes, which are multiprotein complexes that can initiate immune responses following detection of their microbial ligands. In this review, we discuss the roles of the inflammasomes in modulating Type 1 diabetes susceptibility, from genetic associations to the priming and activation of the inflammasomes. In addition, we also summarize the available inhibitors for therapeutically targeting the inflammasomes, which may be of future use in Type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Alexander Pearson
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - F Susan Wong
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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11
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Favere K, Bosman M, Klingel K, Heymans S, Van Linthout S, Delputte PL, De Sutter J, Heidbuchel H, Guns PJ. Toll-Like Receptors: Are They Taking a Toll on the Heart in Viral Myocarditis? Viruses 2021; 13:v13061003. [PMID: 34072044 PMCID: PMC8227433 DOI: 10.3390/v13061003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart with viral infections being the most common aetiology. Its complex biology remains poorly understood and its clinical management is one of the most challenging in the field of cardiology. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a family of evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors, are increasingly known to be implicated in the pathophysiology of viral myocarditis. Their central role in innate and adaptive immune responses, and in the inflammatory reaction that ensues, indeed makes them prime candidates to profoundly affect every stage of the disease process. This review describes the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of viral myocarditis, and scrutinises the role of TLRs in every phase. We conclude with directions for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Favere
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (M.B.); (P.-J.G.)
- Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium;
- Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Correspondence:
| | - Matthias Bosman
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (M.B.); (P.-J.G.)
| | - Karin Klingel
- Cardiopathology, Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter L. Delputte
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Johan De Sutter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Hein Heidbuchel
- Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium;
- Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter-Jan Guns
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (M.B.); (P.-J.G.)
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12
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Human cardiac fibroblasts produce pro-inflammatory cytokines upon TLRs and RLRs stimulation. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:3241-3252. [PMID: 33881711 PMCID: PMC8059428 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heart inflammation is one of the major causes of heart damage that leads to dilated cardiomyopathy and often progresses to end-stage heart failure. In the present study, we aimed to assess whether human cardiac cells could release immune mediators upon stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptors (RLRs). Commercially available human cardiac fibroblasts and an immortalized human cardiomyocyte cell line were stimulated in vitro with TLR2, TLR3, and TLR4 agonists. In addition, cytosolic RLRs were activated in cardiac cells after transfection of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (PolyIC). Upon stimulation of TLR3, TLR4, MDA5, and RIG-I, but not upon stimulation of TLR2, human cardiac fibroblasts produced high amounts of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. On the contrary, the immortalized human cardiomyocyte cell line was unresponsive to the tested TLRs agonists. Upon RLRs stimulation, cardiac fibroblasts, and to a lesser extent the cardiomyocyte cell line, induced anti-viral IFN-β expression. These data demonstrate that human cardiac fibroblasts and an immortalized human cardiomyocyte cell line differently respond to various TLRs and RLRs ligands. In particular, human cardiac fibroblasts were able to induce pro-inflammatory and anti-viral cytokines on their own. These aspects will contribute to better understand the immunological function of the different cell populations that make up the cardiac tissue.
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13
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Mielcarska MB, Bossowska-Nowicka M, Toka FN. Cell Surface Expression of Endosomal Toll-Like Receptors-A Necessity or a Superfluous Duplication? Front Immunol 2021; 11:620972. [PMID: 33597952 PMCID: PMC7882679 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.620972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Timely and precise delivery of the endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to the ligand recognition site is a critical event in mounting an effective antimicrobial immune response, however, the same TLRs should maintain the delicate balance of avoiding recognition of self-nucleic acids. Such sensing is widely known to start from endosomal compartments, but recently enough evidence has accumulated supporting the idea that TLR-mediated signaling pathways originating in the cell membrane may be engaged in various cells due to differential expression and distribution of the endosomal TLRs. Therefore, the presence of endosomal TLRs on the cell surface could benefit the host responses in certain cell types and/or organs. Although not fully understood why, TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9 may occur both in the cell membrane and intracellularly, and it seems that activation of the immune response can be initiated concurrently from these two sites in the cell. Furthermore, various forms of endosomal TLRs may be transported to the cell membrane, indicating that this may be a normal process orchestrated by cysteine proteases-cathepsins. Among the endosomal TLRs, TLR3 belongs to the evolutionary distinct group and engages a different protein adapter in the signaling cascade. The differently glycosylated forms of TLR3 are transported by UNC93B1 to the cell membrane, unlike TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9. The aim of this review is to reconcile various views on the cell surface positioning of endosomal TLRs and add perspective to the implication of such receptor localization on their function, with special attention to TLR3. Cell membrane-localized TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9 may contribute to endosomal TLR-mediated inflammatory signaling pathways. Dissecting this signaling axis may serve to better understand mechanisms influencing endosomal TLR-mediated inflammation, thus determine whether it is a necessity for immune response or simply a circumstantial superfluous duplication, with other consequences on immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matylda Barbara Mielcarska
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bossowska-Nowicka
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Felix Ngosa Toka
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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14
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Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Jamshidi N, Chaleshi V, Jamshidi N, Sadeghi A, Norouzinia M, Zali MR. Virus in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease: role of Toll-like receptor 7/8/3. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2021; 14:295-303. [PMID: 34659656 PMCID: PMC8514217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is influenced by immune system malfunction, particularly innate immune receptors such as toll-like receptors. Furthermore, it is critical to investigate the extremely close association between viruses and IBD incidence. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 3, 5, and 7 are involved in antiviral immune responses. Finding a relationship between TLR-related virus and IBD is important not only for understanding the disease pathogenesis, but also for developing effective therapies. It has been shown that influenza is expressed more severely in patients with IBD who use immune system inhibitors, and the influenza vaccine is less effective in these patients. In dendritic cells, TLR7 and TLR8 regulate the production of interferons (IFNs) and inflammatory mediators. COVID-19 causes the production of IL-6, possibly due to the induction of TLR pathways. TLR activation by SARS-CoV-2 causes inflammation and IL-1 production, which induces the production of IL-6. Understanding TLR-associated viruses' molecular mechanisms can greatly help improve the quality of life of people with IBD. Therefore, the present study reviewed the role of TLR7, 8, and 3 in inflammatory bowel disease as well as their association with viral infections and evaluated different antagonists for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Jamshidi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Chaleshi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Jamshidi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Sadeghi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Norouzinia
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Elrick MJ, Pekosz A, Duggal P. Enterovirus D68 molecular and cellular biology and pathogenesis. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100317. [PMID: 33484714 PMCID: PMC7949111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) has advanced from a rarely detected respiratory virus to a widespread pathogen responsible for increasing rates of severe respiratory illness and acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in children worldwide. In this review, we discuss the accumulating data on the molecular features of EV-D68 and place these into the context of enterovirus biology in general. We highlight similarities and differences with other enteroviruses and genetic divergence from own historical prototype strains of EV-D68. These include changes in capsid antigens, host cell receptor usage, and viral RNA metabolism collectively leading to increased virulence. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of EV-D68 infection on the biology of its host cells, and how these changes are hypothesized to contribute to motor neuron toxicity in AFM. We highlight areas in need of further research, including the identification of its primary receptor and an understanding of the pathogenic cascade leading to motor neuron injury in AFM. Finally, we discuss the epidemiology of the EV-D68 and potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Elrick
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Priya Duggal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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16
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Mielcarska MB, Gregorczyk-Zboroch KP, Szulc-Da̧browska L, Bossowska-Nowicka M, Wyżewski Z, Cymerys J, Chodkowski M, Kiełbik P, Godlewski MM, Gieryńska M, Toka FN. Participation of Endosomes in Toll-Like Receptor 3 Transportation Pathway in Murine Astrocytes. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:544612. [PMID: 33281554 PMCID: PMC7705377 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.544612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR3 provides immediate type I IFN response following entry of stimulatory PAMPs into the CNS, as it is in HSV infection. The receptor plays a vital role in astrocytes, contributing to rapid infection sensing and suppression of viral replication, precluding the spread of virus beyond neurons. The route of TLR3 mobilization culminating in the receptor activation remains unexplained. In this research, we investigated the involvement of various types of endosomes in the regulation of the TLR3 mobility in C8-D1A murine astrocyte cell line. TLR3 was transported rapidly to early EEA1-positive endosomes as well as LAMP1-lysosomes following stimulation with the poly(I:C). Later, TLR3 largely associated with late Rab7-positive endosomes. Twenty-four hours after stimulation, TLR3 co-localized with LAMP1 abundantly in lysosomes of astrocytes. TLR3 interacted with poly(I:C) intracellularly from 1 min to 8 h following cell stimulation. We detected TLR3 on the surface of astrocytes indicating constitutive expression, which increased after poly(I:C) stimulation. Our findings contribute to the understanding of cellular modulation of TLR3 trafficking. Detailed analysis of the TLR3 transportation pathway is an important component in disclosing the fate of the receptor in HSV-infected CNS and may help in the search for rationale therapeutics to control the replication of neuropathic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matylda B Mielcarska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina P Gregorczyk-Zboroch
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Szulc-Da̧browska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bossowska-Nowicka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Wyżewski
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Cymerys
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Chodkowski
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paula Kiełbik
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał M Godlewski
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Gieryńska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Felix N Toka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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17
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Jmii H, Fisson S, Aouni M, Jaidane H. Type B coxsackieviruses and central nervous system disorders: critical review of reported associations. Rev Med Virol 2020; 31:e2191. [PMID: 33159700 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Type B coxsackieviruses (CV-B) frequently infect the central nervous system (CNS) causing neurological diseases notably meningitis and encephalitis. These infections occur principally among newborns and children. Epidemiological studies of patients with nervous system disorders demonstrate the presence of infectious virus, its components, or anti-CV-B antibodies. Some experimental studies conducted in vitro and in vivo support the potential association between CV-B and idiopathic neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and psychiatric illness such as schizophrenia. However, mechanisms explaining how CV-B infections may contribute to the genesis of CNS disorders remain unclear. The proposed mechanisms focus on the immune response following the viral infection as a contributor to pathogenesis. This review describes these epidemiological and experimental studies, the modes of transmission of CV-B with an emphasis on congenital transmission, the routes used by CV-B to reach the brain parenchyma, and plausible mechanisms by which CV-B may induce CNS diseases, with a focus on potential immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Jmii
- Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances LR99ES27, Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sylvain Fisson
- Généthon, Inserm UMR_S951, Univ Evry, University Paris Saclay, Evry, France
- Sorbonne University, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Mahjoub Aouni
- Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances LR99ES27, Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hela Jaidane
- Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances LR99ES27, Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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18
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Carty M, Guy C, Bowie AG. Detection of Viral Infections by Innate Immunity. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 183:114316. [PMID: 33152343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and inflammasomes are a key part of the anti-viral innate immune system as they detect conserved viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). A successful host response to viral infections critically depend on the initial activation of PRRs by viruses, mainly by viral DNA and RNA. The signalling pathways activated by PRRs leads to the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, to recruit immune cells, and type I and type III interferons which leads to the induction of interferon stimulated genes (ISG), powerful virus restriction factors that establish the "antiviral state". Inflammasomes contribute to anti-viral responses through the maturation of interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-18 and through triggering pyroptotic cell death. The activity of the innate immune system along with the adaptive immune response normally leads to successful virus elimination, although disproportionate innate responses contribute to viral pathology. In this review we will discuss recent insights into the influence of PRR activation and inflammasomes on viral infections and what this means for the mammalian host. We will also comment on how specific PRRs and inflammasomes may be relevant to how SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic, interacts with host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Carty
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Coralie Guy
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew G Bowie
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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19
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Zhang X, Paget M, Wang C, Zhu Z, Zheng H. Innate immune evasion by picornaviruses. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1268-1282. [PMID: 32767562 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The family Picornaviridae comprises a large number of viruses that cause disease in broad spectrum of hosts, which have posed serious public health concerns worldwide and led to significant economic burden. A comprehensive understanding of the virus-host interactions during picornavirus infections will help to prevent and cure these diseases. Upon picornavirus infection, host pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) sense viral RNA to activate host innate immune responses. The activated PRRs initiate signal transduction through a series of adaptor proteins, which leads to activation of several kinases and transcription factors, and contributes to the consequent expression of interferons (IFNs), IFN-inducible antiviral genes, as well as various inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In contrast, to maintain viral replication and spread, picornaviruses have evolved several elegant strategies to block innate immune signaling and hinder host antiviral response. In this review, we will summarize the recent progress of how the members of family Picornaviridae counteract host immune response through evasion of PRRs detection, blocking activation of adaptor molecules and kinases, disrupting transcription factors, as well as counteraction of antiviral restriction factors. Such knowledge of immune evasion will help us better understand the pathogenesis of picornaviruses, and provide insights into developing antiviral strategies and improvement of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangle Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Max Paget
- Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA, U.S.A
| | - Congcong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
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20
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Enteroviruses and T1D: Is It the Virus, the Genes or Both which Cause T1D. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071017. [PMID: 32650582 PMCID: PMC7409303 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that results from the selective destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreas. Up to now, the mechanisms triggering the initiation and progression of the disease are, in their complexity, not fully understood and imply the disruption of several tolerance networks. Viral infection is one of the environmental factors triggering diabetes, which is initially based on the observation that the disease’s incidence follows a periodic pattern within the population. Moreover, the strong correlation of genetic susceptibility is a prerequisite for enteroviral infection associated islet autoimmunity. Epidemiological data and clinical findings indicate enteroviral infections, mainly of the coxsackie B virus family, as potential pathogenic mechanisms to trigger the autoimmune reaction towards β-cells, resulting in the boost of inflammation following β-cell destruction and the onset of T1D. This review discusses previously identified virus-associated genetics and pathways of β-cell destruction. Is it the virus itself which leads to β-cell destruction and T1D progression? Or is it genetic, so that the virus may activate auto-immunity and β-cell destruction only in genetically predisposed individuals?
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21
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Immunopathology in the brain of mice following vertical transmission of Coxsackievirus B4. Microb Pathog 2020; 140:103965. [PMID: 31904449 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.103965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackie B viruses (CV-B) are associated with several central nervous system (CNS) disorders. These viruses are predominantly transmitted by fecal-oral route but vertical transmission can also occur. This work attempted to study the immune response ensuing vertical transmission of CV-B to the brain, and its eventual implementation in the brain pathogenesis. To this end, pregnant Swiss albino mice were inoculated with CV-B4 E2 or with sterile medium for control animals. At different ages after birth, brains were collected and analyzed for virus infection, histopathological changes and immune response. Infectious particles were detected in offspring's brain which demonstrates vertical transmission of the virus. This infection is persistent since the long lasting detection of viral RNA in offspring's brain. Some pathological signs including meningitis, edema and accumulation of inflammatory cells within and surrounding the inflammatory areas were observed. Immunoflorescence staining unveiled the presence of T lymphocytes and microgliosis in the sites of lesion for a long period after birth. Multiplex cytokines measurement upon supernatants of in vitro mixed brain cells and extracted mononuclear cells from offspring's brain has demonstrated an elevated secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-6 and IFNα and the chemokines RANTES and MCP-1. Hence, vertical transmission of CV-B4 and its persistence within offspring's brain can lead to pathological features linked to increased and sustained immune response.
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Pearson JA, Tai N, Ekanayake-Alper DK, Peng J, Hu Y, Hager K, Compton S, Wong FS, Smith PC, Wen L. Norovirus Changes Susceptibility to Type 1 Diabetes by Altering Intestinal Microbiota and Immune Cell Functions. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2654. [PMID: 31798584 PMCID: PMC6863139 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors contribute to Type 1 diabetes (T1D) susceptibility. The gut microbiome, which includes bacteria, viruses, and fungi, contributes to this environmental influence, and can induce immunological changes. The gut viral component of the microbiome, related to T1D has mostly focused on coxsackieviruses and rotavirus. The role of norovirus, another common enteric virus, in susceptibility to T1D was hitherto unknown. Norovirus is highly infectious and encountered by many children. We studied the mouse norovirus 4 (MNV4), related to human noroviruses, in the Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model, to determine its role in influencing susceptibility to T1D. We infected MNV-free NOD mice with MNV4 by exposing the mice to MNV4-positive bedding from an endemically-infected mouse colony to mimic a natural infection. Control MNV-free NOD mice were exposed to MNV-free bedding from the same colony. Interestingly, MNV4 infection protected NOD mice from the development of T1D and was associated with an expansion of Tregs and reduced proinflammatory T cells. We also found MNV4 significantly modified the gut commensal bacteria composition, promoting increased α-diversity and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. To elucidate whether T1D protection was directly related to MNV4, or indirectly through modulating gut microbiota, we colonized germ-free (GF) NOD mice with the MNV4-containing or non-MNV4-containing viral filtrate, isolated from filtered fecal material. We found that MNV4 induced significant changes in mucosal immunity, including altered Tuft cell markers, cytokine secretion, antiviral immune signaling markers, and the concentration of mucosal antibodies. Systemically, MNV4-infection altered the immune cells including B cell subsets, macrophages and T cells, and especially induced an increase in Treg number and function. Furthermore, in vitro primary exposure of the norovirus filtrate to naïve splenocytes identified significant increases in the proportion of activated and CTLA4-expressing Tregs. Our data provide novel knowledge that norovirus can protect NOD mice from T1D development by inducing the expansion of Tregs and reducing inflammatory T cells. Our study also highlights the importance of distinguishing the mucosal immunity mediated by bacteria from that by enteric viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Pearson
- Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ningwen Tai
- Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Dilrukshi K. Ekanayake-Alper
- Colombia Center for Transplant Immunology and Institute of Comparative Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Colombia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jian Peng
- Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Youjia Hu
- Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Karl Hager
- Department of Lab Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Susan Compton
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - F. Susan Wong
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C. Smith
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Li Wen
- Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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23
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Lavine KJ, Pinto AR, Epelman S, Kopecky BJ, Clemente-Casares X, Godwin J, Rosenthal N, Kovacic JC. The Macrophage in Cardiac Homeostasis and Disease: JACC Macrophage in CVD Series (Part 4). J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 72:2213-2230. [PMID: 30360829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.2149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are integral components of cardiac tissue and exert profound effects on the healthy and diseased heart. Paradigm shifting studies using advanced molecular techniques have revealed significant complexity within these macrophage populations that reside in the heart. In this final of a 4-part review series covering the macrophage in cardiovascular disease, the authors review the origins, dynamics, cell surface markers, and respective functions of each cardiac macrophage subset identified to date, including in the specific scenarios of myocarditis and after myocardial infarction. Looking ahead, a deeper understanding of the diverse and often dichotomous functions of cardiac macrophages will be essential for the development of targeted therapies to mitigate injury and orchestrate recovery of the diseased heart. Moreover, as macrophages are critical for cardiac healing, they are an emerging focus for therapeutic strategies aimed at minimizing cardiomyocyte death, ameliorating pathological cardiac remodeling, and for treating heart failure and after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kory J Lavine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Alexander R Pinto
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Slava Epelman
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin J Kopecky
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Xavier Clemente-Casares
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Godwin
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine; Mt. Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine
| | - Nadia Rosenthal
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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24
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Impact of coxsackievirus-B4E2 combined with a single low dose of streptozotocin on pancreas of outbred mice: investigation of viral load, pathology and inflammation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10080. [PMID: 31300658 PMCID: PMC6626040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackieviruses B (CV-B) belong to the EV-B species. CV-B and particularly CV-B4 are thought to be involved in the development of chronic diseases like type 1 diabetes (T1D). The mechanisms of the enteroviral pathogenesis of T1D are not well known, yet. The in vitro studies are rich with information but in vivo infection models are needed to investigate the impact of viruses onto organs. Our objective was to study the impact of CV-B4E2 combined with a single sub-diabetogenic dose of streptozotocin (STZ) on the pancreas of mice. The infection with CV-B4E2 of CD1 outbred mice treated with a sub-diabetogenic dose of STZ induced hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia. Along with the chemokine IP-10, viral RNA and infectious particles were detected in the pancreas. The pancreas of these animals was also marked with insulitis and other histological alterations. The model combining STZ and CV-B4E2 opens the door to new perspectives to better understand the interactions between virus and host, and the role of environmental factors capable, like STZ, to predispose the host to the diabetogenic effects of enteroviruses.
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25
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Gosu V, Son S, Shin D, Song KD. Insights into the dynamic nature of the dsRNA-bound TLR3 complex. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3652. [PMID: 30842554 PMCID: PMC6403236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39984-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), an endosomal receptor crucial for immune responses upon viral invasion. The TLR3 ectodomain (ECD) is responsible for double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) recognition and mutational analysis suggested that TLR3 ECD C-terminal dimerization is essential for dsRNA binding. Moreover, the L412F polymorphism of TLR3 is associated with human diseases. Although the mouse structure of the TLR3-dsRNA complex provides valuable insights, the structural dynamic behavior of the TLR3-dsRNA complex in humans is not completely understood. Hence, in this study, we performed molecular dynamic simulations of human wild-type and mutant TLR3 complexes. Our results suggested that apoTLR3 ECD dimers are unlikely to be stable due to the distance between the monomers are largely varied during simulations. The observed interaction energies and hydrogen bonds in dsRNA-bound TLR3 wild-type and mutant complexes indicate the presence of a weak dimer interface at the TLR3 ECD C-terminal site, which is required for effective dsRNA binding. The L412F mutant exhibited similar dominant motion compared to wild-type. Additionally, we identified the distribution of crucial residues for signal propagation in TLR3-dsRNA complex through the evaluation of residue betweenness centrality (CB). The results of this study extend our understanding of TLR3-dsRNA complex, which may assist in TLR3 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Gosu
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwoo Son
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Shin
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki-Duk Song
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea. .,The Animal Molecular Genetics and Breeding Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Okadaic Acid and Hypoxia Induced Dementia Model of Alzheimer's Type in Rats. Neurotox Res 2019; 35:621-634. [PMID: 30729451 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-0005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of progressive decline of memory function in aged humans. To study about a disease mechanism and progression, animal models for the specific disease are needed. For AD, although highly valid animal models exist, none of the existing models recapitulates all aspects of human AD. The pathogenic mechanisms involved in AD are diverse and thus it is difficult to recapitulate human AD in model organisms. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of okadaic acid (OKA), a protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitor, in rats causes neurotoxicity associated with neurofibrillary degeneration. However, this model lacks amyloid pathology as observed in AD. We aimed at combining two different treatments and hence producing a better animal model of AD which may mimic most of the neuropathological, neurobehavioral, and neurochemical changes observed in AD. For this, OKA (200 ng) was microinjected bilaterally into the hippocampus of male Wistar rats followed by exposure of same rats to hypoxic conditions (10%) for 3 days. The result of which, the combination model exhibited tau hyperphosphorylation along with Aβ upregulation as evident by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The observed changes were accompanied with dysfunction of neurotransmitter system, i.e., decreased acetylcholine activity and expression. This combinatorial model also exhibited cognitive deficiency which was assessed by Morris water maze and avoidance tests along with enhanced oxidative stress which is thought to be a major player in AD pathogenesis. Taken together, we established an easily reproducible and reliable rat model for sporadic dementia of Alzheimer's type in rats which allows effective testing of new therapeutic strategies.
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27
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Lin SF, Jiang PL, Tsai JS, Huang YY, Lin SY, Lin JH, Liu DZ. Surface assembly of poly(I:C) on polyethyleneimine-modified gelatin nanoparticles as immunostimulatory carriers for mucosal antigen delivery. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 107:1228-1237. [PMID: 30339742 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal immune system is the host's first line of defense against invasion by foreign pathogens. Gelatin nanoparticles (GNPs) are suitable carriers for the delivery of antigens via various routes of administration. In the present study, GNPs were modified with polyethyleneimine (PEI), a positively charged polymer. Then, ovalbumin (OVA) and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), an immunostimulant, were adsorbed onto the surface of the positively charged GNPs. We assessed whether GNPs could act as an effective mucosal vaccine that is capable of inducing both mucosal and systemic immune responses. The results showed that GNPs effectively adsorbed OVA/poly(I:C), facilitated cellular uptake by RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) in vitro, and led to increased expression of the maturation markers CD80 and CD86 on BMDCs. Furthermore, GNPs induced increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in both RAW 264.7 and BMDCs. C57BL/6 mice that were intranasally twice-immunized with OVA/poly(I:C)-loaded GNPs produced high levels of serum OVA-specific IgG antibodies and secretory IgA in nasal and lung lavage. Spleen cells from immunized mice were collected and re-stimulated with OVA, and results showed significantly augmented production of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6 in mice that received OVA/poly(I:C)-loaded GNPs. Moreover, intranasal immunization with OVA/poly(I:C)-loaded GNPs resulted in the inhibition of EG7 tumor growth in C57BL/6 mice. Taken together, these results indicate that nasal administration of OVA/poly(I:C)-loaded GNPs elicited effective mucosal and systemic immune responses, which might be useful for further applications of antigen delivery. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 1228-1237, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Fu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250, Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 110, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ping-Lun Jiang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250, Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 110, Taiwan, ROC.,Office of Research and Development, Providence University, 200, Sec. 7, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung City, 433, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jeng-Shiang Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-You Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shyr-Yi Lin
- Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jiunn-Horng Lin
- Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, No. 1, Ln. 51, Dahu Rd., Hsinchu City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Der-Zen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250, Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 110, Taiwan, ROC
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28
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Wei X, Lan K. Activation and counteraction of antiviral innate immunity by KSHV: an Update. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2018; 63:1223-1234. [PMID: 30906617 PMCID: PMC6426151 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune responses triggering production of type I interferons and inflammatory cytokines constitute a nonspecific innate resistance that eliminates invading pathogens including viruses. The activation of innate immune signaling through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is by sensing pathogen-associated molecular patterns derived from viruses. According to their distribution within cells, PRRs are classified into three types of receptors: membrane, cytoplasmic, and nuclear. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), a large DNA virus, replicates in the nucleus. Its genome is protected by capsid proteins during transport in the cytosol. Multiple PRRs are involved in KSHV recognition. To successfully establish latent infection, KSHV has evolved to manipulate different aspects of the host antiviral innate immune responses. This review presents recent advances in our understanding about the activation of the innate immune signaling in response to infection of KSHV. It also reviews the evasion strategies used by KSHV to subvert host innate immune detection for establishing a persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ke Lan
- Corresponding author. (K. Lan)
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29
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Lin GL, McGinley JP, Drysdale SB, Pollard AJ. Epidemiology and Immune Pathogenesis of Viral Sepsis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2147. [PMID: 30319615 PMCID: PMC6170629 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Sepsis can be caused by a broad range of pathogens; however, bacterial infections represent the majority of sepsis cases. Up to 42% of sepsis presentations are culture negative, suggesting a non-bacterial cause. Despite this, diagnosis of viral sepsis remains very rare. Almost any virus can cause sepsis in vulnerable patients (e.g., neonates, infants, and other immunosuppressed groups). The prevalence of viral sepsis is not known, nor is there enough information to make an accurate estimate. The initial standard of care for all cases of sepsis, even those that are subsequently proven to be culture negative, is the immediate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. In the absence of definite diagnostic criteria for viral sepsis, or at least to exclude bacterial sepsis, this inevitably leads to unnecessary antimicrobial use, with associated consequences for antimicrobial resistance, effects on the host microbiome and excess healthcare costs. It is important to understand non-bacterial causes of sepsis so that inappropriate treatment can be minimised, and appropriate treatments can be developed to improve outcomes. In this review, we summarise what is known about viral sepsis, its most common causes, and how the immune responses to severe viral infections can contribute to sepsis. We also discuss strategies to improve our understanding of viral sepsis, and ways we can integrate this new information into effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gu-Lung Lin
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph P McGinley
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon B Drysdale
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Paediatrics, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
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30
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Pearson JA, Agriantonis A, Wong FS, Wen L. Modulation of the immune system by the gut microbiota in the development of type 1 diabetes. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2580-2596. [PMID: 30156993 PMCID: PMC6314421 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1514354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T1D is an autoimmune disease characterized by T cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, resulting in hyperglycemia, with patients requiring lifelong insulin treatment. Many studies have shown that genetics alone are not sufficient for the increase in T1D incidence and thus other factors have been suggested to modify the disease risk. T1D incidence has sharply increased in the developed world, especially amongst youth. In Europe, T1D incidence is increasing at an annual rate of 3-4%. Increasing evidence shows that gut microbiota, as one of the environmental factors influencing diabetes development, play an important role in development of T1D. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about the relationship between the microbiota and T1D. We also discuss the possibility of T1D prevention by changing the composition of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Pearson
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew Agriantonis
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - F. Susan Wong
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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31
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Casanova V, Sousa FH, Stevens C, Barlow PG. Antiviral therapeutic approaches for human rhinovirus infections. Future Virol 2018; 13:505-518. [PMID: 30245735 PMCID: PMC6136076 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2018-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses are the primary etiological agent of the common cold. This infection can be mild and self-limiting in immunocompetent hosts, but can be associated with bronchiolitis in infants, pneumonia in the immunosuppressed and exacerbations of pre-existing pulmonary conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Many of these conditions can place significant economic costs upon healthcare infrastructure. There is currently no licensed vaccine for rhinovirus, as the large variety of rhinovirus serotypes has posed significant challenges for research. In this review, we discuss current knowledge around antiviral drugs and small molecule inhibitors of rhinovirus infection, as well as antiviral host defense peptides as exciting prospects to approach the development of novel therapeutics which target human rhinovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Casanova
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, Scotland
| | - Filipa H Sousa
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, Scotland
| | - Craig Stevens
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, Scotland
| | - Peter G Barlow
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, Scotland
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32
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Li YP, Li M, Jia XL, Deng HL, Wang WJ, Wu FP, Wang J, Dang SS. Association of gene polymorphisms of pattern-recognition receptor signaling pathway with the risk and severity of hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enterovirus 71 in Chinese Han population. J Med Virol 2018; 90:692-698. [PMID: 29235129 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by enterovirus 71 (EV71) presents with a wide variety of clinical manifestations. Host immune response is a factor that influences disease susceptibility and severity. We investigated the potential association of gene polymorphisms in the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) pathway with the risk and severity of EV71 infection. A total of 180 EV71 HFMD cases (108 severe case; 72 mild cases) were enrolled. A group of 201 sex- and age-matched children was included as a control. All subjects were genotyped for the most common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PRR and the PRR signaling pathway using the SNPscan multiple SNP typing method. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed statistically significant differences in polymorphism of RIG-1 between patients and controls (rs3739674 G vs C: OR = 1.502, 95%CI: 1.120-2.014; rs9695310 G vs C: OR = 1.782, 95%CI: 1.312-2.419). Polymorphisms of RIG-1 rs3739674 (G vs C: OR = 2.047, 95%CI: 1.307-3.205) and TLR3 rs5743305 (A vs T: OR = 0.346, 95%CI: 0.212-0.566) were found to be associated with disease severity. The results indicated that RIG-1 (rs3739674 and rs9695310) polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk of EV71-induced HFMD in Chinese children, whereas RIG-1 rs3739674 and TLR3 rs5743305 polymorphisms are associated with disease severity. These findings support an important role of innate immune mechanism in EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Li Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui-Ling Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng-Ping Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuang-Suo Dang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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33
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Burg AR, Das S, Padgett LE, Koenig ZE, Tse HM. Superoxide Production by NADPH Oxidase Intensifies Macrophage Antiviral Responses during Diabetogenic Coxsackievirus Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:61-70. [PMID: 29158420 PMCID: PMC5736405 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B infections are suspected environmental triggers of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and macrophage antiviral responses may provide a link to virus-induced T1D. We previously demonstrated an important role for NADPH oxidase (NOX)-derived superoxide production during T1D pathogenesis, as NOX-deficient NOD mice (NOD.Ncf1m1J ) were protected against T1D due, in part, to impaired proinflammatory TLR signaling in NOD.Ncf1m1J macrophages. Therefore, we hypothesized that loss of NOX-derived superoxide would dampen diabetogenic antiviral macrophage responses and protect from virus-induced diabetes. Upon infection with a suspected diabetogenic virus, Coxsackievirus B3 (CB3), NOD.Ncf1m1J mice remained resistant to virus-induced autoimmune diabetes. A concomitant decrease in circulating inflammatory chemokines, blunted antiviral gene signature within the pancreas, and reduced proinflammatory M1 macrophage responses were observed. Importantly, exogenous superoxide addition to CB3-infected NOD.Ncf1m1J bone marrow-derived macrophages rescued the inflammatory antiviral M1 macrophage response, revealing reduction-oxidation-dependent mechanisms of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 signaling and dsRNA viral sensors in macrophages. We report that superoxide production following CB3 infection may exacerbate pancreatic β cell destruction in T1D by influencing proinflammatory M1 macrophage responses, and mechanistically linking oxidative stress, inflammation, and diabetogenic virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Burg
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182
| | - Shaonli Das
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182
| | - Lindsey E Padgett
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182
| | - Zachary E Koenig
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182
| | - Hubert M Tse
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182
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Svedin E, Utorova R, Hühn MH, Larsson PG, Stone VM, Garimella M, Lind K, Hägglöf T, Pincikova T, Laitinen OH, McInerney GM, Scholte B, Hjelte L, Karlsson MCI, Flodström-Tullberg M. A Link Between a Common Mutation in CFTR and Impaired Innate and Adaptive Viral Defense. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:1308-1317. [PMID: 28968805 PMCID: PMC5853514 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory virus infections predispose the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung to chronic bacterial colonization, which contributes to high mortality. For reasons unknown, respiratory virus infections have a prolonged duration in CF. Here, we demonstrate that mice carrying the most frequent cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutation in humans, ΔF508, show increased morbidity and mortality following infection with a common human enterovirus. ΔF508 mice demonstrated impaired viral clearance, a slower type I interferon response and delayed production of virus-neutralizing antibodies. While the ΔF508 mice had a normal immune cell repertoire, unchanged serum immunoglobulin concentrations and an intact immune response to a T-cell-independent antigen, their response to a T-cell-dependent antigen was significantly delayed. Our studies reveal a novel function for CFTR in antiviral immunity and demonstrate that the ΔF508 mutation in cftr is coupled to an impaired adaptive immune response. This important insight could open up new approaches for patient care and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Svedin
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | | | - Pär G Larsson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | - Terezia Pincikova
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and Stockholm Cystic Fibrosis Center, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Bob Scholte
- Department of Cell Biology and Pediatric Pulmonology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Hjelte
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and Stockholm Cystic Fibrosis Center, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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Sesti-Costa R, Françozo MCS, Silva GK, Proenca-Modena JL, Silva JS. TLR3 is required for survival following Coxsackievirus B3 infection by driving T lymphocyte activation and polarization: The role of dendritic cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185819. [PMID: 28973047 PMCID: PMC5626506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type B coxsackievirus (CVB) is a common cause of acute and chronic myocarditis, meningitis and pancreatitis, often leading to heart failure and pancreatic deficiency. The polarization of CD4+ T lymphocytes and their cytokine milieu are key factors in the outcome of CVB-induced diseases. Thus, sensing the virus and driving the adaptive immune response are essential for the establishment of a protective immune response. TLR3 is a crucial virus recognition receptor that confers the host with resistance to CVB infection. In the current study, we found that TLR3 expression in dendritic cells plays a role in their activation upon CVB3 infection in vitro, as TLR3-deficient dendritic cells up-regulate CD80 and CD86 to a less degree than WT cells. Instead, they up-regulated the inhibitory molecule PD-L1 and secreted considerably lower levels of TNF-α and IL-10 and a higher level of IL-23. T lymphocyte proliferation in co-culture with CVB3-infected dendritic cells was increased by TLR3-expressing DCs and other cells. Furthermore, in the absence of TLR3, the T lymphocyte response was shifted toward a Th17 profile, which was previously reported to be deleterious for the host. TLR3-deficient mice were very susceptible to CVB3 infection, with increased pancreatic injury and extensive inflammatory infiltrate in the heart that was associated with uncontrolled viral replication. Adoptive transfer of TLR3+ dendritic cells slightly improved the survival of TLR-deficient mice following CVB3 infection. Therefore, our findings highlight the importance of TLR3 signaling in DCs and in other cells to induce activation and polarization of the CD4+ T lymphocyte response toward a Th1 profile and consequently for a better outcome of CVB3 infection. These data provide new insight into the immune-mediated mechanisms by which CVBs are recognized and cleared in order to prevent the development of myocarditis and pancreatitis and may contribute to the design of therapies for enteroviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Sesti-Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcela Cristina Santiago Françozo
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research GmbH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Grace Kelly Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Proenca-Modena
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - João Santana Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Semeraro ML, Glenn LM, Morris MA. The Four-Way Stop Sign: Viruses, 12-Lipoxygenase, Islets, and Natural Killer Cells in Type 1 Diabetes Progression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:246. [PMID: 28993759 PMCID: PMC5622285 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells represent an important effector arm against viral infection, and mounting evidence suggests that viral infection plays a role in the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in at least a portion of patients. NK cells recognize their target cells through a delicate balance of inhibitory and stimulatory receptors on their surface. If unbalanced, NK cells have great potential to wreak havoc in the pancreas due to the beta cell expression of the as-yet-defined NKp46 ligand through interactions with the activating NKp46 receptor found on the surface of most NK cells. Blocking interactions between NKp46 and its ligand protects mice from STZ-induced diabetes, but differential expression non-diabetic and diabetic donor samples have not been tested. Additional studies have shown that peripheral blood NK cells from human T1D patients have altered phenotypes that reduce the lytic and functional ability of the NK cells. Investigations of humanT1D pancreas tissues have indicated that the presence of NK cells may be beneficial despite their infrequent detection. In non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, we have noted that NK cells express high levels of the proinflammatory mediator 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LO), and decreased levels of stimulatory receptors. Conversely, NK cells of 12/15-LO deficient NOD mice, which are protected from diabetes development, express significantly higher levels of stimulatory receptors. Furthermore, the human NK92 cell line expresses the ALOX12 protein [human 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO), related to mouse 12/15-LO] via Western blotting. Human 12-LO is upregulated in the pancreas of both T1D and T2D human donors with insulin-containing islets, showing a link between 12-LO expression and diabetes progression. Therefore, our hypothesis is that NK cells in those susceptible to developing T1D are unable to function properly during viral infections of pancreatic beta cells due to increased 12-LO expression and activation, which contributes to increased interferon-gamma production and an imbalance in activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors, and may contribute to downstream autoimmune T cell responses. The work presented here outlines evidence from our lab, as well as published literature, supporting our hypothesis, including novel data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele L. Semeraro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Lindsey M. Glenn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Margaret A. Morris
- Department of Internal Medicine, Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
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He H, Liu S, Liu PP, Li QB, Tan YX, Guo Y, Li F, Wang YY, Liu YD, Yang CQ, Chen ZB. Association of Toll-like receptor 3 gene polymorphism with the severity of enterovirus 71 infection in Chinese children. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1717-1723. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3265-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Mouat IC, Morse ZJ, Jean-Baptiste VSE, Allanach JR, Horwitz MS. Fresh Ideas, Foundational Experiments (FIFE): Immunology and Diabetes 2016 FIFE Symposium. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:238. [PMID: 28974943 PMCID: PMC5610696 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The first Fresh Ideas, Foundational Experiments (FIFE): Immunology and Diabetes symposia workshop took place in 2016 and exemplified the active interest of a number of several investigators interested the global rise in the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D). This increase does not correlate with genetic drift and indicates that environmental exposures are playing an increasingly significant role. Despite major biomedical and technological advances in diagnosis and treatment, treatments are frequently insufficient as they do not inhibit the progression of the underlying autoimmune response and often fail to prevent life-threatening complications. T1D is the result of autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas, and the precise, mechanistic contribution of the immune system to disease pathogenesis and progression remains to be fully characterized. Ultimately, the combinatorial effect of concurrent factors, including beta cell fragility, exogenous stressors, and genetic priming of the innate and adaptive immune system, work together to induce T1D autoimmunity. Thus, T1D is the result of immunological defects and environmental pathogens, requiring the sustained attention of collaborative research teams such as FIFE: I & D with varied perspectives, unified by the universally held goal of finding a sustainable, life-long cure. Herein, the authors provide perspective on various fields in T1D research highlighted by speakers participating in the inaugural FIFE symposium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel C. Mouat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zachary J. Morse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Jessica R. Allanach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marc S. Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Marc S. Horwitz,
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Morse ZJ, Horwitz MS. Innate Viral Receptor Signaling Determines Type 1 Diabetes Onset. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:249. [PMID: 29018409 PMCID: PMC5623193 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heritable susceptibility of the autoimmune disorder, type 1 diabetes (T1D), only partially equates for the incidence of the disease. Significant evidence attributes several environmental stressors, such as vitamin D deficiency, gut microbiome, dietary antigens, and most notably virus infections in triggering the onset of T1D in these genetically susceptible individuals. Extensive epidemiological and clinical studies have provided credibility to this causal relationship. Infection by the enterovirus, coxsackievirus B, has been closely associated with onset of T1D and is considered a significant etiological agent for disease induction. Recognition of viral antigens via innate pathogen-recognition receptors induce inflammatory events which contribute to autoreactivity of pancreatic self-antigens and ultimately the destruction of insulin-secreting beta cells. The activation of these specific innate pathways and expression of inflammatory molecules, including type I and III interferon, prime the immune system to elicit either a protective regulatory response or a diabetogenic effector response. Therefore, sensing of viral antigens by retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors and toll-like receptors may be detrimental to inducing autoreactivity initiated by viral stress and resulting in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Morse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marc S. Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Marc S. Horwitz,
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40
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Antoniak S, Tatsumi K, Bode M, Vanja S, Williams JC, Mackman N. Protease-Activated Receptor 1 Enhances Poly I:C Induction of the Antiviral Response in Macrophages and Mice. J Innate Immun 2016; 9:181-192. [PMID: 27820939 DOI: 10.1159/000450853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The coagulation cascade is activated during viral infections as part of the host defense system. Coagulation proteases activate cells by cleavage of protease-activated receptors (PARs). Recently, we reported that the activation of PAR-1 enhanced interferon (IFN)β and CXCL10 expression in cardiac fibroblasts and in the hearts of mice infected with Coxsackievirus B3. In this study, we used the double-stranded RNA mimetic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) to induce an antiviral response in macrophages and mice. Activation of PAR-1 enhanced poly I:C induction of IFNβ and CXCL10 expression in the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7, bone-marrow derived mouse macrophages (BMM) and mouse splenocytes. Next, poly I:C was used to induce a type I IFN innate immune response in the spleen and plasma of wild-type (WT) and PAR-1-/- mice. We found that poly I:C treated PAR-1-/- mice and WT mice given the thrombin inhibitor dabigatran etexilate exhibited significantly less IFNβ and CXCL10 expression in the spleen and plasma than WT mice. These studies suggest that thrombin activation of PAR-1 contributes to the antiviral response in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Antoniak
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, Chapel Hill, N.C., USA
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41
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Patra MC, Choi S. Recent progress in the development of Toll-like receptor (TLR) antagonists. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:719-30. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1185415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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42
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Ullah MO, Sweet MJ, Mansell A, Kellie S, Kobe B. TRIF-dependent TLR signaling, its functions in host defense and inflammation, and its potential as a therapeutic target. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:27-45. [PMID: 27162325 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2ri1115-531r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β (TRIF)-dependent signaling is required for TLR-mediated production of type-I IFN and several other proinflammatory mediators. Various pathogens target the signaling molecules and transcriptional regulators acting in the TRIF pathway, thus demonstrating the importance of this pathway in host defense. Indeed, the TRIF pathway contributes to control of both viral and bacterial pathogens through promotion of inflammatory mediators and activation of antimicrobial responses. TRIF signaling also has both protective and pathologic roles in several chronic inflammatory disease conditions, as well as an essential function in wound-repair processes. Here, we review our current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms that control TRIF-dependent TLR signaling, the role of the TRIF pathway in different infectious and noninfectious pathologic states, and the potential for manipulating TRIF-dependent TLR signaling for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Obayed Ullah
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Ashley Mansell
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart Kellie
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
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43
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Shah M, Anwar MA, Kim JH, Choi S. Advances in Antiviral Therapies Targeting Toll-like Receptors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:437-53. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2016.1154040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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44
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Lei X, Xiao X, Wang J. Innate Immunity Evasion by Enteroviruses: Insights into Virus-Host Interaction. Viruses 2016; 8:v8010022. [PMID: 26784219 PMCID: PMC4728582 DOI: 10.3390/v8010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus genus includes multiple important human pathogens, such as poliovirus, coxsackievirus, enterovirus (EV) A71, EV-D68 and rhinovirus. Infection with EVs can cause numerous clinical conditions including poliomyelitis, meningitis and encephalitis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, acute flaccid paralysis, diarrhea, myocarditis and respiratory illness. EVs, which are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, trigger activation of the host antiviral innate immune responses through pathogen recognition receptors such as retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG-I)-likeand Toll-like receptors. In turn, EVs have developed sophisticated strategies to evade host antiviral responses. In this review, we discuss the interplay between the host innate immune responses and EV infection, with a primary focus on host immune detection and protection against EV infection and viral strategies to evade these antiviral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Lei
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Xia Xiao
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Jianwei Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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45
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Innate Immunity and Immune Evasion by Enterovirus 71. Viruses 2015; 7:6613-30. [PMID: 26694447 PMCID: PMC4690884 DOI: 10.3390/v7122961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major infectious disease affecting millions of people worldwide and it is the main etiological agent for outbreaks of hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Infection is often associated with severe gastroenterological, pulmonary, and neurological diseases that are most prevalent in children. Currently, no effective vaccine or antiviral drugs exist against EV71 infection. A lack of knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of EV71 infection in the host and the virus-host interactions is a major constraint to developing specific antiviral strategies against this infection. Previous studies have identified and characterized the function of several viral proteins produced by EV71 that interact with the host innate immune proteins, including type I interferon signaling and microRNAs. These interactions eventually promote efficient viral replication and increased susceptibility to the disease. In this review we discuss the functions of EV71 viral proteins in the modulation of host innate immune responses to facilitate viral replication.
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Witsø E, Cinek O, Tapia G, Brorsson CA, Stene LC, Gjessing HK, Rasmussen T, Bergholdt R, Pociot FM, Rønningen KS. Genetic Determinants of Enterovirus Infections: Polymorphisms in Type 1 Diabetes and Innate Immune Genes in the MIDIA Study. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:556-63. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ondrej Cinek
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Motol, and 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - German Tapia
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Caroline A. Brorsson
- Department of Pediatrics E, Copenhagen Diabetes Research Centre (CPH-DIRECT), Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | - Håkon K. Gjessing
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Flemming M. Pociot
- Department of Pediatrics E, Copenhagen Diabetes Research Centre (CPH-DIRECT), Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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47
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Jakeman PG, Hills TE, Fisher KD, Seymour LW. Macrophages and their interactions with oncolytic viruses. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 24:23-9. [PMID: 26164569 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are a highly plastic cell type and exhibit a range of defensive and regulatory functions in normal physiology. Phagocytic macrophages play an important role in defending against virus infection and they provide an important barrier that can limit the delivery of therapeutic viruses from the injection to the tumour. Within tumours, macrophages generally adopt an immunosuppressive phenotype and are associated with poor clinical prognosis. However their plasticity also provides the opportunity for therapeutic 're-education' of tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) to adopt an active anticancer role. Oncolytic viruses present the possibility for non-specific stimulation of TAMs, and also the option for tumour-targeted expression of cytokines chosen specifically to modulate macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas E Hills
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Kerry D Fisher
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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48
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Pearson JA, Wong FS, Wen L. The importance of the Non Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse model in autoimmune diabetes. J Autoimmun 2015; 66:76-88. [PMID: 26403950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the pancreatic infiltration of immune cells resulting in T cell-mediated destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells. The successes of the Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse model have come in multiple forms including identifying key genetic and environmental risk factors e.g. Idd loci and effects of microorganisms including the gut microbiota, respectively, and how they may contribute to disease susceptibility and pathogenesis. Furthermore, the NOD model also provides insights into the roles of the innate immune cells as well as the B cells in contributing to the T cell-mediated disease. Unlike many autoimmune disease models, the NOD mouse develops spontaneous disease and has many similarities to human T1D. Through exploiting these similarities many targets have been identified for immune-intervention strategies. Although many of these immunotherapies did not have a significant impact on human T1D, they have been shown to be effective in the NOD mouse in early stage disease, which is not equivalent to trials in newly-diagnosed patients with diabetes. However, the continued development of humanized NOD mice would enable further clinical developments, bringing T1D research to a new translational level. Therefore, it is the aim of this review to discuss the importance of the NOD model in identifying the roles of the innate immune system and the interaction with the gut microbiota in modifying diabetes susceptibility. In addition, the role of the B cells will also be discussed with new insights gained through B cell depletion experiments and the impact on translational developments. Finally, this review will also discuss the future of the NOD mouse and the development of humanized NOD mice, providing novel insights into human T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Pearson
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - F Susan Wong
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Molecular & Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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49
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are damage-associated molecular patterns receptors, which are essential in the activation of the inflammasome cascade, required for the initiation of inflammation. We hypothesized that changes in the function of these receptors caused by genetic polymorphisms in their encoding genes could determine acute pancreatitis (AP) incidence or severity. METHODS Two hundred sixty-nine patients and 269 controls were included. Acute pancreatitis diagnosis criteria were abdominal pain, increased serum amylase levels, and positive findings on abdominal imaging. The patients were observed until discharge. Blood samples were obtained, determining the following TLRs: TLR1 rs5743611, TLR2 rs5743704, TLR3 rs3775291, TLR3 rs5743305, TLR4 rs4986790, TLR4 rs4986791, TLR5 rs5744174, TLR6 rs5743795, TLR7 rs2302267, TLR9 rs352140, and TLR10 rs4129009. RESULTS No TLR polymorphism was related to AP incidence. Regarding severity, CC genotype patients in TLR3 rs3775291 had an increased risk for severe pancreatitis (CC odds ratio [OR], 2.426; P = 0.015). In addition, TLR6 rs5743795 GG genotype patients had a lower risk for severe AP (GG OR, 0.909; P < 0.05). Intensive care unit admission was related to TLR5 rs5744174 homozygote TT carriers (TT OR, 3.367; P = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS Our article points to genetic polymorphisms in TLR3 and TLR6 as having a plausible role in the occurrence of severe AP.
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Wiltshire SA, Marton J, Leiva-Torres GA, Vidal SM. Mapping of a quantitative trait locus controlling susceptibility to Coxsackievirus B3-induced viral hepatitis. Genes Immun 2015; 16:261-7. [PMID: 25790079 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2015.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of coxsackieviral infection is a multifactorial process involving host genetics, viral genetics and the environment in which they interact. We have used a mouse model of Coxsackievirus B3 infection to characterize the contribution of host genetics to infection survival and to viral hepatitis. Twenty-five AcB/BcA recombinant congenic mouse strains were screened. One, BcA86, was found to be particularly susceptible to early mortality; 100% of BcA86 mice died by day 6 compared with 0% of B6 mice (P=0.0012). This increased mortality was accompanied by an increased hepatic necrosis as measured by serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (19547±10556 vs 769±109, P=0.0055). This occurred despite a predominantly resistant (C57BL/6) genetic background. Linkage analysis in a cohort (n=210) of (BcA86x C56Bl/10)F2 animals revealed a new locus on chromosome 13 (peak linkage 101.2 Mbp, lod 4.50 and P=0.003). This locus controlled serum ALT levels as early as 48 h following the infection, and led to an elevated expression of type I interferon. Another locus on chromosome 17 (peak linkage 57.2 Mbp) was significantly linked to heart viral titer (lod 3.4 and P=0.046). These results provide new evidence for the presence of genetic loci contributing to the susceptibility of mice to viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Wiltshire
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - J Marton
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - G A Leiva-Torres
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - S M Vidal
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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