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Sales Conniff A, Singh J, Heller R, Heller LC. Pulsed Electric Fields Induce STING Palmitoylation and Polymerization Independently of Plasmid DNA Electrotransfer. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:363. [PMID: 38543257 PMCID: PMC10975742 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16030363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy approaches may target skeletal muscle due to its high protein-expressing nature and vascularization. Intramuscular plasmid DNA (pDNA) delivery via pulsed electric fields (PEFs) can be termed electroporation or electrotransfer. Nonviral delivery of plasmids to cells and tissues activates DNA-sensing pathways. The central signaling complex in cytosolic DNA sensing is the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING). The effects of pDNA electrotransfer on the signaling of STING, a key adapter protein, remain incompletely characterized. STING undergoes several post-translational modifications which modulate its function, including palmitoylation. This study demonstrated that in mouse skeletal muscle, STING was constitutively palmitoylated at two sites, while an additional site was modified following electroporation independent of the presence of pDNA. This third palmitoylation site correlated with STING polymerization but not with STING activation. Expression of several palmitoyl acyltransferases, including zinc finger and DHHC motif containing 1 (zDHHC1), coincided with STING activation. Expression of several depalmitoylases, including palmitoyl protein thioesterase 2 (PPT2), was diminished in all PEF application groups. Therefore, STING may not be regulated by active modification by palmitate after electroporation but inversely by the downregulation of palmitate removal. These findings unveil intricate molecular changes induced by PEF application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Loree C. Heller
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.S.C.); (J.S.); (R.H.)
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Son K, Jeong S, Eom E, Kwon D, Kang S. MARCH5 promotes STING pathway activation by suppressing polymer formation of oxidized STING. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57496. [PMID: 37916870 PMCID: PMC10702817 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a core DNA sensing adaptor in innate immune signaling. STING activity is regulated by a variety of post-translational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, palmitoylation, and oxidation, as well as the balance between active and inactive polymer formation. It remains unclear, though, how different PTMs and higher order structures cooperate to regulate STING activity. Here, we report that the mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase MARCH5 (Membrane Associated Ring-CH-type Finger 5, also known as MITOL) ubiquitinates STING and enhances its activation. A long-term MARCH5 deficiency, in contrast, leads to the production of reactive oxygen species, which then facilitate the formation of inactive STING polymers by oxidizing mouse STING cysteine 205. We show that MARCH5-mediated ubiquitination of STING prevents the oxidation-induced STING polymer formation. Our findings highlight that MARCH5 balances STING ubiquitination and polymer formation and its control of STING activation is contingent on oxidative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungpyo Son
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Seokhwan Jeong
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Eunchong Eom
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Dohyeong Kwon
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
- Present address:
BOOSTIMMUNE, IncSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Suk‐Jo Kang
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
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3
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Hersi F, Sebastian A, Tarazi H, Srinivasulu V, Mostafa A, Allayeh AK, Zeng C, Hachim IY, Liu SL, Abu-Yousef IA, Majdalawieh AF, Zaher DM, Omar HA, Al-Tel TH. Discovery of novel papain-like protease inhibitors for potential treatment of COVID-19. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 254:115380. [PMID: 37075625 PMCID: PMC10106510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of different SARS-CoV-2 variants creates an urgent need to develop more effective therapeutic agents to prevent COVID-19 outbreaks. Among SARS-CoV-2 essential proteases is papain-like protease (SARS-CoV-2 PLpro), which plays multiple roles in regulating SARS-CoV-2 viral spread and innate immunity such as deubiquitinating and deISG15ylating (interferon-induced gene 15) activities. Many studies are currently focused on targeting this protease to tackle SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this context, we performed a phenotypic screening using an in-house pilot compounds collection possessing a diverse skeleta against SARS-CoV-2 PLpro. This screen identified SIMR3030 as a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2. SIMR3030 has been shown to exhibit deubiquitinating activity and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 specific gene expression (ORF1b and Spike) in infected host cells and possessing virucidal activity. Moreover, SIMR3030 was demonstrated to inhibit the expression of inflammatory markers, including IFN-α, IL-6, and OAS1, which are reported to mediate the development of cytokine storms and aggressive immune responses. In vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) assessment of the drug-likeness properties of SIMR3030 demonstrated good microsomal stability in liver microsomes. Furthermore, SIMR3030 demonstrated very low potency as an inhibitor of CYP450, CYP3A4, CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 which rules out any potential drug-drug interactions. In addition, SIMR3030 showed moderate permeability in Caco2-cells. Critically, SIMR3030 has maintained a high in vivo safety profile at different concentrations. Molecular modeling studies of SIMR3030 in the active sites of SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV PLpro were performed to shed light on the binding modes of this inhibitor. This study demonstrates that SIMR3030 is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro that forms the foundation for developing new drugs to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic and may pave the way for the development of novel therapeutics for a possible future outbreak of new SARS-CoV-2 variants or other Coronavirus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Hersi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anusha Sebastian
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hamadeh Tarazi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vunnam Srinivasulu
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Environment and Climate Change Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Abdou Kamal Allayeh
- Virology Lab 176, Water Pollution Research Department, Environment and Climate Change Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Cong Zeng
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ibrahim Y Hachim
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Imad A Abu-Yousef
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amin F Majdalawieh
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dana M Zaher
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hany A Omar
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt.
| | - Taleb H Al-Tel
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates.
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Ahmad Z, Blin J, Rampal L, Adnan RS, Mohtarrudin N, Abang Yusuf DSY. Association of LDLR, TP53 and MMP9 Gene Polymorphisms With Atherosclerosis in a Malaysian Study Population. Curr Probl Cardiol 2023; 48:101659. [PMID: 36822563 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Preliminary research has shown that low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), tumor protein (TP53) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) genes expression levels were significantly increased in atherosclerosis coronary artery tissue (ACAT) compared to non-atherosclerotic coronary artery tissue (NCAT) samples. Thus, further investigation was carried out to study the association of LDLR, TP53 and MMP9 gene polymorphisms and the risk of developing atherosclerosis (ATH) in a Malaysian population. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of C88S, TP53 codon 72 and MMP9C>T were analyzed in 76 ACAT samples and 149 NCAT samples, representing cases and controls, respectively. In results, heterozygous CT genotype of MMP9C>T polymorphism was significantly higher in ACAT compared to NCAT samples (57.9% vs 27.5%, χ2 = 19.758, df= 1, P < 0.05). The CT genotype was found to be significantly associated with the risk of developing ATH (OR = 3.622, 95% CI = 2.028-6.470). However, the distribution of the CT genotype in a healthy Malaysian study population was incomparable regardless of gender and ethnicity. The DNA sequencing results validated the C88S, TP53 codon 72, and MMP9C>T polymorphisms. In conclusion, the CT genotype of the MMP9-1562C>T polymorphism was found to have a strong association with the risk of developing ATH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zalinah Ahmad
- Laboratory of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Joan Blin
- Laboratory of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lekhraj Rampal
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules (VacBio), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rohayu Shahar Adnan
- Department of Forensic, Hospital Sungai Buloh, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Norhafizah Mohtarrudin
- Laboratory of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Matsumoto K, Ni S, Arai H, Toyama T, Saito Y, Suzuki T, Dohmae N, Mukai K, Taguchi T. A non-nucleotide agonist that binds covalently to cysteine residues of STING. Cell Struct Funct 2023; 48:59-70. [PMID: 36575042 PMCID: PMC10721953 DOI: 10.1247/csf.22085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an ER-localized transmembrane protein and the receptor for 2',3'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP), which is a second messenger produced by cGAMP synthase (cGAS), a cytosolic double-stranded DNA sensor. The cGAS-STING pathway plays a critical role in the innate immune response to infection of a variety of DNA pathogens through the induction of the type I interferons. Pharmacological activation of STING is a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer, thus the development of potent and selective STING agonists has been pursued. Here we report that mouse STING can be activated by phenylarsine oxide (PAO), a membrane permeable trivalent arsenic compound that preferentially reacts with thiol group of cysteine residue (Cys). The activation of STING with PAO does not require cGAS or cGAMP. Mass spectrometric analysis of the peptides generated by trypsin and chymotrypsin digestion of STING identifies several PAO adducts, suggesting that PAO covalently binds to STING. Screening of STING variants with single Cys to serine residues (Ser) reveals that Cys88 and Cys291 are critical to the response to PAO. STING activation with PAO, as with cGAMP, requires the ER-to-Golgi traffic and palmitoylation of STING. Our results identify a non-nucleotide STING agonist that does not target the cGAMP-binding pocket, and demonstrate that Cys of STING can be a novel target for the development of STING agonist.Key words: STING agonist, cysteine modification, innate immunity, phenylarsine oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Organelle Pathophysiology, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shenwei Ni
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Toyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Saito
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, Technology Platform Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, Technology Platform Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kojiro Mukai
- Laboratory of Organelle Pathophysiology, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Taguchi
- Laboratory of Organelle Pathophysiology, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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6
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Zhang Z, Zhou H, Ouyang X, Dong Y, Sarapultsev A, Luo S, Hu D. Multifaceted functions of STING in human health and disease: from molecular mechanism to targeted strategy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:394. [PMID: 36550103 PMCID: PMC9780328 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01252-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) as an important pivot for cytosolic DNA sensation and interferon (IFN) induction, intensive efforts have been endeavored to clarify the molecular mechanism of its activation, its physiological function as a ubiquitously expressed protein, and to explore its potential as a therapeutic target in a wide range of immune-related diseases. With its orthodox ligand 2'3'-cyclic GMP-AMP (2'3'-cGAMP) and the upstream sensor 2'3'-cGAMP synthase (cGAS) to be found, STING acquires its central functionality in the best-studied signaling cascade, namely the cGAS-STING-IFN pathway. However, recently updated research through structural research, genetic screening, and biochemical assay greatly extends the current knowledge of STING biology. A second ligand pocket was recently discovered in the transmembrane domain for a synthetic agonist. On its downstream outputs, accumulating studies sketch primordial and multifaceted roles of STING beyond its cytokine-inducing function, such as autophagy, cell death, metabolic modulation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and RNA virus restriction. Furthermore, with the expansion of the STING interactome, the details of STING trafficking also get clearer. After retrospecting the brief history of viral interference and the milestone events since the discovery of STING, we present a vivid panorama of STING biology taking into account the details of the biochemical assay and structural information, especially its versatile outputs and functions beyond IFN induction. We also summarize the roles of STING in the pathogenesis of various diseases and highlight the development of small-molecular compounds targeting STING for disease treatment in combination with the latest research. Finally, we discuss the open questions imperative to answer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Zhang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, China
| | - Haifeng Zhou
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohu Ouyang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, China
| | - Yalan Dong
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, China
| | - Alexey Sarapultsev
- grid.426536.00000 0004 1760 306XInstitute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Shanshan Luo
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Desheng Hu
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, 430022 Wuhan, China ,Clinical Research Center of Cancer Immunotherapy, 430022 Hubei Wuhan, China
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Mansouri S, Gogoi H, Patel S, Katikaneni DS, Singh A, Aybar-Torres A, de Lartigue G, Jin L. MPYS Modulates Fatty Acid Metabolism and Immune Tolerance at Homeostasis Independent of Type I IFNs. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:2114-2132. [PMID: 36261171 PMCID: PMC9679991 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
MPYS/STING (stimulator of IFN genes) senses cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), generates type I IFNs, and plays a critical role in infection, inflammation, and cancer. In this study, analyzing genotype and haplotype data from the 1000 Genomes Project, we found that the R71H-G230A-R293Q (HAQ) MPYS allele frequency increased 57-fold in East Asians compared with sub-Saharan Africans. Meanwhile, the G230A-R293Q (AQ) allele frequency decreased by 98% in East Asians compared with sub-Saharan Africans. We propose that the HAQ and AQ alleles underwent a natural selection during the out-of-Africa migration. We used mouse models of HAQ and AQ to investigate the underlying mechanism. We found that the mice carrying the AQ allele, which disappeared in East Asians, had normal CDN-type I IFN responses. Adult AQ mice, however, had less fat mass than did HAQ or wild-type mice on a chow diet. AQ epididymal adipose tissue had increased regulatory T cells and M2 macrophages with protein expression associated with enhanced fatty acid oxidation. Conditional knockout mice and adoptive cell transfer indicate a macrophage and regulatory T cell-intrinsic role of MPYS in fatty acid metabolism. Mechanistically, AQ/IFNAR1-/- mice had a similar lean phenotype as for the AQ mice. MPYS intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence revealed that the R71H change increased MPYS hydrophilicity. Lastly, we found that the second transmembrane (TM) and the TM2-TM3 linker region of MPYS interact with activated fatty acid, fatty acyl-CoA. In summary, studying the evolution of the human MPYS gene revealed an MPYS function in modulating fatty acid metabolism that may be critical during the out-of-Africa migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Mansouri
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Himanshu Gogoi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Seema Patel
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Divya S. Katikaneni
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Arashdeep Singh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; and
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Alexandra Aybar-Torres
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Guillaume de Lartigue
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; and
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Lei Jin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Post-Translational Modifications of cGAS-STING: A Critical Switch for Immune Regulation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193043. [PMID: 36231006 PMCID: PMC9563579 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune mechanisms initiate immune responses via pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), a member of the PRRs, senses diverse pathogenic or endogenous DNA and activates innate immune signaling pathways, including the expression of stimulator of interferon genes (STING), type I interferon, and other inflammatory cytokines, which, in turn, instructs the adaptive immune response development. This groundbreaking discovery has rapidly advanced research on host defense, cancer biology, and autoimmune disorders. Since cGAS/STING has enormous potential in eliciting an innate immune response, understanding its functional regulation is critical. As the most widespread and efficient regulatory mode of the cGAS-STING pathway, post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as the covalent linkage of functional groups to amino acid chains, are generally considered a regulatory mechanism for protein destruction or renewal. In this review, we discuss cGAS-STING signaling transduction and its mechanism in related diseases and focus on the current different regulatory modalities of PTMs in the control of the cGAS-STING-triggered innate immune and inflammatory responses.
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Hussain B, Xie Y, Jabeen U, Lu D, Yang B, Wu C, Shang G. Activation of STING Based on Its Structural Features. Front Immunol 2022; 13:808607. [PMID: 35928815 PMCID: PMC9343627 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.808607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway is an important innate immune signaling cascade responsible for the sensing of abnormal cytosolic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), which is a hallmark of infection or cancers. Recently, tremendous progress has been made in the understanding of the STING activation mechanism from various aspects. In this review, the molecular mechanism of activation of STING protein based on its structural features is briefly discussed. The underlying molecular mechanism of STING activation will enable us to develop novel therapeutics to treat STING-associated diseases and understand how STING has evolved to eliminate infection and maintain immune homeostasis in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Hussain
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, The Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yufeng Xie
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Uzma Jabeen
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Defen Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Structure Determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Major Infectious Disease Response, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, The Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Guijun Shang
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Structure Determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Major Infectious Disease Response, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Guijun Shang,
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10
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Dat NQ, Thuy LTT, Hieu VN, Hai H, Hoang DV, Thi Thanh Hai N, Thuy TTV, Komiya T, Rombouts K, Dong MP, Hanh NV, Hoang TH, Sato‐Matsubara M, Daikoku A, Kadono C, Oikawa D, Yoshizato K, Tokunaga F, Pinzani M, Kawada N. Hexa Histidine-Tagged Recombinant Human Cytoglobin Deactivates Hepatic Stellate Cells and Inhibits Liver Fibrosis by Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species. Hepatology 2021; 73:2527-2545. [PMID: 33576020 PMCID: PMC8251927 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Antifibrotic therapy remains an unmet medical need in human chronic liver disease. We report the antifibrotic properties of cytoglobin (CYGB), a respiratory protein expressed in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), the main cell type involved in liver fibrosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS Cygb-deficient mice that had bile duct ligation-induced liver cholestasis or choline-deficient amino acid-defined diet-induced steatohepatitis significantly exacerbated liver damage, fibrosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. All of these manifestations were attenuated in Cygb-overexpressing mice. We produced hexa histidine-tagged recombinant human CYGB (His-CYGB), traced its biodistribution, and assessed its function in HSCs or in mice with advanced liver cirrhosis using thioacetamide (TAA) or 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC). In cultured HSCs, extracellular His-CYGB was endocytosed and accumulated in endosomes through a clathrin-mediated pathway. His-CYGB significantly impeded ROS formation spontaneously or in the presence of ROS inducers in HSCs, thus leading to the attenuation of collagen type 1 alpha 1 production and α-smooth muscle actin expression. Replacement the iron center of the heme group with cobalt nullified the effect of His-CYGB. In addition, His-CYGB induced interferon-β secretion by HSCs that partly contributed to its antifibrotic function. Momelotinib incompletely reversed the effect of His-CYGB. Intravenously injected His-CYGB markedly suppressed liver inflammation, fibrosis, and oxidative cell damage in mice administered TAA or DDC mice without adverse effects. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed the down-regulation of inflammation- and fibrosis-related genes and the up-regulation of antioxidant genes in both cell culture and liver tissues. The injected His-CYGB predominantly localized to HSCs but not to macrophages, suggesting specific targeting effects. His-CYGB exhibited no toxicity in chimeric mice with humanized livers. CONCLUSIONS His-CYGB could have antifibrotic clinical applications for human chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninh Quoc Dat
- Department of HepatologyGraduate School of MedicineOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan,Department of PediatricsHanoi Medical UniversityHanoiVietnam
| | - Le Thi Thanh Thuy
- Department of HepatologyGraduate School of MedicineOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Vu Ngoc Hieu
- Department of HepatologyGraduate School of MedicineOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Hoang Hai
- Department of HepatologyGraduate School of MedicineOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Dinh Viet Hoang
- Department of HepatologyGraduate School of MedicineOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
| | | | - Tuong Thi Van Thuy
- Biological Resources Vinmec Tissue BankVinmec Healthcare SystemHanoiVietnam
| | - Tohru Komiya
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Krista Rombouts
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis GroupInstitute for Liver and Digestive HealthUniversity College LondonRoyal Free HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Minh Phuong Dong
- Department of HepatologyGraduate School of MedicineOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Ngo Vinh Hanh
- Department of HepatologyGraduate School of MedicineOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Truong Huu Hoang
- Department of HepatologyGraduate School of MedicineOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
| | | | - Atsuko Daikoku
- Department of HepatologyGraduate School of MedicineOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Chiho Kadono
- Department of HepatologyGraduate School of MedicineOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Daisuke Oikawa
- Department of PathobiochemistryGraduate School of MedicineOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Katsutoshi Yoshizato
- Academic Advisor’s OfficePhoenixBio Co., Ltd.HiroshimaJapan,Endowed Laboratory of Synthetic BiologyGraduate School of MedicineOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Fuminori Tokunaga
- Department of PathobiochemistryGraduate School of MedicineOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis GroupInstitute for Liver and Digestive HealthUniversity College LondonRoyal Free HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Norifumi Kawada
- Department of HepatologyGraduate School of MedicineOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan,Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis GroupInstitute for Liver and Digestive HealthUniversity College LondonRoyal Free HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
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11
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Zamorano Cuervo N, Fortin A, Caron E, Chartier S, Grandvaux N. Pinpointing cysteine oxidation sites by high-resolution proteomics reveals a mechanism of redox-dependent inhibition of human STING. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/680/eaaw4673. [PMID: 33906974 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw4673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein function is regulated by posttranslational modifications (PTMs), among which reversible oxidation of cysteine residues has emerged as a key regulatory mechanism of cellular responses. Given the redox regulation of virus-host interactions, the identification of oxidized cysteine sites in cells is essential to understand the underlying mechanisms involved. Here, we present a proteome-wide identification of reversibly oxidized cysteine sites in oxidant-treated cells using a maleimide-based bioswitch method coupled to mass spectrometry analysis. We identified 2720 unique oxidized cysteine sites within 1473 proteins with distinct abundances, locations, and functions. Oxidized cysteine sites were found in numerous signaling pathways, many relevant to virus-host interactions. We focused on the oxidation of STING, the central adaptor of the innate immune type I interferon pathway, which is stimulated in response to the detection of cytosolic DNA by cGAS. We demonstrated the reversible oxidation of Cys148 and Cys206 of STING in cells. Molecular analyses led us to establish a model in which Cys148 oxidation is constitutive, whereas Cys206 oxidation is inducible by oxidative stress or by the natural ligand of STING, 2'3'-cGAMP. Our data suggest that the oxidation of Cys206 prevented hyperactivation of STING by causing a conformational change associated with the formation of inactive polymers containing intermolecular disulfide bonds. This finding should aid the design of therapies targeting STING that are relevant to autoinflammatory disorders, immunotherapies, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Zamorano Cuervo
- CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 900 rue Saint Denis, Montréal, H2X 0A9 Québec, Canada
| | - Audray Fortin
- CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 900 rue Saint Denis, Montréal, H2X 0A9 Québec, Canada
| | - Elise Caron
- CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 900 rue Saint Denis, Montréal, H2X 0A9 Québec, Canada
| | - Stéfany Chartier
- CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 900 rue Saint Denis, Montréal, H2X 0A9 Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Grandvaux
- CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 900 rue Saint Denis, Montréal, H2X 0A9 Québec, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, H3C 3J7 Québec, Canada
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12
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Wu L, Lu P, Guo X, Song K, Lyu Y, Bothwell J, Wu J, Hawkins O, Clarke SL, Lucas EA, Smith BJ, Chowanadisai W, Hartson SD, Ritchey JW, Wang W, Medeiros DM, Li S, Lin D. β-carotene oxygenase 2 deficiency-triggered mitochondrial oxidative stress promotes low-grade inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 164:271-284. [PMID: 33453359 PMCID: PMC7946548 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Low-grade inflammation is a critical pathological factor contributing to the development of metabolic disorders. β-carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2) was initially identified as an enzyme catalyzing carotenoids in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Mutations in BCO2 are associated with inflammation and metabolic disorders in humans, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we used loss-of-function approaches in mice and cell culture models to investigate the role of BCO2 in inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. We demonstrated decreases in BCO2 mRNA and protein levels and suppression of mitochondrial respiratory complex I proteins and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase levels in the liver of type 2 diabetic human subjects. Deficiency of BCO2 caused disruption of assembly of the mitochondrial respiratory supercomplexes, such as supercomplex III2+IV in mice, and overproduction of superoxide radicals in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Further, deficiency of BCO2 increased protein carbonylation and populations of natural killer cells and M1 macrophages, and decreased populations of T cells, including CD4+ and/or CD8+ in the bone marrow and white adipose tissues. Elevation of plasma inflammatory cytokines and adipose tissue hypertrophy and inflammation were also characterized in BCO2 deficient mice. Moreover, BCO2 deficient mice were more susceptible to high-fat diet-induced obesity and hyperglycemia. Double knockout of BCO2 and leptin receptor genes caused a significantly greater elevation of the fasting blood glucose level in mice at 4 weeks of age, compared to the age- and sex-matched leptin receptor knockout. Finally, administration of Mito-TEMPO, a mitochondrial specific antioxidant attenuated systemic low-grade inflammation induced by BCO2 deficiency. Collectively, these findings suggest that BCO2 is essential for mitochondrial respiration and metabolic homeostasis in mammals. Loss or decreased expression of BCO2 leads to mitochondrial oxidative stress, low-grade inflammation, and the subsequent development of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Peiran Lu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Kun Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Yi Lyu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - James Bothwell
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Jinglong Wu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Olivia Hawkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Stephen L Clarke
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Edralin A Lucas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Brenda J Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Winyoo Chowanadisai
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Steve D Hartson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Jerry W Ritchey
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Weiqun Wang
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Denis M Medeiros
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Shitao Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Dingbo Lin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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13
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Jin YG, Zhou H, Fan D, Che Y, Wang ZP, Wang SS, Tang QZ. TMEM173 protects against pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy by modulating autophagy. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:5176-5192. [PMID: 33368294 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
TMEM173 has been reported to participate in endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation and immunology, all of which closely involved with cardiac hypertrophy. But its role in autophagy is not fully figured out. In our research, Tmem173 global knockout (KO) mice manifested more deteriorated hypertrophy, fibrosis, inflammatory infiltration and cardiac malfunction compared with wild type C57BL/6 mice after 6 weeks of transverse aortic constriction. And KO mice showed inhibited autophagosome degradation in myocardium observed under transmission electron microscope and in protein level. In in vitro experiments conducted in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes under phenylephrine treatment, the abundance of Tmem173 gene was negatively related to the abundance of LC3-Ⅱ and the number of red and yellow fluorescent dots, of which reflected the capacity of autophagosome degradation. These results indicated that TMEM173 might be a promoter of autophagic flux and protected against pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. It may serve as a potential therapeutic target for cardiac hypertrophy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ge Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Che
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao-Peng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Zhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
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14
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Dengue Virus Targets Nrf2 for NS2B3-Mediated Degradation Leading to Enhanced Oxidative Stress and Viral Replication. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01551-20. [PMID: 32999020 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01551-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-borne virus that infects upward of 300 million people annually and has the potential to cause fatal hemorrhagic fever and shock. While the parameters contributing to dengue immunopathogenesis remain unclear, the collapse of redox homeostasis and the damage induced by oxidative stress have been correlated with the development of inflammation and progression toward the more severe forms of disease. In the present study, we demonstrate that the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) late after DENV infection (>24 hpi) resulted from a disruption in the balance between oxidative stress and the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-dependent antioxidant response. The DENV NS2B3 protease complex strategically targeted Nrf2 for degradation in a proteolysis-independent manner; NS2B3 licensed Nrf2 for lysosomal degradation. Impairment of the Nrf2 regulator by the NS2B3 complex inhibited the antioxidant gene network and contributed to the progressive increase in ROS levels, along with increased virus replication and inflammatory or apoptotic gene expression. By 24 hpi, when increased levels of ROS and antiviral proteins were observed, it appeared that the proviral effect of ROS overcame the antiviral effects of the interferon (IFN) response. Overall, these studies demonstrate that DENV infection disrupts the regulatory interplay between DENV-induced stress responses, Nrf2 antioxidant signaling, and the host antiviral immune response, thus exacerbating oxidative stress and inflammation in DENV infection.IMPORTANCE Dengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that threatens 2.5 billion people in more than 100 countries annually. Dengue infection induces a spectrum of clinical symptoms, ranging from classical dengue fever to severe dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome; however, the complexities of DENV immunopathogenesis remain controversial. Previous studies have reported the importance of the transcription factor Nrf2 in the control of redox homeostasis and antiviral/inflammatory or death responses to DENV. Importantly, the production of reactive oxygen species and the subsequent stress response have been linked to the development of inflammation and progression toward the more severe forms of the disease. Here, we demonstrate that DENV uses the NS2B3 protease complex to strategically target Nrf2 for degradation, leading to a progressive increase in oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death in infected cells. This study underlines the pivotal role of the Nrf2 regulatory network in the context of DENV infection.
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15
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Tao L, Lemoff A, Wang G, Zarek C, Lowe A, Yan N, Reese TA. Reactive oxygen species oxidize STING and suppress interferon production. eLife 2020; 9:e57837. [PMID: 32886065 PMCID: PMC7473769 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are by-products of cellular respiration that can promote oxidative stress and damage cellular proteins and lipids. One canonical role of ROS is to defend the cell against invading bacterial and viral pathogens. Curiously, some viruses, including herpesviruses, thrive despite the induction of ROS, suggesting that ROS are beneficial for the virus. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we found that ROS impaired interferon response during murine herpesvirus infection and that the inhibition occurred downstream of cytoplasmic DNA sensing. We further demonstrated that ROS suppressed the type I interferon response by oxidizing Cysteine 147 on murine stimulator of interferon genes (STING), an ER-associated protein that mediates interferon response after cytoplasmic DNA sensing. This inhibited STING polymerization and activation of downstream signaling events. These data indicate that redox regulation of Cysteine 147 of mouse STING, which is equivalent to Cysteine 148 of human STING, controls interferon production. Together, our findings reveal that ROS orchestrates anti-viral immune responses, which can be exploited by viruses to evade cellular defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Tao
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Andrew Lemoff
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Guoxun Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Christina Zarek
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Alexandria Lowe
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Nan Yan
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Tiffany A Reese
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
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16
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Landman SL, Ressing ME, van der Veen AG. Balancing STING in antimicrobial defense and autoinflammation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 55:1-14. [PMID: 32563552 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid detection of microbes is crucial for eliciting an effective immune response. Innate immune receptors survey the intracellular and extracellular environment for signs of a microbial infection. When they detect a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), such as viral DNA, they alarm the cell about the ongoing infection. The central signaling hub in sensing of viral DNA is the stimulator of interferon genes (STING). Upon activation, STING induces downstream signaling events that ultimately result in the production of type I interferons (IFN I), important cytokines in antimicrobial defense, in particular towards viruses. In this review, we describe the molecular features of STING, including its upstream sensors and ligands, its sequence and structural conservation, common polymorphisms, and its localization. We further highlight how STING activation requires a careful balance: its activity is essential for antiviral defense, but unwanted activation through mutations or accidental recognition of self-derived DNA causes autoinflammatory diseases. Several mechanisms, such as post-translational modifications, ensure this balance by fine-tuning STING activation. Finally, we discuss how viruses evade detection of their genomes by either exploiting cells that lack a functional DNA sensing pathway as a niche or by interfering with STING activation through viral evasion molecules. Insight into STING's exact mechanisms in health and disease will guide the development of novel clinical interventions for microbial infections, autoinflammatory diseases, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne L Landman
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike E Ressing
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Annemarthe G van der Veen
- Department of Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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17
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Parkin Impairs Antiviral Immunity by Suppressing the Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species-Nlrp3 Axis and Antiviral Inflammation. iScience 2019; 16:468-484. [PMID: 31229895 PMCID: PMC6593176 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although mitochondria are known to be involved in host defense against viral infection, the physiological role of mitophagy, a crucial mechanism for maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, in antiviral immunity remains poorly defined. Here, we show that Parkin, a central player in mitophagy, has a vital function in regulating host antiviral responses. Parkin-knockout mice exhibit improved viral clearance and survival after viral infection. However, Parkin deficiency does not affect antiviral signaling and interferon production. Instead, Parkin deficiency augments innate antiviral inflammation by enhancing mitochondrial ROS (mtROS)-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and promoting viral clearance. Loss of NLRP3 can reverse the enhanced antiviral responses in Parkin knockout mice. Furthermore, we find that Parkin expression is downregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients infected with virus. Collectively, our results suggest that Parkin plays an important role in antiviral immunity by controlling mtROS-NLRP3 axis-mediated inflammation. These findings provide physiological insight of the importance of mitophagy in regulating host antiviral response. Loss of Parkin enhances viral clearance but does not affect type I IFN production Parkin deletion promotes antiviral inflammation in vivo Parkin deficiency enhances antiviral inflammation via the mtROS-NLRP3 axis The expression of Parkin is downregulated following viral infection
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18
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Jaafaru MS, Nordin N, Shaari K, Rosli R, Abdull Razis AF. Isothiocyanate from Moringa oleifera seeds mitigates hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity and preserved morphological features of human neuronal cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196403. [PMID: 29723199 PMCID: PMC5933767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are well known for induction of oxidative stress conditions through oxidation of vital biomarkers leading to cellular death via apoptosis and other process, thereby causing devastative effects on the host organs. This effect is believed to be linked with pathological alterations seen in several neurodegenerative disease conditions. Many phytochemical compounds proved to have robust antioxidant activities that deterred cells against cytotoxic stress environment, thus protect apoptotic cell death. In view of that we studied the potential of glucomoringin-isothiocyanate (GMG-ITC) or moringin to mitigate the process that lead to neurodegeneration in various ways. Neuroprotective effect of GMG-ITC was performed on retinoic acid (RA) induced differentiated neuroblastoma cells (SHSY5Y) via cell viability assay, flow cytometry analysis and fluorescence microscopy by means of acridine orange and propidium iodide double staining, to evaluate the anti-apoptotic activity and morphology conservation ability of the compound. Additionally, neurite surface integrity and ultrastructural analysis were carried out by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy to assess the orientation of surface and internal features of the treated neuronal cells. GMG-ITC pre-treated neuron cells showed significant resistance to H2O2-induced apoptotic cell death, revealing high level of protection by the compound. Increase of intracellular oxidative stress induced by H2O2 was mitigated by GMG-ITC. Thus, pre-treatment with the compound conferred significant protection to cytoskeleton and cytoplasmic inclusion coupled with conservation of surface morphological features and general integrity of neuronal cells. Therefore, the collective findings in the presence study indicated the potentials of GMG-ITC to protect the integrity of neuron cells against induced oxidative-stress related cytotoxic processes, the hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sani Jaafaru
- UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Kaduna State University, Main Campus, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Norshariza Nordin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khozirah Shaari
- Laboratory of Natural Product, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rozita Rosli
- UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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19
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Petersen H, Mostafa A, Tantawy MA, Iqbal AA, Hoffmann D, Tallam A, Selvakumar B, Pessler F, Beer M, Rautenschlein S, Pleschka S. NS Segment of a 1918 Influenza A Virus-Descendent Enhances Replication of H1N1pdm09 and Virus-Induced Cellular Immune Response in Mammalian and Avian Systems. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:526. [PMID: 29623073 PMCID: PMC5874506 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2009 pandemic influenza A virus (IAV) H1N1 strain (H1N1pdm09) has widely spread and is circulating in humans and swine together with other human and avian IAVs. This fact raises the concern that reassortment between H1N1pdm09 and co-circulating viruses might lead to an increase of H1N1pdm09 pathogenicity in different susceptible host species. Herein, we explored the potential of different NS segments to enhance the replication dynamics, pathogenicity and host range of H1N1pdm09 strain A/Giessen/06/09 (Gi-wt). The NS segments were derived from (i) human H1N1- and H3N2 IAVs, (ii) highly pathogenic- (H5- or H7-subtypes) or (iii) low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H7- or H9-subtypes). A significant increase of growth kinetics in A549 (human lung epithelia) and NPTr (porcine tracheal epithelia) cells was only noticed in vitro for the reassortant Gi-NS-PR8 carrying the NS segment of the 1918-descendent A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8-wt, H1N1), whereas all other reassortants showed either reduced or comparable replication efficiencies. Analysis using ex vivo tracheal organ cultures of turkeys (TOC-Tu), a species susceptible to IAV H1N1 infection, demonstrated increased replication of Gi-NS-PR8 compared to Gi-wt. Also, Gi-NS-PR8 induced a markedly higher expression of immunoregulatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and interferon-stimulated genes in A549 cells, THP-1-derived macrophages (dHTP) and TOC-Tu. In vivo, Gi-NS-PR8 induced an earlier onset of mortality than Gi-wt in mice, whereas, 6-week-old chickens were found to be resistant to both viruses. These data suggest that the specific characteristics of the PR8 NS segments can impact on replication, virus induced cellular immune responses and pathogenicity of the H1N1pdm09 in different avian and mammalian host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Petersen
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Tantawy
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hanover, Germany.,Department of Hormones, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Azeem A Iqbal
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hanover, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Donata Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Aravind Tallam
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Balachandar Selvakumar
- Max-Planck Laboratory for Heart and Lung Research, Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Frank Pessler
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hanover, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Silke Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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20
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Fang R, Wang C, Jiang Q, Lv M, Gao P, Yu X, Mu P, Zhang R, Bi S, Feng JM, Jiang Z. NEMO-IKKβ Are Essential for IRF3 and NF-κB Activation in the cGAS-STING Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3222-3233. [PMID: 28939760 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic dsDNA activates the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of IFN genes (STING) pathway to produce cytokines, including type I IFNs. The roles of many critical proteins, including NEMO, IKKβ, and TBK1, in this pathway are unclear because of the lack of an appropriate system to study. In this article, we report that lower FBS concentrations in culture medium conferred high sensitivities to dsDNA in otherwise unresponsive cells, whereas higher FBS levels abrogated this sensitivity. Based on this finding, we demonstrated genetically that NEMO was critically involved in the cGAS-STING pathway. Cytosolic DNA activated TRIM32 and TRIM56 to synthesize ubiquitin chains that bound NEMO and subsequently activated IKKβ. Activated IKKβ, but not IKKα, was required for TBK1 and NF-κB activation. In contrast, TBK1 was reciprocally required for NF-κB activation, probably by directly phosphorylating IKKβ. Thus, our findings identified a unique innate immune activation cascade in which TBK1-IKKβ formed a positive feedback loop to assure robust cytokine production during cGAS-STING activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Fang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China; and
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China; and
| | - Qifei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China; and
| | - Mengze Lv
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China; and
| | - Pengfei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China; and
| | - Xiaoyu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China; and
| | - Ping Mu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China; and
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China; and
| | - Sheng Bi
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China.,State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China; and
| | - Ji-Ming Feng
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - Zhengfan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China; .,State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China; and
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21
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Strickertsson JAB, Desler C, Rasmussen LJ. Bacterial infection increases risk of carcinogenesis by targeting mitochondria. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 47:95-100. [PMID: 28754330 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
As up to a fifth of all cancers worldwide, have now been linked to microbial infections, it is essential to understand the carcinogenic nature of the bacterial/host interaction. This paper reviews the bacterial targeting of mediators of mitochondrial genomic fidelity and of mitochondrial apoptotic pathways, and compares the impact of the bacterial alteration of mitochondrial function to that of cancer. Bacterial virulence factors have been demonstrated to induce mutations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and to modulate DNA repair pathways of the mitochondria. Furthermore, virulence factors can induce or impair the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. The effect of bacterial targeting of mitochondria is analogous to behavior of mitochondria in a wide array of tumours, and this strongly suggests that mitochondrial targeting of bacteria is a risk factor for carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claus Desler
- Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Juel Rasmussen
- Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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22
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Kato K, Omura H, Ishitani R, Nureki O. Cyclic GMP-AMP as an Endogenous Second Messenger in Innate Immune Signaling by Cytosolic DNA. Annu Rev Biochem 2017; 86:541-566. [PMID: 28399655 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-061516-044813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system functions as the first line of defense against invading bacteria and viruses. In this context, the cGAS/STING [cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) synthase/STING] signaling axis perceives the nonself DNA associated with bacterial and viral infections, as well as the leakage of self DNA by cellular dysfunction and stresses, to elicit the host's immune responses. In this pathway, the noncanonical cyclic dinucleotide 2',3'-cyclic GMP-AMP (2',3'-cGAMP) functions as a second messenger for signal transduction: 2',3'-cGAMP is produced by the enzyme cGAS upon its recognition of double-stranded DNA, and then the 2',3'-cGAMP is recognized by the receptor STING to induce the phosphorylation of downstream factors, including TBK1 (TANK binding kinase 1) and IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor 3). Numerous crystal structures of the components of this cGAS/STING signaling axis have been reported and these clarify the structural basis for their signal transduction mechanisms. In this review, we summarize recent progress made in the structural dissection of this signaling pathway and indicate possible directions of forthcoming research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan; ,
| | - Hiroki Omura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan; ,
| | - Ryuichiro Ishitani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan; ,
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan; ,
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23
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Kavaliauskis A, Arnemo M, Rishovd AL, Gjøen T. Activation of unfolded protein response pathway during infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) infection in vitro an in vivo. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:46-54. [PMID: 26303456 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) is a salmon pathogen causing serious outbreaks in fish farms world-wide. There is currently no effective commercially available vaccine and there is a need for better understanding of host pathogen interactions with this virus. Various strains can cause both acute and persistent infections and therefore establish a balance with the host immune responses. We have studied host responses to this infection by analyzing the main branches of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in salmon cells in vitro and in tissues from infected fish to gain a better understanding of virus-host interactions. ISAV induce the main symptoms and signaling pathways of UPR (ATF6, PERK and IRE1) without inducing translational attenuation. This may be due to concomitant induction of an important negative feedback loop via the phosphatase regulator GADD34. The host cells can therefore respond with translation of cytokine and antiviral proteins to curb or control infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturas Kavaliauskis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Marianne Arnemo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anne-Lise Rishovd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tor Gjøen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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24
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Abstract
The innate immune system provides early defense against infections and also plays a key role in monitoring alterations of homeostasis in the body. DNA is highly immunostimulatory, and recent advances in this field have led to the identification of the innate immune sensors responsible for the recognition of DNA as well as the downstream pathways that are activated. Moreover, information on how cells regulate DNA-driven immune responses to avoid excessive inflammation is now emerging. Finally, several reports have demonstrated how defects in DNA sensing, signaling, and regulation are associated with susceptibility to infections or inflammatory diseases in humans and model organisms. In this review, the current literature on DNA-stimulated innate immune activation is discussed, and important new questions facing this field are proposed.
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25
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Exogenous sphingosine 1-phosphate protects murine splenocytes against hypoxia-induced injury. Lipids 2013; 49:191-202. [PMID: 24190514 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3860-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a biologically active pleiotropic lipid, is involved in several physiological processes especially in the area of vascular biology and immunology encompassing cell survival, angiogenesis, vascular tone, immune response etc. by interacting with specific cell surface receptors. Hypoxia, a condition common to innumerable pathologies, is known to lethally affect cell survival by throwing off balance global gene expression, redox homeostasis, bioenergetics etc. Several molecular events of cellular adaptations to hypoxia have been closely linked to stabilization of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). Signalling functions of S1P in physiological events central to hypoxia-induced pathologies led us to investigate efficacy of exogenous S1P in preconditioning murine splenocytes to sustain during cellular stress associated with sub-optimal oxygen. The present study recapitulated the pro-survival benefits of exogenous S1P under normobaric hypoxia. Results indicate a direct effect of S1P supplementation on boosting cellular adaptive responses via HIF-1α stabilization and, activation of pro-survival mediators ERK and Akt. Overwhelming anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory benefits of S1P preconditioning could also be captured in the present study, as indicated by improved redox homeostasis, reduced oxidative damage, balanced anti/pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles and temporal regulation of nitric oxide secretion and intra-cellular calcium release. Hypoxia induced cell death and the associated stress in cellular milieu in terms of oxidative damage and inflammation could be alleviated with exogenous S1P preconditioning.
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26
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Panchanathan R, Liu H, Xin D, Choubey D. Identification of a negative feedback loop between cyclic di-GMP-induced levels of IFI16 and p202 cytosolic DNA sensors and STING. Innate Immun 2013; 20:751-9. [PMID: 24131791 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913507097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A host type I IFN response is induced by cytosolic sensing of the bacterial second messenger cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) by STING (stimulator of IFN genes). Because the STING, an adaptor protein, links the cytosolic detection of DNA by the cytosolic DNA sensors such as the IFN-inducible human IFI16 and murine p202 proteins to the TBK1/IRF3 axis, we investigated whether c-di-GMP-induced signaling could regulate expression of IFI16 and p202 proteins. Here, we report that activation of c-di-GMP-induced signaling in human and murine cells increased steady-state levels of IFI16 and p202 proteins. The increase was c-di-GMP concentration- and time-dependent. Unexpectedly, treatment of cells with type I IFN decreased levels of the adaptor protein STING. Therefore, we investigated whether the IFI16 or p202 protein could regulate the expression of STING and activation of the TBK1/IRF3 axis. We found that constitutive knockdown of IFI16 or p202 expression in cells increased steady-state levels of STING. Additionally, the knockdown of IFI16 resulted in activation of the TBK1/IRF3 axis. Accordingly, increased levels of the IFI16 or p202 protein in cells decreased STING levels. Together, our observations identify a novel negative feedback loop between c-di-GMP-induced levels of IFI16 and p202 cytosolic DNA sensors and the adaptor protein STING.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravichandran Panchanathan
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hongzhu Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Duan Xin
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Divaker Choubey
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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27
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Badaoui B, Tuggle CK, Hu Z, Reecy JM, Ait-Ali T, Anselmo A, Botti S. Pig immune response to general stimulus and to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection: a meta-analysis approach. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:220. [PMID: 23552196 PMCID: PMC3623894 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The availability of gene expression data that corresponds to pig immune response challenges provides compelling material for the understanding of the host immune system. Meta-analysis offers the opportunity to confirm and expand our knowledge by combining and studying at one time a vast set of independent studies creating large datasets with increased statistical power. In this study, we performed two meta-analyses of porcine transcriptomic data: i) scrutinized the global immune response to different challenges, and ii) determined the specific response to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) infection. To gain an in-depth knowledge of the pig response to PRRSV infection, we used an original approach comparing and eliminating the common genes from both meta-analyses in order to identify genes and pathways specifically involved in the PRRSV immune response. The software Pointillist was used to cope with the highly disparate data, circumventing the biases generated by the specific responses linked to single studies. Next, we used the Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) software to survey the canonical pathways, biological functions and transcription factors found to be significantly involved in the pig immune response. We used 779 chips corresponding to 29 datasets for the pig global immune response and 279 chips obtained from 6 datasets for the pig response to PRRSV infection, respectively. RESULTS The pig global immune response analysis showed interconnected canonical pathways involved in the regulation of translation and mitochondrial energy metabolism. Biological functions revealed in this meta-analysis were centred around translation regulation, which included protein synthesis, RNA-post transcriptional gene expression and cellular growth and proliferation. Furthermore, the oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondria dysfunctions, associated with stress signalling, were highly regulated. Transcription factors such as MYCN, MYC and NFE2L2 were found in this analysis to be potentially involved in the regulation of the immune response. The host specific response to PRRSV infection engendered the activation of well-defined canonical pathways in response to pathogen challenge such as TREM1, toll-like receptor and hyper-cytokinemia/ hyper-chemokinemia signalling. Furthermore, this analysis brought forth the central role of the crosstalk between innate and adaptive immune response and the regulation of anti-inflammatory response. The most significant transcription factor potentially involved in this analysis was HMGB1, which is required for the innate recognition of viral nucleic acids. Other transcription factors like interferon regulatory factors IRF1, IRF3, IRF5 and IRF8 were also involved in the pig specific response to PRRSV infection. CONCLUSIONS This work reveals key genes, canonical pathways and biological functions involved in the pig global immune response to diverse challenges, including PRRSV infection. The powerful statistical approach led us to consolidate previous findings as well as to gain new insights into the pig immune response either to common stimuli or specifically to PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouabid Badaoui
- Parco Tecnologico Padano - CERSA, Via Einstein, Lodi, 26900, Italy.
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28
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STING and the innate immune response to nucleic acids in the cytosol. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:19-26. [PMID: 23238760 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic detection of pathogen-derived nucleic acids is critical for the initiation of innate immune defense against diverse bacterial, viral and eukaryotic pathogens. Conversely, inappropriate responses to cytosolic nucleic acids can produce severe autoimmune pathology. The host protein STING has been identified as a central signaling molecule in the innate immune response to cytosolic nucleic acids. STING seems to be especially critical for responses to cytosolic DNA and the unique bacterial nucleic acids called 'cyclic dinucleotides'. Here we discuss advances in the understanding of STING and highlight the many unresolved issues in the field.
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29
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Jin L, Getahun A, Knowles HM, Mogan J, Akerlund LJ, Packard TA, Perraud AL, Cambier JC. STING/MPYS mediates host defense against Listeria monocytogenes infection by regulating Ly6C(hi) monocyte migration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2835-43. [PMID: 23378430 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MPYS (also known as STING, MITA, and TMEM173) is a type I IFN stimulator that is essential for host defense against DNA virus infection and appears important in defense against certain bacteria. The in vivo significance and mechanisms by which MPYS mediates host defense against nonviral pathogens are unknown. Using an MPYS-deficient mouse (Tmem173(<tm1Camb>)), we determined that, distinct from the IFNAR(-/-) mice, MPYS deficiency leads to increased bacterial burden in the liver upon Listeria monocytogenes infection. The increase was correlated with the diminished MCP-1 and MCP-3 chemokine production and decreased blood and liver Ly6C(hi) monocyte frequency. We further demonstrate that MPYS-deficient Ly6C(hi) monocytes are intrinsically defective in migration to the liver. Lastly, adoptive transfer of wild-type Ly6C(hi) monocyte into MPYS-deficient mice decreases their liver bacterial burden. Our findings reveal a novel in vivo function of MPYS that is distinct from its role in activating type I IFN production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jin
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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30
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Kibenge FS, Godoy MG, Fast M, Workenhe S, Kibenge MJ. Countermeasures against viral diseases of farmed fish. Antiviral Res 2012; 95:257-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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31
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Ouyang S, Song X, Wang Y, Ru H, Shaw N, Jiang Y, Niu F, Zhu Y, Qiu W, Parvatiyar K, Li Y, Zhang R, Cheng G, Liu ZJ. Structural analysis of the STING adaptor protein reveals a hydrophobic dimer interface and mode of cyclic di-GMP binding. Immunity 2012; 36:1073-86. [PMID: 22579474 PMCID: PMC3654694 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
STING is an essential signaling molecule for DNA and cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP)-mediated type I interferon (IFN) production via TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) pathway. It contains an N-terminal transmembrane region and a cytosolic C-terminal domain (CTD). Here, we describe crystal structures of STING CTD alone and complexed with c-di-GMP in a unique binding mode. The strictly conserved aa 153-173 region was shown to be cytosolic and participated in dimerization via hydrophobic interactions. The STING CTD functions as a dimer and the dimerization was independent of posttranslational modifications. Binding of c-di-GMP enhanced interaction of a shorter construct of STING CTD (residues 139-344) with TBK1. This suggests an extra TBK1 binding site, other than serine 358. This study provides a glimpse into the unique architecture of STING and sheds light on the mechanism of c-di-GMP-mediated TBK1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songying Ouyang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianqiang Song
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaya Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Heng Ru
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Neil Shaw
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengfeng Niu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanping Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weicheng Qiu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kislay Parvatiyar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yang Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongguang Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America,Correspondence: Zhi-Jie Liu: National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. . Tel: 86-10-64857988; Fax: 86-10-64888426. OR Genhong Cheng: Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, BSRB 210A, 615 E. Charles Young Dr. Los Angeles, CA 90095. . Tel: 310-825-8896, Fax: 310-206-5553
| | - Zhi-Jie Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Correspondence: Zhi-Jie Liu: National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. . Tel: 86-10-64857988; Fax: 86-10-64888426. OR Genhong Cheng: Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, BSRB 210A, 615 E. Charles Young Dr. Los Angeles, CA 90095. . Tel: 310-825-8896, Fax: 310-206-5553
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32
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Gonzalez-Dosal R, Horan KA, Paludan SR. Mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species negatively regulates immune innate signaling pathways triggered by a DNA virus, but not by an RNA virus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 418:806-10. [PMID: 22310710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are crucial secondary messengers of signaling pathways. Redox-dependent signaling events have been previously described in the innate immune response. However, the mechanism by which ROS modulates anti-viral innate immune signaling is not fully clarified. Here, we report that mitochondria-derived ROS differentially regulate the innate response to DNA and RNA viruses (herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Sendai virus (SeV), respectively), with the cytokine response to HSV being negatively regulated by mitochondrial ROS. Importantly, specific activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and DNA receptors (DNARs) but not retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), led to signaling cascades that were inhibited by mitochondrial ROS production. Thus, localized mitochondrial ROS exerts negative modulation of innate immune responses to the DNA virus HSV-2 but not the RNA virus SeV.
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33
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34
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Jin L, Hill KK, Filak H, Mogan J, Knowles H, Zhang B, Perraud AL, Cambier JC, Lenz LL. MPYS is required for IFN response factor 3 activation and type I IFN production in the response of cultured phagocytes to bacterial second messengers cyclic-di-AMP and cyclic-di-GMP. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2595-601. [PMID: 21813776 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic-di-GMP and cyclic-di-AMP are second messengers produced by bacteria and influence bacterial cell survival, differentiation, colonization, biofilm formation, virulence, and bacteria-host interactions. In this study, we show that in both RAW264.7 macrophage cells and primary bone marrow-derived macrophages, the production of IFN-β and IL-6, but not TNF, in response to cyclic-di-AMP and cyclic-di-GMP requires MPYS (also known as STING, MITA, and TMEM173). Furthermore, expression of MPYS was required for IFN response factor 3 but not NF-κB activation in response to these bacterial metabolites. We also confirm that MPYS is required for type I IFN production by cultured macrophages infected with the intracellular pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Francisella tularensis. However, during systemic infection with either pathogen, MPYS deficiency did not impact bacterial burdens in infected spleens. Serum IFN-β and IL-6 concentrations in the infected control and MPYS(-/-) mice were also similar at 24 h postinfection, suggesting that these pathogens stimulate MPYS-independent cytokine production during in vivo infection. Our findings indicate that bifurcating MPYS-dependent and -independent pathways mediate sensing of cytosolic bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jin
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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35
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Abstract
The innate immune system has a key role in the mammalian immune response. Recent research has demonstrated that mitochondria participate in a broad range of innate immune pathways, functioning as signalling platforms and contributing to effector responses. In addition to regulating antiviral signalling, mounting evidence suggests that mitochondria facilitate antibacterial immunity by generating reactive oxygen species and contribute to innate immune activation following cellular damage and stress. Therefore, in addition to their well-appreciated roles in cellular metabolism and programmed cell death, mitochondria appear to function as centrally positioned hubs in the innate immune system. Here, we review the emerging knowledge about the roles of mitochondria in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Phillip West
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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