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Host plant physiological transformation and microbial population heterogeneity as important determinants of the Soft Rot Pectobacteriaceae-plant interactions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 148-149:33-41. [PMID: 36621443 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pectobacterium and Dickeya species belonging to the Soft Rot Pectobacteriaceae (SRP) are one of the most devastating phytopathogens. They degrade plant tissues by producing an arsenal of plant cell wall degrading enzymes. However, SRP-plant interactions are not restricted to the production of these "brute force" weapons. Additionally, these bacteria apply stealth behavior related to (1) manipulation of the host plant via induction of susceptible responses and (2) formation of heterogeneous populations with functionally specialized cells. Our review aims to summarize current knowledge on SRP-induced plant susceptible responses and on the heterogeneity of SRP populations. The review shows that SRP are capable of adjusting the host's hormonal balance, inducing host-mediated plant cell wall modification, promoting iron assimilation by the host, stimulating the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and host cell death, and activating the synthesis of secondary metabolites that are ineffective in limiting disease progression. By this means, SRP facilitate host plant susceptibility. During host colonization, SRP populations produce various functionally specialized cells adapted for enhanced virulence, increased resistance, motility, vegetative growth, or colonization of the vascular system. This enables SRP to perform self-contradictory tasks, which benefits a population's overall fitness in various environments, including host plants. Such stealthy tactical actions facilitate plant-SRP interactions and disease progression.
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2
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Mangena P. Pleiotropic effects of recombinant protease inhibitors in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:994710. [PMID: 36119571 PMCID: PMC9478479 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.994710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant gene encoded protease inhibitors have been identified as some of the most effective antidigestive molecules to guard against proteolysis of essential proteins and plant attacking proteases from herbivorous pests and pathogenic microorganisms. Protease inhibitors (PIs) can be over expressed in transgenic plants to complement internal host defense systems, Bt toxins in genetically modified pest resistance and abiotic stress tolerance achieved through cystatins expression. Although the understanding of the role of proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors encoded by both endogenous and transgenes expressed in crop plants has significantly advanced, their implication in biological systems still requires further elucidations. This paper, therefore, succinctly reviewed most recently published literature on recombinant proteases inhibitors (RPIs), focusing mainly on their unintended consequences in plants, other living organisms, and the environment. The review discusses major negative and unintended effects of RPIs involving the inhibitors' non-specificity on protease enzymes, non-target organisms and ubiquitous versatility in their mechanism of inhibition. The paper also discusses some direct and indirect effects of RPIs such as degradation by distinct classes of proteases, reduced functionality due to plant exposure to severe environmental stress and any other potential negative influences exerted on both the host plant as well as the environment. These pleiotropic effects must be decisively monitored to eliminate and prevent any potential adverse effects that transgenic plants carrying recombinant inhibitor genes may have on non-target organisms and biodiversity.
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Abstract
Water-use efficiency (WUE) is the ratio of biomass produced per unit of water consumed; thus, it can be altered by genetic factors that affect either side of the ratio. In the present study, we exploited natural variation for WUE to discover loci affecting either biomass accumulation or water use as factors affecting WUE. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using integrated WUE measured through carbon isotope discrimination (δ13C) of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions identified genomic regions associated with WUE. Reverse genetic analysis of 70 candidate genes selected based on the GWAS results and transcriptome data identified 25 genes affecting WUE as measured by gravimetric and δ13C analyses. Mutants of four genes had higher WUE than wild type, while mutants of the other 21 genes had lower WUE. The differences in WUE were caused by either altered biomass or water consumption (or both). Stomatal density (SD) was not a primary cause of altered WUE in these mutants. Leaf surface temperatures indicated that transpiration differed for mutants of 16 genes, but generally biomass accumulation had a greater effect on WUE. The genes we identified are involved in diverse cellular processes, including hormone and calcium signaling, meristematic activity, photosynthesis, flowering time, leaf/vasculature development, and cell wall composition; however, none of them had been previously linked to WUE. Thus, our study successfully identified effectors of WUE that can be used to understand the genetic basis of WUE and improve crop productivity.
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Luo Z, Xiong J, Xia H, Wang L, Hou G, Li Z, Li J, Zhou H, Li T, Luo L. Pentatricopeptide Repeat Gene-Mediated Mitochondrial RNA Editing Impacts on Rice Drought Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:926285. [PMID: 35928709 PMCID: PMC9343880 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.926285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial RNA editing plays crucial roles in the plant development and environmental adaptation. Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) genes, which are involved in the regulating mitochondrial RNA editing, are potential gene resources in the improvement of rice drought tolerance. In this study, we investigated genome-wide mitochondrial RNA editing in response to drought between upland and lowland rice. Responses of mitochondrial RNA editing to drought exhibit site-specific and genotype-specific patterns. We detected 22 and 57 ecotype-differentiated editing sites under well-watered and drought-treated conditions, respectively. Interestingly, the RNA editing efficiency was positively correlated with many agronomic traits, while it was negatively correlated with drought tolerance. We further selected two mitochondrial-localized PPR proteins, PPR035 and PPR406, to validate their functions in drought tolerance. PPR035 regulated RNA editing at rps4-926 and orfX-406, while PPR406 regulated RNA editing at orfX-355. The defectiveness in RNA editing at these sites had no apparent penalties in rice respiration and vegetative growth. Meanwhile, the knockout mutants of ppr035 and ppr406 show enhanced drought- and salt tolerance. PPR035 and PPR406 were under the balancing selection in upland rice and highly differentiated between upland and lowland rice ecotypes. The upland-dominant haplotypes of PPR035 and PPR406 shall contribute to the better drought tolerance in upland rice. They have great prospective in the improvement of rice drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Luo
- College of Plant Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds (SCCAS), Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Xiong
- College of Plant Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds (SCCAS), Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Xia
- College of Plant Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds (SCCAS), Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Plant Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Guihua Hou
- College of Plant Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds (SCCAS), Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- College of Plant Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds (SCCAS), Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Plant Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds (SCCAS), Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hengling Zhou
- College of Plant Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds (SCCAS), Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianfei Li
- College of Plant Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Luo
- College of Plant Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds (SCCAS), Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
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5
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Liu Y, Cheng H, Cheng P, Wang C, Li J, Liu Y, Song A, Chen S, Chen F, Wang L, Jiang J. The BBX gene CmBBX22 negatively regulates drought stress tolerance in chrysanthemum. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac181. [PMID: 36338842 PMCID: PMC9630972 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BBX transcription factors play vital roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Although BBX proteins have been studied in great detail in the model plant Arabidopsis, their roles in crop plants such as chrysanthemum are still largely uninvestigated. Here, we cloned CmBBX22 and further determined the function of CmBBX22 in response to drought treatment. Subcellular localization and transactivation assay analyses revealed that CmBBX22 was localized in the nucleus and possessed transactivation activity. Overexpression of CmBBX22 in chrysanthemum was found to reduce plant drought tolerance, whereas expression of the chimeric repressor CmBBX22-SRDX was found to promote a higher drought tolerance than that shown by wild-type plants, indicating that CmBBX22 negatively regulates drought tolerance in chrysanthemum. Transcriptome analysis and physiological measurements indicated the potential involvement of the CmBBX22-mediated ABA response, stomatal conductance, and antioxidant responses in the negative regulation of drought tolerance in chrysanthemum. Based on the findings of this study, we were thus able to establish the mechanisms whereby the transcriptional activator CmBBX22 negatively regulates drought tolerance in chrysanthemum via the regulation of the abscisic acid response, stomatal conductance, and antioxidant responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peilei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chunmeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiayu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Aiping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Sumei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Hayashi Y, Takahashi Y, Fukatsu K, Tada Y, Takahashi K, Kuwata K, Suzuki T, Kinoshita T. Identification of Abscisic Acid-Dependent Phosphorylated Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors in Guard Cells of Vicia faba by Mass Spectrometry. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:735271. [PMID: 34987530 PMCID: PMC8721282 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.735271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An unknown 61 kDa protein is phosphorylated by abscisic acid (ABA)-activated protein kinase in response to ABA and binds to 14-3-3 protein in a phosphorylation-dependent manner in guard-cell protoplasts (GCPs) from Vicia faba. Subsequently, ABA-dependent phosphorylated proteins were identified as basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, named ABA-responsive kinase substrates (AKSs) in GCPs from Arabidopsis thaliana. However, whether the 61 kDa protein in Vicia GCPs is an AKS is unclear. We performed immunoprecipitation of ABA-treated Vicia GCPs using anti-14-3-3 protein antibodies and identified several AKS isoforms in V. faba (VfAKSs) by mass spectrometry. The 61 kDa protein was identified as VfAKS1. Phosphoproteomic analysis revealed that VfAKSs are phosphorylated at Ser residues, which are important for 14-3-3 protein binding and monomerisation, in response to ABA in GCPs. Orthologs of AtABCG40, an ABA importer in guard cells, and CHC1, a clathrin heavy chain and a regulator of stomatal movement, also co-immunoprecipitated with 14-3-3 protein from guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yohei Takahashi
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kohei Fukatsu
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Tada
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koji Takahashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiko Kuwata
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Gorshkov V, Tsers I. Plant susceptible responses: the underestimated side of plant-pathogen interactions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:45-66. [PMID: 34435443 PMCID: PMC9291929 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant susceptibility to pathogens is usually considered from the perspective of the loss of resistance. However, susceptibility cannot be equated with plant passivity since active host cooperation may be required for the pathogen to propagate and cause disease. This cooperation consists of the induction of reactions called susceptible responses that transform a plant from an autonomous biological unit into a component of a pathosystem. Induced susceptibility is scarcely discussed in the literature (at least compared to induced resistance) although this phenomenon has a fundamental impact on plant-pathogen interactions and disease progression. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on plant susceptible responses and their regulation. We highlight two main categories of susceptible responses according to their consequences and indicate the relevance of susceptible response-related studies to agricultural practice. We hope that this review will generate interest in this underestimated aspect of plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gorshkov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia.,Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Ivan Tsers
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia
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8
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Eldridge BM, Larson ER, Weldon L, Smyth KM, Sellin AN, Chenchiah IV, Liverpool TB, Grierson CS. A Centrifuge-Based Method for Identifying Novel Genetic Traits That Affect Root-Substrate Adhesion in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:602486. [PMID: 33732271 PMCID: PMC7959780 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.602486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The physical presence of roots and the compounds they release affect the cohesion between roots and their environment. However, the plant traits that are important for these interactions are unknown and most methods that quantify the contributions of these traits are time-intensive and require specialist equipment and complex substrates. Our lab developed an inexpensive, high-throughput phenotyping assay that quantifies root-substrate adhesion in Arabidopsis thaliana. We now report that this method has high sensitivity and versatility for identifying different types of traits affecting root-substrate adhesion including root hair morphology, vesicle trafficking pathways, and root exudate composition. We describe a practical protocol for conducting this assay and introduce its use in a forward genetic screen to identify novel genes affecting root-substrate interactions. This assay is a powerful tool for identifying and quantifying genetic contributions to cohesion between roots and their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany M. Eldridge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Emily R. Larson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Weldon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M. Smyth
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Annabelle N. Sellin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Claire S. Grierson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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9
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Babina D, Podobed M, Bondarenko E, Kazakova E, Bitarishvili S, Podlutskii M, Mitsenyk A, Prazyan A, Gorbatova I, Shesterikova E, Volkova P. Seed Gamma Irradiation of Arabidopsis thaliana ABA-Mutant Lines Alters Germination and Does Not Inhibit the Photosynthetic Efficiency of Juvenile Plants. Dose Response 2021; 18:1559325820979249. [PMID: 33456412 PMCID: PMC7783891 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820979249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant growth response to γ-irradiation includes stimulating or inhibitory effects
depending on plant species, dose applied, stage of ontogeny and other factors.
Previous studies showed that responses to irradiation could depend on ABA
accumulation and signaling. To elucidate the role of ABA in growth and
photosynthetic responses to irradiation, lines Col-8, abi3-8
and aba3 -1 of Arabidopsis thaliana were used.
Seeds were γ-irradiated using 60Co in the dose range 50-150 Gy. It
was revealed that the dose of 150 Gy affected germination parameters of
aba3 -1 and Col-8 lines, while abi3-8 line
was the most resistant to the studied doses and even showed faster germination
at early hours after γ-irradiation at 50 Gy. These results suggest that
susceptibility to ABA is probably more important for growth response to
γ-irradiation than ABA synthesis. The photosynthetic functioning of 16-day-old
plants mainly was not disturbed by γ-irradiation of seeds, and no indication of
photosystem II photoinhibition was noticed, revealing the robustness of the
photosynthetic system of A. thaliana. Glutathione peroxidase
activity and ABA concentrations in plant tissues were not affected in the
studied dose range. These results contribute to the understanding of germination
and photosynthesis fine-tuning and of mechanisms of plant tolerance to ionizing
radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Babina
- Russian Institute of Radiology and Agroecology, Obninsk, Russian Federation
| | - Marina Podobed
- Russian Institute of Radiology and Agroecology, Obninsk, Russian Federation
| | | | - Elizaveta Kazakova
- Russian Institute of Radiology and Agroecology, Obninsk, Russian Federation
| | - Sofia Bitarishvili
- Russian Institute of Radiology and Agroecology, Obninsk, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Podlutskii
- Russian Institute of Radiology and Agroecology, Obninsk, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasia Mitsenyk
- Russian Institute of Radiology and Agroecology, Obninsk, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Prazyan
- Russian Institute of Radiology and Agroecology, Obninsk, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Gorbatova
- Russian Institute of Radiology and Agroecology, Obninsk, Russian Federation
| | | | - Polina Volkova
- Russian Institute of Radiology and Agroecology, Obninsk, Russian Federation
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10
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Perreau F, Frey A, Effroy-Cuzzi D, Savane P, Berger A, Gissot L, Marion-Poll A. ABSCISIC ACID-DEFICIENT4 Has an Essential Function in Both cis-Violaxanthin and cis-Neoxanthin Synthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:1303-1316. [PMID: 32883757 PMCID: PMC7608147 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA), a plant hormone synthesized from carotenoids, functions in seed germination and abiotic stress responses. ABA is derived from the cleavage of 9-cis-isomers of violaxanthin and neoxanthin, which are oxygenated carotenoids, also called xanthophylls. Although genes encoding enzymes responsible for most steps of the ABA biosynthesis pathway have been identified, enzymatic reactions leading to the production of these cis-isomers from trans-violaxanthin remain poorly understood. Two mutants that lack trans- and cis-neoxanthin, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) neoxanthin-deficient1 (nxd1) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ABA-deficient4 (aba4), were identified previously, but only aba4 exhibited ABA-deficient phenotypes. No enzymatic activity was detected for ABA4 and NXD1 proteins, and their exact function remained unknown. To further investigate ABA4 and NXD1 function in Arabidopsis, we compared phenotypes of single and double mutants, and analyzed the effect of ABA4 overexpression on ABA and carotenoid accumulation in wild-type and mutant backgrounds. We provide convergent evidence that ABA4 is not only required for the formation of trans- and 9'-cis-neoxanthin from trans-violaxanthin, but also controls 9-cis-violaxanthin accumulation. While nxd1 produces high amounts of 9-cis-violaxanthin and ABA, aba4 nxd1 exhibits reduced levels in both leaves and seeds. Furthermore, ABA4 constitutive expression in nxd1 increases both 9-cis-violaxanthin and ABA accumulation. Subcellular localization of NXD1 protein in transient expression assays suggests that production of the NXD1-derived factor required for neoxanthin synthesis takes place in the cytosol. Finally, we postulate that ABA4, with additional unknown cofactor(s), is required for, or contributes to, trans-to-cis violaxanthin isomerase activity, producing both cis-xanthophyll precursors of ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Perreau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Anne Frey
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Delphine Effroy-Cuzzi
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Parisa Savane
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Adeline Berger
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Lionel Gissot
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Annie Marion-Poll
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
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11
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Chauffour F, Bailly M, Perreau F, Cueff G, Suzuki H, Collet B, Frey A, Clément G, Soubigou-Taconnat L, Balliau T, Krieger-Liszkay A, Rajjou L, Marion-Poll A. Multi-omics Analysis Reveals Sequential Roles for ABA during Seed Maturation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:1198-1218. [PMID: 30948555 PMCID: PMC6548264 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is an important hormone for seed development and germination whose physiological action is modulated by its endogenous levels. Cleavage of carotenoid precursors by 9-cis epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) and inactivation of ABA by ABA 8'-hydroxylase (CYP707A) are key regulatory metabolic steps. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), both enzymes are encoded by multigene families, having distinctive expression patterns. To evaluate the genome-wide impact of ABA deficiency in developing seeds at the maturation stage when dormancy is induced, we used a nced2569 quadruple mutant in which ABA deficiency is mostly restricted to seeds, thus limiting the impact of maternal defects on seed physiology. ABA content was very low in nced2569 seeds, similar to the severe mutant aba2; unexpectedly, ABA Glc ester was detected in aba2 seeds, suggesting the existence of an alternative metabolic route. Hormone content in nced2569 seeds compared with nced259 and wild type strongly suggested that specific expression of NCED6 in the endosperm is mainly responsible for ABA production. In accordance, transcriptome analyses revealed broad similarities in gene expression between nced2569 and either wild-type or nced259 developing seeds. Gene ontology enrichments revealed a large spectrum of ABA activation targets involved in reserve storage and desiccation tolerance, and repression of photosynthesis and cell cycle. Proteome and metabolome profiles in dry nced2569 seeds, compared with wild-type and cyp707a1a2 seeds, also highlighted an inhibitory role of ABA on remobilization of reserves, reactive oxygen species production, and protein oxidation. Down-regulation of these oxidative processes by ABA may have an essential role in dormancy control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Chauffour
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Marlène Bailly
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - François Perreau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Gwendal Cueff
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Hiromi Suzuki
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Boris Collet
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Anne Frey
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Gilles Clément
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Ludivine Soubigou-Taconnat
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Thierry Balliau
- Université Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche Génétique Quantitative & Evolution Le Moulon, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, La Plateforme d'Analyse Protéomique de Paris Sud Ouest, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Loïc Rajjou
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Annie Marion-Poll
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
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12
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Xia Q, Saux M, Ponnaiah M, Gilard F, Perreau F, Huguet S, Balzergue S, Langlade N, Bailly C, Meimoun P, Corbineau F, El-Maarouf-Bouteau H. One Way to Achieve Germination: Common Molecular Mechanism Induced by Ethylene and After-Ripening in Sunflower Seeds. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082464. [PMID: 30127315 PMCID: PMC6121958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dormancy is an adaptive trait that blocks seed germination until the environmental conditions become favorable for subsequent vegetative plant growth. Seed dormancy is defined as the inability to germinate in favorable conditions. Dormancy is alleviated during after-ripening, a dry storage period, during which dormant (D) seeds unable to germinate become non-dormant (ND), able to germinate in a wide range of environmental conditions. The treatment of dormant seeds with ethylene (D/ET) promotes seed germination, and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment reduces non-dormant (ND/ABA) seed germination in sunflowers (Helianthus annuus). Metabolomic and transcriptomic studies have been performed during imbibition to compare germinating seeds (ND and D/ET) and low-germinating seeds (D and ND/ABA). A PCA analysis of the metabolites content showed that imbibition did not trigger a significant change during the first hours (3 and 15 h). The metabolic changes associated with germination capacity occurred at 24 h and were related to hexoses, as their content was higher in ND and D/ET and was reduced by ABA treatment. At the transcriptional level, a large number of genes were altered oppositely in germinating, compared to the low-germinating seeds. The metabolomic and transcriptomic results were integrated in the interpretation of the processes involved in germination. Our results show that ethylene treatment triggers molecular changes comparable to that of after-ripening treatment, concerning sugar metabolism and ABA signaling inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Xia
- Sorbonne Université, IBPS, CNRS, UMR 7622, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Marine Saux
- Sorbonne Université, IBPS, CNRS, UMR 7622, 75005 Paris, France.
| | | | - Françoise Gilard
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR1403, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Saclay Plant Sciences, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France.
| | - François Perreau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Stéphanie Huguet
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR1403, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Saclay Plant Sciences, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France.
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), 91057 Evry CEDEX, France.
| | - Sandrine Balzergue
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), 91057 Evry CEDEX, France.
- IRHS, équipe EPICENTER, 49071 Beaucouzé CEDEX, France.
| | - Nicolas Langlade
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | | | - Patrice Meimoun
- Sorbonne Université, IBPS, CNRS, UMR 7622, 75005 Paris, France.
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13
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Joly-Lopez Z, Forczek E, Vello E, Hoen DR, Tomita A, Bureau TE. Abiotic Stress Phenotypes Are Associated with Conserved Genes Derived from Transposable Elements. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2027. [PMID: 29250089 PMCID: PMC5715367 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant phenomics offers unique opportunities to accelerate our understanding of gene function and plant response to different environments, and may be particularly useful for studying previously uncharacterized genes. One important type of poorly characterized genes is those derived from transposable elements (TEs), which have departed from a mobility-driven lifestyle to attain new adaptive roles for the host (exapted TEs). We used phenomics approaches, coupled with reverse genetics, to analyze T-DNA insertion mutants of both previously reported and novel protein-coding exapted TEs in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that mutations in most of these exapted TEs result in phenotypes, particularly when challenged by abiotic stress. We built statistical multi-dimensional phenotypic profiles and compared them to wild-type and known stress responsive mutant lines for each particular stress condition. We found that these exapted TEs may play roles in responses to phosphate limitation, tolerance to high salt concentration, freezing temperatures, and arsenic toxicity. These results not only experimentally validate a large set of putative functional exapted TEs recently discovered through computational analysis, but also uncover additional novel phenotypes for previously well-characterized exapted TEs in A. thaliana.
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14
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Larson ER, Van Zelm E, Roux C, Marion-Poll A, Blatt MR. Clathrin Heavy Chain Subunits Coordinate Endo- and Exocytic Traffic and Affect Stomatal Movement. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:708-720. [PMID: 28830938 PMCID: PMC5619909 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The current model for vesicular traffic to and from the plasma membrane is accepted, but the molecular requirements for this coordination are not well defined. We have identified the hot ABA-deficiency suppressor1 mutant, which has a stomatal function defect, as a clathrin heavy chain1 (CHC1) mutant allele and show that it has a decreased rate of endocytosis and growth defects that are shared with other chc1 mutant alleles. We used chc1 alleles and the related chc2 mutant as tools to investigate the effects that clathrin defects have on secretion pathways and plant growth. We show that secretion and endocytosis at the plasma membrane are sensitive to CHC1 and CHC2 function in seedling roots and that chc mutants have physiological defects in stomatal function and plant growth that have not been described previously. These findings suggest that clathrin supports specific functions in multiple cell types. Stomata movement and gas exchange are altered in chc mutants, indicating that clathrin is important for stomatal regulation. The aberrant function of chc mutant stomata is consistent with the growth phenotypes observed under different water and light conditions, which also are similar to those of the secretory SNARE mutant, syp121 The syp121 and chc mutants have impaired endocytosis and exocytosis compared with the wild type, indicating a link between SYP121-dependent secretion and clathrin-dependent endocytosis at the plasma membrane. Our findings provide evidence that clathrin and SYP121 functions are important for the coordination of endocytosis and exocytosis and have an impact on stomatal function, gas exchange, and vegetative growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Larson
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Van Zelm
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Graduate School of Life and Earth Sciences, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Camille Roux
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Annie Marion-Poll
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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15
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Van Gijsegem F, Pédron J, Patrit O, Simond-Côte E, Maia-Grondard A, Pétriacq P, Gonzalez R, Blottière L, Kraepiel Y. Manipulation of ABA Content in Arabidopsis thaliana Modifies Sensitivity and Oxidative Stress Response to Dickeya dadantii and Influences Peroxidase Activity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:456. [PMID: 28421092 PMCID: PMC5376553 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the first defense reactions induced in Arabidopsis in response to infection by the pectinolytic enterobacterium Dickeya dadantii. Previous results also suggest that abscisic acid (ABA) favors D. dadantii multiplication and spread into its hosts. Here, we confirm this hypothesis using ABA-deficient and ABA-overproducer Arabidopsis plants. We investigated the relationships between ABA status and ROS production in Arabidopsis after D. dadantii infection and showed that ABA status modulates the capacity of the plant to produce ROS in response to infection by decreasing the production of class III peroxidases. This mechanism takes place independently of the well-described oxidative stress related to the RBOHD NADPH oxidase. In addition to this weakening of plant defense, ABA content in the plant correlates positively with the production of some bacterial virulence factors during the first stages of infection. Both processes should enhance disease progression in presence of high ABA content. Given that infection increases transcript abundance for the ABA biosynthesis genes AAO3 and ABA3 and triggers ABA accumulation in leaves, we propose that D. dadantii manipulates ABA homeostasis as part of its virulence strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Van Gijsegem
- Interactions Plantes-Pathogènes, AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Université Paris 06Paris, France
- Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Université Paris 06, Diderot Université Paris 07, Université Paris-Est Créteil – Université Paris 12, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementParis, France
| | - Jacques Pédron
- Interactions Plantes-Pathogènes, AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Université Paris 06Paris, France
- Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Université Paris 06, Diderot Université Paris 07, Université Paris-Est Créteil – Université Paris 12, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementParis, France
| | - Oriane Patrit
- Interactions Plantes-Pathogènes, AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Université Paris 06Paris, France
| | - Elizabeth Simond-Côte
- Interactions Plantes-Pathogènes, AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Université Paris 06Paris, France
| | - Alessandra Maia-Grondard
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueVersailles, France
| | - Pierre Pétriacq
- Interactions Plantes-Pathogènes, AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Université Paris 06Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Gonzalez
- Interactions Plantes-Pathogènes, AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Université Paris 06Paris, France
| | - Lydie Blottière
- Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Université Paris 06, Diderot Université Paris 07, Université Paris-Est Créteil – Université Paris 12, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementParis, France
| | - Yvan Kraepiel
- Interactions Plantes-Pathogènes, AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Université Paris 06Paris, France
- Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Université Paris 06, Diderot Université Paris 07, Université Paris-Est Créteil – Université Paris 12, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementParis, France
- *Correspondence: Yvan Kraepiel,
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16
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Kulasek M, Bernacki MJ, Ciszak K, Witoń D, Karpiński S. Contribution of PsbS Function and Stomatal Conductance to Foliar Temperature in Higher Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1495-1509. [PMID: 27273581 PMCID: PMC4937786 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Natural capacity has evolved in higher plants to absorb and harness excessive light energy. In basic models, the majority of absorbed photon energy is radiated back as fluorescence and heat. For years the proton sensor protein PsbS was considered to play a critical role in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of light absorbed by PSII antennae and in its dissipation as heat. However, the significance of PsbS in regulating heat emission from a whole leaf has never been verified before by direct measurement of foliar temperature under changing light intensity. To test its validity, we here investigated the foliar temperature changes on increasing and decreasing light intensity conditions (foliar temperature dynamics) using a high resolution thermal camera and a powerful adjustable light-emitting diode (LED) light source. First, we showed that light-dependent foliar temperature dynamics is correlated with Chl content in leaves of various plant species. Secondly, we compared the foliar temperature dynamics in Arabidopsis thaliana wild type, the PsbS null mutant npq4-1 and a PsbS-overexpressing transgenic line under different transpiration conditions with or without a photosynthesis inhibitor. We found no direct correlations between the NPQ level and the foliar temperature dynamics. Rather, differences in foliar temperature dynamics are primarily affected by stomatal aperture, and rapid foliar temperature increase during irradiation depends on the water status of the leaf. We conclude that PsbS is not directly involved in regulation of foliar temperature dynamics during excessive light energy episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Kulasek
- Department of Plant Genetics; Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture; Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
- Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska Street 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Maciej Jerzy Bernacki
- Department of Plant Genetics; Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture; Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Kamil Ciszak
- Department of Plant Genetics; Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture; Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
- These authors contributed equally to this work
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Damian Witoń
- Department of Plant Genetics; Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture; Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Stanisław Karpiński
- Department of Plant Genetics; Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture; Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
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17
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Abstract
Most reviews of climate change are epidemiological, focusing on impact assessment and risk mapping. However, there are many reports of the effects of environmental stress factors on defense mechanisms in plants against pathogens. We review those representative of key climate change-related stresses to determine whether there are any patterns or trends in adaptation responses. We recognize the complexity of climate change itself and the multitrophic nature of the complex biological interactions of plants, microbes, soil, and the environment and, therefore, the difficulty of reductionist dissection approaches to resolving the problems. We review host defense genes, germplasm, and environmental interactions in different types of organisms but find no significant group-specific trends. Similarly, we review by host defense mechanism type and by host-pathogen trophic relationship but identify no dominating mechanism for stress response. However, we do identify core stress response mechanisms playing key roles in multiple response pathways whether to biotic or abiotic stress. We suggest that these should be central to mechanistic climate change plant defense research. We also recognize biodiversity, heterogeneity, and the need for understanding stress in a true systems biology approach as being essential components of progressing our understanding of and response to climate change.
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18
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Lehmann P, Or D. Effects of stomata clustering on leaf gas exchange. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:1015-25. [PMID: 25967110 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A general theoretical framework for quantifying the stomatal clustering effects on leaf gaseous diffusive conductance was developed and tested. The theory accounts for stomatal spacing and interactions among 'gaseous concentration shells'. The theory was tested using the unique measurements of Dow et al. (2014) that have shown lower leaf diffusive conductance for a genotype of Arabidopsis thaliana with clustered stomata relative to uniformly distributed stomata of similar size and density. The model accounts for gaseous diffusion: through stomatal pores; via concentration shells forming at pore apertures that vary with stomata spacing and are thus altered by clustering; and across the adjacent air boundary layer. Analytical approximations were derived and validated using a numerical model for 3D diffusion equation. Stomata clustering increases the interactions among concentration shells resulting in larger diffusive resistance that may reduce fluxes by 5-15%. A similar reduction in conductance was found for clusters formed by networks of veins. The study resolves ambiguities found in the literature concerning stomata end-corrections and stomatal shape, and provides a new stomata density threshold for diffusive interactions of overlapping vapor shells. The predicted reduction in gaseous exchange due to clustering, suggests that guard cell function is impaired, limiting stomatal aperture opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lehmann
- Soil and Terrestrial Environmental Physics, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dani Or
- Soil and Terrestrial Environmental Physics, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Bontemps-Gallo S, Madec E, Lacroix JM. The two-component system CpxAR is essential for virulence in the phytopathogen bacteria Dickeya dadantii EC3937. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:4415-28. [PMID: 25856505 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The CpxAR two-component system is present in many Proteobacteria. It controls expression of genes required to maintain envelope integrity in response to environmental injury. Consequently, this two-component system was shown to be required for virulence of several zoo-pathogens, but it has never been investigated in phyto-pathogens. In this paper, we investigate the role of the CpxAR two-component system in vitro and in vivo in Dickeya dadantii, an enterobacterial phytopathogen that causes soft-rot disease in a large variety of plant species. cpxA null mutant displays a constitutively phosphorylated CpxR phenotype as shown by direct analysis of phosphorylation of CpxR by a Phos-Tag retardation gel approach. Virulence in plants is completely abolished in cpxA or cpxR mutants of D. dadantii. In planta, CpxAR is only activated at an early stage of the infection process as shown by Phos-Tag and gene fusion analyses. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the timing of CpxAR phosphorelay activation has been investigated during the infection process by direct monitoring of response regulator phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Bontemps-Gallo
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR CNRS 8576, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, F-59655, France
| | - Edwige Madec
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR CNRS 8576, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, F-59655, France
| | - Jean-Marie Lacroix
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR CNRS 8576, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, F-59655, France
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20
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Sechet J, Roux C, Plessis A, Effroy D, Frey A, Perreau F, Biniek C, Krieger-Liszkay A, Macherel D, North HM, Mireau H, Marion-Poll A. The ABA-deficiency suppressor locus HAS2 encodes the PPR protein LOI1/MEF11 involved in mitochondrial RNA editing. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:644-56. [PMID: 25708384 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The hot ABA-deficiency suppressor2 (has2) mutation increases drought tolerance and the ABA sensitivity of stomata closure and seed germination. Here we report that the HAS2 locus encodes the mitochondrial editing factor11 (MEF11), also known as lovastatin insensitive1. has2/mef11 mutants exhibited phenotypes very similar to the ABA-hypersensitive mutant, hai1-1 pp2ca-1 hab1-1 abi1-2, which is impaired in four genes encoding type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2C) that act as upstream negative regulators of the ABA signaling cascade. Like pp2c, mef11 plants were more resistant to progressive water stress and seed germination was more sensitive to paclobutrazol (a gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor) as well as mannitol and NaCl, compared with the wild-type plants. Phenotypic alterations in mef11 were associated with the lack of editing of transcripts for the mitochondrial cytochrome c maturation FN2 (ccmFN2) gene, which encodes a cytochrome c-heme lyase subunit involved in cytochrome c biogenesis. Although the abundance of electron transfer chain complexes was not affected, their dysfunction could be deduced from increased respiration and altered production of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide in mef11 seeds. As minor defects in mitochondrial respiration affect ABA signaling, this suggests an essential role for ABA in mitochondrial retrograde regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Sechet
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France; AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Camille Roux
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France; AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Anne Plessis
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France; AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Delphine Effroy
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France; AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Anne Frey
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France; AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - François Perreau
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France; AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Catherine Biniek
- CEA Saclay, IBiTec-S, CNRS UMR 8221, Serv Bioenerget Biol Struct & Mécanisme, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- CEA Saclay, IBiTec-S, CNRS UMR 8221, Serv Bioenerget Biol Struct & Mécanisme, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - David Macherel
- Université d'Angers, UMR IRHS 1345, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Helen M North
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France; AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Hakim Mireau
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France; AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Bât 7, F-78026 Versailles Cedex, France.
| | - Annie Marion-Poll
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France; AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Bât 2, F-78026 Versailles Cedex, France.
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21
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Saez-Aguayo S, Rondeau-Mouro C, Macquet A, Kronholm I, Ralet MC, Berger A, Sallé C, Poulain D, Granier F, Botran L, Loudet O, de Meaux J, Marion-Poll A, North HM. Local evolution of seed flotation in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004221. [PMID: 24625826 PMCID: PMC3953066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis seeds rapidly release hydrophilic polysaccharides from the seed coat on imbibition. These form a heavy mucilage layer around the seed that makes it sink in water. Fourteen natural Arabidopsis variants from central Asia and Scandinavia were identified with seeds that have modified mucilage release and float. Four of these have a novel mucilage phenotype with almost none of the released mucilage adhering to the seed and the absence of cellulose microfibrils. Mucilage release was modified in the variants by ten independent causal mutations in four different loci. Seven distinct mutations affected one locus, coding the MUM2 β-D-galactosidase, and represent a striking example of allelic heterogeneity. The modification of mucilage release has thus evolved a number of times independently in two restricted geographical zones. All the natural mutants identified still accumulated mucilage polysaccharides in seed coat epidermal cells. Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry their production and retention was shown to reduce water mobility into internal seed tissues during imbibition, which would help to maintain seed buoyancy. Surprisingly, despite released mucilage being an excellent hydrogel it did not increase the rate of water uptake by internal seed tissues and is more likely to play a role in retaining water around the seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Saez-Aguayo
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| | - Corinne Rondeau-Mouro
- INRA, UR 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, Nantes, France
- Irstea, UR TERE, CS 64427, Rennes, France
| | - Audrey Macquet
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| | - Ilkka Kronholm
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Adeline Berger
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| | - Christine Sallé
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| | - Damien Poulain
- INRA, UR 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Fabienne Granier
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| | - Lucy Botran
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| | - Olivier Loudet
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| | - Juliette de Meaux
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Annie Marion-Poll
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| | - Helen M. North
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
- * E-mail:
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22
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Bontemps-Gallo S, Madec E, Lacroix JM. Inactivation of pecS restores the virulence of mutants devoid of osmoregulated periplasmic glucans in the phytopathogenic bacterium Dickeya dadantii. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 160:766-777. [PMID: 24550070 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.074484-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dickeya dadantii is a phytopathogenic enterobacterium that causes soft rot disease in a wide range of plant species. Maceration, an apparent symptom of the disease, is the result of the synthesis and secretion of a set of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs), but many additional factors are required for full virulence. Among these, osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (OPGs) and the PecS transcriptional regulator are essential virulence factors. Several cellular functions are controlled by both OPGs and PecS. Strains devoid of OPGs display a pleiotropic phenotype including total loss of virulence, loss of motility and severe reduction in the synthesis of PCWDEs. PecS is one of the major regulators of virulence in D. dadantii, acting mainly as a repressor of various cellular functions including virulence, motility and synthesis of PCWDEs. The present study shows that inactivation of the pecS gene restored virulence in a D. dadantii strain devoid of OPGs, indicating that PecS cannot be de-repressed in strains devoid of OPGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Bontemps-Gallo
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR CNRS 8576, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Edwige Madec
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR CNRS 8576, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Jean-Marie Lacroix
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR CNRS 8576, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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23
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Cao MJ, Wang Z, Zhao Q, Mao JL, Speiser A, Wirtz M, Hell R, Zhu JK, Xiang CB. Sulfate availability affects ABA levels and germination response to ABA and salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 77:604-15. [PMID: 24330104 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur-containing compounds play a critical role in the response of plants to abiotic stress factors including drought. The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is the key regulator of responses to drought and high-salt stress. However, our knowledge about interaction of S-metabolism and ABA biosynthesis is scarce. Here we report that sulfate supply affects synthesis and steady-state levels of ABA in Arabidopsis wild-type seedlings. By using different mutants of the sulfate uptake and reduction pathway, we confirmed the impact of sulfate supply on steady-state ABA content in Arabidopsis and demonstrated that this impact was due to cysteine availability. Loss of the chloroplast sulfate transporter3;1 function (sultr3;1) resulted in significantly decreased aldehyde oxidase (AO) activity and ABA levels in seedlings and seeds. These mutant phenotypes could be reverted by exogenous application of cysteine or ectopic expression of SULTR3;1. In addition the sultr3;1 mutant showed a decrease of xanthine dehydrogenase activity, but not of nitrate reductase, strongly indicating that in seedlings cysteine availability limits activity of the molybdenum co-factor sulfurase, ABA3, which requires cysteine as the S-donor for sulfuration. Transcription of ABA3 and NCED3, encoding another key enzyme of the ABA biosynthesis pathway, was regulated by S-supply in wild-type seedlings. In contrast, ABA up-regulated the transcript level of SULTR3;1 and other S-metabolism-related genes. Our results provide evidence for a significant co-regulation of S-metabolism and ABA biosynthesis that operates to ensure sufficient cysteine for AO maturation and highlights the importance of sulfur for stress tolerance of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jie Cao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230027, China
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24
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Costa JM, Grant OM, Chaves MM. Thermography to explore plant-environment interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:3937-49. [PMID: 23599272 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal regulation is a key determinant of plant photosynthesis and water relations, influencing plant survival, adaptation, and growth. Stomata sense the surrounding environment and respond rapidly to abiotic and biotic stresses. Stomatal conductance to water vapour (g s) and/or transpiration (E) are therefore valuable physiological parameters to be monitored in plant and agricultural sciences. However, leaf gas exchange measurements involve contact with leaves and often interfere with leaf functioning. Besides, they are time consuming and are limited by the sampling characteristics (e.g. sample size and/or the high number of samples required). Remote and rapid means to assess g s or E are thus particularly valuable for physiologists, agronomists, and ecologists. Transpiration influences the leaf energy balance and, consequently, leaf temperature (T leaf). As a result, thermal imaging makes it possible to estimate or quantify g s and E. Thermal imaging has been successfully used in a wide range of conditions and with diverse plant species. The technique can be applied at different scales (e.g. from single seedlings/leaves through whole trees or field crops to regions), providing great potential to study plant-environment interactions and specific phenomena such as abnormal stomatal closure, genotypic variation in stress tolerance, and the impact of different management strategies on crop water status. Nevertheless, environmental variability (e.g. in light intensity, temperature, relative humidity, wind speed) affects the accuracy of thermal imaging measurements. This review presents and discusses the advantages of thermal imaging applications to plant science, agriculture, and ecology, as well as its limitations and possible approaches to minimize them, by highlighting examples from previous and ongoing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Miguel Costa
- CBAA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
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25
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Saez-Aguayo S, Ralet MC, Berger A, Botran L, Ropartz D, Marion-Poll A, North HM. PECTIN METHYLESTERASE INHIBITOR6 promotes Arabidopsis mucilage release by limiting methylesterification of homogalacturonan in seed coat epidermal cells. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:308-23. [PMID: 23362209 PMCID: PMC3584544 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.106575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Imbibed seeds of the Arabidopsis thaliana accession Djarly are affected in mucilage release from seed coat epidermal cells. The impaired locus was identified as a pectin methylesterase inhibitor gene, PECTIN METHYLESTERASE INHIBITOR6 (PMEI6), specifically expressed in seed coat epidermal cells at the time when mucilage polysaccharides are accumulated. This spatio-temporal regulation appears to be modulated by GLABRA2 and LEUNIG HOMOLOG/MUCILAGE MODIFIED1, as expression of PMEI6 is reduced in mutants of these transcription regulators. In pmei6, mucilage release was delayed and outer cell walls of epidermal cells did not fragment. Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) demethylate homogalacturonan (HG), and the majority of HG found in wild-type mucilage was in fact derived from outer cell wall fragments. This correlated with the absence of methylesterified HG labeling in pmei6, whereas transgenic plants expressing the PMEI6 coding sequence under the control of the 35S promoter had increased labeling of cell wall fragments. Activity tests on seeds from pmei6 and 35S:PMEI6 transgenic plants showed that PMEI6 inhibits endogenous PME activities, in agreement with reduced overall methylesterification of mucilage fractions and demucilaged seeds. Another regulator of PME activity in seed coat epidermal cells, the subtilisin-like Ser protease SBT1.7, acts on different PMEs, as a pmei6 sbt1.7 mutant showed an additive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Saez-Aguayo
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Marie-Christine Ralet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Adeline Berger
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Lucy Botran
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - David Ropartz
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Annie Marion-Poll
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Helen M. North
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026 Versailles, France
- Address correspondence to
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26
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Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is one of the "classical" plant hormones, i.e. discovered at least 50 years ago, that regulates many aspects of plant growth and development. This chapter reviews our current understanding of ABA synthesis, metabolism, transport, and signal transduction, emphasizing knowledge gained from studies of Arabidopsis. A combination of genetic, molecular and biochemical studies has identified nearly all of the enzymes involved in ABA metabolism, almost 200 loci regulating ABA response, and thousands of genes regulated by ABA in various contexts. Some of these regulators are implicated in cross-talk with other developmental, environmental or hormonal signals. Specific details of the ABA signaling mechanisms vary among tissues or developmental stages; these are discussed in the context of ABA effects on seed maturation, germination, seedling growth, vegetative stress responses, stomatal regulation, pathogen response, flowering, and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Finkelstein
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 Address
- correspondence to e-mail:
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27
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Frey A, Effroy D, Lefebvre V, Seo M, Perreau F, Berger A, Sechet J, To A, North HM, Marion-Poll A. Epoxycarotenoid cleavage by NCED5 fine-tunes ABA accumulation and affects seed dormancy and drought tolerance with other NCED family members. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 70:501-12. [PMID: 22171989 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04887.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid cleavage, catalyzed by the 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) constitutes a key step in the regulation of ABA biosynthesis. In Arabidopsis, this enzyme is encoded by five genes. NCED3 has been shown to play a major role in the regulation of ABA synthesis in response to water deficit, whereas NCED6 and NCED9 have been shown to be essential for the ABA production in the embryo and endosperm that imposes dormancy. Reporter gene analysis was carried out to determine the spatiotemporal pattern of NCED5 and NCED9 gene expression. GUS activity from the NCED5 promoter was detected in both the embryo and endosperm of developing seeds with maximal staining after mid-development. NCED9 expression was found at early stages in the testa outer integument layer 1, and after mid-development in epidermal cells of the embryo, but not in the endosperm. In accordance with its temporal- and tissue-specific expression, the phenotypic analysis of nced5 nced6 nced9 triple mutant showed the involvement of the NCED5 gene, together with NCED6 and NCED9, in the induction of seed dormancy. In contrast to nced6 and nced9, however, nced5 mutation did not affect the gibberellin required for germination. In vegetative tissues, combining nced5 and nced3 mutations reduced vegetative growth, increased water loss upon dehydration, and decreased ABA levels under both normal and stressed conditions, as compared with nced3. NCED5 thus contributes, together with NCED3, to ABA production affecting plant growth and water stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Frey
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, INRA, AgroParisTech, F-78026 Versailles Cedex, France
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