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Akyüz B, Sohel MMH, Konca Y, Arslan K, Gürbulak K, Abay M, Kaliber M, White SN, Cinar MU. Effects of Low and High Maternal Protein Intake on Fetal Skeletal Muscle miRNAome in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1594. [PMID: 38891641 PMCID: PMC11171157 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Prenatal maternal feeding plays an important role in fetal development and has the potential to induce long-lasting epigenetic modifications. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding, single-stranded RNAs that serve as one epigenetic mechanism. Though miRNAs have crucial roles in fetal programming, growth, and development, there is limited data regarding the maternal diet and miRNA expression in sheep. Therefore, we analyzed high and low maternal dietary protein for miRNA expression in fetal longissimus dorsi. Pregnant ewes were fed an isoenergetic high-protein (HP, 160-270 g/day), low-protein (LP, 73-112 g/day), or standard-protein diet (SP, 119-198 g/day) during pregnancy. miRNA expression profiles were evaluated using the Affymetrix GeneChip miRNA 4.0 Array. Twelve up-regulated, differentially expressed miRNAs (DE miRNAs) were identified which are targeting 65 genes. The oar-3957-5p miRNA was highly up-regulated in the LP and SP compared to the HP. Previous transcriptome analysis identified that integrin and non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase genes targeted by miRNAs were detected in the current experiment. A total of 28 GO terms and 10 pathway-based gene sets were significantly (padj < 0.05) enriched in the target genes. Most genes targeted by the identified miRNAs are involved in immune and muscle disease pathways. Our study demonstrated that dietary protein intake during pregnancy affected fetal skeletal muscle epigenetics via miRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Akyüz
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Türkiye; (B.A.); (M.M.H.S.); (K.A.)
| | - Md Mahmodul Hasan Sohel
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Türkiye; (B.A.); (M.M.H.S.); (K.A.)
- Genome and Stem Cell Centre, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Türkiye
| | - Yusuf Konca
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Türkiye; (Y.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Korhan Arslan
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Türkiye; (B.A.); (M.M.H.S.); (K.A.)
| | - Kutlay Gürbulak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Türkiye; (K.G.); (M.A.)
| | - Murat Abay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Türkiye; (K.G.); (M.A.)
| | - Mahmut Kaliber
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Türkiye; (Y.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Stephen N. White
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Mehmet Ulas Cinar
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Türkiye; (Y.K.); (M.K.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
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Gray JM, Major K, Castillo-Ruiz A, Shipley M, Gangappa S, Forger NG. The inflammatory response to birth requires MyD88 and is driven by both mother and offspring. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:617-630. [PMID: 37967662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Birth is an inflammatory event for the newborn, characterized by elevations in interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α peripherally and/or centrally, as well as changes in brain microglia. However, the mechanism(s) underlying these responses is unknown. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play crucial roles in innate immunity and initiate inflammatory cascades upon recognition of endogenous or exogenous antigens. Most TLR signaling depends on the adaptor molecule myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88). We independently varied MyD88 gene status in mouse dams and their offspring to determine whether the inflammatory response to birth depends on MyD88 signaling and, if so, whether that signaling occurs in the offspring, the mother, or both. We find that the perinatal surges in plasma IL-6 and brain expression of TNF-α depend solely on MyD88 gene status of the offspring, whereas postnatal increases in plasma IL-10 and TNF-α depend on MyD88 in both the pup and dam. Interestingly, MyD88 genotype of the dam primarily drives differences in offspring brain microglial density and has robust effects on developmental neuronal cell death. Milk cytokines were evaluated as a possible source of postnatal maternal influence; although we found high levels of CXCL1/GROα and several other cytokines in ingested post-partum milk, their presence did not require MyD88. Thus, the inflammatory response previously described in the late-term fetus and newborn depends on MyD88 (and, by extension, TLRs), with signaling in both the dam and offspring contributing. Unexpectedly, naturally-occuring neuronal cell death in the newborn is modulated primarily by maternal MyD88 gene status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Gray
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Kharli Major
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | | | - Michael Shipley
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Shivaprakash Gangappa
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Nancy G Forger
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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Abstracts from The International Society for Aerosols in Medicine. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2023. [PMID: 37906031 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2023.ab02.abstracts] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
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Dimitroglou M, Iliodromiti Z, Christou E, Volaki P, Petropoulou C, Sokou R, Boutsikou T, Iacovidou N. Human Breast Milk: The Key Role in the Maturation of Immune, Gastrointestinal and Central Nervous Systems: A Narrative Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12092208. [PMID: 36140609 PMCID: PMC9498242 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12092208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature birth is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the pediatric population. Because their immune, gastrointestinal and nervous systems are not fully developed, preterm infants (<37 weeks of gestation) and especially very preterm infants (VPIs, <32 weeks of gestation) are more prone to infectious diseases, tissue damage and future neurodevelopmental impairment. The aim of this narrative review is to report the immaturity of VPI systems and examine the role of Human Breast Milk (HBM) in their development and protection against infectious diseases, inflammation and tissue damage. For this purpose, we searched and synthesized the data from the existing literature published in the English language. Studies revealed the significance of HBM and indicate HBM as the best dietary choice for VPIs.
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Lactoferrin as a Human Genome “Guardian”—An Overall Point of View. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095248. [PMID: 35563638 PMCID: PMC9105968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural abnormalities causing DNA modifications of the ethene and propanoadducts can lead to mutations and permanent damage to human genetic material. Such changes may cause premature aging and cell degeneration and death as well as severe impairment of tissue and organ function. This may lead to the development of various diseases, including cancer. In response to a damage, cells have developed defense mechanisms aimed at preventing disease and repairing damaged genetic material or diverting it into apoptosis. All of the mechanisms described above are part of the repertoire of action of Lactoferrin—an endogenous protein that contains iron in its structure, which gives it numerous antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and anticancer properties. The aim of the article is to synthetically present the new and innovative role of lactoferrin in the protection of human genetic material against internal and external damage, described by the modulation mechanisms of the cell cycle at all its levels and the mechanisms of its repair.
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The Role of microRNAs in the Mammary Gland Development, Health, and Function of Cattle, Goats, and Sheep. Noncoding RNA 2021; 7:ncrna7040078. [PMID: 34940759 PMCID: PMC8708473 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7040078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk is an integral and therefore complex structural element of mammalian nutrition. Therefore, it is simple to conclude that lactation, the process of producing milk, is as complex as the mammary gland, the organ responsible for this biochemical activity. Nutrition, genetics, epigenetics, disease pathogens, climatic conditions, and other environmental variables all impact breast productivity. In the last decade, the number of studies devoted to epigenetics has increased dramatically. Reports are increasingly describing the direct participation of microRNAs (miRNAs), small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally, in the regulation of mammary gland development and function. This paper presents a summary of the current state of knowledge about the roles of miRNAs in mammary gland development, health, and functions, particularly during lactation. The significance of miRNAs in signaling pathways, cellular proliferation, and the lipid metabolism in agricultural ruminants, which are crucial in light of their role in the nutrition of humans as consumers of dairy products, is discussed.
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Kim YJ. Immunomodulatory Effects of Human Colostrum and Milk. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2021; 24:337-345. [PMID: 34316468 PMCID: PMC8279828 DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2021.24.4.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is not fully developed in human neonates and infants; breastfeeding is important in this stage as the bioactive components of human breast milk are known to have anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects, and can therefore contribute to an infant's immunity against allergies, asthma, autoimmune diseases, and inflammatory bowel disease. Herein, the positive effect on the immune system by human colostrum and milk are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Joo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Butts CA, Paturi G, Blatchford P, Bentley-Hewitt KL, Hedderley DI, Martell S, Dinnan H, Eady SL, Wallace AJ, Glyn-Jones S, Wiens F, Stahl B, Gopal P. Microbiota Composition of Breast Milk from Women of Different Ethnicity from the Manawatu-Wanganui Region of New Zealand. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061756. [PMID: 32545413 PMCID: PMC7353441 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human breastmilk components, the microbiota and immune modulatory proteins have vital roles in infant gut and immune development. In a population of breastfeeding women (n = 78) of different ethnicities (Asian, Māori and Pacific Island, New Zealand European) and their infants living in the Manawatu–Wanganui region of New Zealand, we examined the microbiota and immune modulatory proteins in the breast milk, and the fecal microbiota of mothers and infants. Breast milk and fecal samples were collected over a one-week period during the six to eight weeks postpartum. Breast milk microbiota differed between the ethnic groups. However, these differences had no influence on the infant’s gut microbiota composition. Based on the body mass index (BMI) classifications, the mother’s breast milk and fecal microbiota compositions were similar between normal, overweight and obese individuals, and their infant’s fecal microbiota composition also did not differ. The relative abundance of bacteria belonging to the Bacteroidetes phylum was higher in feces of infants born through vaginal delivery. However, the bacterial abundance of this phylum in the mother’s breast milk or feces was similar between women who delivered vaginally or by cesarean section. Several immune modulatory proteins including cytokines, growth factors, and immunoglobulin differed between the BMI and ethnicity groups. Transforming growth factor beta 1 and 2 (TGFβ1, TGFβ2) were present in higher concentrations in the milk from overweight mothers compared to those of normal weight. The TGFβ1 and soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14) concentrations were significantly higher in the breast milk from Māori and Pacific Island women compared with women from Asian and NZ European ethnicities. This study explores the relationship between ethnicity, body mass index, mode of baby delivery and the microbiota of infants and their mothers and their potential impact on infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A. Butts
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (P.B.); (K.L.B.-H.); (D.I.H.); (S.M.); (H.D.); (P.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gunaranjan Paturi
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Paul Blatchford
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (P.B.); (K.L.B.-H.); (D.I.H.); (S.M.); (H.D.); (P.G.)
- Zespri International Limited, 400 Maunganui Road, Mt Maunganui 3149, New Zealand
| | - Kerry L. Bentley-Hewitt
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (P.B.); (K.L.B.-H.); (D.I.H.); (S.M.); (H.D.); (P.G.)
| | - Duncan I. Hedderley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (P.B.); (K.L.B.-H.); (D.I.H.); (S.M.); (H.D.); (P.G.)
| | - Sheridan Martell
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (P.B.); (K.L.B.-H.); (D.I.H.); (S.M.); (H.D.); (P.G.)
| | - Hannah Dinnan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (P.B.); (K.L.B.-H.); (D.I.H.); (S.M.); (H.D.); (P.G.)
| | - Sarah L. Eady
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; (S.L.E.); (A.J.W.)
| | - Alison J. Wallace
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; (S.L.E.); (A.J.W.)
| | - Sarah Glyn-Jones
- Nutricia New Zealand, 56-58 Aintree Avenue, Mangere, Auckland 2022, New Zealand;
| | - Frank Wiens
- Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (F.W.); (B.S.)
- Human Nutrition & Health, DSM Nutritional Products, P.O. Box 2676, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (F.W.); (B.S.)
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pramod Gopal
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (P.B.); (K.L.B.-H.); (D.I.H.); (S.M.); (H.D.); (P.G.)
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A Review of Bioactive Factors in Human Breastmilk: A Focus on Prematurity. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061307. [PMID: 31185620 PMCID: PMC6628333 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is an increasing worldwide problem. Prematurity is the second most common cause of death in children under 5 years of age. It is associated with a higher risk of several pathologies in the perinatal period and adulthood. Maternal milk, a complex fluid with several bioactive factors, is the best option for the newborn. Its dynamic composition is influenced by diverse factors such as maternal age, lactation period, and health status. The aim of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding some bioactive factors present in breastmilk, namely antioxidants, growth factors, adipokines, and cytokines, paying specific attention to prematurity. The revised literature reveals that the highest levels of these bioactive factors are found in the colostrum and they decrease along the lactation period; bioactive factors are found in higher levels in preterm as compared to full-term milk, they are lacking in formula milk, and decreased in donated milk. However, there are still some gaps and inconclusive data, and further research in this field is needed. Given the fact that many preterm mothers are unable to complete breastfeeding, new information could be important to develop infant supplements that best match preterm human milk.
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Erliana UD, Fly AD. The Function and Alteration of Immunological Properties in Human Milk of Obese Mothers. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061284. [PMID: 31174304 PMCID: PMC6627488 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity is associated with metabolic changes in mothers and higher risk of obesity in the offspring. Obesity in breastfeeding mothers appears to influence human milk production as well as the quality of human milk. Maternal obesity is associated with alteration of immunological factors concentrations in the human milk, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, IL-6, insulin, TNF-Alpha, ghrelin, adiponectin, and obestatin. Human milk is considered a first choice for infant nutrition due to the complete profile of macro nutrients, micro nutrients, and immunological properties. It is essential to understand how maternal obesity influences immunological properties of human milk because alterations could impact the nutrition status and health of the infant. This review summarizes the literature regarding the impact of maternal obesity on the concentration of particular immunological properties in the human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummu D Erliana
- Indiana University Bloomington School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Alyce D Fly
- Indiana University Bloomington School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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Hossny EM, El-Ghoneimy DH, El-Owaidy RH, Mansour MG, Hamza MT, El-Said AF. Breast milk interleukin-7 and thymic gland development in infancy. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:111-118. [PMID: 30607563 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-01891-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is known to be important for lymphocyte development. We sought to investigate the maternal breast milk IL-7 expression to explore its impact on thymus development in infants. METHODS We conducted a prospective study on three groups of healthy infants classified into exclusively breast-fed (n = 19), formula-fed (n = 17) and mixed-fed (n = 19) infants. They were investigated at 2, 4 and 6 months of age for thymic indices by ultrasonography, T lymphocyte subsets enumeration by flowcytometry and breast milk IL-7 levels. RESULTS Thymic indices were higher at the age of 2 and 6 months in the exclusively breast-fed infants (mean ± SD 22.4 ± 2.1, 26.2 ± 2.7 mm3, respectively) and mixed-fed infants (mean ± SD 22 ± 3.2, 25 ± 3.2, respectively) as compared to formula-fed infants (mean ± SD 17.9 ± 3.7, 21.6 ± 3.9 respectively); p < 0.001. In the exclusively breast-fed infants, IL-7 levels correlated positively to thymic indices and CD3+ T cell numbers at 2 months of age. Positive correlations were elicited in the mixed-fed group at 2, 4 and 6 months of age for thymic indices and at 6 months for CD3+ cells. CONCLUSION Breast milk and/or its IL-7 content have a significant positive impact on thymic development. Our conclusions are limited by the sample size and short duration of follow-up. What is known is that breast milk has a trophic role in thymic development and contains IL-7. What is new is that there is positive correlation between breast milk IL-7 concentration and thymic development and lymphocyte output; variation of IL-7 levels with type of feeding (exclusive breast feeding/mixed breast and formula feeding) and with time postnatally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham M Hossny
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Children's Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Dalia H El-Ghoneimy
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Children's Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Rasha H El-Owaidy
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Children's Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
| | | | - Mohammad T Hamza
- Clinical Pathology Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira F El-Said
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Children's Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
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West CE, Kvistgaard AS, Peerson JM, Donovan SM, Peng YM, Lönnerdal B. Effects of osteopontin-enriched formula on lymphocyte subsets in the first 6 months of life: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Res 2017; 82:63-71. [PMID: 28355198 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundHuman milk is rich in osteopontin (OPN), which has immunomodulatory functions.MethodsIn a randomized controlled trial, standard formula (SF) and the same formula with 65 mg of OPN/L (F65) or 130 mg of OPN/L (F130), representing ~50 and 100% of the OPN concentration in human milk, were compared. We examined frequencies and composition of peripheral blood immune cells by four-color immunoflow cytometry of formula-fed infants at ages 1, 4, and 6 months, and compared them with a breastfed (BF) reference group.ResultsThe F130 group had increased T-cell proportions compared with the SF (P=0.036, average effect size 0.51) and F65 groups (P=0.008, average effect size 0.65). Compared with the BF group, the monocyte proportions were increased in the F65 (P=0.001, average effect size 0.59) and F130 (P=0.006, average effect size 0.50) groups, but were comparable among the formula groups.ConclusionOPN in an infant formula at a concentration close to that of human milk increased the proportion of circulating T cells compared with both SF and formula with added OPN at ~50% of the concentration in human milk. This suggests that OPN may favorably influence immune ontogeny in infancy and that the effects appear to be dose-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E West
- Department of Clincial Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Janet M Peerson
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Sharon M Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Yong-Mei Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California
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Immune activation in lactating dams alters sucklings' brain cytokines and produces non-overlapping behavioral deficits in adult female and male offspring: A novel neurodevelopmental model of sex-specific psychopathology. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 63:35-49. [PMID: 28189716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Early immune activation (IA) in rodents, prenatal through the mother or early postnatal directly to the neonate, is widely used to produce behavioral endophenotypes relevant to schizophrenia and depression. Given that maternal immune response plays a crucial role in the deleterious effects of prenatal IA, and lactation is a critical vehicle of immunological support to the neonate, we predicted that immune activation of the lactating dam will produce long-term abnormalities in the sucklings. Nursing dams were injected on postnatal day 4 with the viral mimic poly-I:C (4mg/kg) or saline. Cytokine assessment was performed in dams' plasma and milk 2h, and in the sucklings' hippocampus, 6h and 24h following poly-I:C injection. Male and female sucklings were assessed in adulthood for: a) performance on behavioral tasks measuring constructs considered relevant to schizophrenia (selective attention and executive control) and depression (despair and anhedonia); b) response to relevant pharmacological treatments; c) brain structural changes. Maternal poly-I:C injection caused cytokine alterations in the dams' plasma and milk, as well as in the sucklings' hippocampus. Lactational poly-I:C exposure led to sex-dimorphic (non-overlapping) behavioral abnormalities in the adult offspring, with male but not female offspring exhibiting attentional and executive function abnormalities (manifested in persistent latent inhibition and slow reversal) and hypodopaminergia, and female but not male offspring exhibiting despair and anhedonia (manifested in increased immobility in the forced swim test and reduced saccharine preference) and hyperdopaminergia, mimicking the known sex-bias in schizophrenia and depression. The behavioral double-dissociation predicted distinct pharmacological profiles, recapitulating the pharmacology of negative/cognitive symptoms and depression. In-vivo imaging revealed hippocampal and striatal volume reductions in both sexes, as found in both disorders. This is the first evidence for the emergence of long-term behavioral and brain abnormalities after lactational exposure to an inflammatory agent, supporting a causal link between early immune activation and disrupted neuropsychodevelopment. That such exposure produces schizophrenia- or depression-like phenotype depending on sex, resonates with notions that risk factors are transdiagnostic, and that sex is a susceptibility factor for neurodevelopmental psychopathologies.
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Clark CE, Fay MP, Chico ME, Sandoval CA, Vaca MG, Boyd A, Cooper PJ, Nutman TB. Maternal Helminth Infection Is Associated With Higher Infant Immunoglobulin A Titers to Antigen in Orally Administered Vaccines. J Infect Dis 2016; 213:1996-2004. [PMID: 26908751 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have documented lower vaccine efficacy among children in low-income countries, compared with their counterparts in high-income countries. This disparity is especially apparent with respect to oral vaccines such as rotavirus and oral polio vaccines. One potential contributing factor is the presence of maternal antenatal helminth infections, which can modulate the infant's developing immune system. METHODS Using a multiplex immunoassay, we tested plasma immunoglobulin A (IgA) or immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels specific for antigens in 9 routinely administered childhood vaccines among 1639 children aged approximately 13 months enrolled in the ECUAVIDA (Ecuador Life) birth cohort study in Ecuador. We compared vaccine responses in 712 children of mothers who tested positive for helminth infections in the last trimester of pregnancy to responses in 927 children of mothers without helminth infection. RESULTS Plasma IgA levels specific for antigens in rotavirus vaccine and oral polio vaccine containing poliovirus serotypes 1 and 3 were all significantly higher in children of helminth-infected mothers, compared with children of uninfected mothers. Plasma IgG levels specific for diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, measles, rubella, and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine antigens were comparable between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS Antenatal maternal helminth infections were not associated with reduced antibody responses to infant vaccines, but rather with modestly increased IgA responses to oral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael P Fay
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | - Philip J Cooper
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones FEPIS, Quinindé Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Cronicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, United Kingdom
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Qiu Y, Wang W, Xiao W, Yang H. Role of the intestinal cytokine microenvironment in shaping the intraepithelial lymphocyte repertoire. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:849-857. [PMID: 25765675 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ru1014-465r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Local resident IELs are composed of distinct subsets of T cells with potent cytolytic and immunoregulatory capacities. As IELs are located within this unique interface between the core of the body and the outside environment, the specific development and function of intestinal IELs must be tightly regulated. To accomplish this, the cytokine microenvironment of the intestine has evolved sophisticated mechanisms that modulate the phenotype, ontogeny, and function of these cells. In this review, we summarize the evidence demonstrating the origin of certain intestinal cytokines, including IL-7, IL-15, IL-2, TGF-β, and SCF and discuss what influence such cytokines may have on IELs. Moreover, we review data suggesting that the abnormal expression of cytokines that leads to the heightened activation of IELs may also contribute to immunopathological responses or exacerbate inflammatory diseases, such as IBD and celiac disease, or promote cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wensheng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weidong Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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17
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Abstract
Most infants born to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women escape HIV infection. Infants evade infection despite an immature immune system and, in the case of breastfeeding, prolonged repetitive exposure. If infants become infected, the course of their infection and response to treatment differs dramatically depending upon the timing (in utero, intrapartum, or during breastfeeding) and potentially the route of their infection. Perinatally acquired HIV infection occurs during a critical window of immune development. HIV's perturbation of this dynamic process may account for the striking age-dependent differences in HIV disease progression. HIV infection also profoundly disrupts the maternal immune system upon which infants rely for protection and immune instruction. Therefore, it is not surprising that infants who escape HIV infection still suffer adverse effects. In this review, we highlight the unique aspects of pediatric HIV transmission and pathogenesis with a focus on mechanisms by which HIV infection during immune ontogeny may allow discovery of key elements for protection and control from HIV.
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18
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Gigli I, Maizon DO. microRNAs and the mammary gland: A new understanding of gene expression. Genet Mol Biol 2013; 36:465-74. [PMID: 24385846 PMCID: PMC3873174 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572013005000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified in cells as well as in exosomes in biological fluids such as milk. In mammary gland, most of the miRNAs studied have functions related to immunity and show alterations in their pattern of expression during lactation. In mastitis, the inflammatory response caused by Streptococcus uberis alters the expression of miRNAs that may regulate the innate immune system. These small RNAs are stable at room temperature and are resistant to repeated freeze/thaw cycles, acidic conditions and degradation by RNAse, making them resistant to industrial procedures. These properties mean that miRNAs could have multiple applications in veterinary medicine and biotechnology. Indeed, lactoglobulin-free milk has been produced in transgenic cows expressing specific miRNAs. Although plant and animal miRNAs have undergone independent evolutionary adaptation recent studies have demonstrated a cross-kingdom passage in which rice miRNA was isolated from human serum. This finding raises questions about the possible effect that miRNAs present in foods consumed by humans could have on human gene regulation. Further studies are needed before applying miRNA biotechnology to the milk industry. New discoveries and a greater knowledge of gene expression will lead to a better understanding of the role of miRNAs in physiology, nutrition and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gigli
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Daniel Omar Maizon
- INTA, EEA Anguil "Ing. Agr. Guillermo Covas", Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina
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20
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Brandtzaeg P. Immune aspects of breast milk: an overview. HANDBOOK OF DIETARY AND NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS OF HUMAN BREAST MILK 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/978-90-8686-764-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Brandtzaeg
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology (LIIPAT), Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), University of Oslo and Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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21
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The management of paediatric allergy: not everybody's cup of tea--10-11th February 2012. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 13 Suppl 1:S1-50. [PMID: 23377496 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e32835e8b94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Marcuzzi A, Vecchi Brumatti L, Caruso L, Copertino M, Davanzo R, Radillo O, Comar M, Monasta L. Presence of IL-9 in paired samples of human colostrum and transitional milk. J Hum Lact 2013; 29:26-31. [PMID: 23277461 DOI: 10.1177/0890334412466958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human colostrum and breast milk are known to contain high levels of cytokines, cytokine receptors, and chemokines. OBJECTIVE To investigate the presence and compare levels of soluble cytokines in paired samples of human colostrum and milk. METHODS Levels of 27 cytokines were measured in 9 paired samples of human colostrum (day 2 after delivery) and breast milk (day 4 or 5 after delivery) by using multiplex technology. RESULTS The majority of cytokines and chemokines investigated have been previously described in colostrum and/or breast milk. For the first time, we describe the presence of IL-9 in both human colostrum and milk. Of the 27 cytokines investigated, only IL-5 was absent in both colostrum and milk, whereas IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-15, IL-17, and MIP-1α were present in colostrum, but not in breast milk. In general, colostrum contained higher concentrations of cytokines with respect to human milk. CONCLUSION Our data confirm and expand previous studies showing that human colostrum and breast milk are rich in cytokines and chemokines, including IL-9, which might contribute to the development of the immune system of the newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Marcuzzi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy.
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Abstract
This article provides an overview of the composition of human milk, its variation, and its clinical relevance. The composition of human milk is the biological norm for infant nutrition. Human milk also contains many hundreds to thousands of distinct bioactive molecules that protect against infection and inflammation and contribute to immune maturation, organ development, and healthy microbial colonization. Some of these molecules (eg, lactoferrin) are being investigated as novel therapeutic agents. Human milk changes in composition from colostrum to late lactation, within feeds, by gestational age, diurnally, and between mothers. Feeding infants with expressed human milk is increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Ballard
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Human Milk and Lactation & Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., MLC 7009, Cincinnati, OH 45229.
| | - Ardythe L. Morrow
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Human Milk and Lactation, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., MLC 7009, Cincinnati, OH 45229.
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IL-7: the global builder of the innate lymphoid network and beyond, one niche at a time. Semin Immunol 2012; 24:190-7. [PMID: 22421575 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The development and homeostasis of adaptive and innate lymphocytes is dependent on the stromal cytokine IL-7. The initial priming of immune responses to pathogenic challenges is executed by innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) with programmed capacity to rapidly secrete effector cytokines. How ILCs are controlled by IL-7 in distinct anatomical locale has evolved into a more complex problem as IL-7 receptor is not only expressed on ILCs, but also on surrounding neighbors, including vascular endothelium and mesenchymal cells that compete for limiting IL-7. For the generation of γδ T and B cells IL-7 is required for the production of antigen receptors, and it is likely that IL-7 performs critical function in facilitating ILC effector programming in addition to its regulatory actions on cell survival and proliferation. Most of our current understanding of the highly calibrated regulatory circuits of IL-7 function and IL-7 receptor signaling has derived from studies of adaptive, conventional lymphocytes. Here we highlight recent advances in mapping the gene circuits and cellular interactions that regulate temporospatial activities of IL-7 in diverse macro and micro niches that have direct relevance to deciphering the sphere of impact of IL-7 on ILC differentiation.
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