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Usui Y, Hanashima A, Hashimoto K, Kimoto M, Ohira M, Mohri S. Comparative analysis of ventricular stiffness across species. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16013. [PMID: 38644486 PMCID: PMC11033294 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Investigating ventricular diastolic properties is crucial for understanding the physiological cardiac functions in organisms and unraveling the pathological mechanisms of cardiovascular disorders. Ventricular stiffness, a fundamental parameter that defines ventricular diastolic functions in chordates, is typically analyzed using the end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship (EDPVR). However, comparing ventricular stiffness accurately across chambers of varying maximum volume capacities has been a long-standing challenge. As one of the solutions to this problem, we propose calculating a relative ventricular stiffness index by applying an exponential approximation formula to the EDPVR plot data of the relationship between ventricular pressure and values of normalized ventricular volume by the ventricular weight. This article reviews the potential, utility, and limitations of using normalized EDPVR analysis in recent studies. Herein, we measured and ranked ventricular stiffness in differently sized and shaped chambers using ex vivo ventricular pressure-volume analysis data from four animals: Wistar rats, red-eared slider turtles, masu salmon, and cherry salmon. Furthermore, we have discussed the mechanical effects of intracellular and extracellular viscoelastic components, Titin (Connectin) filaments, collagens, physiological sarcomere length, and other factors that govern ventricular stiffness. Our review provides insights into the comparison of ventricular stiffness in different-sized ventricles between heterologous and homologous species, including non-model organisms.
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Grants
- JP22K15155 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant/Award Number
- JP20K21453 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant/Award Number
- JP20H04508 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant/Award Number
- JP21K19933 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant/Award Number
- JP20H04521 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant/Award Number
- JP17H02092 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant/Award Number
- JP23H00556 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant/Award Number
- JP17H06272 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant/Award Number
- JP17H00859 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant/Award Number
- JP25560214 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant/Award Number
- JP16K01385 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant/Award Number
- JP26282127 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant/Award Number
- The Futaba research grant program
- Research Grant from the Kawasaki Foundation in 2016 from Medical Science and Medical Welfare
- Medical Research Grant in 2010 from Takeda Science Foundation
- R03S005 Research Project Grant from Kawasaki Medical School
- R03B050 Research Project Grant from Kawasaki Medical School
- R01B054 Research Project Grant from Kawasaki Medical School
- H30B041 Research Project Grant from Kawasaki Medical School
- H30B016 Research Project Grant from Kawasaki Medical School
- H27B10 Research Project Grant from Kawasaki Medical School
- R02B039 Research Project Grant from Kawasaki Medical School
- H28B80 Research Project Grant from Kawasaki Medical School
- R05B016 Research Project Grant from Kawasaki Medical School
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant/Award Number
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuu Usui
- First Department of PhysiologyKawasaki Medical SchoolKurashikiOkayamaJapan
| | - Akira Hanashima
- First Department of PhysiologyKawasaki Medical SchoolKurashikiOkayamaJapan
| | - Ken Hashimoto
- First Department of PhysiologyKawasaki Medical SchoolKurashikiOkayamaJapan
| | - Misaki Kimoto
- First Department of PhysiologyKawasaki Medical SchoolKurashikiOkayamaJapan
| | - Momoko Ohira
- First Department of PhysiologyKawasaki Medical SchoolKurashikiOkayamaJapan
| | - Satoshi Mohri
- First Department of PhysiologyKawasaki Medical SchoolKurashikiOkayamaJapan
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2
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Bai J, Wei X. Identification of teleost tnnc1a enhancers for specific pan-cardiac transcription. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.26.582099. [PMID: 38464177 PMCID: PMC10925198 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.26.582099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Troponin C regulates muscle contraction by forming the troponin complex with troponin I and troponin T. Different muscle types express different troponin C genes. The mechanisms of such differential transcription are not fully understood. The Zebrafish tnnc1a gene is restrictively expressed in cardiac muscles. We here identify the enhancers and promoters of the zebrafish and medaka tnnc1a genes, including intronic enhancers in zebrafish and medaka and an upstream enhancer in the medaka. The intronic and upstream enhancers are likely functionally redundant. The GFP transgenic reporter driven by these enhancers is expressed more strongly in the ventricle than in the atrium, recapitulating the expression pattern of the endogenous zebrafish tnnc1a gene. Our study identifies a new set of enhancers for cardiac-specific transgenic expression in zebrafish. These enhancers can serve as tools for future identification of transcription factor networks that drive cardiac-specific gene transcription.
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Martin TG, Hunt DR, Langer SJ, Tan Y, Ebmeier CC, Crocini C, Chung E, Leinwand LA. A Conserved Mechanism of Cardiac Hypertrophy Regression through FoxO1. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.27.577585. [PMID: 38328143 PMCID: PMC10849654 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.27.577585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The heart is a highly plastic organ that responds to diverse stimuli to modify form and function. The molecular mechanisms of adaptive physiological cardiac hypertrophy are well-established; however, the regulation of hypertrophy regression is poorly understood. To identify molecular features of regression, we studied Burmese pythons which experience reversible cardiac hypertrophy following large, infrequent meals. Using multi-omics screens followed by targeted analyses, we found forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) transcription factor signaling, and downstream autophagy activity, were downregulated during hypertrophy, but re-activated with regression. To determine whether these events were mechanistically related to regression, we established an in vitro platform of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and regression from treatment with fed python plasma. FoxO1 inhibition prevented regression in this system, while FoxO1 activation reversed fed python plasma-induced hypertrophy in an autophagy-dependent manner. We next examined whether FoxO1 was implicated in mammalian models of reversible hypertrophy from exercise and pregnancy and found that in both cases FoxO1 was activated during regression. In these models, as in pythons, activation of FoxO1 was associated with increased expression FoxO1 target genes involved in autophagy. Taken together, our findings suggest FoxO1-dependent autophagy is a conserved mechanism for regression of physiological cardiac hypertrophy across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Martin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO
| | - Dakota R. Hunt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO
| | - Stephen J. Langer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO
| | - Yuxiao Tan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO
| | - Christopher C. Ebmeier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO
| | - Claudia Crocini
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO
| | - Eunhee Chung
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Leslie A. Leinwand
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO
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4
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Opinion AGR, Vanhomwegen M, De Boeck G, Aerts J. Long-term stress induced cortisol downregulation, growth reduction and cardiac remodeling in Atlantic salmon. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb246504. [PMID: 37921456 PMCID: PMC10690108 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Stress and elevated plasma cortisol in salmonids have been linked with pathological remodeling of the heart and deterioration of fitness and welfare. However, these associations were based on biomarkers that fail to provide a retrospective view of stress. This study is the first whereby the association of long-term stress, using scale cortisol as a chronic stress biomarker, with cardiac morphology and growth performance of wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is made. Growth, heart morphology, plasma and scale cortisol levels, and expression of genes involved in cortisol regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis of undisturbed fish (control) were compared with those of fish exposed daily to stress for 8 weeks. Though scale cortisol levels showed a time-dependent accumulation in both groups, plasma and scale cortisol levels of stress group fish were 29.1% and 25.0% lower than those of control fish, respectively. These results correlated with the overall upregulation of stress-axis genes involved in the systemic negative feedback of cortisol, and local feedback via 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in the stress treatment at the hypothalamus and pituitary level. These lower cortisol levels were, however, counterintuitive in terms of the growth performance as stress group fish grew 33.7% slower than control fish, which probably influenced the 8.4% increase in relative ventricle mass in the stress group. Though compact myocardium area between the treatments was comparable, these parameters showed significant linear correlations with scale cortisol levels, indicating the involvement of chronic stress in cardiac remodeling. These findings underscore the importance of scale cortisol as biomarker when associating chronic stress with long-term processes including cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Grace R. Opinion
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, ECOSPHERE, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Ghent University, Department of Biology, Stress Physiology Research Group (StressChron), 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Marine Vanhomwegen
- Ghent University, Department of Biology, Stress Physiology Research Group (StressChron), 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Gudrun De Boeck
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, ECOSPHERE, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan Aerts
- Ghent University, Department of Biology, Stress Physiology Research Group (StressChron), 8400 Ostend, Belgium
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Animal Sciences Unit, Stress Physiology Research Group (StressChron), 8400 Ostend, Belgium
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Dressler TL, Han Lee V, Klose K, Eliason EJ. Thermal tolerance and vulnerability to warming differ between populations of wild Oncorhynchus mykiss near the species' southern range limit. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14538. [PMID: 37666931 PMCID: PMC10477306 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish habitat temperatures are increasing due to human impacts including climate change. For broadly distributed species, thermal tolerance can vary at the population level, making it challenging to predict which populations are most vulnerable to warming. Populations inhabiting warm range boundaries may be more resilient to these changes due to adaptation or acclimatization to warmer temperatures, or they may be more vulnerable as temperatures may already approach their physiological limits. We tested functional and critical thermal tolerance of two populations of wild Oncorhynchus mykiss near the species' southern range limit and, as predicted, found population-specific responses to temperature. Specifically, the population inhabiting the warmer stream, Piru Creek, had higher critical thermal maxima and higher functional thermal tolerance compared to the population from the cooler stream, Arroyo Seco. Arroyo Seco O. mykiss are more likely to experience a limitation of aerobic scope with warming. Piru Creek O. mykiss, however, had higher resting metabolic rates and prolonged exercise recovery, meaning that they could be more vulnerable to warming if prey or dissolved oxygen become limited. Temperature varies widely between streams near the O. mykiss southern range limit and populations will likely have unique responses to warming based on their thermal tolerances and metabolic requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Dressler
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - V Han Lee
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - K Klose
- U.S. Forest Service, Los Padres National Forest, 1980 Old Mission Drive, Solvang, CA, 93463, USA
| | - E J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
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6
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Shaftoe JB, Manchester EA, Gillis TE. Cardiac remodeling caused by cold acclimation is reversible with rewarming in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 283:111466. [PMID: 37302568 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cold acclimation of zebrafish causes changes to the structure and composition of the heart. However, little is known of the consequences of these changes on heart function or if these changes are reversible with rewarming back to the initial temperature. In the current study, zebrafish were acclimated from 27℃ to 20°C, then after 17 weeks, a subset of fish were rewarmed to 27°C and held at that temperature for 7 weeks. The length of this trial, 23 weeks, was chosen to mimic seasonal changes in temperature. Cardiac function was measured in each group at 27°C and 20°C using high frequency ultrasound. It was found that cold acclimation caused a decrease in ventricular cross-sectional area, compact myocardial thickness, and total muscle area. There was also a decrease in end-diastolic area with cold acclimation that reversed upon rewarming to control temperatures. Rewarming caused an increase in the thickness of the compact myocardium, total muscle area, and end-diastolic area back to control levels. This is the first experiment to demonstrate that cardiac remodeling, induced by cold acclimation, is reversible upon re-acclimation to control temperature (27°C). Finally, body condition measurements reveal that fish that had been cold-acclimated and then reacclimated to 27°C, were in poorer condition than the fish that remained at 20°C as well as the control fish at week 23. This suggests that the physiological responses to the multiple changes in temperature had a significant energetic cost to the animal. SUMMARY STATEMENT: The decrease in cardiac muscle density, compact myocardium thickness and diastolic area in zebrafish caused by cold acclimation, was reversed with rewarming to control temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared B Shaftoe
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Canada
| | | | - Todd E Gillis
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Canada.
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7
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Porter ES, Gamperl AK. Cardiorespiratory physiology and swimming capacity of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at cold temperatures. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245990. [PMID: 37661722 PMCID: PMC10499030 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated how acclimation to 8, 4 and 1°C, and acute cooling from 8 to 1°C, affected the Atlantic salmon's aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, and cardiac function, during a critical swim speed (Ucrit) test. This study revealed several interesting temperature-dependent effects. First, while differences in resting heart rate (fH) between groups were predictable based on previous research (range ∼28-65 beats min-1), with values for 1°C-acclimated fish slightly higher than those of acutely exposed conspecifics, the resting cardiac output () of 1°C-acclimated fish was much lower and compensated for by a higher resting blood oxygen extraction (ṀO2/). In contrast, the acutely exposed fish had a ∼2-fold greater resting stroke volume (VS) compared with that of the other groups. Second, increases in fH (1.2- to 1.4-fold) contributed little to during the Ucrit test, and the contributions of (VS) versus ṀO2/ to aerobic scope (AS) were very different in the two groups tested at 1°C (1°C-acclimated and 8-1°C fish). Finally, Ucrit was 2.08 and 1.69 body lengths (BL) s-1 in the 8 and 4°C-acclimated groups, but only 1.27 and 1.44 BL s-1 in the 1°C-acclimated and 8-1°C fish, respectively - this lower value in 1°C versus 8-1°C fish despite higher values for maximum metabolic rate and AS. These data: support recent studies which suggest that the capacity to increase fH is constrained at low temperatures; show that cardiorespiratory function at cold temperatures, and its response to increased demands, depends on exposure duration; and suggest that AS does not constrain swimming capacity in salmon when chronically exposed to temperatures approaching their lower limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma S. Porter
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St John's, NL, Canada, A1C 5S7
| | - A. Kurt Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St John's, NL, Canada, A1C 5S7
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8
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Farrell AP. Getting to the heart of anatomical diversity and phenotypic plasticity: fish hearts are an optimal organ model in need of greater mechanistic study. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245582. [PMID: 37578108 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural selection has produced many vertebrate 'solutions' for the cardiac life-support system, especially among the approximately 30,000 species of fishes. For example, across species, fish have the greatest range for central arterial blood pressure and relative ventricular mass of any vertebrate group. This enormous cardiac diversity is excellent ground material for mechanistic explorations. Added to this species diversity is the emerging field of population-specific diversity, which is revealing that cardiac design and function can be tailored to a fish population's local environmental conditions. Such information is important to conservation biologists and ecologists, as well as physiologists. Furthermore, the cardiac structure and function of an individual adult fish are extremely pliable (through phenotypic plasticity), which is typically beneficial to the heart's function when environmental conditions are variable. Consequently, exploring factors that trigger cardiac remodelling with acclimation to new environments represents a marvellous opportunity for performing mechanistic studies that minimize the genetic differences that accompany cross-species comparisons. What makes the heart an especially good system for the investigation of phenotypic plasticity and species diversity is that its function can be readily evaluated at the organ level using established methodologies, unlike most other organ systems. Although the fish heart has many merits as an organ-level model to provide a mechanistic understanding of phenotypic plasticity and species diversity, bringing this potential to fruition will require productive research collaborations among physiologists, geneticists, developmental biologists and ecologists.
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9
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Traynor EM, Hasler CT. Elevated CO 2 levels did not induce species- or tissue-specific damage in young-of-year salmonids. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2023. [PMID: 36807591 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The broad objective of our study was to use a histological approach to examine possible tissue-level effects of exposure to elevated CO2 in freshwater young-of-year salmonids. METHODS To study these effects, young-of-year Arctic Char Salvelinus alpinus, Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, and Brook Trout S. fontinalis were exposed to either control levels of CO2 (1400 μatm) or elevated levels of CO2 (5236 μatm) for 15 days. Fish were then sampled for gill, liver, and heart tissues and histologically analyzed. RESULT A species effect was observed for the length of secondary lamellae, as Arctic Char had significantly shorter secondary lamellae than the other species. No notable changes within the gills and livers of Arctic Char, Brook Trout, or Rainbow Trout exposed to elevated CO2 were observed. CONCLUSION Generally, our results indicated that elevated CO2 levels over 15 days do not induce catastrophic tissue damage and it is unlikely that fish health would be seriously impacted. Ongoing research dedicated to examining how elevated CO2 long-term may affect internal tissues of fish will allow for a more comprehensive understanding of how fish may fair with ongoing climate change and in aquaculture facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Traynor
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Caleb T Hasler
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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10
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McPhee D, Watson JR, Harding DJ, Prior A, Fawcett JH, Franklin CE, Cramp RL. Body size dictates physiological and behavioural responses to hypoxia and elevated water temperatures in Murray cod ( Maccullochella peelii). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coac087. [PMID: 36726863 PMCID: PMC9885741 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing drought frequency and duration pose a significant threat to fish species in dryland river systems. As ectotherms, fish thermal and hypoxia tolerances directly determine the capacity of species to persist in these environments during low flow periods when water temperatures are high and waterbodies become highly stratified. Chronic thermal stress can compound the impacts of acute hypoxic events on fish resulting in significant fish mortality; however, it is not known if all size classes are equally susceptible, or if the allometric scaling of physiological processes means some size classes are disproportionately affected. We investigated the physiological responses of Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii) over a four-fold body size range (0.2-3000 g) to acute changes in water temperature and oxygen concentration following 4 weeks of acclimation to representative spring (20°C) and summer (28°C) water temperatures. We recorded maximum thermal tolerance (CT max), oxygen limited thermal tolerance (PCTmax ), lowest tolerable oxygen level (as the oxygen level at which lose equilibrium; O2,LOE), gill ventilation rates and aerial surface respiration threshold, blood oxygen transport capacity and lactate accumulation. Acclimation to elevated water temperatures improved thermal and hypoxia tolerance metrics across all size classes. However, body size significantly affected thermal and hypoxia responses. Small M. peelii were significantly less hypoxia tolerant than larger individuals, while larger fish were significantly less thermal tolerant than smaller fish. Hypoxia constrained thermal tolerance in M. peelii, with both small and large fish disproportionally compromised relative to mid-sized fish. Our findings indicate that both very small/young (larvae, fry, fingerlings) and very large/older M. peelii in dryland rivers are at significant risk from the combined impacts of a warming and drying climate and water extraction. These data will inform policy decisions that serve to balance competing demands on precious freshwater resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren McPhee
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Jabin R Watson
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Doug J Harding
- Queensland Department of Regional Development, Manufacturing and Water, 203 Tor St., Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia
| | - Andrea Prior
- Queensland Department of Regional Development, Manufacturing and Water, 203 Tor St., Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia
| | - James H Fawcett
- Queensland Department of Regional Development, Manufacturing and Water, 203 Tor St., Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia
| | - Craig E Franklin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Cramp
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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11
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Folkerts EJ, Alessi DS, Goss GG. Latent impacts on juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cardio-respiratory function and swimming performance following embryonic exposures to hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced water. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 254:106372. [PMID: 36512985 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Technologies associated with hydraulic fracturing continue to be prevalent in many regions worldwide. As a result, the production of flowback and produced water (FPW) - a wastewater generated once pressure is released from subterranean wellbores - continues to rise in regions experiencing fracturing activities, while waste management strategies attempt to mitigate compounding burdens of increased FPW production. The heightened production of FPW increases the potential for release to the environment. However, relatively few studies have directly investigated how ecosystems and organisms may be latently affected long after exposures occur. The current study examines rainbow trout exposed in ovo at select critical cardiac developmental time points to differing dilutions and lengths of time (acute versus chronic) to determine how FPW-mediated exposure in ovo may alter later cardiac function and development. After exposure, we allowed fish to grow for ∼ 8 months post-fertilization and measured fish swimming performance, aerobic scope, and cardiac structure of juvenile trout. Acute 48 h embryonic 5% FPW exposure at either 3 days post-fertilization (dpf) or 10 dpf significantly reduced later swimming performance and aerobic scope in juvenile trout. In ovo exposure to 2.5% FPW at 3 dpf yielded significant decreases in these metrics as well, while exposing trout to 2.5% FPW at 10 dpf did not induce as significant effects. Morphometric analyses of heart muscle tissue in all treatments decreased compact myocardium thickness. Chronic 1% FPW in ovo exposure for 28 days induced similar reductions in swimming performance, aerobic scope, and decreased compact myocardium thickness as acute exposures. Overall, our results demonstrate that FPW exposure during egg development ultimately results in persistently impaired heart morphology and resulting physiological (swimming) performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Folkerts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada; NRC- University of Alberta Nanotechnology Initiative, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
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12
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Usui Y, Kimoto M, Hanashima A, Hashimoto K, Mohri S. Cardiac hemodynamics and ventricular stiffness of sea-run cherry salmon (Oncorhynchus masou masou) differ critically from those of landlocked masu salmon. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267264. [PMID: 36331913 PMCID: PMC9635730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventricular diastolic mechanical properties are important determinants of cardiac function and are optimized by changes in cardiac structure and physical properties. Oncorhynchus masou masou is an anadromous migratory fish of the Salmonidae family, and several ecological studies on it have been conducted; however, the cardiac functions of the fish are not well known. Therefore, we investigated ventricular diastolic function in landlocked (masu salmon) and sea-run (cherry salmon) types at 29–30 months post fertilization. Pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography showed that the atrioventricular inflow waveforms of cherry salmon were biphasic with early diastolic filling and atrial contraction, whereas those of masu salmon were monophasic with atrial contraction. In addition, end-diastolic pressure–volume relationship analysis revealed that the dilatability per unit myocardial mass of the ventricle in cherry salmon was significantly suppressed compared to that in masu salmon, suggesting that the ventricle of the cherry salmon was relatively stiffer (relative ventricular stiffness index; p = 0.0263). Contrastingly, the extensibility of cardiomyocytes, characterized by the expression pattern of Connectin isoforms in their ventricles, was similar in both types. Histological analysis showed that the percentage of the collagen accumulation area in the compact layer of cherry salmon increased compared with that of the masu salmon, which may contribute to ventricle stiffness. Although the heart mass of cherry salmon was about 11-fold greater than that of masu salmon, there was no difference in the morphology of the isolated cardiomyocytes, suggesting that the heart of the cherry salmon grows by cardiomyocyte proliferation, but not cell hypertrophy. The cardiac physiological function of the teleosts varies with differences in their developmental processes and life history. Our multidimensional analysis of the O. masou heart may provide a clue to the process by which the heart acquires a biphasic blood-filling pattern, i.e., a ventricular diastolic suction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuu Usui
- First Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Misaki Kimoto
- First Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Akira Hanashima
- First Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Ken Hashimoto
- First Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mohri
- First Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
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13
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Gregorovicova M, Bartos M, Jensen B, Janacek J, Minne B, Moravec J, Sedmera D. Anguimorpha as a model group for studying the comparative heart morphology among Lepidosauria: Evolutionary window on the ventricular septation. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9476. [PMID: 36381397 PMCID: PMC9643144 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The group Anguimorpha represents one of the most unified squamate clades in terms of body plan, ecomorphology, ecophysiology and evolution. On the other hand, the anguimorphs vary between different habitats and ecological niches. Therefore, we focused on the group Anguimorpha to test a possible correlation between heart morphology and ecological niche with respect to phylogenetic position in Squamata with Sphenodon, Salvator, and Pogona as the outgroups. The chosen lepidosaurian species were investigated by microCT. Generally, all lepidosaurs had two well‐developed atria with complete interatrial septum and one ventricle divided by ventricular septa to three different areas. The ventricles of all lepidosaurians had a compact layer and abundant trabeculae. The compact layer and trabeculae were developed in accordance with particular ecological niche of the species, the trabeculae in nocturnal animals with low metabolism, such as Sphenodon, Heloderma or Lanthanotus were more massive. On the other hand athletic animals, such as varanids or Salvator, had ventricle compartmentalization divided by three incomplete septa. A difference between varanids and Salvator was found in compact layer thickness: thicker in monitor lizards and possibly linked to their mammalian‐like high blood pressure, and the level of ventricular septation. In summary: heart morphology varied among clades in connection with the ecological niche of particular species and it reflects the phylogenetic position in model clade Anguimorpha. In the absence of fossil evidence, this is the closest approach how to understand heart evolution and septation in clade with different cardiac compartmentalization levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gregorovicova
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Martin Bartos
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy Charles University Prague Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine Institute of Dental Medicine, Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jiri Janacek
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Institute of Physiology Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Bryan Minne
- Amphibian Evolution Lab Free University of Brussels Brussels Belgium
| | | | - David Sedmera
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy Charles University Prague Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
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14
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Gilbert MJH, Middleton EK, Kanayok K, Harris LN, Moore JS, Farrell AP, Speers-Roesch B. Rapid cardiac thermal acclimation in wild anadromous Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus). J Exp Biol 2022; 225:276421. [PMID: 36000268 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Migratory fishes commonly encounter large and rapid thermal variation, which has the potential to disrupt essential physiological functions. Thus, we acclimated wild, migratory Arctic char to 13°C (∼7°C above a summer average) for an ecologically relevant period (3 days) and measured maximum heart rate (ƒHmax) during acute warming to determine their ability to rapidly improve cardiac function at high temperatures. Arctic char exhibited rapid compensatory cardiac plasticity similar to past observations following prolonged warm acclimation: They reduced ƒHmax over intermediate temperatures (-8%), improved their ability to increase ƒHmax during warming (+10%), and increased (+1.3°C) the temperature at the onset of an arrhythmic heartbeat, a sign of cardiac failure. Consequently, this rapid cardiac plasticity may help migrating fishes like Arctic char mitigate short-term thermal challenges. Furthermore, by using mobile Arctic research infrastructure in a remote field location, the present study illustrates the potential for field-based, experimental physiology in such locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J H Gilbert
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, #4200 - 6270, University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick - Saint John, 100 Tucker Park Rd., Saint John, NB, E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Ella K Middleton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick - Saint John, 100 Tucker Park Rd., Saint John, NB, E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Kevin Kanayok
- Ekaluktutiak Hunters & Trappers Organization, Box 1270, Ekaluktutiak, NU, X0B 0C0, Canada
| | - Les N Harris
- Arctic and Aquatic Research Division, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Jean-Sébastien Moore
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes and Département de Biologie, Université Laval, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, #4200 - 6270, University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ben Speers-Roesch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick - Saint John, 100 Tucker Park Rd., Saint John, NB, E2L 4L5, Canada
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15
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Stavrakidis-Zachou O, Lika K, Pavlidis M, Asaad MH, Papandroulakis N. Metabolic scope, performance and tolerance of juvenile European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax upon acclimation to high temperatures. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272510. [PMID: 35960751 PMCID: PMC9374223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
European sea bass is a species of great commercial value for fisheries and aquaculture. Rising temperatures may jeopardize the performance and survival of the species across its distribution and farming range, making the investigation of its thermal responses highly relevant. In this article, the metabolic scope, performance, and tolerance of juvenile E. sea bass reared under three high water temperatures (24, 28, 33°C), for a period of three months was evaluated via analysis of selected growth performance and physiological indicators. Effects on molecular, hormonal, and biochemical variables were analyzed along with effects of acclimation temperature on the metabolic rate and Critical Thermal maximum (CTmax). Despite signs of thermal stress at 28°C indicated by high plasma cortisol and lactate levels as well as the upregulation of genes coding for Heat Shock Proteins (HSP), E. sea bass can maintain high performance at that temperature which is encouraging for the species culture in the context of a warming ocean. Critical survivability thresholds appear sharply close to 33°C, where the aerobic capacity declines and the overall performance diminishes. European sea bass demonstrates appreciable capacity to cope with acute thermal stress exhibiting CTmax as high as 40°C for fish acclimated at high temperatures, which may indicate resilience to future heatwaves events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestis Stavrakidis-Zachou
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- * E-mail:
| | - Konstadia Lika
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Michail Pavlidis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Mohamed H. Asaad
- Beacon Development, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nikos Papandroulakis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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16
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Muir CA, Garner SR, Damjanovski S, Neff BD. Temperature-dependent plasticity mediates heart morphology and thermal performance of cardiac function in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). J Exp Biol 2022; 225:276049. [PMID: 35860948 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In many fishes, upper thermal tolerance is thought to be limited in part by the heart's ability to meet increased oxygen demands during periods of high temperature. Temperature-dependent plasticity within the cardiovascular system may help fishes cope with the thermal stress imposed by increasing water temperatures. In this study, we examined plasticity in heart morphology and function in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared under control (+0°C) or elevated (+4°C) temperatures. Using noninvasive Doppler echocardiography, we measured the effect of acute warming on maximum heart rate, stroke distance, and derived cardiac output. A 4°C increase in average developmental temperature resulted in a>5°C increase in the Arrhenius breakpoint temperature for maximum heart rate and enabled the hearts of these fish to continue beating rhythmically to temperatures approximately 2°C higher than control fish. However, these differences in thermal performance were not associated with plasticity in maximum cardiovascular capacity, as peak measures of heart rate, stroke distance, and derived cardiac output did not differ between temperature treatments. Histological analysis of the heart revealed that while ventricular roundness and relative ventricle size did not differ between treatments, the proportion of compact myocardium in the ventricular wall was significantly greater in fish raised at elevated temperatures. Our findings contribute to the growing understanding of how the thermal environment can affect phenotypes later in life and identifies a morphological strategy that may help fishes cope with acute thermal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlie A Muir
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn R Garner
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Bryan D Neff
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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17
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Zhang Y, Gao J, Nie Z, Zhu H, Du J, Cao L, Shao N, Sun Y, Su S, Xu G, Xu P. Microcystin-LR induces apoptosis in Juvenile Eriocheir sinensis via the mitochondrial pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 238:113528. [PMID: 35500400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), the toxic substance of cyanobacteria secondary metabolism, widely exists in water environments and poses great risks to living organisms. Some toxicological assessments of MC-LR have performed at physiological and biochemical levels. However, plenty of blanks about the potential mechanism in aquatic crustacean remains. In this study, we firstly assessed the exposure toxicity of MC-LR to juvenile E. sinensis and clarified that the 96 h LD50 of MC-LR was 73.23 μg/kg. Then, hepatopancreas transcriptome profiles of MC-LR stressed crabs were constructed at 6 h post-injection and 37 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. These DEGs were enriched in cytoskeleton, peroxisome and apoptosis pathways. To further reveal the toxicity of MC-LR, oxidative stress parameters (SOD, CAT, GSH-px and MDA), apoptosis genes (caspase 3, bcl-2 and bax) and apoptotic cells were detected. Significant accumulated MDA and rise-fall enzyme activities verified the oxidative stress caused by MC-LR. It is noteworthy that quantitative real-time PCR and TUNEL assay indicated that MC-LR stress-induced apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. Interestingly, activator protein-1 may play a crucial role in mediating the hepatotoxicity of MC-LR by regulating apoptosis and oxidative stress. Taken together, our study investigated the toxic effects and the potential molecular mechanisms of MC-LR on juvenile E. sinensis. It provided useful data for exploring the toxicity of MC-LR to aquatic crustaceans at molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Zhang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Jiancao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Zhijuan Nie
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Haojun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Jinliang Du
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Liping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Nailin Shao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Shengyan Su
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Gangchun Xu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Pao Xu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
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18
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Abramochkin DV, Haworth TE, Kuzmin VS, Dzhumaniiazova I, Pustovit KB, Gacoin M, Shiels HA. Adrenergic prolongation of action potential duration in rainbow trout myocardium via inhibition of the delayed rectifier potassium current, I Kr. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 267:111161. [PMID: 35143950 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Catecholamines mediate the 'fight or flight' response in a wide variety of vertebrates. The endogenous catecholamine adrenaline increases heart rate and contractile strength to raise cardiac output. The increase in contractile force is driven in large part by an increase in myocyte Ca2+ influx on the L-type Ca current (ICaL) during the cardiac action potential (AP). Here, we report a K+- based mechanism that prolongs AP duration (APD) in fish hearts following adrenergic stimulation. We show that adrenergic stimulation inhibits the delayed rectifier K+ current (IKr) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cardiomyocytes. This slows repolarization and prolongs APD which may contribute to positive inotropy following adrenergic stimulation in fish hearts. The endogenous ligand, adrenaline (1 μM), which activates both α- and β-ARs reduced maximal IKr tail current to 61.4 ± 3.9% of control in atrial and ventricular myocytes resulting in an APD prolongation of ~20% at both 50 and 90% repolarization. This effect was reproduced by the α-specific adrenergic agonist, phenylephrine (1 μM), but not the β-specific adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (1 μM). Adrenaline (1 μM) in the presence of β1 and β2-blockers (1 μM atenolol and 1 μM ICI-118551, respectively) also inhibited IKr. Thus, IKr suppression following α-adrenergic stimulation leads to APD prolongation in the rainbow trout heart. This is the first time this mechanism has been identified in fish and may act in unison with the well-known enhancement of ICaL following adrenergic stimulation to prolong APD and increase cardiac inotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis V Abramochkin
- Department of human and animal physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia
| | - T Eliot Haworth
- Faculty of Biological, Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Vladislav S Kuzmin
- Department of human and animal physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Dzhumaniiazova
- Department of human and animal physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia B Pustovit
- Department of human and animal physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maeva Gacoin
- Faculty of Biological, Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK; Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR5229 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 67 Boulevard Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France
| | - Holly A Shiels
- Faculty of Biological, Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
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19
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Schwieterman GD, Hardison EA, Eliason EJ. Effect of thermal variation on the cardiac thermal limits of a eurythermal marine teleost (Girella nigricans). Curr Res Physiol 2022; 5:109-117. [PMID: 35243360 PMCID: PMC8857604 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most animals live in complex, thermally variable environments, the impact of this variability on specific physiological systems is still unresolved. The ectotherm heart is known to change in both structure and function to ensure appropriate oxygen delivery under different thermal regimes, but the plasticity of the upper thermal limits of the heart under stable or variable thermal acclimation conditions remains unknown. To investigate the role of thermal variability on cardiac acclimation potential, we acclimated a eurythermal fish, opaleye (Girella nigricans), to three static temperature treatments (13, 16, and 19 °C) as well as two oscillating treatments which cycled between maximum and minimum temperatures every 12 h (13–19 °C and 16–22 °C). These temperatures and daily thermal ranges were chosen to mimic the conditions observed in the rocky intertidal environments in Santa Barbara, CA, USA where the fish were collected. We hypothesized that increasing temperature would increase upper thermal limits of the heart, and that variable acclimations would result in broader acute thermal performance curves (TPCs) compared to static acclimations. We measured maximum heart rate during acute warming to determine cardiac thermal performance (i.e., the temperature corresponding to the onset of cardiac arrythmia, the temperature at maximum heart rate, absolute maximum heart rate, and the Arrhenius breakpoint temperature) and construct acute TPCs. Rising static acclimation temperatures increased upper thermal limits but had no impact on peak maximum heart rate. The warmest static temperature did, however, cause a narrowing of the acute TPC. Fish acclimated to variable conditions had the same upper thermal limits compared to fish acclimated to static conditions with the same mean temperature in all metrics of thermal performance. Further, there was no significant broadening of the acute TPC. This study suggests that cardiac plasticity is robust to thermal variation in this eurythermal fish. Rising static acclimation temperatures increased cardiac upper thermal limits. Warm acclimation caused the acute thermal performance curve to narrow. Acclimation to static and variable thermocycles did not impact upper thermal limits. Variable acclimation conditions did not broaden the acute thermal performance curve. Cardiac plasticity is robust to thermal variation in some eurythermal fishes.
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20
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Regulation of collagen deposition in the trout heart during thermal acclimation. Curr Res Physiol 2022; 5:99-108. [PMID: 35243359 PMCID: PMC8857596 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The passive mechanical properties of the vertebrate heart are controlled in part by the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Changes in the ECM, caused by increased blood pressure, injury or disease can affect the capacity of the heart to fill with blood during diastole. In mammalian species, cardiac fibrosis caused by an increase in collagen in the ECM, leads to a loss of heart function and these changes in composition are considered to be permanent. Recent work has demonstrated that the cardiac ventricle of some fish species have the capacity to both increase and decrease collagen content in response to thermal acclimation. It is thought that these changes in collagen content help maintain ventricle function over seasonal changes in environmental temperatures. This current work reviews the cellular mechanisms responsible for regulating collagen deposition in the mammalian heart and proposes a cellular pathway by which a change in temperature can affect the collagen content of the fish ventricle through mechanotransduction. This work specifically focuses on the role of transforming growth factor β1, MAPK signaling pathways, and biomechanical stretch in regulating collagen content in the fish ventricle. It is hoped that this work increases the appreciation of the use of comparative models to gain insight into phenomenon with biomedical relevance.
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21
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Vaykshnorayte MA, Vityazev VA, Azarov JE. Seasonal changes of electrophysiological heterogeneities in the rainbow trout ventricular myocardium. Curr Res Physiol 2022; 5:93-98. [PMID: 35198999 PMCID: PMC8844795 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Thermal adaptation in fish is accompanied by morphological and electrophysiological changes in the myocardium. Little is known regarding seasonal changes of spatiotemporal organization of ventricular excitation and repolarization processes. We aimed to evaluate transmural and apicobasal heterogeneity of depolarization and repolarization characteristics in the rainbow trout in-situ ventricular myocardium in summer and winter conditions. Methods The experiments were done in summer-acclimatized (SA, 18°C, n = 8) and winter-acclimatized (WA, 3°C, n = 8) rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). 24 unipolar electrograms were recorded with 3 plunge needle electrodes (eight lead terminals each) impaled into the ventricular wall. Activation time (AT), end of repolarization time (RT), and activation-repolarization interval (ARI, a surrogate for action potential duration) were determined as dV/dt min during QRS-complex, dV/dt max during T-wave, and RT-AT difference, respectively. Results The SA fish demonstrated relatively flat apicobasal and transmural AT and ARI profiles. In the WA animals, ATs and ARIs were longer as compared to SA animals (p≤0.001), ARIs were shorter in the compact layer than in the spongy layer (p≤0.050), and within the compact layer, the apical region had shorter ATs and longer ARIs as compared to the basal region (p≤0.050). In multiple linear regression analysis, ARI duration was associated with RR-interval and AT in SA and WA animals. The WA animals additionally demonstrated an independent association of ARIs with spatial localization across the ventricle. Conclusion Cold conditions led to the spatial redistribution of repolarization durations in the rainbow trout ventricle and the formation of repolarization gradients typically observed in mammalian myocardium. Spatiotemporal electrophysiological pattern is essential for cardiac function. A role of this pattern is unclear, specifically in seasonal changes in fish. Transmural repolarization gradients develop in cold conditions in rainbow trout.
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22
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Foddai M, Carter CG, Hilder PE, Gurr H, Ruff N. Combined effects of elevated rearing temperature and dietary energy level on heart morphology and growth performance of Tasmanian Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:301-313. [PMID: 34787904 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac abnormalities may pose a threat to salmonid aquaculture due to their potential detrimental effect on fish health and welfare. The teleost heart is an extremely plastic organ with important morphological differences between wild and farmed fish that include ventricular shape, alignment of the bulbus arteriosus and epicardial fat deposition. However, little is known about how different factors and interactions among them may affect cardiac morphology of Atlantic salmon. To determine whether rearing temperature could induce cardiac malformations in large Tasmanian Atlantic salmon, we examined a range of cardiac morphology indicators and growth parameters in a population of 1-2 kg seawater salmon (n = 60 temperature-1 diet-1 ) exposed to control and elevated temperatures of 15 and 19°C, respectively, while fed one of two commercial feeds with different dietary energy levels. Most fish possessed conspicuous fat around the heart with a tendency towards a rounded ventricle and a more obtuse angle of the bulbus arteriosus. However, fish showed no significant differences in heart shape and bulbus alignment in relation to water temperature and dietary energy. These results suggest that cardiac morphology of large Atlantic salmon is unlikely to be affected by rearing temperature and dietary energy during the grow-out phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Foddai
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Chris G Carter
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Pollyanna E Hilder
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Harley Gurr
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Nicole Ruff
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia
- Skretting Australia, Cambridge, Tasmania, Australia
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23
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Proteomic analysis of temperature-dependent developmental plasticity within the ventricle of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Curr Res Physiol 2022; 5:344-354. [PMID: 36035983 PMCID: PMC9403292 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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24
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Porter E, Clow K, Sandrelli R, Gamperl A. Acute and chronic cold exposure differentially affect cardiac control, but not cardiorespiratory function, in resting Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Curr Res Physiol 2022; 5:158-170. [PMID: 35359619 PMCID: PMC8960890 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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25
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Significant genes in response to low temperature in Penaeus chinensis screened from multiple groups of transcriptome comparison. J Therm Biol 2022; 107:103198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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26
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Ignatz EH, Zanuzzo FS, Sandrelli RM, Clow KA, Rise ML, Gamperl AK. Phenotypic stress response does not influence the upper thermal tolerance of male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). J Therm Biol 2021; 101:103102. [PMID: 34879919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fish can be identified as either low responders (LR) or high responders (HR) based on post-stress cortisol levels and whether they exhibit a proactive or reactive stress coping style, respectively. In this study, male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from 17 families reared at 9 °C were repeatedly exposed to an acute handling stress over a period of four months, with plasma cortisol levels measured at 1 h post-stress. Fish were identified as either LR or HR if the total Z-score calculated from their cortisol responses fell into the lower or upper quartile ranges, respectively; with intermediate responders (IR) classified as the remainder. Salmon characterized as LR, IR or HR were then subjected to an incremental thermal challenge, where temperature was raised at 0.2 °C day-1 from their acclimation temperature (12 °C) to mimic natural sea-cage farming conditions during the summer in Newfoundland. Interestingly, feed intake remained high up to 22 °C, while previous studies have shown a decrease in salmon appetite after ∼16-18 °C. After the first three mortalities were recorded at elevated temperature, a subset of LR and HR salmon were exposed to another acute handling stress event at 23.6 °C. Basal and post-stress measurements of plasma cortisol, glucose and lactate did not differ between stress response phenotypes at this temperature. In the end, the average incremental thermal maximum (ITMax) of LR and HR fish was not different (25.1 °C). In comparison, the critical thermal maximum (CTMax; temperature increased at 2 °C h-1) of the remaining IR fish that had been held at 12 °C was 28.5 °C. Collectively, these results: 1) show that this population of Atlantic salmon is very thermally tolerant, and further question the relevance of CTMax in assessing responses to real-world temperature changes; and 2) indicate that characterization of stress phenotype at 9 °C is not predictive of their stress response or survival at high temperatures. Therefore, selection of fish based on phenotypic stress response at low temperatures may not be beneficial to incorporate into Atlantic salmon breeding programs, especially if the goal is to improve growth performance and survival at high temperatures in sea-cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H Ignatz
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Fábio S Zanuzzo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Rebeccah M Sandrelli
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Kathy A Clow
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - A Kurt Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
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Digital RNA-seq analysis of the cardiac transcriptome response to thermal stress in turbot Scophthalmus maximus. J Therm Biol 2021; 104:103141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zena LA, Ekström A, Gräns A, Olsson C, Axelsson M, Sundh H, Sandblom E. It takes time to heal a broken heart: ventricular plasticity improves heart performance after myocardial infarction in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:273477. [PMID: 34792140 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Coronary arteriosclerosis is a common feature of both wild and farmed salmonid fishes and may be linked to stress-induced cardiac pathologies. Yet, the plasticity and capacity for long-term myocardial restructuring and recovery following a restriction in coronary blood supply are unknown. Here, we analyzed the consequences of acute (3 days) and chronic (from 33 to 62 days) coronary occlusion (i.e. coronary artery ligation) on cardiac morphological characteristics and in vivo function in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Acute coronary artery occlusion resulted in elevated resting heart rate and decreased inter-beat variability, which are both markers of autonomic dysfunction following acute myocardial ischemia, along with severely reduced heart rate scope (maximum-resting heart rate) relative to sham-operated trout. We also observed a loss of myocardial interstitial collagen and compact myocardium. Following long-term coronary artery ligation, resting heart rate and heart rate scope normalized relative to sham-operated trout. Moreover, a distinct fibrous collagen layer separating the compact myocardium into two layers had formed. This may contribute to maintain ventricular integrity across the cardiac cycle or, alternatively, demark a region of the compact myocardium that continues to receive oxygen from the luminal venous blood. Taken together, we demonstrate that rainbow trout may cope with the aversive effects caused by coronary artery obstruction through plastic ventricular remodeling, which, at least in part, restores cardiac performance and myocardium oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Zena
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Ekström
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Albin Gräns
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Catharina Olsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Axelsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sundh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Sandblom
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Keen AN, Mackrill JJ, Gardner P, Shiels HA. Compliance of the fish outflow tract is altered by thermal acclimation through connective tissue remodelling. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210492. [PMID: 34784777 PMCID: PMC8596013 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To protect the gill capillaries from high systolic pulse pressure, the fish heart contains a compliant non-contractile chamber called the bulbus arteriosus which is part of the outflow tract (OFT) which extends from the ventricle to the ventral aorta. Thermal acclimation alters the form and function of the fish atria and ventricle to ensure appropriate cardiac output at different temperatures, but its impact on the OFT is unknown. Here we used ex vivo pressure-volume curves to demonstrate remodelling of passive stiffness in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) bulbus arteriosus following more than eight weeks of thermal acclimation to 5, 10 and 18°C. We then combined novel, non-biased Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with classic histological staining to show that changes in compliance were achieved by changes in tissue collagen-to-elastin ratio. In situ gelatin zymography and SDS-PAGE zymography revealed that collagen remodelling was underpinned, at least in part, by changes in activity and abundance of collagen degrading matrix metalloproteinases. Collectively, we provide the first indication of bulbus arteriosus thermal remodelling in a fish and suggest this remodelling ensures optimal blood flow and blood pressure in the OFT during temperature change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam N Keen
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John J Mackrill
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Peter Gardner
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Holly A Shiels
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Chen Z, Zhou Z, Peng X, Sun C, Yang D, Li C, Zhu R, Zhang P, Zheng L, Tang C. Cardioprotective responses to aerobic exercise-induced physiological hypertrophy in zebrafish heart. J Physiol Sci 2021; 71:33. [PMID: 34749643 PMCID: PMC10717721 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-021-00818-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we aimed to establish an aerobic exercise-induced physiological myocardial hypertrophy zebrafish (Danio rerio) model and to explore the underlying molecular mechanism. After 4 weeks of aerobic exercise, the AMR and Ucrit of the zebrafish increased and the hearts were enlarged, with thickened myocardium, an increased number of myofilament attachment points in the Z-line, and increased compaction of mitochondrial cristae. We also found that the mTOR signaling pathway, angiogenesis, mitochondrial fusion, and fission event, and mitochondrial autophagy were associated with the adaptive changes in the heart during training. In addition, the increased mRNA expression of genes related to fatty acid oxidation and antioxidation suggested that the switch of energy metabolism and the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis induced cardiac physiological changes. Therefore, the zebrafish heart physiological hypertrophy model constructed in this study can be helpful in investigating the cardioprotective mechanisms in response to aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanglin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, No. 529 Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410012, Hunan, China
| | - Zuoqiong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, No. 529 Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410012, Hunan, China
| | - Xiyang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, No. 529 Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410012, Hunan, China.
| | - Chenchen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, No. 529 Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410012, Hunan, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, No. 529 Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410012, Hunan, China
| | - Chengli Li
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, No. 529 Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410012, Hunan, China
| | - Runkang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, No. 529 Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410012, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, No. 529 Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410012, Hunan, China
| | - Lan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, No. 529 Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410012, Hunan, China.
| | - Changfa Tang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, No. 529 Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410012, Hunan, China.
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Acclimation to warmer temperature reversibly improves high-temperature hypoxia tolerance in both diploid and triploid brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 264:111099. [PMID: 34718146 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rising temperature leads to reduced oxygen solubility and therefore increases the risk of exposure to harmful hypoxic condition for fish in their natural aquatic environments and in aquaculture. The goal of this study was to determine whether acclimation to warmer temperature can improve high-temperature hypoxia tolerance in fish, using sibling diploid and triploid brook charr as the experimental model. Triploid fish are used for aquaculture and fisheries management because they are sterile, but they are known to have reduced thermal and hypoxia tolerance compared to conventional diploids. Fish were pre-acclimated to either 15 °C (optimum temperature for diploids) or 18 °C and then assessed for high-temperature hypoxia tolerance by rapidly increasing temperature to pre-determined levels (up to 30 °C), holding fish at these temperatures for one hour, and then using compressed nitrogen to drive oxygen out of the water. Hypoxia tolerance was expressed as both the oxygen tension at loss of equilibrium and the time taken to reach this endpoint following the start of the trial. Acclimation to 18 °C improved hypoxia tolerance at high temperatures but this advantage was lost after reacclimation to 15 °C. Although 18 °C acclimation improved the hypoxia tolerance of triploids, it remained inferior to that of diploids under identical test conditions. Somatic energy reserves (estimated as condition factor and hepatosomatic index), cardiac output (relative ventricular mass) and oxygen carrying capacity of the blood (hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit) did not markedly affect high-temperature hypoxia tolerance.
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32
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Mitogen-activated protein kinases contribute to temperature-induced cardiac remodelling in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Comp Physiol B 2021; 192:61-76. [PMID: 34586481 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-021-01406-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) live in environments where water temperatures range between 4 °C and 20 °C. Laboratory studies demonstrate that cold and warm acclimations of male trout can have oppositional effects on cardiac hypertrophy and the collagen content of the heart. The cellular mechanisms behind temperature-induced cardiac remodelling are unclear, as is why this response differs between male and female fish. Studies with cultured trout cardiac fibroblasts suggests that collagen deposition is regulated, at least in part, by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cell signalling pathways. We, therefore, hypothesized that temperature-dependent cardiac remodelling is regulated by these signalling pathways. To test this, male and female trout were acclimated to 18 °C (warm) in the summer and to 4 °C (cold) in the winter and the activation of MAPK pathways in the hearts were characterized and compared to that of control fish maintained at 12 °C. In addition, cardiac collagen content, cardiac morphology and the expression of gene transcripts for matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) -9, MMP-2, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases and collagen 1α were characterized. p38 MAPK phosphorylation increased in the hearts of female fish with cold acclimation and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase increased in the hearts of male fish with warm acclimation. However, there was no effect of thermal acclimation on cardiac morphology or collagen content in either male or female fish. These results indicate that thermal acclimation has transient and sex-specific effects on the phosphorylation of MAPKs but also how variable the response of the trout heart is to thermal acclimation.
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33
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Filice M, Imbrogno S, Gattuso A, Cerra MC. Hypoxic and Thermal Stress: Many Ways Leading to the NOS/NO System in the Fish Heart. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1401. [PMID: 34573033 PMCID: PMC8471457 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Teleost fish are often regarded with interest for the remarkable ability of several species to tolerate even dramatic stresses, either internal or external, as in the case of fluctuations in O2 availability and temperature regimes. These events are naturally experienced by many fish species under different time scales, but they are now exacerbated by growing environmental changes. This further challenges the intrinsic ability of animals to cope with stress. The heart is crucial for the stress response, since a proper modulation of the cardiac function allows blood perfusion to the whole organism, particularly to respiratory organs and the brain. In cardiac cells, key signalling pathways are activated for maintaining molecular equilibrium, thus improving stress tolerance. In fish, the nitric oxide synthase (NOS)/nitric oxide (NO) system is fundamental for modulating the basal cardiac performance and is involved in the control of many adaptive responses to stress, including those related to variations in O2 and thermal regimes. In this review, we aim to illustrate, by integrating the classic and novel literature, the current knowledge on the NOS/NO system as a crucial component of the cardiac molecular mechanisms that sustain stress tolerance and adaptation, thus providing some species, such as tolerant cyprinids, with a high resistance to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Imbrogno
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.F.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Alfonsina Gattuso
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.F.); (M.C.C.)
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34
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Kibler NA, Nuzhny VP, Kharin SN, Shmakov DN. Effect of atrial artificial electrical stimulation on depolarization and repolarization and hemodynamics of the heart ventricle in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:1329-1339. [PMID: 34241764 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00983-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The spatial-temporal organization of the activation, repolarization and hemodynamics of the heart ventricle in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, adapted to a temperature of 5-7 °C, were studied from the normal sinus rhythm (21.6 ± 4.9 bpm) to the highest possible heart rhythm (HR) (60 bpm), during which deterioration of the contractile activity of the myocardium occurred. Regardless of the HR, the main pattern of excitation of the heart ventricle was the movement of the depolarization wave from the dorsal areas of the base in the base-apical and ventral directions with the capture of the entire thickness of the walls, with a slight difference in the time of activation of the subendocardium compared to the subepicardium. The increase in HR above the sinus rhythm caused significant shortening of local repolarization durations in all areas and layers (endocardial, intramural and subepicardial) of the heart ventricle. Changes in local durations of repolarization led to an increase in the heterogeneity of repolarization of the ventricular myocardium; as a result, a deterioration of its contractility was observed. In relation to the sinus rhythm, the maximal systolic pressure in the heart ventricle decreased, the diastolic and end-diastolic pressure increased, and the maximum rates of pressure rise and fall decreased. In rainbow trout adapted to a temperature of 5-7 °C at sinus rhythm, the pumping function of the heart was probably within the upper limit of the physiological norm, and a further increase in the heart rate led to a decline in myocardial contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya A Kibler
- Institute of Physiology, Federal Research Centre Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 50, Pervomayskaya str., Syktyvkar, 167982, Komi Republic, Russia.
| | - Vladimir P Nuzhny
- Institute of Physiology, Federal Research Centre Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 50, Pervomayskaya str., Syktyvkar, 167982, Komi Republic, Russia
| | - Sergey N Kharin
- Institute of Physiology, Federal Research Centre Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 50, Pervomayskaya str., Syktyvkar, 167982, Komi Republic, Russia
| | - Dmitry N Shmakov
- Institute of Physiology, Federal Research Centre Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 50, Pervomayskaya str., Syktyvkar, 167982, Komi Republic, Russia
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Drown MK, DeLiberto AN, Ehrlich MA, Crawford DL, Oleksiak MF. Interindividual plasticity in metabolic and thermal tolerance traits from populations subjected to recent anthropogenic heating. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210440. [PMID: 34295527 PMCID: PMC8292749 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To better understand temperature's role in the interaction between local evolutionary adaptation and physiological plasticity, we investigated acclimation effects on metabolic performance and thermal tolerance among natural Fundulus heteroclitus (small estuarine fish) populations from different thermal environments. Fundulus heteroclitus populations experience large daily and seasonal temperature variations, as well as local mean temperature differences across their large geographical cline. In this study, we use three populations: one locally heated (32°C) by thermal effluence (TE) from the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, NJ, and two nearby reference populations that do not experience local heating (28°C). After acclimation to 12 or 28°C, we quantified whole-animal metabolic (WAM) rate, critical thermal maximum (CTmax) and substrate-specific cardiac metabolic rate (CaM, substrates: glucose, fatty acids, lactate plus ketones plus ethanol, and endogenous (i.e. no added substrates)) in approximately 160 individuals from these three populations. Populations showed few significant differences due to large interindividual variation within populations. In general, for WAM and CTmax, the interindividual variation in acclimation response (log2 ratio 28/12°C) was a function of performance at 12°C and order of acclimation (12-28°C versus 28-12°C). CTmax and WAM were greater at 28°C than 12°C, although WAM had a small change (2.32-fold) compared with the expectation for a 16°C increase in temperature (expect 3- to 4.4-fold). By contrast, for CaM, the rates when acclimatized and assayed at 12 or 28°C were nearly identical. The small differences in CaM between 12 and 28°C temperature were partially explained by cardiac remodeling where individuals acclimatized to 12°C had larger hearts than individuals acclimatized to 28°C. Correlation among physiological traits was dependent on acclimation temperature. For example, WAM was negatively correlated with CTmax at 12°C but positively correlated at 28°C. Additionally, glucose substrate supported higher CaM than fatty acid, and fatty acid supported higher CaM than lactate, ketones and alcohol (LKA) or endogenous. However, these responses were highly variable with some individuals using much more FA than glucose. These findings suggest interindividual variation in physiological responses to temperature acclimation and indicate that additional research investigating interindividual may be relevant for global climate change responses in many species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K. Drown
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Amanda N. DeLiberto
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Moritz A. Ehrlich
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Douglas L. Crawford
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Marjorie F. Oleksiak
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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Gomez Isaza DF, Cramp RL, Franklin CE. Thermal plasticity of the cardiorespiratory system provides cross-tolerance protection to fish exposed to elevated nitrate. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 240:108920. [PMID: 33141082 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to nitrate is toxic to aquatic animals due to the formation of methaemoglobin and a subsequent loss of blood-oxygen carrying capacity. Yet, nitrate toxicity can be modulated by other stressors in the environment, such as elevated temperatures. Acclimation to elevated temperatures has been shown to offset the negative effects of nitrate on whole animal performance in fish, but the mechanisms underlying this cross-tolerance interaction remain unclear. In this study, juvenile silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) were exposed to a factorial combination of temperature (28 °C or 32 °C) and nitrate concentrations (0, 50 or 100 mg NO3- L-1) treatments to test the hypothesis that thermal acclimation offsets the effects of nitrate via compensatory changes to the cardiorespiratory system (gills, ventricle and blood oxygen carrying capacity). Following 21 weeks of thermal acclimation, we found that fish acclimated to 32 °C experienced an expansion of gill surface area and an increase in ventricular thickness regardless of nitrate exposure concentration. Exposure to nitrate (both 50 and 100 mg NO3- L-1) reduced the blood oxygen carrying capacity of silver perch due to increases in methaemoglobin concentration and a right shift in oxygen-haemoglobin binding curves in fish from both thermal acclimation treatments. These results indicate that plasticity of the gills and ventricle of warm acclimated fish are potential mechanisms which may provide cross-tolerance protection to elevated nitrate concentrations despite nitrate induced reductions to oxygen transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Gomez Isaza
- School of Biological Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Rebecca L Cramp
- School of Biological Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Craig E Franklin
- School of Biological Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Gerber L, Clow KA, Gamperl AK. Acclimation to warm temperatures has important implications for mitochondrial function in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar). J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb236257. [PMID: 33288533 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.236257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In fish, the capacity of thermal acclimation to preserve cardiac mitochondrial function under future warming scenarios is important to understand given the central roles that cardiac energy metabolism and performance play in this taxa's thermal tolerance. We acclimated Atlantic salmon to 12 and 20°C (for >2 months), and investigated the effects of acute and chronic warming on cardiac mitochondrial respiration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (release rate) using high-resolution fluorespirometry. Further, we compared the sensitivity of mitochondrial respiration to nitric oxide (i.e. the NO IC50), and assessed the mitochondrial response to anoxia-reoxygenation (AR). Acute exposure to 20°C increased maximal mitochondrial respiration by ∼55%; however, the mitochondria's complex I respiratory control ratio was 17% lower and ROS production was increased by ≥60%. Acclimation to 20°C: (1) preserved mitochondrial coupling and aerobic capacity; (2) decreased the mitochondria's ROS production by ∼30%; (3) increased the mitochondria's NO IC50 by ∼23%; and (4) improved mitochondrial membrane integrity at 20°C. AR did not affect mitochondrial function at 12°C, but acute exposure to 20°C and AR depressed maximal mitochondrial respiration (by ∼9%) and coupling (by ∼16%) without impacting ROS production. Finally, warm acclimation did not improve the capacity of mitochondria to recover from AR, indicating that there was no 'cross-tolerance' between these challenges. Our findings provide compelling evidence that thermal plasticity of cardiac mitochondrial function contributes to the Atlantic salmon's capability to survive at ≥20°C for prolonged periods, but call into question whether this plasticity may allow them to withstand high temperatures when combined with other stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Gerber
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Kathy A Clow
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Anthony K Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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38
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Allmon E, Serafin J, Chen S, Rodgers ML, Griffitt R, Bosker T, de Guise S, Sepúlveda MS. Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and abiotic stressors on Fundulus grandis cardiac transcriptomics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:142156. [PMID: 33207514 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, extensive research has been conducted on the toxicity of oil and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the aquatic environment. Many studies have identified the toxicological effects of PAHs in estuarine and marine fishes, however, only recently has work begun to identify the combinatorial effect of PAHs and abiotic environmental factors such as hypoxia, salinity, and temperature. This study aims to characterize the combined effects of abiotic stressors and PAH exposure on the cardiac transcriptomes of developing Fundulus grandis larvae. In this study, F. grandis larvae were exposed to varying environmental conditions (dissolved oxygen (DO) 2, 6 ppm; temperature 20, 30 °C; and salinity 3, 30 ppt) as well as to a single concentration of high energy water accommodated fraction (HEWAF) (∑PAHs 15 ppb). Whole larvae were sampled for RNA and transcriptional changes were quantified using RNA-Seq followed by qPCR for a set of target genes. Analysis revealed that exposure to oil and abiotic stressors impacts signaling pathways associated with cardiovascular function. Specifically, combined exposures appear to reduce development of the systemic vasculature as well as strongly impact the cardiac musculature through cardiomyocyte proliferation resulting in inhibited cardiac function and modulated blood pressure maintenance. Results of this study provide a holistic view of impacts of PAHs and common environmental stressors on the cardiac system in early life stage estuarine species. To our knowledge, this study is one of the first to simultaneously manipulate oil exposure with abiotic factors (DO, salinity, temperature) and the first to analyze cardiac transcriptional responses under these co-exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Allmon
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jennifer Serafin
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Maria L Rodgers
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA
| | - Robert Griffitt
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA
| | - Thijs Bosker
- Leiden University College and Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Anna van Buerenplein 301, 2595 DG The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Sylvain de Guise
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Point61 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Maria S Sepúlveda
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Tepolt CK, Palumbi SR. Rapid Adaptation to Temperature via a Potential Genomic Island of Divergence in the Invasive Green Crab, Carcinus maenas. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.580701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread species often adapt easily to novel conditions – both those found in new habitats and those generated by climate change. However, rapid adaptation may be hindered in the marine realm, where long-distance dispersal and consequently high gene flow are predicted to limit potential for local adaptation. Here, we use a highly dispersive invasive marine crab to test the nature and speed of adaptation to temperature in the sea. Using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) generated from cardiac transcriptome sequencing, we characterized six populations of the European green crab (Carcinus maenas) located across parallel thermal gradients in their native and invasive ranges. We compared SNP frequencies with local temperatures and previously generated data on cardiac heat and cold tolerance to identify candidate markers associated with population-level differences in thermal physiology. Of 10,790 SNPs, 104 were identified as frequency outliers, a signal that was strongly driven by association with temperature and/or cold tolerance. Seventy-two of these outlier markers, representing 28 different genes, were in a cluster of SNPs identified as a potential inversion polymorphism using linkage disequilibrium network analysis. This SNP cluster was unique in the data set, which was otherwise characterized by low levels of linkage disequilibrium, and markers in this cluster showed a significant enrichment of coding substitutions relative to the full SNP set. These 72 outlier SNPs appear to be transmitted as a unit, and represent a putative genomic island of divergence which varied in frequency with organismal cold tolerance. This relationship was strikingly similar across both native and invasive populations, all of which showed a very strong correlation with cold tolerance (R2 = 0.96 over all six populations). Notably, three of these populations have diverged recently (<100 years) and show little to no neutral divergence, suggesting that this genomic region may be responding to temperature on a relatively short time scale. This relationship indicates adaptation to temperature based on the action of a putative genomic island of divergence, perhaps partially explaining the extraordinary invasive ability of this species.
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Vornanen M. Effects of acute warming on cardiac and myotomal sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum ATPase (SERCA) of thermally acclimated brown trout (Salmo trutta). J Comp Physiol B 2020; 191:43-53. [PMID: 32980918 PMCID: PMC7819936 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
At high temperatures, ventricular beating rate collapses and depresses cardiac output in fish. The role of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) in thermal tolerance of ventricular function was examined in brown trout (Salmo trutta) by measuring heart SERCA and comparing it to that of the dorsolateral myotomal muscle. Activity of SERCA was measured from crude homogenates of cold-acclimated (+ 3 °C, c.a.) and warm-acclimated (+ 13 °C, w.a.) brown trout as cyclopiazonic acid (20 µM) sensitive Ca2+-ATPase between + 3 and + 33 °C. Activity of the heart SERCA was significantly higher in c.a. than w.a. trout and increased strongly between + 3 and + 23 °C with linear Arrhenius plots but started to plateau between + 23 and + 33 °C in both acclimation groups. The rate of thermal inactivation of the heart SERCA at + 35 °C was similar in c.a. and w.a. fish. Activity of the muscle SERCA was less temperature dependent and more heat resistant than that of the heart SERCA and showed linear Arrhenius plots between + 3 and + 33 °C in both c.a. and w.a. fish. SERCA activity of the c.a. muscle was slightly higher than that of w.a. muscle. The rate of thermal inactivation at + 40 °C was similar for both c.a. and w.a. muscle SERCA at + 40 °C. Although the heart SERCA is more sensitive to high temperatures than the muscle SERCA, it is unlikely to be a limiting factor for heart rate, because its heat tolerance, unlike that of the ventricular beating rate, was not changed by temperature acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Vornanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101, Joensuu, Finland.
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41
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Opinion AGR, De Boeck G, Rodgers EM. Synergism between elevated temperature and nitrate: Impact on aerobic capacity of European grayling, Thymallus thymallus in warm, eutrophic waters. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 226:105563. [PMID: 32673887 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming and nitrate pollution are pervasive aquatic stressors that endanger the persistence of fishes prevailing in anthropogenically disturbed habitats. Individually, elevated nitrate and temperature can influence fish energy homeostasis by increasing maintenance costs and impairing oxygen transport capacity. However, it remains unknown how fish respond to simultaneous exposure to elevated temperature and nitrate pollution. Hence, we examined the combined effects of nitrate and elevated temperatures on aerobic scope (AS, maximum-standard metabolic rates) and cardiorespiratory attributes (haemoglobin HB, haematocrit HCT, relative ventricle mass RVM, and somatic spleen index SSI) in a freshwater salmonid, Thymallus thymallus. A 3 × 2 factorial design was used, where fish were exposed to one of three ecologically relevant levels of nitrate (0, 50, or 200 mg NO3- l-1) and one of two temperatures (18 °C or 22 °C) for 6 weeks. Elevated temperature increased AS by 36 % and the improvement was stronger when coupled with nitrate exposure, indicating a positive synergistic interaction. HB was reduced by nitrate exposure, while HCT was independent of nitrate pollution and temperature. Stressor exposure induced remodeling of key elements of the cardiorespiratory system. RVM was 39 % higher in fish exposed to 22 °C compared to 18 °C but was independent of nitrate exposure. SSI was independent of temperature but was 85 % and 57 % higher in fish exposed to 50 and 200 mg NO3- l-1, respectively. Taken together, these results highlight that simultaneous exposure to elevated temperatures and nitrate pollution offers cross-tolerance benefits, which may be underscored by cardiorespiratory remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Grace R Opinion
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Gudrun De Boeck
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Essie M Rodgers
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium; School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Little AG, Loughland I, Seebacher F. What do warming waters mean for fish physiology and fisheries? JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:328-340. [PMID: 32441327 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental signals act primarily on physiological systems, which then influence higher-level functions such as movement patterns and population dynamics. Increases in average temperature and temperature variability associated with global climate change are likely to have strong effects on fish physiology and thereby on populations and fisheries. Here we review the principal mechanisms that transduce temperature signals and the physiological responses to those signals in fish. Temperature has a direct, thermodynamic effect on biochemical reaction rates. Nonetheless, plastic responses to longer-term thermal signals mean that fishes can modulate their acute thermal responses to compensate at least partially for thermodynamic effects. Energetics are particularly relevant for growth and movement, and therefore for fisheries, and temperature can have pronounced effects on energy metabolism. All energy (ATP) production is ultimately linked to mitochondria, and temperature has pronounced effects on mitochondrial efficiency and maximal capacities. Mitochondria are dependent on oxygen as the ultimate electron acceptor so that cardiovascular function and oxygen delivery link environmental inputs with energy metabolism. Growth efficiency, that is the conversion of food into tissue, changes with temperature, and there are indications that warmer water leads to decreased conversion efficiencies. Moreover, movement and migration of fish relies on muscle function, which is partially dependent on ATP production but also on intracellular calcium cycling within the myocyte. Neuroendocrine processes link environmental signals to regulated responses at the level of different tissues, including muscle. These physiological processes within individuals can scale up to population responses to climate change. A mechanistic understanding of thermal responses is essential to predict the vulnerability of species and populations to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabella Loughland
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences A08, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Frank Seebacher
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences A08, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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43
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Sutcliffe RL, Li S, Gilbert MJH, Schulte PM, Miller KM, Farrell AP. A rapid intrinsic heart rate resetting response with thermal acclimation in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb215210. [PMID: 32345705 PMCID: PMC7328139 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.215210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We examined cardiac pacemaker rate resetting in rainbow trout following a reciprocal temperature transfer. In the original experiment, performed in winter, 4°C-acclimated fish transferred to 12°C reset intrinsic heart rate after just 1 h (from 56.8±1.2 to 50.8±1.5 beats min-1); 12°C-acclimated fish transferred to 4°C reset intrinsic heart rate after 8 h (from 33.4±0.7 to 37.7±1.2 beats min-1). However, in a replicate experiment, performed in the summer using a different brood year, intrinsic heart rate was not reset, even after 10 weeks at a new temperature. Using this serendipitous opportunity, we compared mRNA expression changes of a suite of proteins in sinoatrial node (SAN), atrial and ventricular tissues after both 1 h and longer than 3 weeks for both experimental acclimation groups to identify those changes only associated with pacemaker rate resetting. Of the changes in mRNA expression occurring after more than 3 weeks of warm acclimation and associated with pacemaker rate resetting, we observed downregulation of NKA α1c in the atrium and ventricle, and upregulation of HCN1 in the ventricle. However, in the SAN there were no mRNA expression changes unique to the fish with pacemaker rate resetting after either 1 h or 3 weeks of warm acclimation. Thus, despite identifying changes in mRNA expression of contractile cardiac tissues, there was an absence of changes in mRNA expression directly involved with the initial, rapid pacemaker rate resetting with warm acclimation. Importantly, pacemaker rate resetting with thermal acclimation does not always occur in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Sutcliffe
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Shaorong Li
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans, Nanaimo, BC, Canada, V9T 6N7
| | - Matthew J H Gilbert
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Patricia M Schulte
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Kristi M Miller
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans, Nanaimo, BC, Canada, V9T 6N7
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
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44
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Johnston EF, Gillis TE. Short-term cyclical stretch phosphorylates p38 and ERK1/2 MAPKs in cultured fibroblasts from the hearts of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio.049296. [PMID: 31862862 PMCID: PMC6994941 DOI: 10.1242/bio.049296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The form and function of the rainbow trout heart can remodel in response to various stressors including changes in environmental temperature and anemia. Previous studies have hypothesized that changes in biomechanical forces experienced by the trout myocardium as result of such physiological stressors could play a role in triggering the remodeling response. However, there has been no work examining the influence of biomechanical forces on the trout myocardium or of the cellular signals that would translate such a stimuli into a biological response. In this study, we test the hypothesis that the application of biomechanical forces to trout cardiac fibroblasts activate the cell signaling pathways associated with cardiac remodeling. This was done by cyclically stretching cardiac fibroblasts to 10% equibiaxial deformation at 0.33 Hz and quantifying the activation of the p38-JNK-ERK mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. After 20 min, p38 MAPK phosphorylation was elevated by 4.2-fold compared to control cells (P<0.05) and after 24 h of stretch, p38 MAPK phosphorylation remained elevated and extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 was phosphorylated by 2.4-fold compared to control (P<0.05). Together, these results indicate that mechanotransductive pathways are active in cardiac fibroblasts, and lead to the activation of cell signaling pathways involved in cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth F Johnston
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Todd E Gillis
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
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45
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Kibler NA, Nuzhny VP, Kharin SN, Shmakov DN. Does Atrial Electrical Stimulation Influence the Sequence of Ventricular Depolarization in the Heart of a Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss? J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093020010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Marchant JL, Farrell AP. Membrane and calcium clock mechanisms contribute variably as a function of temperature to setting cardiac pacemaker rate in zebrafish Danio rerio. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 95:1265-1274. [PMID: 31429079 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Here, we show that heart rate in zebrafish Danio rerio is dependent upon two pacemaking mechanisms and it possesses a limited ability to reset the cardiac pacemaker with temperature acclimation. Electrocardiogram recordings, taken from individual, anaesthetised zebrafish that had been acclimated to 18, 23 or 28°C were used to follow the response of maximum heart rate (fHmax ) to acute warming from 18°C until signs of cardiac failure appeared (up to c. 40°C). Because fHmax was similar across the acclimation groups at almost all equivalent test temperatures, warm acclimation was limited to one significant effect, the 23°C acclimated zebrafish had a significantly higher (21%) peak fHmax and reached a higher (3°C) test temperature than the 18°C acclimated zebrafish. Using zatebradine to block the membrane hyperpolarisation-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (HCN) and examine the contribution of the membrane clock mechanisms to cardiac pacemaking, f Hmax was significantly reduced (by at least 40%) at all acute test temperatures and significantly more so at most test temperatures for zebrafish acclimated to 28°C vs. 23°C. Thus, HCN channels and the membrane clock were not only important, but could be modified by thermal acclimation. Using a combination of ryanodine (to block sarcoplasmic calcium release) and thapsigargin (to block sarcoplasmic calcium reuptake) to examine the contribution of sarcoplasmic reticular handling of calcium and the calcium clock, f Hmax was again consistently reduced independent of the test temperature and acclimation temperature, but to a significantly lesser degree than zatebradine for zebrafish acclimated to both 28 and 18°C. Thus, the calcium clock mechanism plays an additional role in setting pacemaker activity that was independent of temperature. In conclusion, the zebrafish cardiac pacemaker has a limited temperature acclimation ability compared with known effects for other fishes and involves two pacemaking mechanisms, one of which was independent of temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Marchant
- Zoology Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Zoology Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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47
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Johnston EF, Cadonic IG, Craig PM, Gillis TE. microRNA-29b knocks down collagen type I production in cultured rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) cardiac fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.202788. [PMID: 31439649 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.202788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Warm acclimation of rainbow trout can cause a decrease in the collagen content of the heart. This ability to remove cardiac collagen is particularly interesting considering that collagen deposition in the mammalian heart, following an injury, is permanent. We hypothesized that collagen removal can be facilitated by microRNA-29b (miR-29b), a highly conserved, small, non-coding RNA, as a reduction in this microRNA has been reported during the development of fibrosis in the mammalian heart. We also used a bioinformatics approach to investigate the binding potential of miR-29b to the seed sequences of vertebrate collagen isoforms. Cultured trout cardiac fibroblasts were transfected with zebrafish mature miR-29b mimic for 7 days with re-transfection occurring after 3 days. Transfection induced a 17.8-fold increase in miR-29b transcript abundance (P<0.05) as well as a 54% decrease in the transcript levels of the col1a3 collagen isoform, compared with non-transfected controls (P<0.05). Western blotting demonstrated that the level of collagen type I protein was 85% lower in cells transfected with miR-29b than in control cells (P<0.05). Finally, bioinformatic analysis suggested that the predicted 3'-UTR of rainbow trout col1a3 has a comparatively higher binding affinity for miR-29b than the 3'-UTR of col1a1 Together, these results suggest that miR-29b is a highly conserved regulator of collagen type I protein in vertebrates and that this microRNA decreases collagen in the trout heart by targeting col1a3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth F Johnston
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Ivan G Cadonic
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Paul M Craig
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Todd E Gillis
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
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48
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Filatova TS, Abramochkin DV, Shiels HA. Thermal acclimation and seasonal acclimatization: a comparative study of cardiac response to prolonged temperature change in shorthorn sculpin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.202242. [PMID: 31315933 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.202242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal thermal remodelling (acclimatization) and laboratory thermal remodelling (acclimation) can induce different physiological changes in ectothermic animals. As global temperatures are changing at an increasing rate, there is urgency to understand the compensatory abilities of key organs such as the heart to adjust under natural conditions. Thus, the aim of the present study was to directly compare the acclimatization and acclimatory response within a single eurythermal fish species, the European shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpio). We used current- and voltage-clamp to measure ionic current densities in both isolated atrial and ventricular myocytes from three groups of fish: (1) summer-caught fish kept at 12°C ('summer-acclimated'); (2) summer-caught fish kept at 3°C ('cold acclimated'); and (3) fish caught in March ('winter-acclimatized'). At a common test temperature of 7.5°C, action potential (AP) was shortened by both winter acclimatization and cold acclimation compared with summer acclimation; however, winter acclimatization caused a greater shortening than did cold acclimation. Shortening of AP was achieved mostly by a significant increase in repolarizing current density (I Kr and I K1) following winter acclimatization, with cold acclimation having only minor effects. Compared with summer acclimation, the depolarizing L-type calcium current (I Ca) was larger following winter acclimatization, but again, there was no effect of cold acclimation on I Ca Interestingly, the other depolarizing current, I Na, was downregulated at low temperatures. Our further analysis shows that ionic current remodelling is primarily due to changes in ion channel density rather than current kinetics. In summary, acclimatization profoundly modified the electrical activity of the sculpin heart while acclimation to the same temperature for >1.5 months produced very limited remodelling effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana S Filatova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia 119234 .,Department of Physiology, Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova str., 1, Moscow, Russia 117997
| | - Denis V Abramochkin
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia 119234.,Department of Physiology, Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova str., 1, Moscow, Russia 117997.,Ural Federal University, Mira 19, Ekaterinburg, Russia 620002
| | - Holly A Shiels
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
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Gardner LD, Peck KA, Goetz GW, Linbo TL, Cameron J, Scholz NL, Block BA, Incardona JP. Cardiac remodeling in response to embryonic crude oil exposure involves unconventional NKX family members and innate immunity genes. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.205567. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.205567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac remodeling results from both physiological and pathological stimuli. Compared to mammals, fish hearts show a broader array of remodeling changes in response to environmental influences, providing exceptional models for dissecting the molecular and cellular bases of cardiac remodeling. We recently characterized a form of pathological remodeling in juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in response to crude oil exposure during embryonic cardiogenesis. In the absence of overt pathology (cardiomyocyte death or inflammatory infiltrate), cardiac ventricles in exposed fish showed altered shape, reduced thickness of compact myocardium, and hypertrophic changes in spongy, trabeculated myocardium. Here we used RNA sequencing to characterize molecular pathways underlying these defects. In juvenile ventricular cardiomyocytes, antecedent embryonic oil exposure led to dose-dependent up-regulation of genes involved in innate immunity and two NKX homeobox transcription factors not previously associated with cardiomyocytes, nkx2.3 and nkx3.3. Absent from mammalian genomes, the latter is largely uncharacterized. In zebrafish embryos nkx3.3 demonstrated a potent effect on cardiac morphogenesis, equivalent to nkx2.5, the primary transcription factor associated with ventricular cardiomyocyte identity. The role of nkx3.3 in heart growth is potentially linked to the unique regenerative capacity of fish and amphibians. Moreover, these findings support a cardiomyocyte-intrinsic role for innate immune response genes in pathological hypertrophy. This study demonstrates how an expanding mechanistic understanding of environmental pollution impacts – i.e., the chemical perturbation of biological systems – can ultimately yield new insights into fundamental biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D. Gardner
- Hopkins Marine Station, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Karen A. Peck
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Giles W. Goetz
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Tiffany L. Linbo
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - James Cameron
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Nathaniel L. Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Barbara A. Block
- Hopkins Marine Station, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - John P. Incardona
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
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50
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Johnston EF, Gillis TE. Transforming growth factor-β1 induces differentiation of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) cardiac fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.189167. [PMID: 30397172 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.189167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The collagen content of the rainbow trout heart increases in response to cold acclimation and decreases with acclimation to warm temperatures. This ability to remodel the myocardial extracellular matrix (ECM) makes these fish useful models to study the cellular pathways involved in collagen regulation in the vertebrate heart. Remodelling of the ECM in the mammalian heart is regulated, in part, by myofibroblasts which arise from pre-existing fibroblasts in response to transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). We have previously demonstrated that treatment of cultured rainbow trout cardiac fibroblasts with human TGF-β1 causes an increase in collagen production. Here, we showed that repetitive treatment of rainbow trout cardiac fibroblasts with a physiologically relevant concentration of human recombinant TGF-β1 results in a ∼29-fold increase in phosphorylated small mothers against decapentaplegic 2 (pSmad2); a 2.9-fold increase in vinculin protein, a 1.2-fold increase in cellular size and a 3-fold increase in filamentous actin (F-actin). These are common markers of the transition of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. Cells treated with TGF-β1 also had highly organized cytoskeletal α-smooth muscle actin, as well as increased transcript abundances of mmp-9, timp-2 and col1a1 Furthermore, using gelatin zymography, we demonstrated that TGF-β1 treatment causes a 5.3-fold increase in gelatinase activity. Together, these results suggest that trout cardiac fibroblasts have the capacity to differentiate into myofibroblasts and that this cell type can increase extracellular collagen turnover via gelatinase activity. Cardiac myofibroblasts are, therefore, likely involved in the remodelling of the cardiac ECM in the trout heart during thermal acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth F Johnston
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G-2W1, Canada
| | - Todd E Gillis
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G-2W1, Canada
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