1
|
Upadhyay A, Cao UMN, Hariharan A, Almansoori A, Tran SD. Gene Therapeutic Delivery to the Salivary Glands. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1436:55-68. [PMID: 36826746 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2023_766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The salivary glands, exocrine glands in our body producing saliva, can be easily damaged by various factors. Radiation therapy and Sjogren's syndrome (a systemic autoimmune disease) are the two main causes of salivary gland damage, leading to a severe reduction in patients' quality of life. Gene transfer to the salivary glands has been considered a promising approach to treating the dysfunction. Gene therapy has long been applied to cure multiple diseases, including cancers, and hereditary and infectious diseases, which are proven to be safe and effective for the well-being of patients. The application of this treatment on salivary gland injuries has been studied for decades, yet its clinical progress is delayed. This chapter provides a coup d'oeil into gene transfer methods and various gene/vector types for salivary glands to help the new scientists and update established scientists on the progress that has been made during the past decades for the treatment of salivary gland disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Upadhyay
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Uyen M N Cao
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Arvind Hariharan
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Akram Almansoori
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon D Tran
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Feris F, McRae A, Kellogg TA, McKenzie T, Ghanem O, Acosta A. Mucosal and hormonal adaptations after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2023; 19:37-49. [PMID: 36243547 PMCID: PMC9797451 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to perform a comprehensive literature review regarding the relevant hormonal and histologic changes observed after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). We aimed to describe the relevant hormonal (glucagon-like peptides 1 and 2 [GLP-1 and GLP-2], peptide YY [PYY], oxyntomodulin [OXM], bile acids [BA], cholecystokinin [CCK], ghrelin, glucagon, gastric inhibitory polypeptide [GIP], and amylin) profiles, as well as the histologic (mucosal cellular) adaptations happening after patients undergo RYGB. Our review compiles the current evidence and furthers the understanding of the rationale behind the food intake regulatory adaptations occurring after RYGB surgery. We identify gaps in the literature where the potential for future investigations and therapeutics may lie. We performed a comprehensive database search without language restrictions looking for RYGB bariatric surgery outcomes in patients with pre- and postoperative blood work hormonal profiling and/or gut mucosal biopsies. We gathered the relevant study results and describe them in this review. Where human findings were lacking, we included animal model studies. The amalgamation of physiologic, metabolic, and cellular adaptations following RYGB is yet to be fully characterized. This constitutes a fundamental aspiration for enhancing and individualizing obesity therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fauzi Feris
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alison McRae
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Todd A Kellogg
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Travis McKenzie
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Omar Ghanem
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Andres Acosta
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McRae A, Ricardo-Silgado ML, Liu Y, Calderon G, Gonzalez-Izundegui D, Rohakhtar FR, Simon V, Li Y, Acosta A. A Protocol for the Cryopreservation of Human Intestinal Mucosal Biopsies Compatible With Single-Cell Transcriptomics and Ex Vivo Studies. Front Physiol 2022; 13:878389. [PMID: 35600311 PMCID: PMC9119022 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.878389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity of the human intestinal epithelium has hindered the understanding of the pathophysiology of distinct specialized cell types on a single-cell basis in disease states. Described here is a workflow for the cryopreservation of endoscopically obtained human intestinal mucosal biopsies, subsequent preparation of this tissue to yield highly viable fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)isolated human intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) single-cell suspensions compatible with successful library preparation and deep single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq). We validated this protocol in deep scRNAseq of 59,653 intestinal cells in 10 human participants. Furthermore, primary intestinal cultures were successfully generated from cryopreserved tissue, capable of surviving in short-term culture and suitable for physiological assays studying gut peptide secretion from rare hormone-producing enteroendocrine cells in humans. This study offers an accessible avenue for single-cell transcriptomics and ex vivo studies from cryopreserved intestinal mucosal biopsies. These techniques may be used in the future to dissect and define novel aberrations to the intestinal ecosystem that lead to the development and progression of disease states in humans, even in rare IEC populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison McRae
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Maria Laura Ricardo-Silgado
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Yuanhang Liu
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Gerardo Calderon
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Daniel Gonzalez-Izundegui
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Vernadette Simon
- Center for Individualized Medicine (CIM), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ying Li
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Andres Acosta
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Andres Acosta,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Razzaque MS. Salivary phosphate as a biomarker for human diseases. FASEB Bioadv 2022; 4:102-108. [PMID: 35141474 PMCID: PMC8814558 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S. Razzaque
- Department of Pathology Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine Erie Pennsylvania USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Malone IG, Hunter BK, Rossow HL, Herzog H, Zolotukhin S, Munger SD, Dotson CD. Y1 receptors modulate taste-related behavioral responsiveness in male mice to prototypical gustatory stimuli. Horm Behav 2021; 136:105056. [PMID: 34509673 PMCID: PMC8640844 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian taste bud cells express receptors for numerous peptides implicated elsewhere in the body in the regulation of metabolism, nutrient assimilation, and satiety. The perturbation of several peptide signaling pathways in the gustatory periphery results in changes in behavioral and/or physiological responsiveness to subsets of taste stimuli. We previously showed that Peptide YY (PYY) - which is present in both saliva and in subsets of taste cells - can affect behavioral taste responsiveness and reduce food intake and body weight. Here, we investigated the contributions of taste bud-localized receptors for PYY and the related Neuropeptide Y (NPY) on behavioral taste responsiveness. Y1R, but not Y2R, null mice show reduced responsiveness to sweet, bitter, and salty taste stimuli in brief-access taste tests; similar results were seen when wildtype mice were exposed to Y receptor antagonists in the taste stimuli. Finally, mice in which the gene encoding the NPY propeptide was deleted also showed reduced taste responsiveness to sweet and bitter taste stimuli. Collectively, these results suggest that Y1R signaling, likely through its interactions with NPY, can modulate peripheral taste responsiveness in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Malone
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Brianna K Hunter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Heidi L Rossow
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | - Sergei Zolotukhin
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Steven D Munger
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Cedrick D Dotson
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nielsen MS, Ritz C, Chenchar A, Bredie WLP, Gillum MP, Sjödin A. Does FGF21 Mediate the Potential Decrease in Sweet Food Intake and Preference Following Bariatric Surgery? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113840. [PMID: 34836096 PMCID: PMC8624965 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver-derived hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has recently been linked to preference for sweet-tasting food. We hypothesized, that surgery-induced changes in FGF21 could mediate the reduction in sweet food intake and preference following bariatric surgery. Forty participants (35 females) with severe obesity (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2) scheduled for roux-en-y gastric bypass (n = 30) or sleeve gastrectomy (n = 10) were included. Pre- and postprandial responses of intact plasma FGF21 as well as intake of sweet-tasting food assessed at a buffet meal test, the hedonic evaluation of sweet taste assessed using an apple juice with added sucrose and visual analog scales, and sweet taste sensitivity were assessed before and 6 months after bariatric surgery. In a cross-sectional analysis pre-surgery, pre- and postprandial intact FGF21 levels were negatively associated with the hedonic evaluation of a high-sucrose juice sample (p = 0.03 and p = 0.02). However, no changes in pre- (p = 0.24) or postprandial intact FGF21 levels were found 6 months after surgery (p = 0.11), and individual pre- to postoperative changes in pre- and postprandial intact FGF21 levels were not found to be associated with changes in intake of sweet foods, the hedonic evaluation of sweet taste or sweet taste sensitivity (all p ≥ 0.10). In conclusion, we were not able to show an effect of bariatric surgery on circulating FGF21, and individual postoperative changes in FGF21 were not found to mediate an effect of surgery on sweet food intake and preference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mette S. Nielsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.S.N.); (A.C.); (M.P.G.)
| | - Christian Ritz
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 1455 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Anne Chenchar
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.S.N.); (A.C.); (M.P.G.)
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Wender L. P. Bredie
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Matthew P. Gillum
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.S.N.); (A.C.); (M.P.G.)
| | - Anders Sjödin
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen Z, Ni W, Li JL, Lin S, Zhou X, Sun Y, Li JW, Leon ME, Hurtado MD, Zolotukhin S, Liu C, Lu J, Griffin JD, Kaye FJ, Wu L. The CRTC1-MAML2 fusion is the major oncogenic driver in mucoepidermoid carcinoma. JCI Insight 2021; 6:139497. [PMID: 33830080 PMCID: PMC8119194 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.139497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
No effective systemic treatment is available for patients with unresectable, recurrent, or metastatic mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), the most common salivary gland malignancy. MEC is frequently associated with a t(11;19)(q14-21;p12-13) translocation that creates a CRTC1-MAML2 fusion gene. The CRTC1-MAML2 fusion exhibited transforming activity in vitro; however, whether it serves as an oncogenic driver for MEC establishment and maintenance in vivo remains unknown. Here, we show that doxycycline-induced CRTC1-MAML2 knockdown blocked the growth of established MEC xenografts, validating CRTC1-MAML2 as a therapeutic target. We further generated a conditional transgenic mouse model and observed that Cre-induced CRTC1-MAML2 expression caused 100% penetrant formation of salivary gland tumors resembling histological and molecular characteristics of human MEC. Molecular analysis of MEC tumors revealed altered p16-CDK4/6-RB pathway activity as a potential cooperating event in promoting CRTC1-MAML2–induced tumorigenesis. Cotargeting of aberrant p16-CDK4/6-RB signaling and CRTC1-MAML2 fusion–activated AREG/EGFR signaling with the respective CDK4/6 inhibitor Palbociclib and EGFR inhibitor Erlotinib produced enhanced antitumor responses in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, this study provides direct evidence for CRTC1-MAML2 as a key driver for MEC development and maintenance and identifies a potentially novel combination therapy with FDA-approved EGFR and CDK4/6 inhibitors as a potential viable strategy for patients with MEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zirong Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology.,UF Health Cancer Center, and
| | - Wei Ni
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology.,UF Health Cancer Center, and.,Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jian-Liang Li
- Integrative Bioinformatics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shuibin Lin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology.,UF Health Cancer Center, and
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology.,UF Health Cancer Center, and
| | - Yuping Sun
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - Jennifer W Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and.,Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Marino E Leon
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - Maria D Hurtado
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA, and.,Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sergei Zolotukhin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jianrong Lu
- UF Health Cancer Center, and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and
| | - James D Griffin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Frederic J Kaye
- UF Health Cancer Center, and.,Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lizi Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology.,UF Health Cancer Center, and.,Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Single nucleotide polymorphism in CD36: Correlation to peptide YY levels in obese and non-obese adults. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:2707-2715. [PMID: 33933736 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Human beings are often driven to exhibit dietary preference according to their hedonic characteristics. Though previous studies proposed that the fat taste preference of an obese individual was associated with BMI, the perception of fat taste differs for every individual. The genetic variation among populations in taste receptor genes such as CD36 may be a contributing factor for this difference. Satiety peptides can also play a role in the regulation of fat taste perception. Generally, this hormone helps us to feel the sense of satiety. METHODS We have analysed the relationship among oro-gustatory perception of dietary lipids, salivary peptide-YY and genetic polymorphism in CD36. Oral fatty acid sensitivity analysis was performed by alternative forced choice method. Salivary peptide-YY concentration was analysed by ELISA and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in CD36 gene was determined by Real-Time PCR experiments. RESULTS We observed that the SNP at rs1761667 of CD36 and oral detection threshold for linoleic acid (LA) are associated with choice of food, lipid profiles, peptide-YY as well as adiposity parameters in obese population. Obese peoples had significantly low levels of peptide YY than people with BMI less than 25. These factors possibly play a role in preference for energy rich diets, development of obesity and associated complications. CONCLUSION This study provides a solid foundation for understanding the alterations in the dietary fat intake and levels of peptide-YY, which are associated with polymorphism in fat taste receptor. This is the first report that shows a significant relationship between the satiety hormone level, SNP in CD36 gene and oral fat detection threshold in human subjects.
Collapse
|
9
|
Crosson SM, Marques A, Dib P, Dotson CD, Munger SD, Zolotukhin S. Taste Receptor Cells in Mice Express Receptors for the Hormone Adiponectin. Chem Senses 2020; 44:409-422. [PMID: 31125082 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjz030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic hormone adiponectin is secreted into the circulation by adipocytes and mediates key biological functions, including insulin sensitivity, adipocyte development, and fatty acid oxidation. Adiponectin is also abundant in saliva, where its functions are poorly understood. Here we report that murine taste receptor cells (TRCs) express specific adiponectin receptors and may be a target for salivary adiponectin. This is supported by the presence of all three known adiponectin receptors in transcriptomic data obtained by RNA-seq analysis of purified circumvallate (CV) taste buds. As well, immunohistochemical analysis of murine CV papillae showed that two adiponectin receptors, ADIPOR1 and T-cadherin, are localized to subsets of TRCs. Immunofluorescence for T-cadherin was primarily co-localized with the Type 2 TRC marker phospholipase C β2, suggesting that adiponectin signaling could impact sweet, bitter, or umami taste signaling. However, adiponectin null mice showed no differences in behavioral lick responsiveness compared with wild-type controls in brief-access lick testing. AAV-mediated overexpression of adiponectin in the salivary glands of adiponectin null mice did result in a small but significant increase in behavioral lick responsiveness to the fat emulsion Intralipid. Together, these results suggest that salivary adiponectin can affect TRC function, although its impact on taste responsiveness and peripheral taste coding remains unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Crosson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Andrew Marques
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Peter Dib
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cedrick D Dotson
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Steven D Munger
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism; University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sergei Zolotukhin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rohde K, Schamarek I, Blüher M. Consequences of Obesity on the Sense of Taste: Taste Buds as Treatment Targets? Diabetes Metab J 2020; 44:509-528. [PMID: 32431111 PMCID: PMC7453985 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2020.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature obesity-related mortality is caused by cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, physical disabilities, osteoarthritis, and certain types of cancer. Obesity is caused by a positive energy balance due to hyper-caloric nutrition, low physical activity, and energy expenditure. Overeating is partially driven by impaired homeostatic feedback of the peripheral energy status in obesity. However, food with its different qualities is a key driver for the reward driven hedonic feeding with tremendous consequences on calorie consumption. In addition to visual and olfactory cues, taste buds of the oral cavity process the earliest signals which affect the regulation of food intake, appetite and satiety. Therefore, taste buds may play a crucial role how food related signals are transmitted to the brain, particularly in priming the body for digestion during the cephalic phase. Indeed, obesity development is associated with a significant reduction in taste buds. Impaired taste bud sensitivity may play a causal role in the pathophysiology of obesity in children and adolescents. In addition, genetic variation in taste receptors has been linked to body weight regulation. This review discusses the importance of taste buds as contributing factors in the development of obesity and how obesity may affect the sense of taste, alterations in food preferences and eating behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Rohde
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Imke Schamarek
- Medical Department III (Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
- Medical Department III (Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Introduction: Obesity is compounded by a neurobiology that is resistant to weight loss. Therefore, the development of pharmacotherapies to address the pathology underlying the dysregulation of energy homeostasis is critical.Areas covered: This review examines selected clinical trial evidence for the pharmacologic treatment of obesity and provides an expert opinion on anti-obesity drug development. The article includes the outcomes of anti-obesity medications that have been evaluated in clinical trials but have not yet received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The mechanisms of action of glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists and co-agonists, diabetes medications being investigated for weight loss, and medications acting on the central nervous system as well as peripherally are reviewed. A search was conducted on PubMed using the terms 'Obesity AND Medications' restricted to clinical trials reported in English. Using similar terms, a search was also conducted on ClinicalTrials.gov.Expert opinion: The goal of anti-obesity therapy is finding compounds that are effective and have minimal side effects. Combining medications targeting more than one of the redundant mechanisms driving obesity increases efficacy. However, targeting peripheral mechanisms to overcome the trickle-down effects of centrally acting drugs may be the key to success in treating obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candida J Rebello
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Frank L Greenway
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Makaronidis JM, Batterham RL. The role of gut hormones in the pathogenesis and management of obesity. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
13
|
Guerrero S, Agüí L, Yáñez-Sedeño P, Pingarrón J. Oxidative grafting vs. monolayers self-assembling on gold surface for the preparation of electrochemical immunosensors. Application to the determination of peptide YY. Talanta 2019; 193:139-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
14
|
Glover M, Breier BH, Bauld L. Could Vaping be a New Weapon in the Battle of the Bulge? Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:1536-1540. [PMID: 27798086 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/11/2024]
Abstract
IMPLICATIONS Obesity is set to overtake tobacco smoking in many countries as the primary cause of several high-cost diseases. Tobacco smoking mitigates weight gain through nicotine's effect on the brain and metabolism. Smoking, however, is associated with many illnesses and premature death and appropriately has been discouraged leading to declining prevalence rates. This article explores the emerging perception that vaping electronic cigarettes with nicotine and flavors could deliver similar appetite and weight control effects as smoking. The potential to reduce risks associated with excess weight deserves exploration. An initial research agenda is suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marewa Glover
- School of Public Health, College of Health, Massey University, North Shore, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bernhard H Breier
- Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Health, Massey University, North Shore, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Linda Bauld
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
MacLean PS, Blundell JE, Mennella JA, Batterham RL. Biological control of appetite: A daunting complexity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25 Suppl 1:S8-S16. [PMID: 28229538 PMCID: PMC5407690 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review summarizes a portion of the discussions of an NIH Workshop (Bethesda, MD, 2015) titled "Self-Regulation of Appetite-It's Complicated," which focused on the biological aspects of appetite regulation. METHODS This review summarizes the key biological inputs of appetite regulation and their implications for body weight regulation. RESULTS These discussions offer an update of the long-held, rigid perspective of an "adipocentric" biological control, taking a broader view that also includes important inputs from the digestive tract, from lean mass, and from the chemical sensory systems underlying taste and smell. It is only beginning to be understood how these biological systems are integrated and how this integrated input influences appetite and food eating behaviors. The relevance of these biological inputs was discussed primarily in the context of obesity and the problem of weight regain, touching on topics related to the biological predisposition for obesity and the impact that obesity treatments (dieting, exercise, bariatric surgery, etc.) might have on appetite and weight loss maintenance. Finally considered is a common theme that pervaded the workshop discussions, which was individual variability. CONCLUSIONS It is this individual variability in the predisposition for obesity and in the biological response to weight loss that makes the biological component of appetite regulation so complicated. When this individual biological variability is placed in the context of the diverse environmental and behavioral pressures that also influence food eating behaviors, it is easy to appreciate the daunting complexities that arise with the self-regulation of appetite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul S. MacLean
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - John E. Blundell
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Rachel L. Batterham
- Centre for Obesity Research, Rayne Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
- National Institute of Health Research, University College London Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London W1T 7DN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Reported appetite, taste and smell changes following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy: Effect of gender, type 2 diabetes and relationship to post-operative weight loss. Appetite 2016; 107:93-105. [PMID: 27453553 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reduced energy intake drives weight loss following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) procedures. Post-operative changes in subjective appetite, taste, and smell and food preferences are reported and suggested to contribute to reduced energy intake. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of these changes following RYGB and SG and to evaluate their relationship with weight loss. 98 patients post-RYGB and 155 post-SG from a single bariatric centre were recruited to a cross-sectional study. Participants completed a questionnaire, previously utilised in post-operative bariatric patients, to assess the prevalence of post-operative food aversions and subjective changes in appetite, taste and smell. Anthropometric data were collected and percentage weight loss (%WL) was calculated. The relationship between food aversions, changes in appetite, taste and smell and %WL was assessed. The influence of time post-surgery, gender and type 2 diabetes (T2D) were evaluated. Following RYGB and SG the majority of patients reported food aversions (RYGB = 62%, SG = 59%), appetite changes (RYGB = 91%, SG = 91%) and taste changes (RYGB = 64%, SG = 59%). Smell changes were more common post-RYGB than post-SG (RYGB = 41%, SG = 28%, p = 0.039). No temporal effect was observed post-RYGB. In contrast, the prevalence of appetite changes decreased significantly with time following SG. Post-operative appetite changes associated with and predicted higher %WL post-SG but not post-RYGB. Taste changes associated with and predicted higher %WL following RYGB but not post-SG. There was no gender effect post-RYGB. Post-SG taste changes were less common in males (female = 65%, males = 40%, p = 0.008). T2D status in females did not influence post-operative subjective changes. However, in males with T2D, taste changes were less common post-SG than post-RYGB together with lower %WL (RYGB = 27.5 ± 2.7, SG = 14.6 ± 2.1, p = 0.003). Further research is warranted to define the biology underlying these differences and to individualise treatments.
Collapse
|
17
|
Multiplexed electrochemical immunosensing of obesity-related hormones at grafted graphene-modified electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.03.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
18
|
He W, Parowatkin M, Mailänder V, Flechtner-Mors M, Graf R, Best A, Koynov K, Mohr K, Ziener U, Landfester K, Crespy D. Nanocarrier for Oral Peptide Delivery Produced by Polyelectrolyte Complexation in Nanoconfinement. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:2282-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maria Parowatkin
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marion Flechtner-Mors
- University of Ulm, Institute of Micro- and Nanomaterials, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Robert Graf
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Best
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kristin Mohr
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Ziener
- University of Ulm, Institute of Organic Chemistry III, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Crespy
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Baum BJ, Alevizos I, Chiorini JA, Cotrim AP, Zheng C. Advances in salivary gland gene therapy - oral and systemic implications. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:1443-54. [PMID: 26149284 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1064894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Much research demonstrates the feasibility and efficacy of gene transfer to salivary glands. Recently, the first clinical trial targeting a salivary gland was completed, yielding positive safety and efficacy results. AREAS COVERED There are two major disorders affecting salivary glands: radiation damage following treatment for head and neck cancers and Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Salivary gland gene transfer has also been employed in preclinical studies using transgenic secretory proteins for exocrine (upper gastrointestinal tract) and endocrine (systemic) applications. EXPERT OPINION Salivary gland gene transfer is safe and can be beneficial in humans. Applications to treat and prevent radiation damage show considerable promise. A first-in-human clinical trial for the former was recently successfully completed. Studies on SS suffer from an inadequate understanding of its etiology. Proof of concept in animal models has been shown for exocrine and endocrine disorders. Currently, the most promising exocrine application is for the management of obesity. Endocrine applications are limited, as it is currently impossible to predict if systemically required transgenic proteins will be efficiently secreted into the bloodstream. This results from not understanding how secretory proteins are sorted. Future studies will likely employ ultrasound-assisted and pseudotyped adeno-associated viral vector-mediated gene transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J Baum
- a National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch , Bethesda, MD 20892-1190, USA
| | - Ilias Alevizos
- a National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch , Bethesda, MD 20892-1190, USA
| | - John A Chiorini
- a National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch , Bethesda, MD 20892-1190, USA
| | - Ana P Cotrim
- a National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch , Bethesda, MD 20892-1190, USA
| | - Changyu Zheng
- a National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch , Bethesda, MD 20892-1190, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Molecular mechanisms of taste recognition: considerations about the role of saliva. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:5945-74. [PMID: 25782158 PMCID: PMC4394514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16035945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gustatory system plays a critical role in determining food preferences and food intake, in addition to nutritive, energy and electrolyte balance. Fine tuning of the gustatory system is also crucial in this respect. The exact mechanisms that fine tune taste sensitivity are as of yet poorly defined, but it is clear that various effects of saliva on taste recognition are also involved. Specifically those metabolic polypeptides present in the saliva that were classically considered to be gut and appetite hormones (i.e., leptin, ghrelin, insulin, neuropeptide Y, peptide YY) were considered to play a pivotal role. Besides these, data clearly indicate the major role of several other salivary proteins, such as salivary carbonic anhydrase (gustin), proline-rich proteins, cystatins, alpha-amylases, histatins, salivary albumin and mucins. Other proteins like glucagon-like peptide-1, salivary immunoglobulin-A, zinc-α-2-glycoprotein, salivary lactoperoxidase, salivary prolactin-inducible protein and salivary molecular chaperone HSP70/HSPAs were also expected to play an important role. Furthermore, factors including salivary flow rate, buffer capacity and ionic composition of saliva should also be considered. In this paper, the current state of research related to the above and the overall emerging field of taste-related salivary research alongside basic principles of taste perception is reviewed.
Collapse
|
21
|
Loh K, Herzog H, Shi YC. Regulation of energy homeostasis by the NPY system. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:125-35. [PMID: 25662369 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Obesity develops when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure over time. Numerous neurotransmitters, hormones, and factors have been implicated to coordinately control energy homeostasis, centrally and peripherally. However, the neuropeptide Y (NPY) system has emerged as the one with the most critical functions in this process. While NPY centrally promotes feeding and reduces energy expenditure, peptide YY (PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP), the other family members, mediate satiety. Importantly, recent research has uncovered additional functions for these peptides that go beyond the simple feeding/satiety circuits and indicate a more extensive function in controlling energy homeostasis. In this review, we will discuss the actions of the NPY system in the regulation of energy balance, with a particular focus on energy expenditure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Loh
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, 2010, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, 2010, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
| | - Yan-Chuan Shi
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, 2010, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Scott RV, Tan TM, Bloom SR. Can Bayliss and Starling gut hormones cure a worldwide pandemic? J Physiol 2014; 592:5153-67. [PMID: 25217372 PMCID: PMC4262331 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.272955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bayliss and Starling first coined the term 'hormone' with reference to secretin, a substance they found that was produced by the gut, but released into the blood stream to act at a distance. The intestine is now known as the largest endocrine organ in the body, and it produces numerous hormones with a wide range of functions. These include controlling appetite and energy homeostasis. Obesity is one of the greatest health threats facing the world today. At present, the only successful treatment is surgery. Bariatric procedures such as the Roux-en-Y bypass work by elevating gut hormones that induce satiety. Significant research has gone into producing versions of these hormones that can be delivered therapeutically to treat obesity. This review looks at the role of gut hormones in obesity, and the development of gut hormone-derived obesity treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R V Scott
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - T M Tan
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - S R Bloom
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sitticharoon C, Nway NC, Chatree S, Churintaraphan M, Boonpuan P, Maikaew P. Interactions between adiponectin, visfatin, and omentin in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues and serum, and correlations with clinical and peripheral metabolic factors. Peptides 2014; 62:164-75. [PMID: 25453978 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Adiponectin, visfatin, and omentin are adipokines involved in insulin sensitivity. This study aimed to determine interactions between these adipokines in subcutaneous and visceral fat and in serum, and their associations with clinical factors. Adiponectin was present at the highest levels in subcutaneous and visceral fat and serum. Subcutaneous adiponectin showed positive correlations with serum adiponectin and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI). Serum adiponectin correlated positively with QUICKI and serum omentin-1 but negatively with body weight, BMI, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Subcutaneous omentin correlated positively with QUICKI but negatively with waist and hip circumferences. Serum omentin-1 correlated positively with QUICKI but negatively with body weight, BMI, waist and hip circumferences, weight gain, and HOMA-IR. Serum visfatin correlated positively with serum omentin-1 and negatively with weight gain. Serum peptide YY (PYY) levels were correlated positively with subcutaneous visfatin but negatively with visceral visfatin. Positive correlations were observed between subcutaneous expression of adiponectin, visfatin, and omentin and visceral expression of these genes. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that serum adiponectin was associated with BMI and QUICKI. Serum omentin-1 could be predicted from BMI, QUICKI, and weight gain. Weight gain, serum adiponectin, omentin-1, and DBP could be used to predict serum visfatin. In conclusion, adiponectin and omentin from subcutaneous fat displayed correlations with decreased obesity and increased insulin sensitivity while visfatin showed an association with serum PYY and weight gain. The expressions of these adipokines were correlated within each type of fat but not between different fat depots.
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Salivary peptide tyrosine-tyrosine 3-36 modulates ingestive behavior without inducing taste aversion. J Neurosci 2014; 33:18368-80. [PMID: 24259562 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1064-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormone peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY) is secreted into circulation from the gut L-endocrine cells in response to food intake, thus inducing satiation during interaction with its preferred receptor, Y2R. Clinical applications of systemically administered PYY for the purpose of reducing body weight were compromised as a result of the common side effect of visceral sickness. We describe here a novel approach of elevating PYY in saliva in mice, which, although reliably inducing strong anorexic responses, does not cause aversive reactions. The augmentation of salivary PYY activated forebrain areas known to mediate feeding, hunger, and satiation while minimally affecting brainstem chemoreceptor zones triggering nausea. By comparing neuronal pathways activated by systemic versus salivary PYY, we identified a metabolic circuit associated with Y2R-positive cells in the oral cavity and extending through brainstem nuclei into hypothalamic satiety centers. The discovery of this alternative circuit that regulates ingestive behavior without inducing taste aversion may open the possibility of a therapeutic application of PYY for the treatment of obesity via direct oral application.
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu G, Zhang F, Wang R, London L, London SD. Protective MCMV immunity by vaccination of the salivary gland via Wharton's duct: replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus expressing individual MCMV genes elicits protection similar to that of MCMV. FASEB J 2014; 28:1698-710. [PMID: 24391133 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-244178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Salivary glands, a major component of the mucosal immune system, confer antigen-specific immunity to mucosally acquired pathogens. We investigated whether a physiological route of inoculation and a subunit vaccine approach elicited MCMV-specific and protective immunity. Mice were inoculated by retrograde perfusion of the submandibular salivary glands via Wharton's duct with tcMCMV or MCMV proteins focused to the salivary gland via replication-deficient adenovirus expressing individual MCMV genes (gB, gH, IE1; controls: saline and replication deficient adenovirus without MCMV inserts). Mice were evaluated for MCMV-specific antibodies, T-cell responses, germinal center formation, and protection against a lethal MCMV challenge. Retrograde perfusion with tcMCMV or adenovirus expressed MCMV proteins induced a 2- to 6-fold increase in systemic and mucosal MCMV-specific antibodies, a 3- to 6-fold increase in GC marker expression, and protection against a lethal systemic challenge, as evidenced by up to 80% increased survival, decreased splenic pathology, and decreased viral titers from 10(6) pfu to undetectable levels. Thus, a focused salivary gland immunization via a physiological route with a protein antigen induced systemic and mucosal protective immune responses. Therefore, salivary gland immunization can serve as an alternative mucosal route for administering vaccines, which is directly applicable for use in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangliang Liu
- 1Stony Brook University, School of Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
In taste cells, taste receptors, their coupled G proteins and downstream signalling elements mediate the detection and transduction of sweet, bitter and umami compounds. In some intestinal endocrine cells, taste receptors and gustducin contribute to the release of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and other gut hormones in response to glucose and non-energetic sweeteners. Conversely, taste cells have been found to express multiple hormones typically found in intestinal endocrine cells, e.g. GLP-1, glucagon, somatostatin and ghrelin. In the present study, by immunohistochemistry, multiple subsets of taste cells were found to express GLP-1. The release of GLP-1 from 'endocrine taste cells' into the bloodstream was examined. In wild-type mice, even after oesophagectomy and vagotomy, oral stimulation with glucose induced an elevation of GLP-1 levels in the bloodstream within 10 min. Stimulation of taste cell explants from wild-type mice with glucose led to the release of GLP-1 into the medium. Knocking out of the Tas1r3 gene did not eliminate glucose-stimulated GLP-1 release from taste cells in vivo. The present results indicate that a portion of the cephalic-phase rise in circulating GLP-1 levels is mediated by the direct release of GLP-1 from taste cells into the bloodstream.
Collapse
|
28
|
Wu W, Zhou HR, He K, Pan X, Sugita-Konishi Y, Watanabe M, Zhang H, Pestka JJ. Role of cholecystokinin in anorexia induction following oral exposure to the 8-ketotrichothecenes deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, fusarenon X, and nivalenol. Toxicol Sci 2014; 138:278-89. [PMID: 24385417 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereal grain contamination by trichothecene mycotoxins is known to negatively impact human and animal health with adverse effects on food intake and growth being of particular concern. The head blight fungus Fusarium graminearum elaborates five closely related 8-ketotrichothecene congeners: (1) deoxynivalenol (DON), (2) 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), (3) 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), (4) fusarenon X (FX), and (5) nivalenol (NIV). While anorexia induction in mice exposed intraperitoneally to DON has been linked to plasma elevation of the satiety hormones cholecystokinin (CCK) and peptide YY₃₋₃₆ (PYY₃₋₃₆), the effects of oral gavage of DON or of other 8-keotrichothecenes on release of these gut peptides have not been established. The purpose of this study was to (1) compare the anorectic responses to the aforementioned 8-ketotrichothecenes following oral gavage at a common dose (2.5 mg/kg bw) and (2) relate these effects to changes plasma CCK and PYY₃₋₃₆ concentrations. Elevation of plasma CCK markedly corresponded to anorexia induction by DON and all other 8-ketotrichothecenes tested. Furthermore, the CCK1 receptor antagonist SR 27897 and the CCK2 receptor antagonist L-365,260 dose-dependently attenuated both CCK- and DON-induced anorexia, which was consistent with this gut satiety hormone being an important mediator of 8-ketotrichothecene-induced food refusal. In contrast to CCK, PYY₃₋₃₆ was moderately elevated by oral gavage with DON and NIV but not by 3-ADON, 15-ADON, or FX. Taken together, the results suggest that CCK plays a major role in anorexia induction following oral exposure to 8-ketotrichothecenes, whereas PYY₃₋₃₆ might play a lesser, congener-dependent role in this response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenda Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Troke RC, Tan TM, Bloom SR. The future role of gut hormones in the treatment of obesity. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2014; 5:4-14. [PMID: 24381724 PMCID: PMC3871274 DOI: 10.1177/2040622313506730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The obesity pandemic presents a significant burden, both in terms of healthcare and economic outcomes, and current medical therapies are inadequate to deal with this challenge. Bariatric surgery is currently the only therapy available for obesity which results in long-term, sustained weight loss. The favourable effects of this surgery are thought, at least in part, to be mediated via the changes of gut hormones such as GLP-1, PYY, PP and oxyntomodulin seen following the procedure. These hormones have subsequently become attractive novel targets for the development of obesity therapies. Here, we review the development of these gut peptides as current and emerging therapies in the treatment of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Troke
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tricia M Tan
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Steve R Bloom
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, 6th Floor, Commonwealth Building, London W12 0HS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
La Sala MS, Hurtado MD, Brown AR, Bohórquez DV, Liddle RA, Herzog H, Zolotukhin S, Dotson CD. Modulation of taste responsiveness by the satiation hormone peptide YY. FASEB J 2013; 27:5022-33. [PMID: 24043261 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-228064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that the peripheral taste system may be modulated in the context of an animal's metabolic state. One purported mechanism for this phenomenon is that circulating gastrointestinal peptides modulate the functioning of the peripheral gustatory system. Recent evidence suggests endocrine signaling in the oral cavity can influence food intake (FI) and satiety. We hypothesized that these hormones may be affecting FI by influencing taste perception. We used immunohistochemistry along with genetic knockout models and the specific reconstitution of peptide YY (PYY) in saliva using gene therapy protocols to identify a role for PYY signaling in taste. We show that PYY is expressed in subsets of taste cells in murine taste buds. We also show, using brief-access testing with PYY knockouts, that PYY signaling modulates responsiveness to bitter-tasting stimuli, as well as to lipid emulsions. We show that salivary PYY augmentation, via viral vector therapy, rescues behavioral responsiveness to a lipid emulsion but not to bitter stimuli and that this response is likely mediated via activation of Y2 receptors localized apically in taste cells. Our findings suggest distinct functions for PYY produced locally in taste cells vs. that circulating systemically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S La Sala
- 1Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida McKnight Brain Institute, 1149 Newell Dr., Box 100244, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zolotukhin S. Metabolic hormones in saliva: origins and functions. Oral Dis 2013; 19:219-29. [PMID: 22994880 PMCID: PMC3530011 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The salivary proteome consists of thousands of proteins, which include, among others, hormonal modulators of energy intake and output. Although the functions of this prominent category of hormones in whole body energy metabolism are well characterized, their functions in the oral cavity, whether as a salivary component, or when expressed in taste cells, are less studied and poorly understood. The respective receptors for the majority of salivary metabolic hormones have been also shown to be expressed in salivary glands (SGs), taste cells, or other cells in the oral mucosa. This review provides a comprehensive account of the gastrointestinal hormones, adipokines, and neuropeptides identified in saliva, SGs, or lingual epithelium, as well as their respective cognate receptors expressed in the oral cavity. Surprisingly, few functions are assigned to salivary metabolic hormones, and these functions are mostly associated with the modulation of taste perception. Because of the well-characterized correlation between impaired oral nutrient sensing and increased energy intake and body mass index, a conceptually provocative point of view is introduced, whereupon it is argued that targeted changes in the composition of saliva could affect whole body metabolism in response to the activation of cognate receptors expressed locally in the oral mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Zolotukhin
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Dotson CD, Geraedts MCP, Munger SD. Peptide regulators of peripheral taste function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 24:232-9. [PMID: 23348523 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral sensory organ of the gustatory system, the taste bud, contains a heterogeneous collection of sensory cells. These taste cells can differ in the stimuli to which they respond and the receptors and other signaling molecules they employ to transduce and encode those stimuli. This molecular diversity extends to the expression of a varied repertoire of bioactive peptides that appear to play important functional roles in signaling taste information between the taste cells and afferent sensory nerves and/or in processing sensory signals within the taste bud itself. Here, we review studies that examine the expression of bioactive peptides in the taste bud and the impact of those peptides on taste functions. Many of these peptides produced in taste buds are known to affect appetite, satiety or metabolism through their actions in the brain, pancreas and other organs, suggesting a functional link between the gustatory system and the neural and endocrine systems that regulate feeding and nutrient utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cedrick D Dotson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hurtado MD, Acosta A, Riveros PP, Baum BJ, Ukhanov K, Brown AR, Dotson CD, Herzog H, Zolotukhin S. Distribution of Y-receptors in murine lingual epithelia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46358. [PMID: 23050020 PMCID: PMC3458857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide hormones and their cognate receptors belonging to neuropeptide Y (NPY) family mediate diverse biological functions in a number of tissues. Recently, we discovered the presence of the gut satiation peptide YY (PYY) in saliva of mice and humans and defined its role in the regulation of food intake and body weight maintenance. Here we report the systematic analysis of expression patterns of all NPY receptors (Rs), Y1R, Y2R, Y4R, and Y5R in lingual epithelia in mice. Using four independent assays, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry and RT PCR, we show that the morphologically different layers of the keratinized stratified epithelium of the dorsal layer of the tongue express Y receptors in a very distinctive yet overlapping pattern. In particular, the monolayer of basal progenitor cells expresses both Y1 and Y2 receptors. Y1Rs are present in the parabasal prickle cell layer and the granular layer, while differentiated keratinocytes display abundant Y5Rs. Y4Rs are expressed substantially in the neuronal fibers innervating the lamina propria and mechanoreceptors. Basal epithelial cells positive for Y2Rs respond robustly to PYY(3-36) by increasing intracellular Ca(2+) suggesting their possible functional interaction with salivary PYY. In taste buds of the circumvallate papillae, some taste receptor cells (TRCs) express YRs localized primarily at the apical domain, indicative of their potential role in taste perception. Some of the YR-positive TRCs are co-localized with neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), suggesting that these TRCs may have synaptic contacts with nerve terminals. In summary, we show that all YRs are abundantly expressed in multiple lingual cell types, including epithelial progenitors, keratinocytes, neuronal dendrites and TRCs. These results suggest that these receptors may be involved in the mediation of a wide variety of functions, including proliferation, differentiation, motility, taste perception and satiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria D. Hurtado
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Andres Acosta
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paola P. Riveros
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bruce J. Baum
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kirill Ukhanov
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alicia R. Brown
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Cedrick D. Dotson
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neuroscience Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sergei Zolotukhin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhang L, Nguyen AD, Lee ICJ, Yulyaningsih E, Riepler SJ, Stehrer B, Enriquez RF, Lin S, Shi YC, Baldock PA, Sainsbury A, Herzog H. NPY modulates PYY function in the regulation of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012; 14:727-36. [PMID: 22369253 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Both the neuronal-derived neuropeptide Y (NPY) and the gut hormone peptide YY (PYY) have been implicated in the regulation of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. However, despite similar affinities for the same Y receptors, the co-ordinated actions of these two peptides in energy and glucose homeostasis remain largely unknown. METHODS To investigate the mechanisms and possible interactions between PYY with NPY in the regulation of these processes, we utilized NPY/PYY single and double mutant mouse models and examined parameters of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. RESULTS PYY(-/-) mice exhibited increased fasting-induced food intake, enhanced fasting and oral glucose-induced serum insulin levels, and an impaired insulin tolerance, - changes not observed in NPY(-/-) mice. Interestingly, whereas PYY deficiency-induced impairment in insulin tolerance remained in NPY(-/-) PYY(-/-) mice, effects of PYY deficiency on fasting-induced food intake and serum insulin concentrations at baseline and after the oral glucose bolus were absent in NPY(-/-) PYY(-/-) mice, suggesting that NPY signalling may be required for PYY's action on insulin secretion and fasting-induced hyperphagia. Moreover, NPY(-/-) PYY(-/-) , but not NPY(-/-) or PYY(-/-) mice had significantly decreased daily food intake, indicating interactive control by NPY and PYY on spontaneous food intake. Furthermore, both NPY(-/-) and PYY(-/-) mice showed significantly reduced respiratory exchange ratio during the light phase, with no additive effects observed in NPY(-/-) PYY(-/-) mice, indicating that NPY and PYY may regulate oxidative fuel selection via partly shared mechanisms. Overall, physical activity and energy expenditure, however, are not significantly altered by NPY and PYY single or double deficiencies. CONCLUSIONS These findings show significant and diverse interactions between NPY and PYY signalling in the regulation of different aspects of energy balance and glucose homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Shi YC, Hämmerle CM, Lee ICJ, Turner N, Nguyen AD, Riepler SJ, Lin S, Sainsbury A, Herzog H, Zhang L. Adult-onset PYY overexpression in mice reduces food intake and increases lipogenic capacity. Neuropeptides 2012; 46:173-82. [PMID: 22575886 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Peptide YY (PYY) is best known for its important role in appetite regulation, but recent pharmacological studies have suggested that PYY is also involved in regulating energy balance and glucose homeostasis. However, the mechanism behind the regulation of these parameters by PYY is less clear. Here, by utilising an inducible transgenic mouse model where PYY overexpression is induced in adult animals (PYYtg) and release of mature PYY peptides is controlled by endogenous machineries, we show that elevating PYY levels leads to reduced food intake after a 24-h fast. Furthermore, PYYtg mice, although not significantly different from WT with respect to body weight, adiposity, lean mass, physical activity or energy expenditure, exhibited a significantly increased respiratory exchange ratio (RER), indicating decreased lipid oxidation and/or increased lipogenesis. Importantly, PYYtg mice showed a 25% reduction in liver protein levels of phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase (pACC) in the absence of changes in total ACC levels compared to those of WT mice. Moreover, liver protein levels of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) in PYYtg mice were 25% lower than those of WT mice, consistent with a reduced pACC in these mice. These data suggest that elevation of PYY levels as seen after a meal can increase lipogenic capacity, which is likely a key contributor to the increased RER seen in PYYtg mice. In addition, PYYtg mice exhibited comparable insulin tolerance and oral glucose tolerance to those of WT, but showed a trend towards decreased insulin levels in response to an oral glucose challenge, indicating that PYY could improve insulin action. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that under physiological conditions, PYY reduces food intake while enhancing lipogenic capacity and insulin action, likely contributing to fuel assimilation in the postprandial state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Chuan Shi
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Matias I, Gatta-Cherifi B, Tabarin A, Clark S, Leste-Lasserre T, Marsicano G, Piazza PV, Cota D. Endocannabinoids measurement in human saliva as potential biomarker of obesity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42399. [PMID: 22860123 PMCID: PMC3409167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The discovery of the endocannabinoid system and of its role in the regulation of energy balance has significantly advanced our understanding of the physiopathological mechanisms leading to obesity and type 2 diabetes. New knowledge on the role of this system in humans has been acquired by measuring blood endocannabinoids. Here we explored endocannabinoids and related N-acylethanolamines in saliva and verified their changes in relation to body weight status and in response to a meal or to body weight loss. Methodology/Principal Findings Fasting plasma and salivary endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines were measured through liquid mass spectrometry in 12 normal weight and 12 obese, insulin-resistant subjects. Salivary endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines were evaluated in the same cohort before and after the consumption of a meal. Changes in salivary endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines after body weight loss were investigated in a second group of 12 obese subjects following a 12-weeks lifestyle intervention program. The levels of mRNAs coding for enzymes regulating the metabolism of endocannabinoids, N-acylethanolamines and of cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor, alongside endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines content, were assessed in human salivary glands. The endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), N-arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide, AEA), and the N-acylethanolamines (oleoylethanolamide, OEA and palmitoylethanolamide, PEA) were quantifiable in saliva and their levels were significantly higher in obese than in normal weight subjects. Fasting salivary AEA and OEA directly correlated with BMI, waist circumference and fasting insulin. Salivary endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines did not change in response to a meal. CB1 receptors, ligands and enzymes were expressed in the salivary glands. Finally, a body weight loss of 5.3% obtained after a 12-weeks lifestyle program significantly decreased salivary AEA levels. Conclusions/Significance Endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines are quantifiable in saliva and their levels correlate with obesity but not with feeding status. Body weight loss significantly decreases salivary AEA, which might represent a useful biomarker in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Matias
- Group “Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation”, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Neurocentre Magendie, Physiophatologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
| | - Blandine Gatta-Cherifi
- Group “Energy Balance and Obesity”, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Neurocentre Magendie, Physiophatologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
- Endocrinology Department, Haut-Lévêque Hospital, Pessac, France
| | - Antoine Tabarin
- Group “Energy Balance and Obesity”, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Neurocentre Magendie, Physiophatologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
- Endocrinology Department, Haut-Lévêque Hospital, Pessac, France
| | - Samantha Clark
- Group “Energy Balance and Obesity”, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Neurocentre Magendie, Physiophatologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thierry Leste-Lasserre
- Group “Physiopathology of Addiction”, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Neurocentre Magendie, Physiophatologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- Group “Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation”, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Neurocentre Magendie, Physiophatologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pier Vincenzo Piazza
- Group “Physiopathology of Addiction”, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Neurocentre Magendie, Physiophatologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
| | - Daniela Cota
- Group “Energy Balance and Obesity”, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Neurocentre Magendie, Physiophatologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sclafani A, Ackroff K. Role of gut nutrient sensing in stimulating appetite and conditioning food preferences. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 302:R1119-33. [PMID: 22442194 PMCID: PMC3362145 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00038.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of taste and nutrient receptors (chemosensors) in the gut has led to intensive research on their functions. Whereas oral sugar, fat, and umami taste receptors stimulate nutrient appetite, these and other chemosensors in the gut have been linked to digestive, metabolic, and satiating effects that influence nutrient utilization and inhibit appetite. Gut chemosensors may have an additional function as well: to provide positive feedback signals that condition food preferences and stimulate appetite. The postoral stimulatory actions of nutrients are documented by flavor preference conditioning and appetite stimulation produced by gastric and intestinal infusions of carbohydrate, fat, and protein. Recent findings suggest an upper intestinal site of action, although postabsorptive nutrient actions may contribute to flavor preference learning. The gut chemosensors that generate nutrient conditioning signals remain to be identified; some have been excluded, including sweet (T1R3) and fatty acid (CD36) sensors. The gut-brain signaling pathways (neural, hormonal) are incompletely understood, although vagal afferents are implicated in glutamate conditioning but not carbohydrate or fat conditioning. Brain dopamine reward systems are involved in postoral carbohydrate and fat conditioning but less is known about the reward systems mediating protein/glutamate conditioning. Continued research on the postoral stimulatory actions of nutrients may enhance our understanding of human food preference learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Sclafani
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|