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Wang J, Liu H, Sun Z, Zou X, Zhang Z, Wei X, Pan L, Stalin A, Zhao W, Chen Y. The Inhibitory Effect of Magnolol on the Human TWIK1 Channel Is Related to G229 and T225 Sites. Molecules 2023; 28:6815. [PMID: 37836658 PMCID: PMC10574557 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
TWIK1 (K2P1.1/KCNK1) belongs to the potassium channels of the two-pore domain. Its current is very small and difficult to measure. In this work, we used a 100 mM NH4+ extracellular solution to increase TWIK1 current in its stable cell line expressed in HEK293. Then, the inhibition of magnolol on TWIK1 was observed via a whole-cell patch clamp experiment, and it was found that magnolol had a significant inhibitory effect on TWIK1 (IC50 = 6.21 ± 0.13 μM). By molecular docking and alanine scanning mutagenesis, the IC50 of TWIK1 mutants G229A, T225A, I140A, L223A, and S224A was 20.77 ± 3.20, 21.81 ± 7.93, 10.22 ± 1.07, 9.55 ± 1.62, and 7.43 ± 3.20 μM, respectively. Thus, we conclude that the inhibition of the TWIK1 channel by magnolol is related to G229 and T225 on the P2- pore helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (J.W.); (H.L.); (Z.S.); (X.Z.); (Z.Z.); (X.W.); (W.Z.)
| | - Huan Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (J.W.); (H.L.); (Z.S.); (X.Z.); (Z.Z.); (X.W.); (W.Z.)
| | - Zhuolin Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (J.W.); (H.L.); (Z.S.); (X.Z.); (Z.Z.); (X.W.); (W.Z.)
| | - Xinyi Zou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (J.W.); (H.L.); (Z.S.); (X.Z.); (Z.Z.); (X.W.); (W.Z.)
| | - Zixuan Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (J.W.); (H.L.); (Z.S.); (X.Z.); (Z.Z.); (X.W.); (W.Z.)
| | - Xiaofeng Wei
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (J.W.); (H.L.); (Z.S.); (X.Z.); (Z.Z.); (X.W.); (W.Z.)
| | - Lanying Pan
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Antony Stalin
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China;
| | - Wei Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (J.W.); (H.L.); (Z.S.); (X.Z.); (Z.Z.); (X.W.); (W.Z.)
| | - Yuan Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (J.W.); (H.L.); (Z.S.); (X.Z.); (Z.Z.); (X.W.); (W.Z.)
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Zou H, Gong Y, Ye H, Yuan C, Li T, Zhang J, Ren L. Dietary regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in metabolic syndrome. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 116:154904. [PMID: 37267691 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a class of ligand-activated nuclear transcription factors, members of the type nuclear receptor superfamily, with three subtypes, namely PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ, which play a key role in the metabolic syndrome. In the past decades, a large number of studies have shown that natural products can act by regulating metabolic pathways mediated by PPARs. PURPOSE This work summarizes the physiological importance and clinical significance of PPARs and reviews the experimental evidence that natural products mediate metabolic syndrome via PPARs. METHODS This study reviews relevant literature on clinical trials, epidemiology, animals, and cell cultures published in NCBI PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and other databases from 2001 to October 2022. Search keywords were "natural product" OR "botanical" OR "phytochemical" AND "PPAR" as well as free text words. RESULTS The modulatory involvement of PPARs in the metabolic syndrome has been supported by prior research. It has been observed that many natural products can treat metabolic syndrome by altering PPARs. The majority of currently described natural compounds are mild PPAR-selective agonists with therapeutic effects that are equivalent to synthetic medicines but less harmful adverse effects. CONCLUSION PPAR agonists can be combined with natural products to treat and prevent metabolic syndrome. Further human investigations are required because it is unknown how natural products cause harm and how they might have negative impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Zou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yiyao Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Haiqing Ye
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Cuiping Yuan
- Institute of Agro-food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Tiezhu Li
- Institute of Agro-food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Li Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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D’Aniello E, Amodeo P, Vitale RM. Marine Natural and Nature-Inspired Compounds Targeting Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors (PPARs). Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21020089. [PMID: 36827130 PMCID: PMC9966990 DOI: 10.3390/md21020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α, γ and β/δ (PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARβ/δ) are a family of ligand-activated transcriptional factors belonging to the superfamily of nuclear receptors regulating the expression of genes involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, energy homeostasis, inflammation, and the immune response. For this reason, they represent attractive targets for the treatment of a variety of metabolic diseases and, more recently, for neurodegenerative disorders due to their emerging neuroprotective effects. The degree of activation, from partial to full, along with the selectivity toward the different isoforms, greatly affect the therapeutic efficacy and the safety profile of PPAR agonists. Thus, there is a high interest toward novel scaffolds with proper combinations of activity and selectivity. This review intends to provide an overview of the discovery, optimization, and structure-activity relationship studies on PPAR modulators from marine sources, along with the structural and computational studies that led to their identification and/or elucidation, and rationalization of their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico D’Aniello
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Amodeo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (R.M.V.)
| | - Rosa Maria Vitale
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (R.M.V.)
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Yang J, Wei Y, Zhao T, Li X, Zhao X, Ouyang X, Zhou L, Zhan X, Qian M, Wang J, Shen X. Magnolol effectively ameliorates diabetic peripheral neuropathy in mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 107:154434. [PMID: 36122436 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of diabetes lacking efficient treatment. Magnolol (MG), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist, is a natural product derived from Magnolia officinalis and widely used to treat a variety of diseases as a traditional Chinese medicine and Japanese Kampo medicine. PURPOSE Here, we aimed to investigate the potential of MG in ameliorating DPN-like pathology in mice and decipher the mechanism of MG in treating DPN. MATERIALS AND METHODS 12-week-old male streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic (T1DM) mice and 15-week-old male BKS Cg-m+/+Lepr db/J (db/db) type 2 diabetic mice (T2DM) were used as DPN mice. MG was administrated (i.p) daily for 4 weeks. Peripheral nerve functions of mice were evaluated by measuring mechanical response latency, thermal response latency and motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV). The mechanisms underlying the amelioration of MG on DPN-like pathology were examined by qRT-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry assays, and verified in the DPN mice with PPARγ-specific knockdown in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neuron and sciatic nerve tissues by injecting adeno-associated virus (AAV)8-PPARγ-RNAi. RESULTS MG promoted DRG neuronal neurite outgrowth and effectively ameliorated neurological dysfunctions in both T1DM and T2DM diabetic mice, including improvement of paw withdrawal threshold, thermal response latency and MNCV. Additionally, MG promoted neurite outgrowth of DRG neurons, protected sciatic nerve myelin sheath structure, and ameliorated foot skin intraepidermal nerve fiber (IENF) density in DPN mice by targeting PPARγ. Mechanism research results indicated that MG improved mitochondrial dysfunction involving PPARγ/MKP-7/JNK/SIRT1/LKB1/AMPK/PGC-1α pathway in DRG neurons, repressed inflammation via PPARγ/NF-κB signaling and inhibited apoptosis through regulation of PPARγ-mediated Bcl-2 family proteins in DRG neurons and sciatic nerves. CONCLUSIONS Our work has detailed the mechanism underlying the amelioration of PPARγ agonist on DPN-like pathology in mice with MG as a probe, and highlighted the potential of MG in the treatment of DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanzhen Yang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuxi Wei
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuejian Zhao
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xingnan Ouyang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lihua Zhou
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiuqin Zhan
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Minyi Qian
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jiaying Wang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xu Shen
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Activation of PPARγ Protects Obese Mice from Acute Lung Injury by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Promoting Mitochondrial Biogenesis. PPAR Res 2022; 2022:7888937. [PMID: 36213491 PMCID: PMC9534695 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7888937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Obesity-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a role in increased susceptibility to acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is associated with lung protection and is effective in ameliorating ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of PPARγ in the lung tissues of obese mice and explore whether the PPARγ-dependent pathway could mediate decreased ALI/ARDS by regulating ER stress and mitochondrial biogenesis. Methods We determined PPARγ expression in the lung tissues of normal and obese mice. ALI models of alveolar epithelial cells and of obese mice were used and treated with either PPARγ activator rosiglitazone (RSG) or PPARγ inhibitor GW9662. Lung tissue and cell samples were collected to assess lung inflammation and apoptosis, and ER stress and mitochondrial biogenesis were detected. Results PPARγ expression was significantly decreased in the lung tissue of obese mice compared with that in normal mice. Both in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that activation of PPARγ leads to reduced expression of the ER stress marker proteins 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and Caspase12. Conversely, expression of the mitochondrial biogenesis-related proteins peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 (PGC-1α), nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1), and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) increased. Furthermore, activation of PPARγ is associated with decreased levels of lung inflammation and epithelial apoptosis and increased expression of adiponectin (APN) and mitofusin2 (MFN2). GW9662 bound to PPARγ and blocked its transcriptional activity and then diminished the protective effect of PPARγ on lung tissues. Conclusions PPARγ activation exerts anti-inflammation effects in alveolar epithelia by alleviating ER stress and promoting mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore, lower levels of PPARγ in the lung tissues of obese mice may lead to an increased susceptibility to ALI.
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Suganya T, Packiavathy IASV, Aseervatham GSB, Carmona A, Rashmi V, Mariappan S, Devi NR, Ananth DA. Tackling Multiple-Drug-Resistant Bacteria With Conventional and Complex Phytochemicals. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:883839. [PMID: 35846771 PMCID: PMC9280687 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.883839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging antibiotic resistance in bacteria endorses the failure of existing drugs with chronic illness, complicated treatment, and ever-increasing expenditures. Bacteria acquire the nature to adapt to starving conditions, abiotic stress, antibiotics, and our immune defense mechanism due to its swift evolution. The intense and inappropriate use of antibiotics has led to the development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of bacteria. Phytochemicals can be used as an alternative for complementing antibiotics due to their variation in metabolic, genetic, and physiological fronts as well as the rapid evolution of resistant microbes and lack of tactile management. Several phytochemicals from diverse groups, including alkaloids, phenols, coumarins, and terpenes, have effectively proved their inhibitory potential against MDR pathogens through their counter-action towards bacterial membrane proteins, efflux pumps, biofilms, and bacterial cell-to-cell communications, which are important factors in promoting the emergence of drug resistance. Plant extracts consist of a complex assortment of phytochemical elements, against which the development of bacterial resistance is quite deliberate. This review emphasizes the antibiotic resistance mechanisms of bacteria, the reversal mechanism of antibiotic resistance by phytochemicals, the bioactive potential of phytochemicals against MDR, and the scientific evidence on molecular, biochemical, and clinical aspects to treat bacterial pathogenesis in humans. Moreover, clinical efficacy, trial, safety, toxicity, and affordability investigations, current status and developments, related demands, and future prospects are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangaiyan Suganya
- Department of Microbiology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - G. Smilin Bell Aseervatham
- Post Graduate Research Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Areanna Carmona
- Francis Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Science Center of El Paso, Texas, TX, United States
| | - Vijayaragavan Rashmi
- National Repository for Microalgae and Cyanobacteria (NRMC)- Marine, National Facility for Marine Cyanobacteria, (Sponsored by Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India), Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | | | | | - Devanesan Arul Ananth
- Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India
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Sharma S, Shen T, Chitranshi N, Gupta V, Basavarajappa D, Mirzaei M, You Y, Krezel W, Graham SL, Gupta V. Retinoid X Receptor: Cellular and Biochemical Roles of Nuclear Receptor with a Focus on Neuropathological Involvement. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2027-2050. [PMID: 35015251 PMCID: PMC9015987 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) present a subgroup of the nuclear receptor superfamily with particularly high evolutionary conservation of ligand binding domain. The receptor exists in α, β, and γ isotypes that form homo-/heterodimeric complexes with other permissive and non-permissive receptors. While research has identified the biochemical roles of several nuclear receptor family members, the roles of RXRs in various neurological disorders remain relatively under-investigated. RXR acts as ligand-regulated transcription factor, modulating the expression of genes that plays a critical role in mediating several developmental, metabolic, and biochemical processes. Cumulative evidence indicates that abnormal RXR signalling affects neuronal stress and neuroinflammatory networks in several neuropathological conditions. Protective effects of targeting RXRs through pharmacological ligands have been established in various cell and animal models of neuronal injury including Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, glaucoma, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. This review summarises the existing knowledge about the roles of RXR, its interacting partners, and ligands in CNS disorders. Future research will determine the importance of structural and functional heterogeneity amongst various RXR isotypes as well as elucidate functional links between RXR homo- or heterodimers and specific physiological conditions to increase drug targeting efficiency in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samridhi Sharma
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ting Shen
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Veer Gupta
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Devaraj Basavarajappa
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuyi You
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wojciech Krezel
- Institut de Génétique Et de Biologie Moléculaire Et Cellulaire, INSERM U1258, CNRS UMR 7104, Unistra, 67404, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Niu L, Hou Y, Jiang M, Bai G. The rich pharmacological activities of Magnolia officinalis and secondary effects based on significant intestinal contributions. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 281:114524. [PMID: 34400262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Magnolia officinalis Cortex (M. officinalis) is a traditional herbal drug widely used in Asian countries. Depending on its multiple biological activities, M. officinalis is used to regulate gastrointestinal (GI) motility, relieve cough and asthma, prevent cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and treat depression and anxiety. AIM OF THE REVIEW We aimed to review the abundant form of pharmacodynamics activity and potential mechanisms of action of M. officinalis and the characteristics of the internal processes of the main components. The potential mechanisms of local and distance actions of M. officinalis based on GI tract was provided, and it was used to reveal the interconnections between traditional use, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Published literatures about M. officinalis and its main components were collected from several scientific databases, including PubMed, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and Web of Science etc. RESULTS: M. officinalis was shown multiple effects including effects on digestive system, respiratory system, central system, which is consistent with traditional applications, as well as some other activities such as cardiovascular system, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and so on. The mechanisms of these activities are abundant. Its chief ingredients such as magnolol and honokiol can be metabolized into active metabolites in vivo, which can increase water solubility and bioavailability and exert pharmacological activity in the whole body. In the GI tract, M. officinalis and its main ingredient can regulate GI hormones and substance metabolism, protect the intestinal barrier and affect the gut microbiota (GM). These actions are effective to improve local discomfort and some distal symptoms such as depression, asthma, or metabolic disorders. CONCLUSIONS Although M. officinalis has rich pharmacological effects, the GI tract makes great contributions to it. The GI tract is not only an important place for absorption and metabolism but also a key site to help M. officinalis exert local and distal efficacy. Pharmacodynamical studies on the efficacies of distal tissues based on the contributions of the GI tract hold great potential for understanding the benefits of M. officinalis and providing new ideas for the treatment of important diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Niu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, People's Republic of China.
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Sen A, Anakk S. Jekyll and Hyde: nuclear receptors ignite and extinguish hepatic oxidative milieu. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:790-802. [PMID: 34481730 PMCID: PMC8464172 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-binding transcription factors that regulate gene networks and physiological responses. Often oxidative stress precedes the onset of liver diseases, and Nrf2 is a key regulator of antioxidant pathways. NRs crosstalk with Nrf2, since NR activation can influence the oxidative milieu by modulating reductive cellular processes. Diet and xenobiotics also regulate NR expression and activity, suggesting a feedback loop. Depending on the tissue context and cues, NRs either increase or decrease toxicity and oxidative damage. Many FDA-approved drugs target NRs, and one could potentially repurpose them to ameliorate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we discuss how several NRs modulate oxidative stress subsequent to diet, organic pollutants, and drug-induced injury to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushna Sen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Han Y, Liu J, Ahn S, An S, Ko H, Shin JC, Jin SH, Ki MW, Lee SH, Lee KH, Shin SS, Choi WJ, Noh M. Diallyl Biphenyl-Type Neolignans Have a Pharmacophore of PPARα/γ Dual Modulators. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2020; 28:397-404. [PMID: 32576717 PMCID: PMC7457167 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2019.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin secretion-promoting compounds have therapeutic potentials in human metabolic diseases. Diallyl biphenyl-type neolignan compounds, magnolol, honokiol, and 4-O-methylhonokiol, from a Magnolia officinalis extract were screened as adiponectin-secretion promoting compounds in the adipogenic differentiation model of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs). In a target identification study, magnolol, honokiol, and 4-O-methylhonokiol were elucidated as PPARα and PPARγ dual modulators. Diallyl biphenyl-type neolignans affected the transcription of lipid metabolism-associated genes in a different way compared to those of specific PPAR ligands. The diallyl biphenyl-type neolignan structure provides a novel pharmacophore of PPARα/γ dual modulators, which may have unique therapeutic potentials in diverse metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Han
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jingjing Liu
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjin Ahn
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungchan An
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Ko
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeayoung C Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Jin
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Won Ki
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hun Lee
- SK Bioland, Cheongju 28162, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Won Jun Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Noh
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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11
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AlSheikh HMA, Sultan I, Kumar V, Rather IA, Al-Sheikh H, Tasleem Jan A, Haq QMR. Plant-Based Phytochemicals as Possible Alternative to Antibiotics in Combating Bacterial Drug Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E480. [PMID: 32759771 PMCID: PMC7460449 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9080480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented use of antibiotics that led to development of resistance affect human health worldwide. Prescription of antibiotics imprudently and irrationally in different diseases progressed with the acquisition and as such development of antibiotic resistant microbes that led to the resurgence of pathogenic strains harboring enhanced armors against existing therapeutics. Compromised the treatment regime of a broad range of antibiotics, rise in resistance has threatened human health and increased the treatment cost of diseases. Diverse on metabolic, genetic and physiological fronts, rapid progression of resistant microbes and the lack of a strategic management plan have led researchers to consider plant-derived substances (PDS) as alternative or in complementing antibiotics against the diseases. Considering the quantitative characteristics of plant constituents that attribute health beneficial effects, analytical procedures for their isolation, characterization and phytochemical testing for elucidating ethnopharmacological effects has being worked out for employment in the treatment of different diseases. With an immense potential to combat bacterial infections, PDSs such as polyphenols, alkaloids and tannins, present a great potential for use, either as antimicrobials or as antibiotic resistance modifiers. The present study focuses on the mechanisms by which PDSs help overcome the surge in resistance, approaches for screening different phytochemicals, methods employed in the identification of bioactive components and their testing and strategies that could be adopted for counteracting the lethal consequences of multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Mohammed Al AlSheikh
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Kind Saud University, Riyadh P.O. BOX 145111, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Insha Sultan
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India;
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea;
| | - Irfan A. Rather
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah P.O. BOX 80200, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hashem Al-Sheikh
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Arif Tasleem Jan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, India
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12
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Kaupang Å, Hansen TV. The PPAR Ω Pocket: Renewed Opportunities for Drug Development. PPAR Res 2020; 2020:9657380. [PMID: 32695150 PMCID: PMC7351019 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9657380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade of PPARγ research has dramatically improved our understanding of the structural and mechanistic bases for the diverging physiological effects of different classes of PPARγ ligands. The discoveries that lie at the heart of these developments have enabled the design of a new class of PPARγ ligands, capable of isolating central therapeutic effects of PPARγ modulation, while displaying markedly lower toxicities than previous generations of PPARγ ligands. This review examines the emerging framework around the design of these ligands and seeks to unite its principles with the development of new classes of ligands for PPARα and PPARβ/δ. The focus is on the relationships between the binding modes of ligands, their influence on PPAR posttranslational modifications, and gene expression patterns. Specifically, we encourage the design and study of ligands that primarily bind to the Ω pockets of PPARα and PPARβ/δ. In support of this development, we highlight already reported ligands that if studied in the context of this new framework may further our understanding of the gene programs regulated by PPARα and PPARβ/δ. Moreover, recently developed pharmacological tools that can be utilized in the search for ligands with new binding modes are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsmund Kaupang
- Section for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Vidar Hansen
- Section for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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13
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Resetar M, Liu X, Herdlinger S, Kunert O, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Latkolik S, Steinacher T, Schuster D, Bauer R, Dirsch VM. Polyacetylenes from Oplopanax horridus and Panax ginseng: Relationship between Structure and PPARγ Activation. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:918-926. [PMID: 32129622 PMCID: PMC7187397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Oplopanax horridus and Panax ginseng are members of the plant family Araliaceae, which is rich in structurally diverse polyacetylenes. In this work, we isolated and determined structures of 23 aliphatic C17 and C18 polyacetylenes, of which five are new compounds. Polyacetylenes have a suitable scaffold for binding to PPARγ, a ligand-activated transcription factor involved in metabolic regulation. Using a reporter gene assay, their potential was investigated to activate PPARγ. The majority of the polyacetylenes showed at least some PPARγ activity, among which oplopantriol B 18-acetate (1) and oplopantriol B (2) were the most potent partial PPARγ activators. By employing in silico molecular docking and comparing the activities of structural analogues, features are described that are involved in PPARγ activation, as well as in cytotoxicity. It was found that the type of C-1 to C-2 bond, the polarity of the terminal alkyl chain, and the backbone flexibility can impact bioactivity of polyacetylenes, while diol structures with a C-1 to C-2 double bond showed enhanced cytotoxicity. Since PPARγ activators have antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties, the present results may help explain some of the beneficial effects observed in the traditional use of O. horridus extracts. Additionally, they might guide the polyacetylene-based design of future PPARγ partial agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirta Resetar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 4/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sonja Herdlinger
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Olaf Kunert
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva-Maria Pferschy-Wenzig
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 4/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Simone Latkolik
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresa Steinacher
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Department of Pharmaceutical
and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 4/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Verena M. Dirsch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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14
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Park I, Oh S, Lillehoj EP, Lillehoj HS. Dietary Supplementation With Magnolia Bark Extract Alters Chicken Intestinal Metabolite Levels. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:157. [PMID: 32266299 PMCID: PMC7105745 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnolia bark extract administered as a dietary supplement to poultry confers a performance and health benefit, but the mechanisms are unknown. Here, a metabolomics approach was used to identify changes in intestinal metabolite levels in chickens fed an unsupplemented diet or a diet supplemented with magnolia bark extract. Total body weight gains of chickens fed magnolia bark-supplemented diets were increased 2% (from 861 to 878 g/chicken), compared with chickens fed an unsupplemented diet. Compared with unsupplemented controls, the levels of 278 intestinal biochemicals (metabolites) were altered (165 increased, 113 decreased) in chickens given the magnolia-supplemented diet. Data for biochemicals of intestinal contents of chickens fed the unsupplemented diet clustered on the left side of the PCA score plot, while those of the magnolia-supplemented diet were separated and clustered on the right side. The biochemicals included changes in the levels of amino acids, fatty acids, peptides, and nucleosides, which provided a distinctive biochemical signature unique to the magnolia-supplemented group, compared with the unsupplemented group. These results provide the foundation for future studies to identify naturally-produced biochemicals that might be used to improve poultry growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inkyung Park
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Sungtaek Oh
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Erik P Lillehoj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
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15
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Jurrat M, Maggi L, Lewis W, Ball LT. Modular bismacycles for the selective C-H arylation of phenols and naphthols. Nat Chem 2020; 12:260-269. [PMID: 32108765 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-0425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Given the important role played by 2-hydroxybiaryls in organic, medicinal and materials chemistry, concise methods for the synthesis of this common motif are extremely valuable. In seeking to extend the lexicon of synthetic chemists in this regard, we have developed an expedient and general strategy for the ortho-arylation of phenols and naphthols using readily available boronic acids. Our methodology relies on in situ generation of a uniquely reactive Bi(V) arylating agent from a bench-stable Bi(III) precursor via telescoped B-to-Bi transmetallation and oxidation. By exploiting reactivity that is orthogonal to conventional metal-catalysed manifolds, diverse aryl and heteroaryl partners can be rapidly coupled to phenols and naphthols under mild conditions. Following arylation, high-yielding recovery of the Bi(III) precursor allows for its efficient re-use in subsequent reactions. Mechanistic interrogation of each key step of the methodology informs its practical application and provides fundamental insight into the underexploited reactivity of organobismuth compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Jurrat
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Lorenzo Maggi
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - William Lewis
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK.,School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Liam T Ball
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. .,School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK.
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16
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Finn PW. Cheminformatics in the Identification of Drug Classes for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2076:71-84. [PMID: 31586322 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9882-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Computer-Aided Drug Design has developed into a powerful suite of methods that complement experimental approaches to the identification of new pharmacologically active compounds. In particular, virtual screening has become a standard tool for lead identification. Diverse examples of the application of virtual screening applied to T2DM target proteins have been reported. While several of these indicate successful identification of new lead compounds from synthetic chemical and natural product databases, many of them have been performed on a small scale and with limited validation. Careful study design and collaboration with cheminformaticians and computational chemists will enable these approaches to fulfil their potential for T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Finn
- School of Computing, University of Buckingham, Buckingham, UK.
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17
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Schierle S, Merk D. Therapeutic modulation of retinoid X receptors – SAR and therapeutic potential of RXR ligands and recent patents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 29:605-621. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1643322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Schierle
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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18
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Insights on the Multifunctional Activities of Magnolol. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1847130. [PMID: 31240205 PMCID: PMC6556366 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1847130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Over years, various biological constituents are isolated from Traditional Chinese Medicine and confirmed to show multifunctional activities. Magnolol, a hydroxylated biphenyl natural compound isolated from Magnolia officinalis, has been extensively documented and shows a range of biological activities. Many signaling pathways include, but are not limited to, NF-κB/MAPK, Nrf2/HO-1, and PI3K/Akt pathways, which are implicated in the biological functions mediated by magnolol. Thus, magnolol is considered as a promising therapeutic agent for clinic research. However, the low water solubility, the low bioavailability, and the rapid metabolism of magnolol dramatically limit its clinical application. In this review, we will comprehensively discuss the last five-year progress of the biological activities of magnolol, including anti-inflammatory, antimicroorganism, antioxidative, anticancer, neuroprotective, cardiovascular protection, metabolism regulation, and ion-mediating activity.
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19
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Dreier D, Resetar M, Temml V, Rycek L, Kratena N, Schnürch M, Schuster D, Dirsch VM, Mihovilovic MD. Magnolol dimer-derived fragments as PPARγ-selective probes. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:7019-7028. [PMID: 30232493 PMCID: PMC6180429 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01745j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sesqui magnolol A & B have been found to be selective partial PPARγ agonists while truncated magnolol dimer acts as an antagonist.
Partial agonists of the transcription factor PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ) have shown potential for the treatment of metabolic and inflammatory conditions and novel activators serve as valuable tool and lead compounds. Based on the natural product magnolol (I) and recent structural information of the ligand–target interaction we have previously developed magnolol dimer (II) which has been shown to have enhanced affinity towards PPARγ and improved selectivity over RXRα (retinoid X receptor α), PPARγ's heterodimerization partner. In this contribution we report the synthesis and evaluation of three fragments of the dimeric lead compound by structural simplifications. Sesqui magnolol A and B (III and IV) were found to exhibit comparable activities to magnolol dimer (II) and selectivity over RXRα persisted. Computational studies suggest a common pharmacophore of the distinctive biphenyl motifs. Truncated magnolol dimer (V) on the other hand does not share this feature and was found to act as an antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Dreier
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, A-1060 Vienna, Austria.
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20
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In Silico Identification and Experimental Validation of (-)-Muqubilin A, a Marine Norterpene Peroxide, as PPARα/γ-RXRα Agonist and RARα Positive Allosteric Modulator. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17020110. [PMID: 30759808 PMCID: PMC6410278 DOI: 10.3390/md17020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptors (NRs) RARα, RXRα, PPARα, and PPARγ represent promising pharmacological targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In the search for molecules able to simultaneously target all the above-mentioned NRs, we screened an in-house developed molecular database using a ligand-based approach, identifying (−)-Muqubilin (Muq), a cyclic peroxide norterpene from a marine sponge, as a potential hit. The ability of this compound to stably and effectively bind these NRs was assessed by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Muq recapitulated all the main interactions of a canonical full agonist for RXRα and both PPARα and PPARγ, whereas the binding mode toward RARα showed peculiar features potentially impairing its activity as full agonist. Luciferase assays confirmed that Muq acts as a full agonist for RXRα, PPARα, and PPARγ with an activity in the low- to sub-micromolar range. On the other hand, in the case of RAR, a very weak agonist activity was observed in the micromolar range. Quite surprisingly, we found that Muq is a positive allosteric modulator for RARα, as both luciferase assays and in vivo analysis using a zebrafish transgenic retinoic acid (RA) reporter line showed that co-administration of Muq with RA produced a potent synergistic enhancement of RARα activation and RA signaling.
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21
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Rycek L, Ticli V, Pyszkowski J, Latkolik S, Liu X, Atanasov AG, Steinacher T, Bauer R, Schuster D, Dirsch VM, Schnürch M, Ernst M, Mihovilovic MD. Stereoselective Synthesis of the Isomers of Notoincisol A: Assigment of the Absolute Configuration of this Natural Product and Biological Evaluation. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:2419-2428. [PMID: 30362739 PMCID: PMC6256351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The total syntheses of all stereoisomers of notoincisol A, a recently isolated natural product with potential anti-inflammatory activity, are reported. The asymmetric synthesis was conducted employing a lipase-mediated kinetic resolution, which enables easy access to all required chiral building blocks with the aim of establishing the absolute configuration of the naturally occurring isomer. This was achieved by comparison of optical properties of the isolated compound with the synthetic derivatives obtained. Moreover, an assessment of the biological activity on PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) as a prominent receptor related to inflammation is reported. Only the natural isomer was found to activate the PPARγ receptor, and this phenomenon could be explained based on molecular docking studies. In addition, the pharmacological profiles of the isomers were determined using the GABAA (gamma-aminobutyric acid A) ion channel receptor as a representative target for allosteric modulation related to diverse CNS activities. These compounds were found to be weak allosteric modulators of the α1β3 and α1β2γ2 receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Rycek
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vincenzo Ticli
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakob Pyszkowski
- Department
of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University
of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Latkolik
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Atanas G. Atanasov
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute
of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Theresa Steinacher
- Institute
of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of Innsbruck, Innrain
80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute
of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of Innsbruck, Innrain
80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Verena M. Dirsch
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Schnürch
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Margot Ernst
- Department
of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University
of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marko D. Mihovilovic
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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22
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Vitale RM, D'Aniello E, Gorbi S, Martella A, Silvestri C, Giuliani ME, Fellous T, Gentile A, Carbone M, Cutignano A, Grauso L, Magliozzi L, Polese G, D'Aniello B, Defranoux F, Felline S, Terlizzi A, Calignano A, Regoli F, Di Marzo V, Amodeo P, Mollo E. Fishing for Targets of Alien Metabolites: A Novel Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) Agonist from a Marine Pest. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16110431. [PMID: 30400299 PMCID: PMC6267082 DOI: 10.3390/md16110431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the chemical warfare between invasive and native species has become a central problem in invasion biology, the molecular mechanisms by which bioactive metabolites from invasive pests influence local communities remain poorly characterized. This study demonstrates that the alkaloid caulerpin (CAU)-a bioactive component of the green alga Caulerpa cylindracea that has invaded the entire Mediterranean basin-is an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Our interdisciplinary study started with the in silico prediction of the ligand-protein interaction, which was then validated by in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro assays. On the basis of these results, we candidate CAU as a causal factor of the metabolic and behavioural disorders observed in Diplodus sargus, a native edible fish of high ecological and commercial relevance, feeding on C. cylindracea. Moreover, given the considerable interest in PPAR activators for the treatment of relevant human diseases, our findings are also discussed in terms of a possible nutraceutical/pharmacological valorisation of the invasive algal biomasses, supporting an innovative strategy for conserving biodiversity as an alternative to unrealistic campaigns for the eradication of invasive pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria Vitale
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
| | - Enrico D'Aniello
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy.
| | - Stefania Gorbi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Andrea Martella
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
- Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Maria Elisa Giuliani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Tariq Fellous
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
| | - Marianna Carbone
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
| | - Adele Cutignano
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
| | - Laura Grauso
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
- Department of Agriculture, University of Naples "Federico II", 80055 Portici, Italy.
| | - Laura Magliozzi
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Biagio D'Aniello
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Fanny Defranoux
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
| | - Serena Felline
- The National Interuniversity Consortium For Marine Sciences (CoNISMa), 00198 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Life sciences, University of Trieste, 34128 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Antonio Terlizzi
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy.
- The National Interuniversity Consortium For Marine Sciences (CoNISMa), 00198 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Life sciences, University of Trieste, 34128 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Antonio Calignano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesco Regoli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
- Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Pietro Amodeo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
| | - Ernesto Mollo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
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23
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Sharma S, Ahmad S, Khan MF, Parvez S, Raisuddin S. In silico molecular interaction of bisphenol analogues with human nuclear receptors reveals their stronger affinity vs. classical bisphenol A. Toxicol Mech Methods 2018; 28:660-669. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2018.1491663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Sharma
- Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Shahzad Ahmad
- Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Mohemmed Faraz Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Sheikh Raisuddin
- Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
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24
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Hiebl V, Ladurner A, Latkolik S, Dirsch VM. Natural products as modulators of the nuclear receptors and metabolic sensors LXR, FXR and RXR. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1657-1698. [PMID: 29548878 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) represent attractive targets for the treatment of metabolic syndrome-related diseases. In addition, natural products are an interesting pool of potential ligands since they have been refined under evolutionary pressure to interact with proteins or other biological targets. This review aims to briefly summarize current basic knowledge regarding the liver X (LXR) and farnesoid X receptors (FXR) that form permissive heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXR). Natural product-based ligands for these receptors are summarized and the potential of LXR, FXR and RXR as targets in precision medicine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Hiebl
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angela Ladurner
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Simone Latkolik
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena M Dirsch
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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25
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Chang CK, Lin XR, Lin YL, Fang WH, Lin SW, Chang SY, Kao JT. Magnolol-mediated regulation of plasma triglyceride through affecting lipoprotein lipase activity in apolipoprotein A5 knock-in mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192740. [PMID: 29425239 PMCID: PMC5806881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a risk factor of arteriosclerosis, stroke, and other coronary heart disease, which has been shown to correlate with single nucleotide polymorphisms of genes essential for lipid metabolism, such as lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5). In this study, the effect of magnolol, the main active component extracted from Magnolia officinalis, on LPL activity was investigated. A dose-dependent up-regulation of LPL activity, possibly through increasing LPL mRNA transcription, was observed in mouse 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes cultured in the presence of magnolol for 6 days. Subsequently, a transgenic knock-in mice carrying APOA5 c.553G>T variant was established and then fed with corn oil with or without magnolol for four days. The baseline plasma triglyceride levels in transgenic knock-in mice were higher than those in wild-type mice, with the highest increase occurred in homozygous transgenic mice (106 mg/dL vs 51 mg/dL, p<0.01). After the induction of hyperglyceridemia along with the administration of magnolol, the plasma triglyceride level in heterozygous transgenic mice was significantly reduced by half. In summary, magnolol could effectively lower the plasma triglyceride levels in APOA5 c.553G>T variant carrier mice and facilitate the triglyceride metabolism in postprandial hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Kai Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xiu-Ru Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lin Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Woei-Horng Fang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wha Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Yuan Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (JK); (SC)
| | - Jau-Tsuen Kao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (JK); (SC)
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26
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Dreier D, Latkolik S, Rycek L, Schnürch M, Dymáková A, Atanasov AG, Ladurner A, Heiss EH, Stuppner H, Schuster D, Mihovilovic MD, Dirsch VM. Linked magnolol dimer as a selective PPARγ agonist - Structure-based rational design, synthesis, and bioactivity evaluation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13002. [PMID: 29057944 PMCID: PMC5651862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and its hetero-dimerization partner retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) are considered as drug targets in the treatment of diseases like the metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus type 2. Effort has been made to develop new agonists for PPARγ to obtain ligands with more favorable properties than currently used drugs. Magnolol was previously described as dual agonist of PPARγ and RXRα. Here we show the structure-based rational design of a linked magnolol dimer within the ligand binding domain of PPARγ and its synthesis. Furthermore, we evaluated its binding properties and functionality as a PPARγ agonist in vitro with the purified PPARγ ligand binding domain (LBD) and in a cell-based nuclear receptor transactivation model in HEK293 cells. We determined the synthesized magnolol dimer to bind with much higher affinity to the purified PPARγ ligand binding domain than magnolol (Ki values of 5.03 and 64.42 nM, respectively). Regarding their potency to transactivate a PPARγ-dependent luciferase gene both compounds were equally effective. This is likely due to the PPARγ specificity of the newly designed magnolol dimer and lack of RXRα-driven transactivation activity by this dimeric compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Dreier
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Latkolik
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Rycek
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Schnürch
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Dymáková
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Angela Ladurner
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elke H Heiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | - Verena M Dirsch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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27
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Homology modeling and molecular docking studies on Type II diabetes complications reduced PPARγ receptor with various ligand molecules. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 92:528-535. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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28
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Zhu J, Yi X, Liu W, Xu Y, Chen S, Wu Y. Immobilized fusion protein affinity chromatography combined with HPLC–ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS for rapid screening of PPARγ ligands from natural products. Talanta 2017; 165:508-515. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Tan CK, Zhuang Y, Wahli W. Synthetic and natural Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) agonists as candidates for the therapy of the metabolic syndrome. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:333-348. [PMID: 28092722 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1280467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are the molecular targets of hypolipidemic and insulin-sensitizing drugs and implicated in a multitude of processes that fine-tune the functions of all organs in vertebrates. As transcription factors they sense endogenous and exogenous lipid signaling molecules and convert these signals into intricate gene responses that impact health and disease. The PPARs act as modulators of cellular, organ, and systemic processes, such as lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, making them valuable for understanding body homeostasis influenced by nutrition and exercise. Areas covered: This review concentrates on synthetic and natural PPAR ligands and how they have helped reveal many aspects of the transcriptional control of complex processes important in health. Expert opinion: The three PPARs have complementary roles in the fine-tuning of most fundamental body functions, especially energy metabolism. Understanding their inter-relatedness using ligands that simultaneously modulate the activity of more than one of these receptors is a major goal. This approach may provide essential knowledge for the development of dual or pan-PPAR agonists or antagonists as potential new health-promoting agents and for nutritional approaches to prevent metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chek Kun Tan
- a Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Yan Zhuang
- a Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Walter Wahli
- a Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore , Singapore.,b Center for Integrative Genomics , University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
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30
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Zheng B, Chen L, Gonzalez FJ. ISN Forefronts Symposium 2015: Nuclear Receptors and Diabetic Nephropathy. Kidney Int Rep 2016; 1:177-188. [PMID: 28932823 PMCID: PMC5601313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the major reason for end stage renal disease in the western world. Patients with DN developed more severe cardiovascular complications with worse prognosis. In spite of tight blood pressure and glucose control through applying angiotensin II receptor antagonism, angiotensin receptor inhibitors and even direct renin inhibitors, the progression and development of DN has continued to accelerate. Nuclear receptors are, with few exceptions, ligand-depended transcription factors some of which modulate genes involved in the transportation and metabolism of carbohydrate or lipid, and inflammation. Considering the diverse biological functions of nuclear receptors, efforts have been made to explore their contributions to the pathogenesis of DN and potential therapeutic strategies. This review is mainly focused on the association between various nuclear receptors and the pathogenesis of DN, the potential beneficial effects of targeting these receptors for preventing the progress of DN, and the important role that nuclear receptors may play in future therapeutic strategies for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zheng
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Chen
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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31
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Han YH, Li Z, Um JY, Liu XQ, Hong SH. Anti-adipogenic effect of Glycoside St-E2 and Glycoside St-C1 isolated from the leaves of Acanthopanax henryi (Oliv.) Harms in 3T3-L1 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:2391-2400. [PMID: 27494072 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1217150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Acanthopanax henryi (Oliv.) Harms has been used in the treatment of arthritis, rheumatism, and abdominal pain. This study evaluated whether natural compounds isolated from the leaves of A. henryi (Oliv.) Harms could inhibit adipocyte differentiation by regulating transcriptional factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα). AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity was also evaluated. Among the several compounds isolated from the leaves of A. henryi (Oliv.) Harms, Glycoside St-C1 and Glycoside St-E2 significantly decreased lipid accumulation and the expressions of PPARγ and C/EBPα. Glycoside St-C1 and Glycoside St-E2 were found to activate AMPK when they regulated PPARγ and C/EBPα. Results confirmed that Glycoside St-C1 and Glycoside St-E2 isolated from the leaves of A. henryi (Oliv.) Harms can inhibit adipogenesis through the AMPK-PPARγ-C/EBPα mechanism. Thus, this study suggests that Glycoside St-C1 and Glycoside St-E2 have a therapeutic effect due to activation of the AMPKα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Han Han
- a Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute , Wonkwang University , Iksan , Republic of Korea
| | - Zhi Li
- b School of Pharmacy , Hunan University of Chinese Medicine , Changsha , China
| | - Jae-Young Um
- c College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Xiang Qian Liu
- b School of Pharmacy , Hunan University of Chinese Medicine , Changsha , China
| | - Seung-Heon Hong
- a Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute , Wonkwang University , Iksan , Republic of Korea
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32
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Atanasov AG, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Linder T, Wawrosch C, Uhrin P, Temml V, Wang L, Schwaiger S, Heiss EH, Rollinger JM, Schuster D, Breuss JM, Bochkov V, Mihovilovic MD, Kopp B, Bauer R, Dirsch VM, Stuppner H. Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1582-1614. [PMID: 26281720 PMCID: PMC4748402 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1337] [Impact Index Per Article: 148.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have historically proven their value as a source of molecules with therapeutic potential, and nowadays still represent an important pool for the identification of novel drug leads. In the past decades, pharmaceutical industry focused mainly on libraries of synthetic compounds as drug discovery source. They are comparably easy to produce and resupply, and demonstrate good compatibility with established high throughput screening (HTS) platforms. However, at the same time there has been a declining trend in the number of new drugs reaching the market, raising renewed scientific interest in drug discovery from natural sources, despite of its known challenges. In this survey, a brief outline of historical development is provided together with a comprehensive overview of used approaches and recent developments relevant to plant-derived natural product drug discovery. Associated challenges and major strengths of natural product-based drug discovery are critically discussed. A snapshot of the advanced plant-derived natural products that are currently in actively recruiting clinical trials is also presented. Importantly, the transition of a natural compound from a "screening hit" through a "drug lead" to a "marketed drug" is associated with increasingly challenging demands for compound amount, which often cannot be met by re-isolation from the respective plant sources. In this regard, existing alternatives for resupply are also discussed, including different biotechnology approaches and total organic synthesis. While the intrinsic complexity of natural product-based drug discovery necessitates highly integrated interdisciplinary approaches, the reviewed scientific developments, recent technological advances, and research trends clearly indicate that natural products will be among the most important sources of new drugs also in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanas G. Atanasov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Waltenberger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eva-Maria Pferschy-Wenzig
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Linder
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Wawrosch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavel Uhrin
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Temml
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Limei Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Schwaiger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elke H. Heiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith M. Rollinger
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes M. Breuss
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Valery Bochkov
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46/III, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Marko D. Mihovilovic
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Kopp
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Verena M. Dirsch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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33
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Sharma C, Sadek B, Goyal SN, Sinha S, Kamal MA, Ojha S. Small Molecules from Nature Targeting G-Protein Coupled Cannabinoid Receptors: Potential Leads for Drug Discovery and Development. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:238482. [PMID: 26664449 PMCID: PMC4664820 DOI: 10.1155/2015/238482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cannabinoid molecules are derived from Cannabis sativa plant which acts on the cannabinoid receptors types 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2) which have been explored as potential therapeutic targets for drug discovery and development. Currently, there are numerous cannabinoid based synthetic drugs used in clinical practice like the popular ones such as nabilone, dronabinol, and Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol mediates its action through CB1/CB2 receptors. However, these synthetic based Cannabis derived compounds are known to exert adverse psychiatric effect and have also been exploited for drug abuse. This encourages us to find out an alternative and safe drug with the least psychiatric adverse effects. In recent years, many phytocannabinoids have been isolated from plants other than Cannabis. Several studies have shown that these phytocannabinoids show affinity, potency, selectivity, and efficacy towards cannabinoid receptors and inhibit endocannabinoid metabolizing enzymes, thus reducing hyperactivity of endocannabinoid systems. Also, these naturally derived molecules possess the least adverse effects opposed to the synthetically derived cannabinoids. Therefore, the plant based cannabinoid molecules proved to be promising and emerging therapeutic alternative. The present review provides an overview of therapeutic potential of ligands and plants modulating cannabinoid receptors that may be of interest to pharmaceutical industry in search of new and safer drug discovery and development for future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Bassem Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Sameer N. Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Shirpur, Mahrastra 425405, India
| | - Satyesh Sinha
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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Gelin M, Delfosse V, Allemand F, Hoh F, Sallaz-Damaz Y, Pirocchi M, Bourguet W, Ferrer JL, Labesse G, Guichou JF. Combining 'dry' co-crystallization and in situ diffraction to facilitate ligand screening by X-ray crystallography. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2015; 71:1777-87. [PMID: 26249358 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715010342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
X-ray crystallography is an established technique for ligand screening in fragment-based drug-design projects, but the required manual handling steps - soaking crystals with ligand and the subsequent harvesting - are tedious and limit the throughput of the process. Here, an alternative approach is reported: crystallization plates are pre-coated with potential binders prior to protein crystallization and X-ray diffraction is performed directly 'in situ' (or in-plate). Its performance is demonstrated on distinct and relevant therapeutic targets currently being studied for ligand screening by X-ray crystallography using either a bending-magnet beamline or a rotating-anode generator. The possibility of using DMSO stock solutions of the ligands to be coated opens up a route to screening most chemical libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Gelin
- CNRS, UMR5048 - Université de Montpellier, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Vanessa Delfosse
- CNRS, UMR5048 - Université de Montpellier, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Allemand
- CNRS, UMR5048 - Université de Montpellier, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - François Hoh
- CNRS, UMR5048 - Université de Montpellier, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - William Bourguet
- CNRS, UMR5048 - Université de Montpellier, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Gilles Labesse
- CNRS, UMR5048 - Université de Montpellier, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean François Guichou
- CNRS, UMR5048 - Université de Montpellier, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, 34090 Montpellier, France
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35
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Kim HL, Sim JE, Choi HM, Choi IY, Jeong MY, Park J, Jung Y, Youn DH, Cho JH, Kim JH, Hwang MW, Jin JS, Hong SH, Cho HW, Um JY. The AMPK pathway mediates an anti-adipogenic effect of fruits of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. Food Funct 2015; 5:2961-8. [PMID: 25224378 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00470a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hovenia dulcis Thunb. is well known as a treatment for liver disease. Several studies have demonstrated that extracts of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. or its purified compounds can serve as detoxifying agents for alcohol poisoning. However, its anti-obesity effect has not been reported thus far. In this study, the anti-obesity effect of water extracts from the fruits or stems of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. was examined in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The cellular lipid contents in 3T3-L1 adipocytes were assessed by Oil Red O staining. Fruits of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. (FHD) significantly inhibit lipid accumulation during adipogenesis in a dose-dependent manner, but not stems of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. FHD (100 μg ml(-1)) significantly down-regulates the expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α, adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein 2, adiponectin, and resistin, and the inhibition rates were 29.33%, 54.36%, 34.5%, 55.69%, and 60.39%, respectively. In addition, FHD (100 μg ml(-1)) also up-regulates the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-α, liver kinase B1 as a major AMPK kinase, and the downstream substrate acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and the inhibition rates were 43.52%, 38.25%, and 20.39%, respectively. These results indicate that FHD has a significant anti-obesity effect through the modulation of the AMPK pathway, suggesting that FHD has a potential benefit in preventing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Lin Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Chen F, Chen J, Lin J, Cheltsov AV, Xu L, Chen Y, Zeng Z, Chen L, Huang M, Hu M, Ye X, Zhou Y, Wang G, Su Y, Zhang L, Zhou F, Zhang XK, Zhou H. NSC-640358 acts as RXRα ligand to promote TNFα-mediated apoptosis of cancer cell. Protein Cell 2015; 6:654-666. [PMID: 26156677 PMCID: PMC4537469 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-015-0178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) and its N-terminally truncated version tRXRα play important roles in tumorigenesis, while some RXRα ligands possess potent anti-cancer activities by targeting and modulating the tumorigenic effects of RXRα and tRXRα. Here we describe NSC-640358 (N-6), a thiazolyl-pyrazole derived compound, acts as a selective RXRα ligand to promote TNFα-mediated apoptosis of cancer cell. N-6 binds to RXRα and inhibits the transactivation of RXRα homodimer and RXRα/TR3 heterodimer. Using mutational analysis and computational study, we determine that Arg316 in RXRα, essential for 9-cis-retinoic acid binding and activating RXRα transactivation, is not required for antagonist effects of N-6, whereas Trp305 and Phe313 are crucial for N-6 binding to RXRα by forming extra π–π stacking interactions with N-6, indicating a distinct RXRα binding mode of N-6. N-6 inhibits TR3-stimulated transactivation of Gal4-DBD-RXRα-LBD by binding to the ligand binding pocket of RXRα-LBD, suggesting a strategy to regulate TR3 activity indirectly by using small molecules to target its interacting partner RXRα. For its physiological activities, we show that N-6 strongly inhibits tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced AKT activation and stimulates TNFα-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells in an RXRα/tRXRα dependent manner. The inhibition of TNFα-induced tRXRα/p85α complex formation by N-6 implies that N-6 targets tRXRα to inhibit TNFα-induced AKT activation and to induce cancer cell apoptosis. Together, our data illustrate a new RXRα ligand with a unique RXRα binding mode and the abilities to regulate TR3 activity indirectly and to induce TNFα-mediated cancer cell apoptosis by targeting RXRα/tRXRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Chen
- />School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
- />School of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000 China
| | - Jiebo Chen
- />School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Jiacheng Lin
- />School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | | | - Lin Xu
- />School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Ya Chen
- />Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Zhiping Zeng
- />School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Liqun Chen
- />School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Mingfeng Huang
- />School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Mengjie Hu
- />School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Xiaohong Ye
- />School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Yuqi Zhou
- />School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- />School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Ying Su
- />School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
- />Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Long Zhang
- />Life Science Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- />Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Xiao-kun Zhang
- />School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
- />Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Hu Zhou
- />School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
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Zeng Z, Sun Z, Huang M, Zhang W, Liu J, Chen L, Chen F, Zhou Y, Lin J, Huang F, Xu L, Zhuang Z, Guo S, Alitongbieke G, Xie G, Xu Y, Lin B, Cao X, Su Y, Zhang XK, Zhou H. Nitrostyrene Derivatives Act as RXRα Ligands to Inhibit TNFα Activation of NF-κB. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2049-60. [PMID: 25795708 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα) and its N-terminally truncated version, tRXRα, are widely implicated in cancer development and represent intriguing targets for cancer prevention and treatment. Successful manipulation of RXRα and tRXRα requires the identification of their modulators that could produce therapeutic effects. Here, we report that a class of nitrostyrene derivatives bind to RXRα by a unique mechanism, of which the nitro group of nitrostyrene derivatives and Cys432 of RXRα are required for binding. The binding results in the potent activation of Gal4-DBD-RXRα-LBD transactivation. However, the binding inhibits the transactivation of RXRα homodimer, which might be due to the distinct conformation of RXRα homodimer induced by these nitrostyrene derivatives. Two RXRα point mutants with Cys432 substituted with Tyr and Trp, respectively, could mimic the bindings of two nitrostyrene derivatives and have the ability of autotransactivation. In studying the functional consequences of the binding, we show that these nitrostyrene derivatives could potently inhibit the TNFα/NFκB signaling pathway in a tRXRα-dependent manner. tRXRα promotes TNFα-induced NF-κB activation through its interaction with TRAF2 and enhances TNFα-induced ubiquitination of RIP1, which is strongly inhibited by nitrostyrene derivatives. The inhibition of TNFα-induced NF-κB activation results in the synergistic effect of the combination of nitrostyrene derivatives and TNFα on the induction of cancer cell apoptosis. Together, our results show a new class of RXRα modulators that induce apoptosis of cancer cells through their unique binding mode and new mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Mingfeng Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Liqun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Fan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yuqi Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jiacheng Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Fengyu Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zixing Zhuang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shangjie Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | | | - Guobin Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yang Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Bingzhen Lin
- Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Xihua Cao
- Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Ying Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China. Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Xiao-Kun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China. Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California.
| | - Hu Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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Delfosse V, Maire AL, Balaguer P, Bourguet W. A structural perspective on nuclear receptors as targets of environmental compounds. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:88-101. [PMID: 25500867 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are members of a large superfamily of evolutionarily related transcription factors that control a plethora of biological processes. NRs orchestrate complex events such as development, organ homeostasis, metabolism, immune function, and reproduction. Approximately one-half of the 48 human NRs have been shown to act as ligand-regulated transcription factors and respond directly to a large variety of endogenous hormones and metabolites that are generally hydrophobic and small in size (eg, retinoic acid or estradiol). The second half of the NR family comprises the so-called orphan receptors, for which regulatory ligands are still unknown or may not exist despite the presence of a C-terminal ligand-binding domain, which is the hallmark of all NRs. Several chemicals released into the environment (eg, bisphenols, phthalates, parabens, etc) share some physicochemical properties with natural ligands, allowing them to bind to NRs and activate or inhibit their action. Collectively referred to as endocrine disruptors or endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), these environmental pollutants are highly suspected to cause a wide range of developmental, reproductive, neurological, or metabolic defects in humans and wildlife. Crystallographic studies are revealing unanticipated mechanisms by which chemically diverse EDCs interact with the ligand-binding domain of NRs. These studies thereby provide a rational basis for designing novel chemicals with lower impacts on human and animal health. In this review, we provide a structural and mechanistic view of endocrine disrupting action using estrogen receptors α and β, (ERα/β), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and their respective environmental ligands as representative examples.
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Wang L, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Blunder M, Liu X, Malainer C, Blazevic T, Schwaiger S, Rollinger JM, Heiss EH, Schuster D, Kopp B, Bauer R, Stuppner H, Dirsch VM, Atanasov AG. Natural product agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ): a review. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:73-89. [PMID: 25083916 PMCID: PMC4212005 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Agonists of the nuclear receptor PPARγ are therapeutically used to combat hyperglycaemia associated with the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. In spite of being effective in normalization of blood glucose levels, the currently used PPARγ agonists from the thiazolidinedione type have serious side effects, making the discovery of novel ligands highly relevant. Natural products have proven historically to be a promising pool of structures for drug discovery, and a significant research effort has recently been undertaken to explore the PPARγ-activating potential of a wide range of natural products originating from traditionally used medicinal plants or dietary sources. The majority of identified compounds are selective PPARγ modulators (SPPARMs), transactivating the expression of PPARγ-dependent reporter genes as partial agonists. Those natural PPARγ ligands have different binding modes to the receptor in comparison to the full thiazolidinedione agonists, and on some occasions activate in addition PPARα (e.g. genistein, biochanin A, sargaquinoic acid, sargahydroquinoic acid, resveratrol, amorphastilbol) or the PPARγ-dimer partner retinoid X receptor (RXR; e.g. the neolignans magnolol and honokiol). A number of in vivo studies suggest that some of the natural product activators of PPARγ (e.g. honokiol, amorfrutin 1, amorfrutin B, amorphastilbol) improve metabolic parameters in diabetic animal models, partly with reduced side effects in comparison to full thiazolidinedione agonists. The bioactivity pattern as well as the dietary use of several of the identified active compounds and plant extracts warrants future research regarding their therapeutic potential and the possibility to modulate PPARγ activation by dietary interventions or food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Waltenberger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Martina Blunder
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Austria
| | | | - Tina Blazevic
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Schwaiger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judith M Rollinger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elke H Heiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Brigitte Kopp
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Austria
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Sheng YL, Xu JH, Shi CH, Li W, Xu HY, Li N, Zhao YQ, Zhang XR. UPLC-MS/MS-ESI assay for simultaneous determination of magnolol and honokiol in rat plasma: application to pharmacokinetic study after administration emulsion of the isomer. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:1568-1574. [PMID: 25102243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Magnolia officinalis is one of the commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of fever, chronic bronchitis and stomach ailments. Magnolol and honokiol are isomers with hydroxylated biphenol compound in the extract of Magnolia officinalis. This study aims to determine the isomers in rat plasma and evaluate their pharmacokinetic pattern after administration emulsion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague Dawley male rats received either an intravenous (i.v.25, mg/kg) or oral (50mg/kg) dose of the emulsion of the isomer. A sensitive and specific ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the investigation of the pharmacokinetics of magnolol and honokiol in rats. Kaempferol was employed as an internal standard. RESULTS The plasma samples were deproteinized with acetonitrile, the post-treatment samples were analyzed on an Agela C18 column interfaced with a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer in negative electrospray ionization mode. Acetonitrile and 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate buffer solution (65: 35, v/v) was used as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Following oral administration of emulsion to rats, magnolol attained mean peak plasma concentrations of 426.4 ± 273.8 ng/mL at 1.20 h, whereas honokiol reached peak plasma concentrations of 40.3 ± 30.8 ng/mL at 0.45 h. The absolute bioavailability of magnolol and honokiol is 17.5 ± 9.7% and 5.3 ± 11.7%. By comparison, the AUC0-∞ of magnolol was 5.4 times higher than that of honokiol after intravenous administration, but AUC0-∞ of magnolol was about 18-fold higher than honokiol after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Sheng
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Box 51, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jing-Hua Xu
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Cai-Hong Shi
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Box 51, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Box 51, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hai-Yan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Box 51, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China; Key Laboratory of Research and Design of "drug targets based on the Ministry of Education", Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yu-Qing Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Box 51, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China; Key Laboratory of Research and Design of "drug targets based on the Ministry of Education", Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Box 51, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China; Key Laboratory of Research and Design of "drug targets based on the Ministry of Education", Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Nakashima KI, Murakami T, Tanabe H, Inoue M. Identification of a naturally occurring retinoid X receptor agonist from Brazilian green propolis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:3034-41. [PMID: 24972164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brazilian green propolis (BGP), a resinous substance produced from Baccharis dracunculifolia by Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera), is used as a folk medicine. Our present study explores the retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonistic activity of BGP and the identification of an RXR agonist in its extract. METHODS RXRα agonistic activity was evaluated using a luciferase reporter gene assay. Isolation of the RXRα agonist from the ethanolic extract of BGP was performed using successive silica gel and a reversed phase column chromatography. The interaction between the isolated RXRα agonist and RXRα protein was predicted by a receptor-ligand docking simulation. The nuclear receptor (NR) cofactor assay was used to estimate whether the isolated RXRα agonist bound to various NRs, including RXRs and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). We further examined its effect on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts. RESULTS We identified drupanin as an RXRα agonist with an EC50 value of 4.8 ± 1.0 μM. Drupanin activated three RXR subtypes by a similar amount and activated PPARγ moderately. Additionally, drupanin induced adipogenesis and elevated aP2 mRNA levels in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS Drupanin, a component of BGP, is a novel RXR agonist with slight PPARγ agonistic activity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study revealed for the first time that BGP activates RXR and drupanin is an RXR agonist in its extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Nakashima
- Laboratory of Natural Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Tohru Murakami
- Laboratory of Natural Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanabe
- Laboratory of Natural Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Makoto Inoue
- Laboratory of Natural Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan.
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Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Atanasov AG, Malainer C, Noha S, Kunert O, Schuster D, Heiss EH, Oberlies NH, Wagner H, Bauer R, Dirsch VM. Identification of isosilybin a from milk thistle seeds as an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:842-7. [PMID: 24597776 PMCID: PMC4003856 DOI: 10.1021/np400943b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a key regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism. Agonists of this nuclear receptor are used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and are also studied as a potential treatment of other metabolic diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Silymarin, a concentrated phenolic mixture from milk thistle (Silybum marianum) seeds, is used widely as a supportive agent in the treatment of a variety of liver diseases. In this study, the PPARγ activation potential of silymarin and its main constituents was investigated. Isosilybin A (3) caused transactivation of a PPARγ-dependent luciferase reporter in a concentration-dependent manner. This effect could be reversed upon co-treatment with the PPARγ antagonist T0070907. In silico docking studies suggested a binding mode for 3 distinct from that of the inactive silymarin constituents, with one additional hydrogen bond to Ser342 in the entrance region of the ligand-binding domain of the receptor. Hence, isosilybin A (3) has been identified as the first flavonolignan PPARγ agonist, suggesting its further investigation as a modulator of this nuclear receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefan
M. Noha
- Institute
of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences
Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Olaf Kunert
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University Graz, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute
of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences
Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elke H. Heiss
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States
| | - Hildebert Wagner
- Department
für Pharmazie, Zentrum für Pharmazieforschung, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Germany
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University Graz, Austria
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Boerma LJ, Xia G, Qui C, Cox BD, Chalmers MJ, Smith CD, Lobo-Ruppert S, Griffin PR, Muccio DD, Renfrow MB. Defining the communication between agonist and coactivator binding in the retinoid X receptor α ligand binding domain. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:814-26. [PMID: 24187139 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.476861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are obligate partners for several other nuclear receptors, and they play a key role in several signaling processes. Despite being a promiscuous heterodimer partner, this nuclear receptor is a target of therapeutic intervention through activation using selective RXR agonists (rexinoids). Agonist binding to RXR initiates a large conformational change in the receptor that allows for coactivator recruitment to its surface and enhanced transcription. Here we reveal the structural and dynamical changes produced when a coactivator peptide binds to the human RXRα ligand binding domain containing two clinically relevant rexinoids, Targretin and 9-cis-UAB30. Our results show that the structural changes are very similar for each rexinoid and similar to those for the pan-agonist 9-cis-retinoic acid. The four structural changes involve key residues on helix 3, helix 4, and helix 11 that move from a solvent-exposed environment to one that interacts extensively with helix 12. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry reveals that the dynamics of helices 3, 11, and 12 are significantly decreased when the two rexinoids are bound to the receptor. When the pan-agonist 9-cis-retinoic acid is bound to the receptor, only the dynamics of helices 3 and 11 are reduced. The four structural changes are conserved in all x-ray structures of the RXR ligand-binding domain in the presence of agonist and coactivator peptide. They serve as hallmarks for how RXR changes conformation and dynamics in the presence of agonist and coactivator to initiate signaling.
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Matsuda S, Kitagishi Y. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and vitamin d receptor signaling pathways in cancer cells. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:1261-70. [PMID: 24202445 PMCID: PMC3875939 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5041261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the superfamily of nuclear hormone receptors, which respond to specific ligands such as polyunsaturated fatty acids by altering gene expression. Three subtypes of this receptor have been discovered, each evolving to achieve different biological functions. Like other nuclear receptors, the transcriptional activity of PPARs is affected not only by ligand-stimulation, but also by cross-talk with other molecules. For example, both PPARs and the RXRs are ligand-activated transcription factors that coordinately regulate gene expression. In addition, PPARs and vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling pathways regulate a multitude of genes that are of importance for cellular functions including cell proliferation and cell differentiation. Interaction of the PPARs and VDR signaling pathways has been shown at the level of molecular cross-regulation of their transcription factor. A variety of ligands influencing the PPARs and VDR signaling pathways have been shown to reveal chemopreventive potential by mediating tumor suppressive activities in human cancers. Use of these compounds may represent a potential novel strategy to prevent cancers. This review summarizes the roles of the PPARs and the VDR in pathogenesis and progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Matsuda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan.
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Nehrenheim K, Meyer I, Brenden H, Vielhaber G, Krutmann J, Grether-Beck S. Dihydrodehydrodiisoeugenol enhances adipocyte differentiation and decreases lipolysis in murine and human cells. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:638-43. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Nehrenheim
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine; Düsseldorf; Germany
| | | | - Heidi Brenden
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine; Düsseldorf; Germany
| | | | - Jean Krutmann
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine; Düsseldorf; Germany
| | - Susanne Grether-Beck
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine; Düsseldorf; Germany
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Atanasov AG, Wang JN, Gu SP, Bu J, Kramer MP, Baumgartner L, Fakhrudin N, Ladurner A, Malainer C, Vuorinen A, Noha SM, Schwaiger S, Rollinger JM, Schuster D, Stuppner H, Dirsch VM, Heiss EH. Honokiol: a non-adipogenic PPARγ agonist from nature. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4813-9. [PMID: 23811337 PMCID: PMC3790966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists are clinically used to counteract hyperglycemia. However, so far experienced unwanted side effects, such as weight gain, promote the search for new PPARγ activators. Methods We used a combination of in silico, in vitro, cell-based and in vivo models to identify and validate natural products as promising leads for partial novel PPARγ agonists. Results The natural product honokiol from the traditional Chinese herbal drug Magnolia bark was in silico predicted to bind into the PPARγ ligand binding pocket as dimer. Honokiol indeed directly bound to purified PPARγ ligand-binding domain (LBD) and acted as partial agonist in a PPARγ-mediated luciferase reporter assay. Honokiol was then directly compared to the clinically used full agonist pioglitazone with regard to stimulation of glucose uptake in adipocytes as well as adipogenic differentiation in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. While honokiol stimulated basal glucose uptake to a similar extent as pioglitazone, it did not induce adipogenesis in contrast to pioglitazone. In diabetic KKAy mice oral application of honokiol prevented hyperglycemia and suppressed weight gain. Conclusion We identified honokiol as a partial non-adipogenic PPARγ agonist in vitro which prevented hyperglycemia and weight gain in vivo. General significance This observed activity profile suggests honokiol as promising new pharmaceutical lead or dietary supplement to combat metabolic disease, and provides a molecular explanation for the use of Magnolia in traditional medicine. Honokiol is identified and characterized as novel partial PPARγ agonist from nature. In cell models honokiol increases glucose uptake but is not adipogenic. In KKAy diabetic mice it decreases blood glucose and suppresses weight gain. PPARγ agonism of honokiol may explain the use of Magnolia bark in traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanas G. Atanasov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jian N. Wang
- Xi Yuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Shi P. Gu
- Xi Yuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jing Bu
- Xi Yuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Matthias P. Kramer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Baumgartner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nanang Fakhrudin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angela Ladurner
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Malainer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Vuorinen
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan M. Noha
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Schwaiger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judith M. Rollinger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena M. Dirsch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elke H. Heiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding author. Tel.: + 43 1 4277 55993; fax: + 43 1 4277 55969.
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Polyacetylenes from Notopterygium incisum--new selective partial agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61755. [PMID: 23630612 PMCID: PMC3632601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a key regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism and therefore an important pharmacological target to combat metabolic diseases. Since the currently used full PPARγ agonists display serious side effects, identification of novel ligands, particularly partial agonists, is highly relevant. Searching for new active compounds, we investigated extracts of the underground parts of Notopterygium incisum, a medicinal plant used in traditional Chinese medicine, and observed significant PPARγ activation using a PPARγ-driven luciferase reporter model. Activity-guided fractionation of the dichloromethane extract led to the isolation of six polyacetylenes, which displayed properties of selective partial PPARγ agonists in the luciferase reporter model. Since PPARγ activation by this class of compounds has so far not been reported, we have chosen the prototypical polyacetylene falcarindiol for further investigation. The effect of falcarindiol (10 µM) in the luciferase reporter model was blocked upon co-treatment with the PPARγ antagonist T0070907 (1 µM). Falcarindiol bound to the purified human PPARγ receptor with a Ki of 3.07 µM. In silico docking studies suggested a binding mode within the ligand binding site, where hydrogen bonds to Cys285 and Glu295 are predicted to be formed in addition to extensive hydrophobic interactions. Furthermore, falcarindiol further induced 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation and enhanced the insulin-induced glucose uptake in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes confirming effectiveness in cell models with endogenous PPARγ expression. In conclusion, we identified falcarindiol-type polyacetylenes as a novel class of natural partial PPARγ agonists, having potential to be further explored as pharmaceutical leads or dietary supplements.
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SAR and Computer-Aided Drug Design Approaches in the Discovery of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Activators: A Perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/406049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Activators of PPARγ, Troglitazone (TGZ), Rosiglitazone (RGZ), and Pioglitazone (PGZ) were introduced for treatment of Type 2 diabetes, but TGZ and RGZ have been withdrawn from the market along with other promising leads due cardiovascular side effects and hepatotoxicity. However, the continuously improving understanding of the structure/function of PPARγ and its interactions with potential ligands maintain the importance of PPARγ as an antidiabetic target. Extensive structure activity relationship (SAR) studies have thus been performed on a variety of structural scaffolds by various research groups. Computer-aided drug discovery (CADD) approaches have also played a vital role in the search and optimization of potential lead compounds. This paper focuses on these approaches adopted for the discovery of PPARγ ligands for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Key concepts employed during the discovery phase, classification based on agonistic character, applications of various QSAR, pharmacophore mapping, virtual screening, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics studies are highlighted. Molecular level analysis of the dynamic nature of ligand-receptor interaction is presented for the future design of ligands with better potency and safety profiles. Recently identified mechanism of inhibition of phosphorylation of PPARγ at SER273 by ligands is reviewed as a new strategy to identify novel drug candidates.
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Conda-Sheridan M, Park EJ, Beck DE, Reddy PVN, Nguyen TX, Hu B, Chen L, White JJ, van Breemen RB, Pezzuto JM, Cushman M. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of indenoisoquinoline rexinoids with chemopreventive potential. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2581-605. [PMID: 23472886 DOI: 10.1021/jm400026k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors, such as the retinoid X receptor (RXR), are proteins that regulate a myriad of cellular processes. Molecules that function as RXR agonists are of special interest for the prevention and control of carcinogenesis. The majority of these ligands possess an acidic moiety that is believed to be key for RXR activation. This communication presents the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of both acidic and nonacidic indenoisoquinolines as new RXR ligands. In addition, a comprehensive structure-activity relationship study is presented that identifies the important features of the indenoisoquinoline rexinoids. The ease of modification of the indenoisoquinoline core and the lack of the necessity of a carboxyl group for activity make them an attractive and unusual family of RXR agonists. This work establishes a structural foundation for the design of new and novel rexinoid cancer chemopreventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Conda-Sheridan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Expression and Function of PPARs in Placenta. PPAR Res 2013; 2013:256508. [PMID: 23476631 PMCID: PMC3583145 DOI: 10.1155/2013/256508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) are members of the superfamily of nuclear hormone receptors involved in embryonic development and differentiation of several tissues including placenta, which respond to specific ligands such as polyunsaturated fatty acids by altering gene expression. Three subtypes of this receptor have been discovered, each evolving to achieve different biological functions. The PPARs also control a variety of target genes involved in lipid homeostasis. Similar to other nuclear receptors, the transcriptional activity of PPARs is affected not only by ligand-stimulation but also by crosstalk with other molecules. For example, both PPARs and the RXRs are ligand-activated transcription factors that coordinately regulate gene expression. In addition, several mechanisms underlying negative regulation of gene expression by PPARs have been shown. It is suggested that PPARs are key messengers responsible for the translation of nutritional stimuli into changes in gene expression pathways for placental development.
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