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Satarker S, Gurram PC, Nassar A, Manandhar S, Vibhavari R, Yarlagadda DL, Mudgal J, Lewis S, Arora D, Nampoothiri M. Evaluating the Role of N-Acetyl-L-Tryptophan in the Aβ 1-42-Induced Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:4421-4440. [PMID: 38091207 PMCID: PMC11236887 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03844-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative condition previously known to affect the older population, is also now seen in younger individuals. AD is often associated with cognitive decline and neuroinflammation elevation primarily due to amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation. Multiple pathological complications in AD call for therapies with a wide range of neuroprotection. Our study aims to evaluate the effect of N-acetyl-L-tryptophan (NAT) in ameliorating the cognitive decline and neuroinflammation induced by Aβ 1-42 oligomers and to determine the therapeutic concentration of NAT in the brain. We administered Aβ 1-42 oligomers in rats via intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection to induce AD-like conditions. The NAT-treated animals lowered the cognitive decline in the Morris water maze characterized by shorter escape latency and increased path efficiency and platform entries. Interestingly, the hippocampus and frontal cortex showed downregulation of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6, and substance P levels. NAT treatment also reduced acetylcholinesterase activity and total and phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B and Tau levels. Lastly, we observed upregulation of cAMP response element-binding protein 1 (CREB1) signaling. Surprisingly, our HPLC method was not sensitive enough to detect the therapeutic levels of NAT in the brain, possibly due to NAT concentrations being below the lowest limit of quantification of our validated method. To summarize, the administration of NAT significantly lowered cognitive decline, neuroinflammatory pathways, and Tau protein and triggered the upregulation of CREB1 signaling, suggesting its neuroprotective role in AD-like conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sairaj Satarker
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Prasada Chowdari Gurram
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Ajmal Nassar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Suman Manandhar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Rja Vibhavari
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Dani Lakshman Yarlagadda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Shaila Lewis
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Devinder Arora
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, QLD, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
| | - Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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2
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Pasricha TS, Guerrero-Lopez IL, Kuo B. Management of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Presentation, Workup, and Treatment. J Clin Gastroenterol 2024; 58:211-220. [PMID: 38260966 PMCID: PMC10855995 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) are among the most prevalent and debilitating of complications and present unique diagnostic and management challenges. Patients with PD commonly experience dysphagia, nausea, bloating, and constipation related to pathologic involvement of the enteric nervous system. In turn, gastrointestinal complications may impact motor fluctuations and the efficacy of levodopa therapy. This review will explore the common gastrointestinal manifestations of PD with an emphasis on clinical presentation, workup, and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha S. Pasricha
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Braden Kuo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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3
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El-Deeb AM, Mohamed AF, El-Yamany MF, El-Tanbouly DM. Novel trajectories of the NK1R antagonist aprepitant in rotenone-induced Parkinsonism-like symptoms in rats: Involvement of ERK5/KLF4/p62/Nrf2 signaling axis. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 380:110562. [PMID: 37224993 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of the interplay between autophagy and oxidative stress is vital in maintaining neuronal homeostasis during neurotoxicity. The interesting involvement of NK1 receptor (NK1R) in neurodegeneration has highlighted the value of investigating the neuroprotective effect of aprepitant (Aprep), an NK1R antagonist in Parkinson's disease (PD). This study was conducted to disclose Aprep's ability to modulate extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5/Krüppel-like factor 4 (ERK5/KLF4) cue as molecular signaling implicated in regulating autophagy and redox signaling in response to rotenone neurotoxicity. Rotenone (1.5 mg/kg) was administered on alternate days, and rats were given Aprep simultaneously with or without PD98059, an ERK inhibitor, for 21 days. Aprep ameliorated motor deficits as verified by restored histological features, and intact neurons count in SN and striata along with tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in SN. The molecular signaling of Aprep was illustrated by the expression of KLF4 following the phosphorylation of its upstream target, ERK5. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was up-regulated, shifting the oxidant/antioxidant balance towards the antioxidant side, as evidenced by elevated GSH and suppressed MDA levels. In parallel, Aprep noticeably reduced phosphorylated α-synuclein aggregates due to autophagy induction as emphasized by marked LC3II/LC3I elevation and p62 level reduction. These effects were diminished upon PD98059 pre-administration. In conclusion, Aprep showed neuroprotective effects against rotenone-induced PD, which may be partially attributed to the activation of the ERK5/KLF4 signaling pathway. It modulated p62-mediated autophagy and Nrf2 axis which act cooperatively to counter rotenone-associated neurotoxicity pointing to Aprep's prospect as a curious candidate in PD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa M El-Deeb
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 11562, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Mohammed F El-Yamany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 11562, Egypt
| | - Dalia M El-Tanbouly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 11562, Egypt
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4
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Ma T, Cheng H, Li T, Chen Y, Cai T, Bai J, Wu Z, Xia X, Liang T, Du Y, Fu W. N-Acetyl-l-tryptophan inhibits CCl4-induced hepatic fibrogenesis via regulating TGF-β1/SMAD and Hippo/YAP1 signal. Bioorg Chem 2022; 126:105899. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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5
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Barreiro S, Silva B, Long S, Pinto M, Remião F, Sousa E, Silva R. Fiscalin Derivatives as Potential Neuroprotective Agents. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071456. [PMID: 35890350 PMCID: PMC9320635 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) share common molecular/cellular mechanisms that contribute to their progression and pathogenesis. In this sense, we are here proposing new neuroprotection strategies by using marine-derived compounds as fiscalins. This work aims to evaluate the protective effects of fiscalin derivatives towards 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)- and iron (III)-induced cytotoxicity in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, an in vitro disease model to study ND; and on P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transport activity, an efflux pump of drugs and neurotoxins. SH-SY5Y cells were simultaneously exposed to MPP+ or iron (III), and noncytotoxic concentrations of 18 fiscalin derivatives (0–25 μM), being the cytotoxic effect of both MPP+ and iron (III) evaluated 24 and 48 h after exposure. Fiscalins 1a and 1b showed a significant protective effect against MPP+-induced cytotoxicity and fiscalins 1b, 2b, 4 and 5 showed a protective effect against iron (III)-induced cytotoxicity. Fiscalins 4 and 5 caused a significant P-gp inhibition, while fiscalins 1c, 2a, 2b, 6 and 11 caused a modest increase in P-gp transport activity, thus suggesting a promising source of new P-gp inhibitors and activators, respectively. The obtained results highlight fiscalins with promising neuroprotective effects and with relevance for the synthesis of new derivatives for the treatment/prevention of ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Barreiro
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (B.S.); (F.R.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Requimte, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Bárbara Silva
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (B.S.); (F.R.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Requimte, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Solida Long
- Department of Bioengineering, Royal University of Phnom Penh, Russian Confederation Blvd., Phnom Penh 12156, Cambodia;
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Madalena Pinto
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.P.); (E.S.)
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (B.S.); (F.R.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Requimte, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.P.); (E.S.)
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Renata Silva
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (B.S.); (F.R.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Requimte, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (R.S.)
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Behl T, Madaan P, Sehgal A, Singh S, Makeen HA, Albratty M, Alhazmi HA, Meraya AM, Bungau S. Demystifying the Neuroprotective Role of Neuropeptides in Parkinson's Disease: A Newfangled and Eloquent Therapeutic Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094565. [PMID: 35562956 PMCID: PMC9099669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) refers to one of the eminently grievous, preponderant, tortuous nerve-cell-devastating ailments that markedly impacts the dopaminergic (DArgic) nerve cells of the midbrain region, namely the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN-PC). Even though the exact etiopathology of the ailment is yet indefinite, the existing corroborations have suggested that aging, genetic predisposition, and environmental toxins tremendously influence the PD advancement. Additionally, pathophysiological mechanisms entailed in PD advancement encompass the clumping of α-synuclein inside the lewy bodies (LBs) and lewy neurites, oxidative stress, apoptosis, neuronal-inflammation, and abnormalities in the operation of mitochondria, autophagy lysosomal pathway (ALP), and ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). The ongoing therapeutic approaches can merely mitigate the PD-associated manifestations, but until now, no therapeutic candidate has been depicted to fully arrest the disease advancement. Neuropeptides (NPs) are little, protein-comprehending additional messenger substances that are typically produced and liberated by nerve cells within the entire nervous system. Numerous NPs, for instance, substance P (SP), ghrelin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), neurotensin, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), nesfatin-1, and somatostatin, have been displayed to exhibit consequential neuroprotection in both in vivo and in vitro PD models via suppressing apoptosis, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy, neuronal toxicity, microglia stimulation, attenuating disease-associated manifestations, and stimulating chondriosomal bioenergetics. The current scrutiny is an effort to illuminate the neuroprotective action of NPs in various PD-experiencing models. The authors carried out a methodical inspection of the published work procured through reputable online portals like PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Frontier, by employing specific keywords in the subject of our article. Additionally, the manuscript concentrates on representing the pathways concerned in bringing neuroprotective action of NPs in PD. In sum, NPs exert substantial neuroprotection through regulating paramount pathways indulged in PD advancement, and consequently, might be a newfangled and eloquent perspective in PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (P.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Piyush Madaan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (P.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (P.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (P.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Hafiz A. Makeen
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.M.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Hassan A. Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (H.A.A.)
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkarim M. Meraya
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.M.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (S.B.)
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7
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Muddapu VRJ, Vijayakumar K, Ramakrishnan K, Chakravarthy VS. A Multi-Scale Computational Model of Levodopa-Induced Toxicity in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:797127. [PMID: 35516806 PMCID: PMC9063169 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.797127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is caused by the progressive loss of dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). The root cause of this cell loss in PD is still not decisively elucidated. A recent line of thinking has traced the cause of PD neurodegeneration to metabolic deficiency. Levodopa (L-DOPA), a precursor of dopamine, used as a symptom-relieving treatment for PD, leads to positive and negative outcomes. Several researchers inferred that L-DOPA might be harmful to SNc cells due to oxidative stress. The role of L-DOPA in the course of the PD pathogenesis is still debatable. We hypothesize that energy deficiency can lead to L-DOPA-induced toxicity in two ways: by promoting dopamine-induced oxidative stress and by exacerbating excitotoxicity in SNc. We present a systems-level computational model of SNc-striatum, which will help us understand the mechanism behind neurodegeneration postulated above and provide insights into developing disease-modifying therapeutics. It was observed that SNc terminals are more vulnerable to energy deficiency than SNc somas. During L-DOPA therapy, it was observed that higher L-DOPA dosage results in increased loss of terminals in SNc. It was also observed that co-administration of L-DOPA and glutathione (antioxidant) evades L-DOPA-induced toxicity in SNc neurons. Our proposed model of the SNc-striatum system is the first of its kind, where SNc neurons were modeled at a biophysical level, and striatal neurons were modeled at a spiking level. We show that our proposed model was able to capture L-DOPA-induced toxicity in SNc, caused by energy deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karthik Vijayakumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, India
| | | | - V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyothi Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
- *Correspondence: V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy
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8
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Hulme H, Fridjonsdottir E, Vallianatou T, Shariatgorji R, Nilsson A, Li Q, Bezard E, Andrén PE. Basal ganglia neuropeptides show abnormal processing associated with L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:41. [PMID: 35418178 PMCID: PMC9007979 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
L-DOPA administration is the primary treatment for Parkinson’s disease (PD) but long-term administration is usually accompanied by hyperkinetic side-effects called L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). Signaling neuropeptides of the basal ganglia are affected in LID and changes in the expression of neuropeptide precursors have been described, but the final products formed from these precursors have not been well defined and regionally mapped. We therefore used mass spectrometry imaging to visualize and quantify neuropeptides in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine exposed parkinsonian and LID Macaca mulatta brain samples. We found that dyskinesia severity correlated with the levels of some abnormally processed peptides — notably, des-tyrosine dynorphins, substance P (1-7), and substance P (1-9) — in multiple brain regions. Levels of the active neuropeptides; dynorphin B, dynorphin A (1-8), α-neoendorphin, substance P (1-11), and neurokinin A, in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra correlated with putaminal levels of L-DOPA. Our results demonstrate that the abundance of selected active neuropeptides is associated with L-DOPA concentrations in the putamen, emphasizing their sensitivity to L-DOPA. Additionally, levels of truncated neuropeptides (which generally exhibit reduced or altered receptor affinity) correlate with dyskinesia severity, particularly for peptides associated with the direct pathway (i.e., dynorphins and tachykinins). The increases in tone of the tachykinin, enkephalin, and dynorphin neuropeptides in LID result in abnormal processing of neuropeptides with different biological activity and may constitute a functional compensatory mechanism for balancing the increased L-DOPA levels across the whole basal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Hulme
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elva Fridjonsdottir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Theodosia Vallianatou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Reza Shariatgorji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Nilsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Qin Li
- Motac Neuroscience, Manchester, M15 6WE, UK
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Motac Neuroscience, Manchester, M15 6WE, UK.,Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
| | - Per E Andrén
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Science for Life Laboratory, Spatial Mass Spectrometry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Correcting a widespread error: Neuroprotectant N-acetyl-L-tryptophan does not bind to the neurokinin-1 receptor. Mol Cell Neurosci 2022; 120:103728. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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10
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Tirassa P, Schirinzi T, Raspa M, Ralli M, Greco A, Polimeni A, Possenti R, Mercuri NB, Severini C. What substance P might tell us about the prognosis and mechanism of Parkinson's disease? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:899-911. [PMID: 34653503 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide substance P (SP) plays an important role in neurodegenerative disorders, among which Parkinson's disease (PD). In the present work we have reviewed the involvement of SP and its preferred receptor (NK1-R) in motor and non-motor PD symptoms, in both PD animal models and patients. Despite PD is primarily a motor disorder, non-motor abnormalities, including olfactory deficits and gastrointestinal dysfunctions, can represent diagnostic PD predictors, according to the hypothesis that the olfactory and the enteric nervous system represent starting points of neurodegeneration, ascending to the brain via the sympathetic fibers and the vagus nerve. In PD patients, the α-synuclein aggregates in the olfactory bulb and the gastrointestinal tract, as well as in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve often co-localize with SP, indicating SP-positive neurons as highly vulnerable sites of degeneration. Considering the involvement of the SP/NK1-R in both the periphery and specific brain areas, this system might represent a neuronal substrate for the symptom and disease progression, as well as a therapeutic target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Tirassa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Schirinzi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Raspa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ralli
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Polimeni
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Possenti
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Biagio Mercuri
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Severini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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11
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Deng I, Corrigan F, Garg S, Zhou XF, Bobrovskaya L. Further Characterization of Intrastriatal Lipopolysaccharide Model of Parkinson's Disease in C57BL/6 Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7380. [PMID: 34299000 PMCID: PMC8304722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder, characterized by progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway, which consists of dopaminergic cell bodies in substantia nigra and their neuronal projections to the striatum. Moreover, PD is associated with an array of non-motor symptoms such as olfactory dysfunction, gastrointestinal dysfunction, impaired regulation of the sleep-wake cycle, anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairment. Inflammation and concomitant oxidative stress are crucial in the pathogenesis of PD. Thus, this study aimed to model PD via intrastriatal injection of the inflammagen lipopolysaccharide (LPS)to investigate if the lesion causes olfactory and motor impairments, inflammation, oxidative stress, and alteration in synaptic proteins in the olfactory bulb, striatum, and colon. Ten µg of LPS was injected unilaterally into the striatum of 27 male C57BL/6 mice, and behavioural assessment was conducted at 4 and 8 weeks post-treatment, followed by tissue collection. Intrastriatal LPS induced motor impairment in C57BL/6 mice at 8 weeks post-treatment evidenced by reduced latency time in the rotarod test. LPS also induced inflammation in the striatum characterized by increased expression of microglial marker Iba-1 and astrocytic marker GFAP, with degeneration of dopaminergic neuronal fibres (reduced tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity), and reduction of synaptic proteins and DJ-1 protein. Additionally, intrastriatal LPS induced inflammation, oxidative stress and alterations in synaptic proteins within the olfactory bulb, although this did not induce a significant impairment in olfactory function. Intrastriatal LPS induced mild inflammatory changes in the distal colon, accompanied by increased protein expression of 3-nitrotyrosine-modified proteins. This model recapitulated the major features of PD such as motor impairment and degeneration of dopaminergic neuronal fibres in the striatum, as well as some pathological changes in the olfactory bulb and colon; thus, this model could be suitable for understanding clinical PD and testing neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Deng
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (I.D.); (S.G.); (X.-F.Z.)
| | - Frances Corrigan
- Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia;
| | - Sanjay Garg
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (I.D.); (S.G.); (X.-F.Z.)
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (I.D.); (S.G.); (X.-F.Z.)
| | - Larisa Bobrovskaya
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (I.D.); (S.G.); (X.-F.Z.)
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Deng I, Wiese MD, Zhou XF, Bobrovskaya L. The efficacy of systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide in modelling pre-motor Parkinson's disease in C57BL/6 mice. Neurotoxicology 2021; 85:254-264. [PMID: 34097939 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, characterised by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Mounting evidence indicates a crucial role of inflammation and concomitant oxidative stress in the disease progression. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the ability of systemically administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce motor and non-motor symptoms of PD, inflammation, oxidative stress and major neuropathological hallmarks of the disease in regions postulated to be affected, including the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, midbrain and cerebellum. Twenty-one male C57BL/6 mice, approximately 20 weeks old, received a dose of 0.3 mg/kg/day of LPS systemically on 4 consecutive days and behavioural testing was conducted on days 14-18 post-treatment, followed by tissue collection. Systemically administered LPS increased latency time in the buried food seeking test (indicative of olfactory impairment), and decreased time spent in central zone of the open field (anxiety-like behaviour). However, there was no change in latency time in the rotarod test or the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the midbrain. Systemically administered LPS induced increased glial markers GFAP and Iba-1 and oxidative stress marker 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, midbrain and cerebellum, and there were region specific changes in the expression of NFκB, IL-1β, α-synuclein, TH and BDNF proteins. The model could be useful to further elucidate early non-motor aspects of PD and the possible mechanisms contributing to the non-motor deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Deng
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Michael D Wiese
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Larisa Bobrovskaya
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
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13
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Cerantola S, Caputi V, Contarini G, Mereu M, Bertazzo A, Bosi A, Banfi D, Mantini D, Giaroni C, Giron MC. Dopamine Transporter Genetic Reduction Induces Morpho-Functional Changes in the Enteric Nervous System. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050465. [PMID: 33923250 PMCID: PMC8146213 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antidopaminergic gastrointestinal prokinetics are indeed commonly used to treat gastrointestinal motility disorders, although the precise role of dopaminergic transmission in the gut is still unclear. Since dopamine transporter (DAT) is involved in several brain disorders by modulating extracellular dopamine in the central nervous system, this study evaluated the impact of DAT genetic reduction on the morpho-functional integrity of mouse small intestine enteric nervous system (ENS). In DAT heterozygous (DAT+/-) and wild-type (DAT+/+) mice (14 ± 2 weeks) alterations in small intestinal contractility were evaluated by isometrical assessment of neuromuscular responses to receptor and non-receptor-mediated stimuli. Changes in ENS integrity were studied by real-time PCR and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy in longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus whole-mount preparations (). DAT genetic reduction resulted in a significant increase in dopamine-mediated effects, primarily via D1 receptor activation, as well as in reduced cholinergic response, sustained by tachykininergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission via NMDA receptors. These functional anomalies were associated to architectural changes in the neurochemical coding and S100β immunoreactivity in small intestine myenteric plexus. Our study provides evidence that genetic-driven DAT defective activity determines anomalies in ENS architecture and neurochemical coding together with ileal dysmotility, highlighting the involvement of dopaminergic system in gut disorders, often associated to neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cerantola
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (V.C.); (M.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Valentina Caputi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (V.C.); (M.M.); (A.B.)
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
| | - Gabriella Contarini
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy;
| | - Maddalena Mereu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (V.C.); (M.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Antonella Bertazzo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (V.C.); (M.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Annalisa Bosi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.B.); (D.B.); (C.G.)
| | - Davide Banfi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.B.); (D.B.); (C.G.)
| | - Dante Mantini
- IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, 30126 Venice, Italy; or
- Motor Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cristina Giaroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.B.); (D.B.); (C.G.)
| | - Maria Cecilia Giron
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (V.C.); (M.M.); (A.B.)
- IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, 30126 Venice, Italy; or
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-827-5091; Fax: +39-049-827-5093
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Makowska K, Gonkowski S. Changes Caused by Low Doses of Bisphenol A (BPA) in the Neuro-Chemistry of Nerves Located in the Porcine Heart. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030780. [PMID: 33799766 PMCID: PMC7999793 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bisphenol A (BPA) is a substance commonly used in the plastics industry, which is a part of many everyday items. It may leach from plastics and penetrate food, water, soil and air. It is known that BPA negatively affects living organisms. It impairs the functions of the intestine, neurons, reproductive organs, endocrine glands and immune cells. Previous studies have also reported that BPA negatively influences the cardiovascular system, leading to heart arrhythmia, intensification of atherosclerosis, blood hypertension and increased risk of a heart attack. However, many aspects of the influence of BPA on the heart are still poorly understood. One of these aspects is the BPA impact on heart innervation. Therefore, this article aimed to investigate the influence of low doses of BPA on the number of nerves containing selected active substances taking part in neuronal stimuli conduction located in the porcine heart apex. The results indicate that even relatively low doses of BPA are not neutral to the cardiovascular system, because they affect the neurochemical characterization of nerves in the heart. These changes may underlie the negative effects of BPA on the heart. Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA) contained in plastics used in the production of various everyday objects may leach from these items and contaminate food, water and air. As an endocrine disruptor, BPA negatively affects many internal organs and systems. Exposure to BPA also contributes to heart and cardiovascular system dysfunction, but many aspects connected with this activity remain unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of BPA in a dose of 0.05 mg/kg body weight/day (in many countries such a dose is regarded as a tolerable daily intake–TDI dose of BPA–completely safe for living organisms) on the neurochemical characterization of nerves located in the heart wall using the immunofluorescence technique. The obtained results indicate that BPA (even in such a relatively low dose) increases the number of nerves immunoreactive to neuropeptide Y, substance P and tyrosine hydroxylase (used here as a marker of sympathetic innervation). However, BPA did not change the number of nerves immunoreactive to vesicular acetylcholine transporter (used here as a marker of cholinergic structures). These observations suggest that changes in the heart innervation may be at the root of BPA-induced circulatory disturbances, as well as arrhythmogenic and/or proinflammatory effects of this endocrine disruptor. Moreover, changes in the neurochemical characterization of nerves in the heart wall may be the first sign of exposure to BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Makowska
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-44895234460
| | - Slawomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland;
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Zheng Y, Zhang L, Xie J, Shi L. The Emerging Role of Neuropeptides in Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:646726. [PMID: 33762925 PMCID: PMC7982480 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.646726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common age-related neurodegenerative disease, results from the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. This disease is characterized by cardinal non-motor and motor symptoms. Several studies have demonstrated that neuropeptides, such as ghrelin, neuropeptide Y, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, substance P, and neurotensin, are related to the onset of PD. This review mainly describes the changes in these neuropeptides and their receptors in the substantia nigra-striatum system as well as the other PD-related brain regions. Based on several in vitro and in vivo studies, most neuropeptides play a significant neuroprotective role in PD by preventing caspase-3 activation, decreasing mitochondrial-related oxidative stress, increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, inhibiting microglial activation, and anti-autophagic activity. Thus, neuropeptides may provide a new strategy for PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zheng
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Junxia Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Limin Shi
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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16
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Jiang W, Wang X, Wang W, Hua F, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Xiang J, Yang X. Inhibition of NK1R attenuates LPS-induced microglial inflammation and consequent death of PC12 cells. Brain Res Bull 2020; 162:115-124. [PMID: 32540418 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells in the central nervous system, play a critical role under physiological conditions, but they may be activated and exaggerate the pathological development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent reports have suggested that neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) is involved in various inflammatory diseases, including PD. However, whether neurokinin 1 (NK1) is involved in the activation of microglial cells remains unclear. In the present study, we found that (1) NK1R is located in microglial cells and upregulated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV2 microglia. Application of CP-99994, a selective antagonist of NK1R, inhibited the production of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, inducible macrophage-type nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in activated BV2 cells. (2) NK1R antagonist suppressed the morphological changes in LPS-stimulated BV2. (3) Microglial inactivation by NK1R antagonist resulted in decreased microglial migration. (4) NK1R antagonist reduced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and attenuated phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in LPS-stimulated BV2. (5) The cell death of PC12 induced by microglia-mediated neuroinflammation was reversed in a Transwell co-culture system by NK1R antagonist. Collectively, these results showed that inhibition of NK1R attenuates LPS-induced microglial inflammatory response and dopaminergic neurotoxicity, which may be due to the decreased MAPK/NF-κB signal pathway. Thus, NK1R may be a therapeutic target in neuroinflammation, especially in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Fang Hua
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Zunsheng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Zuohui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Jie Xiang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China.
| | - Xinxin Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China.
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17
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Li H, Pan Y, Wu H, Yu S, Wang J, Zheng J, Wang C, Li J, Jiang J. Inhibition of excessive mitophagy by N-acetyl-L-tryptophan confers hepatoprotection against Ischemia-Reperfusion injury in rats. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8665. [PMID: 32296597 PMCID: PMC7151751 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the mechnism of hepatoprotective of N-acetyl-L-tryptophan (L-NAT) against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, the effects of L-NAT were investigated in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (HIRI) models both in vitro and in vivo, which were made by BRL cells and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, respectively. The cell viability of hepatocyte was assessed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) staining. The activation of autophagy was detected by electron microscopy (EM), quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blotting and immunofluorescence. The activation of mitophagy was determined by the change of autophagy related protein, change of mitochondrial structure and function, co-location of autophagy protein and MitoTracker. Results showed that the morphological structures of hepatocytes were changed significantly after HIRI, and the cell viability of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced BRL cells was decreased. Autophagy markers Beclin1, microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II) and autophagy related protein-7 (ATG-7) were highly expressed and the expression of SQSTM1 (P62) was decreased after HIRI, which suggested that autophagy of hepatocytes was activated after I/R. The reduction of ATP, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) after H2O2-induced revealed that function of mitochondrial had also undergone significant changes. The increased expression of autophagy protein, destructure of mitochondria and mitochondrial dysfunction, the increased co-location of Beclin1 and MitoTracker induced by H2O2 implied the excessive mitophagy. The expression of the autophagy protein was increased by 3-Methyladenine (3-MA), providing another piece of evidence. Importantly, all changes were restored by L-NAT pretreament. In conclusion, the present findings demonstrate that excessive mitophagy involved in the process of HIRI and L-NAT may protect hepatocytes against HIRI by inhibiting activation of mitophagy and improving the structure and function of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Li
- Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yitong Pan
- Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Hongjuan Wu
- Morphology Lab, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Shuna Yu
- Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Can Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jianguo Li
- Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jiying Jiang
- Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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18
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Barilar JO, Knezovic A, Perhoc AB, Homolak J, Riederer P, Salkovic-Petrisic M. Shared cerebral metabolic pathology in non-transgenic animal models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:231-250. [PMID: 32030485 PMCID: PMC7035309 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are the most common chronic neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by motoric dysfunction or cognitive decline in the early stage, respectively, but often by both symptoms in the advanced stage. Among underlying molecular pathologies that PD and AD patients have in common, more attention is recently paid to the central metabolic dysfunction presented as insulin resistant brain state (IRBS) and altered cerebral glucose metabolism, both also explored in animal models of these diseases. This review aims to compare IRBS and alterations in cerebral glucose metabolism in representative non-transgenic animal PD and AD models. The comparison is based on the selectivity of the neurotoxins which cause experimental PD and AD, towards the cellular membrane and intracellular molecular targets as well as towards the selective neurons/non-neuronal cells, and the particular brain regions. Mitochondrial damage and co-expression of insulin receptors, glucose transporter-2 and dopamine transporter on the membrane of particular neurons as well as astrocytes seem to be the key points which are further discussed in a context of alterations in insulin signalling in the brain and its interaction with dopaminergic transmission, particularly regarding the time frame of the experimental AD/PD pathology appearance and the correlation with cognitive and motor symptoms. Such a perspective provides evidence on IRBS being a common underlying metabolic pathology and a contributor to neurodegenerative processes in representative non-transgenic animal PD and AD models, instead of being a direct cause of a particular neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Osmanovic Barilar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Knezovic
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Babic Perhoc
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jan Homolak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Peter Riederer
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Würzburg, Füchsleinstrasse 15, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Department and Research Unit of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Melita Salkovic-Petrisic
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Institute of Fundamental Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Research Centre of Excellence, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 12, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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19
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Hosp JA, Greiner KL, Martinez Arellano L, Roth F, Löffler F, Reis J, Fritsch B. Progressive secondary exo-focal dopaminergic neurodegeneration occurs in not directly connected midbrain nuclei after pure motor-cortical stroke. Exp Neurol 2020; 327:113211. [PMID: 31987834 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Transsynaptic anterograde and retrograde degeneration of neurons and neural fibers are assumed to trigger local excitotoxicity and inflammatory processes. These processes in turn are thought to drive exo-focal neurodegeneration in remote areas connected to the infarcted tissue after ischemic stroke. In the case of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), in which striato-nigral connections are affected, the hypothesis of inflammation-induced remote neurodegeneration is based on the temporal dynamics of an early appearance of inflammatory markers in midbrain followed by dopaminergic neuronal loss. To test the hypothesis of a direct transsynaptic mediation of secondary exo-focal post-ischemic neurodegeneration, we used a photochemical induction of a stroke (PTS) in Sprague-Dawley rats restricted to motor cortex (MC), thereby sparing the striatal connections to dopaminergic midbrain nuclei. To dissect the temporal dynamics of post-ischemic neurodegeneration, we analyzed brain sections harvested at day 7 and 14 post stroke. Here, an unexpectedly pronounced and widespread loss of dopaminergic neurons occurred 14 days after stroke also affecting dopaminergic nuclei that are not directly coupled to MC. Since the pattern of neurodegeneration in case of a pure motor stroke is similar to a major stroke including the striatum, it is unlikely that direct synaptic coupling is a prerequisite for delayed secondary exo-focal post ischemic neurodegeneration. Furthermore, dopaminergic neurodegeneration was already detected by Fluoro-Jade C staining at day 7, coinciding with a solely slight inflammatory response. Thus, inflammation cannot be assumed to be the primary driver of exo-focal post-ischemic cell death. Moreover, nigral substance P (SP) expression indicated intact striato-nigral innervation after PTS, whereas opposing effects on SP expression after striatal infarcts argue against a critical role of SP in neurodegenerative or inflammatory processes during exo-focal neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hosp
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - K L Greiner
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - L Martinez Arellano
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - F Roth
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - F Löffler
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - J Reis
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - B Fritsch
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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20
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Synthesis of New Proteomimetic Quinazolinone Alkaloids and Evaluation of Their Neuroprotective and Antitumor Effects. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030534. [PMID: 30717179 PMCID: PMC6384550 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
New quinazolinone derivatives of the marine-derived alkaloids fiscalin B (3) and fumiquinazoline G (1), with neuroprotective and antitumor effects, were synthesized. Eleven quinazolinone-containing indole alkaloids were synthesized, proceeding the anti analogs via a one-pot method, and the syn analogs by the Mazurkiewicz-Ganesan approach. The neuroprotection capacity of these compounds on the rotenone-damage human neuroblastoma cell SH-SY5y was evaluated using the MTT assay. Compounds 1, 3, 5, and 7 showed more than 25% protection. The antitumor activity was investigated using the sulforhodamine B assay and some compounds were tested on the non-malignant MCF-12A cells. Fumiquinazoline G (1) was the most potent compound, with GI50 values lower than 20 µM. Compounds 5, 7, and 11 were more active in all tumor cell lines when compared to their enantiomers. Compounds 5, 7, 10, and 11 had very little effect in the viability of the non-malignant cells. Differences between enantiomeric pairs were also noted as being essential for these activities the S-configuration at C-4. These results reinforce the previously described activities of the fiscalin B (3) as substance P inhibitor and fumiquinazoline G (1) as antitumor agent showing potential as lead compounds for the development of drugs for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, respectively.
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21
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Li Q, Wu X, Yang Y, Zhang Y, He F, Xu X, Zhang Z, Tao L, Luo C. Tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist L-733,060 and substance P deletion exert neuroprotection through inhibiting oxidative stress and cell death after traumatic brain injury in mice. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 107:154-165. [PMID: 30593954 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) is believed to play a role in traumatic brain injury (TBI), and the inhibition of binding of SP to the tachykinin neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) using NK1R antagonists had made favorable effects on TBI. Our current study addresses the functional roles and underlying mechanisms of SP and NK1R antagonist L-733,060 following TBI. Adult male wild type C57BL/6 J and SP knock out (SPKO) mice received a controlled cortical impact and outcome parameters were assessed. The results showed that TBI-induced motor and spatial memory deficits, lesion volume, brain water content and blood-brain barrier disruption were alleviated both in L-733,060-treated C57BL/6 J mice and vehicle-treated SPKO mice. L-733,060 treatment and SP deletion inhibited TBI-induced the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytoplasm, activation of caspase-3, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Higher SP levels in serum and cortex were observed in wild type mice undergoing TBI relative to wild type sham group, but very little expression of cortical SP was detected in the SP-/- mice either TBI or not. Upregulation of NK1R expression after TBI was observed, and there was no significant difference between wild type and SPKO groups. in vitro, L-733,060 and SP deletion inhibited scratch injury-induced cell death, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production following TBI. Together, the results of this study implicate a functional role for NK1-R antagonist L-733,060 and deletion of SP in TBI-induced neurological outcome, oxidative damage, neuroinflammation and cell death. Upregulation of NK1R maybe a consequence of TBI, independent of the levels of substance P. This study raises the possibility that targeting SP through its receptor NK1R or genetic deletion may have therapeutic efficacy in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, Anhui, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, Anhui, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, Anhui, China
| | - Fang He
- School of Forensic Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, Anhui, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, Anhui, China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, Anhui, China
| | - Luyang Tao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengliang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
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22
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Torres-Ortega PV, Saludas L, Hanafy AS, Garbayo E, Blanco-Prieto MJ. Micro- and nanotechnology approaches to improve Parkinson's disease therapy. J Control Release 2018; 295:201-213. [PMID: 30579984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Current therapies for Parkinson's disease are symptomatic and unable to regenerate the brain tissue. In recent years, the therapeutic potential of a wide variety of neuroprotective and neuroregenerative molecules such as neurotrophic factors, antioxidants and RNA-based therapeutics has been explored. However, drug delivery to the brain is still a challenge and the therapeutic efficacy of many drugs is limited. In the last decade, micro- and nanoparticles have proved to be powerful tools for the administration of these molecules to the brain, enabling the development of new strategies against Parkinson's disease. The list of encapsulated drugs and the nature of the particles used is long, and numerous studies have been carried out supporting their efficacy in treating this pathology. This review aims to give an overview of the latest advances and emerging frontiers in micro- and nanomedical approaches for repairing dopaminergic neurons. Special emphasis will be placed on offering a new perspective to link these advances with the most relevant clinical trials and with the real possibility of transferring micro- and nanoformulations to industrial scale-up processes. This review is intended as a contribution towards facing the challenges that still exist in the clinical translation of micro- and nanotechnologies to administer therapeutic agents in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Vicente Torres-Ortega
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdiSNA, C/Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Laura Saludas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdiSNA, C/Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amira Sayed Hanafy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University in Alexandria (PUA), Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Elisa Garbayo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdiSNA, C/Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - María José Blanco-Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdiSNA, C/Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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23
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Vetel S, Sérrière S, Vercouillie J, Vergote J, Chicheri G, Deloye JB, Dollé F, Bodard S, Tronel C, Nadal-Desbarats L, Lefèvre A, Emond P, Chalon S. Extensive exploration of a novel rat model of Parkinson's disease using partial 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of dopaminergic neurons suggests new therapeutic approaches. Synapse 2018; 73:e22077. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.22077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Vetel
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm; Tours France
| | | | - Johnny Vercouillie
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm; Tours France
- INSERM CIC 1415, University Hospital; Tours France
| | - Jackie Vergote
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm; Tours France
| | | | | | - Frédéric Dollé
- CEA, Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Service hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Université Paris-Saclay; Orsay France
| | - Sylvie Bodard
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm; Tours France
| | - Claire Tronel
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm; Tours France
| | | | | | - Patrick Emond
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm; Tours France
- CHRU Tours; Tours France
| | - Sylvie Chalon
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm; Tours France
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24
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Dion MZ, Leiske D, Sharma VK, Zuch de Zafra CL, Salisbury CM. Mitigation of Oxidation in Therapeutic Antibody Formulations: a Biochemical Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of N-Acetyl-Tryptophan and L-Methionine. Pharm Res 2018; 35:222. [PMID: 30280329 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2467-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Biotherapeutics can be susceptible to oxidation during manufacturing and storage. Free L-methionine is known to protect methionine residues in proteins from oxidation. Similarly, free tryptophan and other indole derivatives have been shown to protect tryptophan residues from oxidation. N-acetyl-DL-tryptophan was previously identified as a potentially superior antioxidant to tryptophan as it has a lower oxidation potential and produces less peroxide upon light exposure. This study sought to confirm the antioxidant efficacy and safety of N-acetyl-DL-tryptophan and L-methionine as formulation components for biotherapeutic drugs. METHODS Antibodies were subjected to AAPH and light exposure in the presence of N-acetyl-DL-tryptophan and L-methionine. Oxidation in relevant CDR and Fc residues was quantified by peptide map. In silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies were performed to evaluate the safety of N-acetyl-DL-tryptophan and L-methionine. RESULTS Peptide mapping demonstrated that N-acetyl-DL-tryptophan was effective at protecting tryptophans from AAPH stress, and that the combination of N-acetyl-DL-tryptophan and L-methionine protected both tryptophan and methionine from AAPH stress. The safety assessment suggested an acceptable safety profile for both excipients. CONCLUSIONS N-acetyl-tryptophan and L-methionine effectively reduce the oxidation of susceptible tryptophan and methionine residues in antibodies and are safe for use in parenteral biotherapeutic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Z Dion
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Danielle Leiske
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
- Seattle Genetics, Bothell, Washington, USA
| | - Vikas K Sharma
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Christina L Zuch de Zafra
- Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA.
- Amgen, South San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - Cleo M Salisbury
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA.
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA.
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25
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Jakaria M, Park SY, Haque ME, Karthivashan G, Kim IS, Ganesan P, Choi DK. Neurotoxic Agent-Induced Injury in Neurodegenerative Disease Model: Focus on Involvement of Glutamate Receptors. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:307. [PMID: 30210294 PMCID: PMC6123546 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate receptors play a crucial role in the central nervous system and are implicated in different brain disorders. They play a significant role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although many studies on NDDs have been conducted, their exact pathophysiological characteristics are still not fully understood. In in vivo and in vitro models of neurotoxic-induced NDDs, neurotoxic agents are used to induce several neuronal injuries for the purpose of correlating them with the pathological characteristics of NDDs. Moreover, therapeutic drugs might be discovered based on the studies employing these models. In NDD models, different neurotoxic agents, namely, kainic acid, domoic acid, glutamate, β-N-Methylamino-L-alanine, amyloid beta, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, rotenone, 3-Nitropropionic acid and methamphetamine can potently impair both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors, leading to the progression of toxicity. Many other neurotoxic agents mainly affect the functions of ionotropic glutamate receptors. We discuss particular neurotoxic agents that can act upon glutamate receptors so as to effectively mimic NDDs. The correlation of neurotoxic agent-induced disease characteristics with glutamate receptors would aid the discovery and development of therapeutic drugs for NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Jakaria
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Shin-Young Park
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Md. Ezazul Haque
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Govindarajan Karthivashan
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - In-Su Kim
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Palanivel Ganesan
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
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26
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Kim AR, Pavlenko TA, Katargina LA, Chesnokova NB, Ugrumov MV. Biochemical and Functional Changes in the Eye As a Manifestation of Systemic Degeneration of the Nervous System in Parkinsonism. Acta Naturae 2018; 10:62-67. [PMID: 30397528 PMCID: PMC6209403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a systemic neurodegenerative condition caused by the death of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal system of the brain. This disease is diagnosed after most neurons have already been lost, which explains the low efficiency of treatment. Hope for increasing treatment efficiency rests in the development of new strategies for early diagnosis of PD based on a search for peripheral markers that appear as early changes in non-motor functions. Since impairment of the visual function is one of the manifestations of PD, the purpose of our work was to identify biochemical and physiological changes in a mouse's eye and eyelid in models of preclinical (presymptomatic) and clinical (symptomatic) stages of PD. We found that the norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin levels in the mouse eye reduced not only in the model of the early clinical stage, but also in the model of preclinical stage, an indication that pathological changes in the monoaminergic systems of the brain had affected the eye even before the motor disorders emerged. Moreover, in both models of PD, mice had increased intraocular pressure, indicating the development of both metabolic and functional impairments, which can be used as diagnostic markers. Unlike in the eye, the serotonin level in the eyelid was increased in mice at both parkinsonism stages and in presymptomatic mice to a much higher extent than in symptomatic ones. Given that serotonin is involved in the regulation of lacrimal glands of the eyelid, an increase in its level in parkinsonian mice should alter the composition of tear fluid, which could serve as a diagnostic marker of early stage of PD. Thus, the changes in the metabolism of monoamines in the eye and eyelid observed in mice at the early stage of parkinsonism are accompanied by changes in the function of these structures and, therefore, can be used as diagnostic markers of the early stage of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Kim
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str., 26, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - T. A. Pavlenko
- Helmholtz Moscow Research Institute of Eye Diseases of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya Str., 14/19, Moscow, 105062, Russia
| | - L. A. Katargina
- Helmholtz Moscow Research Institute of Eye Diseases of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya Str., 14/19, Moscow, 105062, Russia
| | - N. B. Chesnokova
- Helmholtz Moscow Research Institute of Eye Diseases of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya Str., 14/19, Moscow, 105062, Russia
| | - M. V. Ugrumov
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str., 26, Moscow, 119334, Russia
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya Str., 20, Moscow, 101000 , Russia
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27
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Fernandes J, Mudgal J, Rao CM, Arora D, Basu Mallik S, Pai KSR, Nampoothiri M. N-acetyl-L-tryptophan, a substance-P receptor antagonist attenuates aluminum-induced spatial memory deficit in rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2018; 28:328-334. [PMID: 29185389 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2017.1411412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. Neurokinin substance P is a key mediator which modulates neuroinflammation through neurokinin receptor. Involvement of substance P in Alzheimer's disease is still plausible and various controversies exist in this hypothesis. Preventing the deleterious effects of substance P using N-acetyl-L-tryptophan, a substance P antagonist could be a promising therapeutic strategy. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of N-acetyl-L-tryptophan on aluminum induced spatial memory alterations in rats. Memory impairment was induced using aluminum chloride (AlCl3) at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 42 d. After induction of dementia, rats were exposed to 30 and 50 mg/kg of N-acetyl-L-tryptophan for 28 d. Spatial memory alterations were measured using Morris water maze. Acetylcholinesterase activity and antioxidant enzyme glutathione level were assessed in hippocampus, frontal cortex and striatum. The higher dose of N-acetyl-L-tryptophan (50 mg/kg) significantly improved the aluminum induced memory alterations. N-acetyl-L-tryptophan exposure resulted in significant increase in acetylcholinesterase activity and glutathione level in hippocampus. The neuroprotective effect of N-acetyl-L-tryptophan could be due to its ability to block substance P mediated neuroinflammation, reduction in oxidative stress and anti-apoptotic properties. To conclude, N-acetyl-L-tryptophan may be considered as a novel neuroprotective therapy in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joylee Fernandes
- a Department of Pharmacology , Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University , Manipal , India
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- a Department of Pharmacology , Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University , Manipal , India
| | | | - Devinder Arora
- a Department of Pharmacology , Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University , Manipal , India.,b School of Pharmacy , MHIQ, QUM Network, Griffith University , Goldcoast , Australia
| | - Sanchari Basu Mallik
- a Department of Pharmacology , Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University , Manipal , India
| | - K S R Pai
- a Department of Pharmacology , Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University , Manipal , India
| | - Madhavan Nampoothiri
- a Department of Pharmacology , Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University , Manipal , India
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Traina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy. Tel.: ; Fax: ; E-mail:
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29
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Guo Q, You H, Yang X, Lin B, Zhu Z, Lu Z, Li X, Zhao Y, Mao L, Shen S, Cheng H, Zhang J, Deng L, Fan J, Xi Z, Li R, Li CM. Functional single-walled carbon nanotubes 'CAR' for targeting dopamine delivery into the brain of parkinsonian mice. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:10832-10845. [PMID: 28726961 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02682j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Current treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD) are limited, partly due to the difficulties posed by the blood brain barrier (BBB) when delivering drugs to the brain. Herein, we explore the feasibility and efficacy of functional single-walled carbon nanotubes 'CAR' (SWCNT-PEGs-Lf) which carry and target-deliver dopamine (DA) to the brain in PD mice for treatment. SWCNTs can penetrate the cell-membrane remarkably, with the characteristics including high drug-loading and pH-dependent therapeutic unloading capacities. It has been reported that polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated SWCNTs could increase the circulation time and thus prolong the concentration gradient of SWCNTs to the brain. Besides, an obvious lactoferrin-nanoparticle (Lf-NP) accumulation in the striatum, wherein the pharmacological target site of PD has been reported, a dual modification of PEG and Lf onto SWCNTs was applied and thus a specific 'CAR' to carry DA. The results from in vitro studies demonstrate that with 20 mol L-1 DA loaded onto SWCNT-polyethylene glycol (PEGs) in addition to 100 μmol L-1 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), the activity of PC12 cells increases significantly (p < 0.05), and that the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content also significantly decrease (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the levels of oxidative stress, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β are all reduced significantly in PD mice and the CAR-25 mg kg-1 DA group in comparison with that in 6-OHDA-lesioned mice with saline and 6-OHDA-lesioned mice, as well as the Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-ir) density increased (p < 0.01). The toxicity of CAR was in vitro and in vivo investigated, showing that the safe dose of SWCNT-PEG exposure to PC12 cells was 6.25 μg μl-1 or lower with a higher metabolic activity in comparison with that in the control group and the safe dose of CAR in the mice experiments was 3.25 mg kg-1 or less, given by intraperitoneal injection with a lower level of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in comparison with that in the control group. This study suggests that 25 mg kg-1 DA loaded onto 3.25 mg kg-1 CAR can alleviate the oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in parkinsonian mice and increase the TH-ir density in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
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30
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Kempuraj D, Thangavel R, Selvakumar GP, Zaheer S, Ahmed ME, Raikwar SP, Zahoor H, Saeed D, Natteru PA, Iyer S, Zaheer A. Brain and Peripheral Atypical Inflammatory Mediators Potentiate Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:216. [PMID: 28790893 PMCID: PMC5522882 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory response is primarily a protective mechanism in the brain. However, excessive and chronic inflammatory responses can lead to deleterious effects involving immune cells, brain cells and signaling molecules. Neuroinflammation induces and accelerates pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Multiple sclerosis (MS). Neuroinflammatory pathways are indicated as novel therapeutic targets for these diseases. Mast cells are immune cells of hematopoietic origin that regulate inflammation and upon activation release many proinflammatory mediators in systemic and central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory conditions. In addition, inflammatory mediators released from activated glial cells induce neurodegeneration in the brain. Systemic inflammation-derived proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines and other factors cause a breach in the blood brain-barrier (BBB) thereby allowing for the entry of immune/inflammatory cells including mast cell progenitors, mast cells and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines into the brain. These peripheral-derived factors and intrinsically generated cytokines/chemokines, α-synuclein, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), substance P (SP), beta amyloid 1–42 (Aβ1–42) peptide and amyloid precursor proteins can activate glial cells, T-cells and mast cells in the brain can induce additional release of inflammatory and neurotoxic molecules contributing to chronic neuroinflammation and neuronal death. The glia maturation factor (GMF), a proinflammatory protein discovered in our laboratory released from glia, activates mast cells to release inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Chronic increase in the proinflammatory mediators induces neurotoxic Aβ and plaque formation in AD brains and neurodegeneration in PD brains. Glial cells, mast cells and T-cells can reactivate each other in neuroinflammatory conditions in the brain and augment neuroinflammation. Further, inflammatory mediators from the brain can also enter into the peripheral system through defective BBB, recruit immune cells into the brain, and exacerbate neuroinflammation. We suggest that mast cell-associated inflammatory mediators from systemic inflammation and brain could augment neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the brain. This review article addresses the role of some atypical inflammatory mediators that are associated with mast cell inflammation and their activation of glial cells to induce neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Govindhasamy P Selvakumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Mohammad E Ahmed
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Haris Zahoor
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Daniyal Saeed
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Prashant A Natteru
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Shankar Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
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31
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Mashaghi A, Marmalidou A, Tehrani M, Grace PM, Pothoulakis C, Dana R. Neuropeptide substance P and the immune response. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4249-4264. [PMID: 27314883 PMCID: PMC5056132 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2293-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Substance P is a peptide mainly secreted by neurons and is involved in many biological processes, including nociception and inflammation. Animal models have provided insights into the biology of this peptide and offered compelling evidence for the importance of substance P in cell-to-cell communication by either paracrine or endocrine signaling. Substance P mediates interactions between neurons and immune cells, with nerve-derived substance P modulating immune cell proliferation rates and cytokine production. Intriguingly, some immune cells have also been found to secrete substance P, which hints at an integral role of substance P in the immune response. These communications play important functional roles in immunity including mobilization, proliferation and modulation of the activity of immune cells. This review summarizes current knowledge of substance P and its receptors, as well as its physiological and pathological roles. We focus on recent developments in the immunobiology of substance P and discuss the clinical implications of its ability to modulate the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mashaghi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Anna Marmalidou
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Mohsen Tehrani
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Peter M. Grace
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Reza Dana
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
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Pellegrini C, Fornai M, Colucci R, Tirotta E, Blandini F, Levandis G, Cerri S, Segnani C, Ippolito C, Bernardini N, Cseri K, Blandizzi C, Haskó G, Antonioli L. Alteration of colonic excitatory tachykininergic motility and enteric inflammation following dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:146. [PMID: 27295950 PMCID: PMC4907252 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is frequently associated with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, including constipation and defecatory dysfunctions. The mechanisms underlying such disorders are still largely unknown, although the occurrence of a bowel inflammatory condition has been hypothesized. This study examined the impact of central dopaminergic degeneration, induced by intranigral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), on distal colonic excitatory tachykininergic motility in rats. METHODS Animals were euthanized 4 and 8 weeks after 6-OHDA injection. Tachykininergic contractions, elicited by electrical stimulation or exogenous substance P (SP), were recorded in vitro from longitudinal muscle colonic preparations. SP, tachykininergic NK1 receptor, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, as well as the density of eosinophils and mast cells in the colonic wall, were examined by immunohistochemical analysis. Malondialdehyde (MDA, colorimetric assay), TNF, and IL-1β (ELISA assay) levels were also examined. The polarization of peritoneal macrophages was evaluated by real-time PCR. RESULTS In colonic preparations, electrically and SP-evoked tachykininergic contractions were increased in 6-OHDA rats. Immunohistochemistry displayed an increase in SP and GFAP levels in the myenteric plexus, as well as NK1 receptor expression in the colonic muscle layer of 6-OHDA rats. MDA, TNF, and IL-1β levels were increased also in colonic tissues from 6-OHDA rats. In 6-OHDA rats, the number of eosinophils and mast cells was increased as compared with control animals, and peritoneal macrophages polarized towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the induction of central nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration is followed by bowel inflammation associated with increased oxidative stress, increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, activation of enteric glia and inflammatory cells, and enhancement of colonic excitatory tachykininergic motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Pellegrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Fornai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Rocchina Colucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Erika Tirotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Blandini
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Levandis
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Cerri
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Segnani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Ippolito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nunzia Bernardini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Karolina Cseri
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Surgery and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07103, NJ, USA
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Surgery and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07103, NJ, USA
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Martinez AN, Philipp MT. Substance P and Antagonists of the Neurokinin-1 Receptor in Neuroinflammation Associated with Infectious and Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Central Nervous System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 1:29-36. [PMID: 27430034 DOI: 10.29245/2572.942x/2016/2.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses the role that substance P (SP) and its preferred receptor neurokinin-1 (NK1R) play in neuroinflammation associated with select bacterial, viral, parasitic, and neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system. The SP/NK1R complex is a key player in the interaction between the immune and nervous systems. A common effect of this interaction is inflammation. For this reason and because of the predominance in the human brain of the NK1R, its antagonists are attractive potential therapeutic agents. Preventing the deleterious effects of SP through the use of NK1R antagonists has been shown to be a promising therapeutic strategy, as these antagonists are selective, potent, and safe. Here we evaluate their utility in the treatment of different neuroinfectious and neuroinflammatory diseases, as a novel approach to clinical management of CNS inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra N Martinez
- Division of Bacteriology & Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Mario T Philipp
- Division of Bacteriology & Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University Medical School, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Asakawa T, Fang H, Sugiyama K, Nozaki T, Hong Z, Yang Y, Hua F, Ding G, Chao D, Fenoy AJ, Villarreal SJ, Onoe H, Suzuki K, Mori N, Namba H, Xia Y. Animal behavioral assessments in current research of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 65:63-94. [PMID: 27026638 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is traditionally classified as a movement disorder. Patients typically suffer from many motor dysfunctions. Presently, clinicians and scientists recognize that many non-motor symptoms are associated with PD. There is an increasing interest in both motor and non-motor symptoms in clinical studies on PD patients and laboratory research on animal models that imitate the pathophysiologic features and symptoms of PD patients. Therefore, appropriate behavioral assessments are extremely crucial for correctly understanding the mechanisms of PD and accurately evaluating the efficacy and safety of novel therapies. This article systematically reviews the behavioral assessments, for both motor and non-motor symptoms, in various animal models involved in current PD research. We addressed the strengths and weaknesses of these behavioral tests and their appropriate applications. Moreover, we discussed potential mechanisms behind these behavioral tests and cautioned readers against potential experimental bias. Since most of the behavioral assessments currently used for non-motor symptoms are not particularly designed for animals with PD, it is of the utmost importance to greatly improve experimental design and evaluation in PD research with animal models. Indeed, it is essential to develop specific assessments for non-motor symptoms in PD animals based on their characteristics. We concluded with a prospective view for behavioral assessments with real-time assessment with mobile internet and wearable device in future PD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Asakawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Huan Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kenji Sugiyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takao Nozaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Zhen Hong
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilin Yang
- The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Soochow University School of Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Fei Hua
- The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Soochow University School of Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Guanghong Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongman Chao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School,Houston, TX, USA
| | - Albert J Fenoy
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School,Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sebastian J Villarreal
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School,Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hirotaka Onoe
- Functional Probe Research Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Norio Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Namba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School,Houston, TX, USA.
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Browne EC, Abbott BM. Recent progress towards an effective treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using the SOD1 mouse model in a preclinical setting. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 121:918-925. [PMID: 27012524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, fatal and incurable neurodegenerative disorder. Motor neurone degeneration can be caused by genetic mutation but the exact etiology of the disease, particularly for sporadic illness, still remains unclear. Therapeutics which target known pathogenic mechanisms involved in ALS, such as protein aggregation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondria dysfunction, are currently being pursued in order to provide neuroprotection which may be able to slow down, or perhaps even halt, disease progression. This present review focuses on the compounds which have been recently evaluated using the SOD1 mouse model, the most widely used preclinical model for ALS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisse C Browne
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Belinda M Abbott
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia.
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Zhao YZ, Jin RR, Yang W, Xiang Q, Yu WZ, Lin Q, Tian FR, Mao KL, Lv CZ, Wáng YXJ, Lu CT. Using Gelatin Nanoparticle Mediated Intranasal Delivery of Neuropeptide Substance P to Enhance Neuro-Recovery in Hemiparkinsonian Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148848. [PMID: 26894626 PMCID: PMC4760767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Intranasal administration of phospholipid-based gelatin nanoparticles (GNP) was prepared to investigate the neuro-recovery effects of neuropeptide Substance P (SP) on hemiparkinsonian rats. Methods The SP-loaded gelatin nanoparticles (SP-GNP) were prepared by a water-in-water emulsion method and possessed high stability, encapsulating efficiency and loading capacity. PC-12 cells were used to examine the growth enhancement of SP-GNP in vitro by MTT assays and flow cytometry (FCM). The therapeutic effects of SP-GNP on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced hemiparkinsonian rats were assessed by quantifying rotational behavior and the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), phosphorylated c-Jun protein (p-c-Jun) and Caspase-3 (Cas-3) expressed in substantia nigra (SN) region of hemiparkinsonian rats. Results PC-12 cells under SP-GNP treatment showed better cell viability and lower degree of apoptosis than those under SP solution treatment. Hemiparkinsonian rats under intranasal SP-GNP administration demonstrated better behavioral improvement, higher level of TH in SN along with much lower extent of p-c-Jun and Cas-3 than those under intranasal SP solution administration and intravenous SP-GNP administration. Conclusions With the advantages of GNP and nose-to-brain pathway, SP can be effectively delivered into the damaged SN region and exhibit its neuro-recovery function through the inhibition on JNK pathway and dopaminergic neuron apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Zheng Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
- Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 570102, China
| | - Rong-Rong Jin
- Taizhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Qi Xiang
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Wen-Ze Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Qian Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Fu-Rong Tian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Kai-Li Mao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Chuan-Zhu Lv
- Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 570102, China
| | - Yi-Xiáng J. Wáng
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SA
- * E-mail: (YXW); (CTL)
| | - Cui-Tao Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
- * E-mail: (YXW); (CTL)
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Haobam R, Tripathy D, Kaidery NA, Mohanakumar KP. Embryonic stem cells derived neuron transplantation recovery in models of parkinsonism in relation to severity of the disorder in rats. Rejuvenation Res 2016; 18:173-84. [PMID: 25546608 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2014.1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)- and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-induced hemi-parkinsonism was investigated in relation to the severity of the disorder in terms of behavioral disability and nigral neuronal loss and recovery regarding the number of stem cell-derived neurons transplanted in the striatum. Intra-median forebrain bundle infusion of the parkinsonian neurotoxins and intra-striatal transplantation of differentiated embryonic stem cells (ESCs) were carried out by rat brain stereotaxic surgery. The severity of the disease was determined using the number of amphetamine- or apomorphine-induced rotations, striatal dopamine levels as estimated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-electrochemistry, and the number of surviving tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Rats that received unilateral infusion of 6-OHDA or MPP(+) responded with dose-dependent, unilateral bias in turning behavior when amphetamine or apomorphine was administered. Rotational asymmetry in both models correlated significantly well with the loss in the number of nigral dopaminergic neurons and striatal dopamine depletion. Transplantation of 2×10(5) differentiated murine ESCs revealed remarkably similar kinds of recovery in both animal models. The survival of the grafted dopaminergic cells in the striatum was better in animals with low-severity parkinsonism, but poor in the animals with severe parkinsonism. Amphetamine-induced rotational recovery correlated positively with an increasing number of cells transplanted in animals with uniform nigral neuronal lesion. These results suggest that disease severity is an important factor for determining the number of cells to be transplanted in parkinsonian rats for desirable recovery, which may be true in clinical conditions too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Haobam
- 1 Division of Cell Biology & Physiology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
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Martinez AN, Ramesh G, Jacobs MB, Philipp MT. Antagonist of the neurokinin-1 receptor curbs neuroinflammation in ex vivo and in vitro models of Lyme neuroborreliosis. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:243. [PMID: 26714480 PMCID: PMC4696197 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) can affect both the peripheral (PNS) and the central nervous systems (CNS); it is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. The neuropeptide substance P (SP) is an important mediator of both neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier dysfunction, through its NK1 receptor. Increased levels of SP have been shown to correlate with cell death. The present study used both ex vivo and in vitro models of experimentation to determine if the inflammatory mediator production and concomitant cell death caused by exposure of neural tissues and cells to B. burgdorferi could be attenuated by treatment with a NK1 receptor antagonist. Methods We incubated normal rhesus frontal cortex tissue explants (CNS) and primary cultures of rhesus dorsal root ganglia cells (PNS) with live B. burgdorferi and tested the effectiveness of the NK1 receptor antagonist L703,606 in attenuating inflammatory immune responses and neuronal and glial damage. Culture supernatants and tissue lysates were subjected to multiplex ELISA to quantify immune mediators, while the cells were evaluated for apoptosis by the in situ TUNEL assay. In addition, we identified immune mediators and producer cells in tissue sections by immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy. Results Co-incubation of both CNS tissues and PNS cells with the NK1 receptor antagonist attenuated bacterially induced increases in inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production, particularly, IL-6, CXCL8, and CCL2, and reduced apoptosis levels. Confocal microscopy confirmed that neurons and glial cells are sources of these immune mediators. These results suggest that NK1R antagonist treatment is able to reduce downstream pro-inflammatory signaling, thereby indicating that its systemic administration may slow disease progression. Conclusions We propose that SP contributes to neurogenic inflammation in LNB, and provide data to suggest that an NK1 receptor antagonist may represent a novel neuroprotective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra N Martinez
- Division of Bacteriology & Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA.
| | - Geeta Ramesh
- Division of Bacteriology & Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA.
| | - Mary B Jacobs
- Division of Bacteriology & Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA.
| | - Mario T Philipp
- Division of Bacteriology & Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University Medical School, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Thornton E, Vink R. Substance P and its tachykinin NK1 receptor: a novel neuroprotective target for Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1403-5. [PMID: 26604896 PMCID: PMC4625501 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.165505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Thornton
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robert Vink
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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40
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Wang SY, Chen L, Xue Y, Xia YJ. Substance P prevents 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced cytotoxicity through inhibition of apoptosis via neurokinin-1 receptors in MES23.5 cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:8085-92. [PMID: 26497672 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
[Sar9, Met(O2)11] termed Substance P (SP), is an effective and selective agonist for the neurokinin‑1 (NK‑1) receptors, which are synthetic peptides, similar in structure to SP. SP is an important neurotransmitter or neuromodulator mediated by neurokinin receptors, namely the SP receptor in the central nervous system. The excitatory effects induced by SP may be selectively inhibited by a neurokinin‑1 receptor antagonist, such as SR140333B. It has been proposed that Parkinson's disease (PD) is primarily caused by the loss of trophic peptidergic neurotransmitter, possibly SP, which may lead to the degeneration of neurons. In previous studies, 1‑methyl‑4‑phenylpyridinium (MPP+) has been frequently utilized to establish animal or cell models of PD. In the present study, to further investigate the effects of SP in PD, MPP+ was employed to investigate the promising anti‑apoptotic effects of SP, and examine the underlying mechanisms of the pathology in the MES23.5 dopaminergic cell line. The results indicated that MPP+‑triggered apoptosis was prevented by treatment with SP. SP treatment also decreased the MPP+‑triggered Ca2+ influx, caspase‑3 re‑activity, reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial membrane potential decrease. Treatment with MPP+ also induced phosphorylation of c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase and p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase. In addition, treatment with SP inhibited the MPP+‑triggered neurotoxicity in MES23.5 cells. However, no changes were observed in SR140333B+SP+MPP+‑treated MES23.5 cell lines. In conclusion, SP could protect the cells from MPP+‑induced cytotoxicity by inhibiting the apoptosis via NK-1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Yan Wang
- Department of Physiology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Physiology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Yan Xue
- Department of Physiology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Jun Xia
- Department of Anatomy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
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Li W, Fotinos A, Wu Q, Chen Y, Zhu Y, Baranov S, Tu Y, Zhou EW, Sinha B, Kristal BS, Wang X. N-acetyl-l-tryptophan delays disease onset and extends survival in an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis transgenic mouse model. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 80:93-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Morara S, Colangelo AM, Provini L. Microglia-Induced Maladaptive Plasticity Can Be Modulated by Neuropeptides In Vivo. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:135342. [PMID: 26273481 PMCID: PMC4529944 DOI: 10.1155/2015/135342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia-induced maladaptive plasticity is being recognized as a major cause of deleterious self-sustaining pathological processes that occur in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. Microglia, the primary homeostatic guardian of the central nervous system, exert critical functions both during development, in neural circuit reshaping, and during adult life, in the brain physiological and pathological surveillance. This delicate critical role can be disrupted by neural, but also peripheral, noxious stimuli that can prime microglia to become overreactive to a second noxious stimulus or worsen underlying pathological processes. Among regulators of microglia, neuropeptides can play a major role. Their receptors are widely expressed in microglial cells and neuropeptide challenge can potently influence microglial activity in vitro. More relevantly, this regulator activity has been assessed also in vivo, in experimental models of brain diseases. Neuropeptide action in the central nervous system has been associated with beneficial effects in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory pathological experimental models. This review describes some of the mechanisms of the microglia maladaptive plasticity in vivo and how neuropeptide activity can represent a useful therapeutical target in a variety of human brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Morara
- Neuroscience Institute (CNR), Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
- Department of BIOMETRA, University of Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Colangelo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience “R. Levi-Montalcini”, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
- SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
- NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Luciano Provini
- Department of BIOMETRA, University of Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
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Sirianni AC, Jiang J, Zeng J, Mao LL, Zhou S, Sugarbaker P, Zhang X, Li W, Friedlander RM, Wang X. N-acetyl-l
-tryptophan, but not N-acetyl-d
-tryptophan, rescues neuronal cell death in models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurochem 2015; 134:956-68. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Sirianni
- Department of Neurosurgery; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Jiying Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of Anatomy; Weifang Medical University; Weifang Shandong China
| | - Jiang Zeng
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science; School of Public Health; Nantong University; Nantong Jiangsu China
| | - Lilly L. Mao
- Aimcan Pharma Research & Technologies; Guelph Canada
| | - Shuanhu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Peter Sugarbaker
- Department of Neurosurgery; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Xinmu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Robert M. Friedlander
- Department of Neurosurgery; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts USA
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Janelidze S, Nordström U, Kügler S, Brundin P. Pre-existing immunity to adeno-associated virus (AAV)2 limits transgene expression following intracerebral AAV2-based gene delivery in a 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease. J Gene Med 2015; 16:300-8. [PMID: 25303717 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are used to deliver potentially therapeutic genes in clinical trials in Parkinson's disease (PD). Pre-existing immunity to AAV and a local neuroinflammatory response might negatively affect the efficacy of such AAV-mediated gene delivery. METHODS We pre-immunized rats with wild-type AAV-2. Three months later, we created PD-like lesions by intrastriatal injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in 50% of the animals. One month later, we injected AAV2 vector expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) in the striatum. Using immunohistochemistry, we assessed eGFP expression, microglia activation and CD8 T cell infiltration. We also measured AAV-2 specific neutralizing antibody titers in the serum. RESULTS The number of striatal cells transduced with AAV2 vector expressing eGFP was reduced by 71% in rats pre-immunized with wild-type AAV2 compared to non-immunized animals. We detected elevated numbers of OX6(+) activated microglia in the striatum and circulating AAV2-specific neutralizing antibodies in pre-immunized rats. We also observed that the intrastriatal 6-OHDA injection promoted CD8(+) T cell infiltration and enhanced microglia activation. Nevertheless, the 6-OHDA lesion did not alter AAV2-mediated expression of eGFP in either pre-immunized or non-immunized rats. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that intracerebral AAV2-based gene therapy is compromised in rats with pre-existing immunity to AAV2. By contrast, a local neuroinflammatory response, caused by intrastriatal a 6-OHDA injection, does not affect viral vector-mediated transgene expression. Our results emphasize the importance of monitoring circulating AAV-specific neutralizing antibodies in patients undergoing intracerebral gene therapy using AAV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shorena Janelidze
- Neuronal Survival Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Substance P enhances microglial density in the substantia nigra through neurokinin-1 receptor/NADPH oxidase-mediated chemotaxis in mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015. [PMID: 26223840 DOI: 10.1042/cs20150008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of microglia varies greatly throughout the brain. The substantia nigra (SN) contains the highest density of microglia among different brain regions. However, the mechanism underlying this uneven distribution remains unclear. Substance P (SP) is a potent proinflammatory neuropeptide with high concentrations in the SN. We recently demonstrated that SP can regulate nigral microglial activity. In the present study, we further investigated the involvement of SP in modulating nigral microglial density in postnatal developing mice. Nigral microglial density was quantified in wild-type (WT) and SP-deficient mice from postnatal day 1 (P1) to P30. SP was detected at high levels in the SN as early as P1 and microglial density did not peak until around P30 in WT mice. SP-deficient mice (TAC1(-/-)) had a significant reduction in nigral microglial density. No differences in the ability of microglia to proliferate were observed between TAC1(-/-) and WT mice, suggesting that SP may alter microglial density through chemotaxic recruitment. SP was confirmed to dose-dependently attract microglia using a trans-well culture system. Mechanistic studies revealed that both the SP receptor neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) and the superoxide-producing enzyme NADPH oxidase (NOX2) were necessary for SP-mediated chemotaxis in microglia. Furthermore, genetic ablation and pharmacological inhibition of NK1R or NOX2 attenuated SP-induced microglial migration. Finally, protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) was recognized to couple SP/NK1R-mediated NOX2 activation. Altogether, we found that SP partly accounts for the increased density of microglia in the SN through chemotaxic recruitment via a novel NK1R-NOX2 axis-mediated pathway.
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Yang X, Zhao H, Shi H, Wang X, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Zu J, Zhang W, Shen X, Cui G, Hua F. Intranigral administration of substance P receptor antagonist attenuated levodopa-induced dyskinesia in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2015; 271:168-74. [PMID: 26001615 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Levodopa (L-dopa) remains the most effective drug in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) has hindered its use for PD patients. The mechanisms of LID are not fully understood. Substance P (SP) receptor antagonist has been shown to reduce parkinsonism in animal models of PD, and ameliorate LID in PD rats. But the concrete mechanism is not fully understood. To address this issue, we produced a rat model of PD using 6-hydroxydompamine (6-OHDA) injections, and valid PD rats were intranigrally administrated with different doses of SP receptor antagonist LY303870 (5 nmol/day, 10 nmol/day and 20 nmol/day) following L-dopa (6 mg/kg/day, i.p.) plus benserazide (12 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 23 days. We found that nigral SP levels were increased on days 3, 7 and 14 and decreased on day 21 after 6-hydroxydompamine lesions. But nigral SP levels kept increasing after repeated L-dopa administration in PD rats. Intranigral administration of low and moderate LY303870 reduced abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) while improving motor deficits in PD rats treated with L-dopa plus benserazide. Microdialysis revealed that LY303870 (10 nmol/day) treatment attenuated the increase of striatal dopamine and the reduction of γ-aminobutyric acid in ventromedial thalamus of PD rats primed with L-dopa. Additionally, LY303870 (10 nmol/day) treatment prior to L-dopa administration reduced the phosphorylated levels of dopamine- and cyclic adenosine monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa at Thr 34 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 as well as the levels of activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein and Penk in L-dopa-primed PD rats. Taken together, these data showed that low and moderate SP receptor antagonists LY303870 could ameliorate LID via neurokinin 1 receptor without affecting therapeutic effect of L-dopa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, China
| | - Hongjuan Shi
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, China
| | - Shenyang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, China
| | - Zunsheng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, China
| | - Jie Zu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, China
| | - Xia Shen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, China
| | - Guiyun Cui
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, China.
| | - Fang Hua
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, China.
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Lu CT, Jin RR, Jiang YN, Lin Q, Yu WZ, Mao KL, Tian FR, Zhao YP, Zhao YZ. Gelatin nanoparticle-mediated intranasal delivery of substance P protects against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptosis: an in vitro and in vivo study. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:1955-62. [PMID: 25897205 PMCID: PMC4396575 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s77237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the protective role of intranasally administered substance P-loaded gelatin nanoparticles (SP-GNPs) against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, and to provide a new strategy for treating brain pathology, such as Parkinson's disease. METHODS SP-GNPs were prepared by a water-in-water emulsion method, and their stability, encapsulating efficiency, and loading capacity were evaluated. PC-12 cells were used to examine the enhancement of growth and inhibition of apoptosis by SP-GNPs in vitro using MTT assays. In the in vivo study, hemiparkinsonian rats were created by intracerebroventricular injection of 6-OHDA. The rats then received intranasal SP-GNPs daily for 2 weeks. Functional improvement was assessed by quantifying rotational behavior, and the degree of apoptosis was assessed by immunohistochemical staining for caspase-3 in the substantia nigra region. RESULTS PC-12 cells with 6-OHDA-induced disease treated with SP-GNPs showed higher cell viability than their untreated counterparts, and cell viability increased as the concentration of substance P (SP) increased, indicating that SP could enhance cell growth and inhibit the cell apoptosis induced by 6-OHDA. Rats with 6-OHDA-induced hemiparkinsonism treated with SP-GNPs made fewer rotations and showed less staining for caspase-3 than their counterparts not treated with SP, indicating that SP protects rats with 6-OHDA-induced hemiparkinsonism from apoptosis and therefore demonstrates their functional improvement. CONCLUSION Intranasal delivery of SP-GNPs protects against 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Tao Lu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China ; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Rong Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Na Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ze Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Li Mao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Rong Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ping Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Zheng Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
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Substance P exacerbates dopaminergic neurodegeneration through neurokinin-1 receptor-independent activation of microglial NADPH oxidase. J Neurosci 2015; 34:12490-503. [PMID: 25209287 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2238-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although dysregulated substance P (SP) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), how SP affects the survival of dopaminergic neurons remains unclear. Here, we found that mice lacking endogenous SP (TAC1(-/-)), but not those deficient in the SP receptor (neurokinin-1 receptor, NK1R), were more resistant to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced nigral dopaminergic neurodegeneration than wild-type controls, suggesting a NK1R-independent toxic action of SP. In vitro dose-response studies revealed that exogenous SP enhanced LPS- and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration in a bimodal manner, peaking at submicromolar and subpicomolar concentrations, but was substantially less effective at intermediate concentrations. Mechanistically, the actions of submicromolar levels of SP were NK1R-dependent, whereas subpicomolar SP-elicited actions required microglial NADPH oxidase (NOX2), the key superoxide-producing enzyme, but not NK1R. Subpicomolar concentrations of SP activated NOX2 by binding to the catalytic subunit gp91(phox) and inducing membrane translocation of the cytosolic subunits p47(phox) and p67(phox). The importance of NOX2 was further corroborated by showing that inhibition or disruption of NOX2 blocked subpicomolar SP-exacerbated neurotoxicity. Together, our findings revealed a critical role of microglial NOX2 in mediating the neuroinflammatory and dopaminergic neurodegenerative effects of SP, which may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of PD.
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Cebrián C, Loike JD, Sulzer D. Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease animal models: a cell stress response or a step in neurodegeneration? Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015; 22:237-270. [PMID: 25293443 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2014_356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease are due to the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Multiple neuroinflammatory processes are exacerbated in Parkinson's disease, including glial-mediated reactions, increased expression of proinflammatory substances, and lymphocytic infiltration, particularly in the substantia nigra. Neuroinflammation is also implicated in the neurodegeneration and consequent behavioral symptoms of many Parkinson's disease animal models, although it is not clear whether these features emulate pathogenic steps in the genuine disorder or if some inflammatory features provide protective stress responses. Here, we compare and summarize findings on neuroinflammatory responses and effects on behavior in a wide range of toxin-based, inflammatory and genetic Parkinson's disease animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cebrián
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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50
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Hou J, Liu Q, Li Y, Sun H, Zhang J. An in vivo microdialysis study of FLZ penetration through the blood-brain barrier in normal and 6-hydroxydopamine induced Parkinson's disease model rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:850493. [PMID: 25045708 PMCID: PMC4090575 DOI: 10.1155/2014/850493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
FLZ (N-[2-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-2-(2,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-3-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-acrylamide) is a novel synthetic squamosamide derivative and a potential anti-Parkinson's disease (PD) agent. The objective of the present study was to investigate the penetration of free FLZ across the BBB and the effects of P-gp inhibition on FLZ transport in normal and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced PD model rats. In vivo microdialysis was used to collect FLZ containing brain and blood dialysates following intravenous (i.v.) drug administration either with or without pretreatment with the specific P-gp inhibitor, zosuquidar trihydrochloride (zosuquidar·3HCl). A sensitive, rapid, and reliable ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) technique was developed and validated to quantitate free FLZ levels in the dialysates. No significant differences were observed in the brain/blood FLZ area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) ratio between normal and PD model rats. However, pretreatment with zosuquidar·3HCl markedly increased the AUC ratio in both rat models. In addition, FLZ penetration was similar in zosuquidar·3HCl-pretreated normal and PD rats. These results suggest that P-gp inhibition increases BBB permeability to FLZ, thereby supporting the hypothesis that P-gp normally restricts FLZ transfer to the brain. These findings could provide reference data for future clinical trials and may aid investigation of the BBB permeability of other CNS-active substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yingfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jinlan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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