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Golosova D, Levchenko V, Kravtsova O, Palygin O, Staruschenko A. Acute and long-term effects of cannabinoids on hypertension and kidney injury. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6080. [PMID: 35413977 PMCID: PMC9005691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09902-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids and their endogenous and synthetic analogs impact blood pressure and contribute to the incidence of hypertension. It was previously reported that the endocannabinoid system plays an important role in developing hypertension; however, it was also shown that cannabinoids elicit profound hypotension associated with hemorrhagic, cardiogenic, and endotoxic shock. This study aimed to test acute and chronic effects of an endogenous ligand of cannabinoid receptor anandamide (AEA) on blood pressure and kidney injury in vivo in conscious Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats. We demonstrated that acute i.v. bolus administration of a low or a high doses (0.05 or 3 mg/kg) of AEA did not affect blood pressure for 2 h after the injection in Dahl SS rats fed a normal salt diet (0.4% NaCl). Neither low nor high doses of AEA had any beneficial effects on blood pressure or kidney function. Furthermore, hypertensive rats fed a HS diet (8% NaCl) and chronically treated with 3 mg/kg of AEA exhibited a significant increase in blood pressure accompanied by increased renal interstitial fibrosis and glomerular damage at the late stage of hypertension. Western blot analyses revealed increased expression of Smad3 protein levels in the kidney cortex in response to chronic treatment with a high AEA dose. Therefore, TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway may play a crucial role in kidney injury in SS hypertension during chronic treatment with AEA. Collectively, these data indicate that prolonged stimulation of cannabinoid receptors may result in aggravation of hypertension and kidney damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Golosova
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Vladislav Levchenko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, 560 Channelside Dr., Tampa, FL, 33602, USA
| | - Olha Kravtsova
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, 560 Channelside Dr., Tampa, FL, 33602, USA
| | - Oleg Palygin
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Alexander Staruschenko
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA. .,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, 560 Channelside Dr., Tampa, FL, 33602, USA. .,Hypertension and Kidney Research Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33602, USA. .,Clement J. Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, 53295, USA.
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Nicotine self-administration with menthol and audiovisual cue facilitates differential packaging of CYP2A6 and cytokines/chemokines in rat plasma extracellular vesicles. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17393. [PMID: 34462474 PMCID: PMC8405708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96807-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether intravenously self-administered nicotine with menthol and audiovisual cue modulates nicotine-metabolizing CYP2A6, oxidative stress modulators, and cytokines/chemokines in plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) in rats. We assigned rats to self-administered nicotine with: (a) audiovisual cue (AV), (b) menthol, and (c) menthol and AV cue. We found increased levels of CD9 in plasma EVs after self-administered nicotine with menthol and AV cue. Moreover, expression of CYP2A6 in plasma EVs was significantly increased after self-administered nicotine in response to menthol and AV cue. However, despite an upward trend on SOD1 and catalase, increase was not found to be statistically significant, while total antioxidant capacity was found to be significantly increased in plasma and plasma EVs obtained after self-administered nicotine with menthol and AV cue. Among cytokine and chemokine profiling, we found a significant increase in the levels of MCP-1 after self-administered nicotine with menthol and AV cue and complete packaging of IL-1β in EVs. Taken together, the study provides evidence that nicotine in response to menthol and AV cues can package altered levels of CYP2A6, and cytokines/chemokines in plasma EVs that may contribute to cell–cell communication, nicotine metabolism, and inflammation upon cigarette smoking.
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Dangi B, Davydova NY, Maldonado MA, Abbasi A, Vavilov NE, Zgoda VG, Davydov DR. Effects of alcohol-induced increase in CYP2E1 content in human liver microsomes on the activity and cooperativity of CYP3A4. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 698:108677. [PMID: 33197431 PMCID: PMC7856178 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the effect of the alcohol-induced increase in the content of CYP2E1 in human liver microsomes (HLM) on the function of CYP3A4. Membrane incorporation of the purified CYP2E1 into HLM considerably increases the rate of metabolism of 7-benzyloxyquinoline (BQ) and attenuates the homotropic cooperativity observed with this CYP3A4-specific substrate. It also eliminates the activating effect of α-naphthoflavone (ANF) seen in some HLM samples. To probe the physiological relevance of these effects, we compared three pooled preparations of HLM from normal donors (HLM-N) with a pooled preparation from ten heavy alcohol consumers (HLM-A). The composition of the P450 pool in all samples was characterized by the mass-spectrometric determination of 11 cytochrome P450 species. The fractional content of CYP2E1 in HLM-A was from 2.0 to 3.4 times higher than in HLM-N. In contrast, the content of CYP3A4 in HLM-A was the lowest among all samples. Despite that, HLM-A exhibited a much higher metabolism rate and a lower homotropic cooperativity with BQ, similar to CYP2E1-enriched HLM-N. To substantiate the involvement of interactions between CYP2E1 and CYP3A4 in these effects, we probed hetero-association of these proteins in CYP3A4-containing Supersomes™ with a technique employing CYP2E1 labeled with BODIPY-618 maleimide. These experiments evinced the interactions between the two enzymes and revealed an inhibitory effect of ANF on their association. Our results demonstrate that the functional properties of CYP3A4 are fundamentally dependent on the composition of the cytochrome P450 ensemble and suggest a possible impact of chronic alcohol exposure on the pharmacokinetics of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Dangi
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Nadezhda Y Davydova
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Marc A Maldonado
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Armina Abbasi
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | | | - Victor G Zgoda
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, 119121, Russia; Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 143025, Skolkovo, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Dmitri R Davydov
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
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Gao Y, Miksys S, Palmour RM, Tyndale RF. The Influence of Tobacco Smoke/Nicotine on CYP2A Expression in Human and African Green Monkey Lungs. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:658-668. [PMID: 33055223 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP2A enzymes metabolically inactivate nicotine and activate tobacco-derived procarcinogens [e.g., 4-[methylnitrosamino]-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone]. Smoking decreases nicotine clearance, and chronic nicotine reduces hepatic CYP2A activity. However, little is known about the impact of smoking or nicotine on the expression of CYP2A in the lung. We investigated 1) the levels of human lung CYP2A mRNA in smokers versus nonsmokers and 2) the impact of daily nicotine treatment on lung CYP2A protein levels in African green monkeys (AGMs). Lung CYP2A13, CYP2A6, and CYP2A7 (and CYP1A2) mRNA levels in smokers and nonsmokers were assessed in Gene Expression Omnibus data sets (GSE30063, GSE108134, and GSE11784). The impact of chronic, twice-daily, subcutaneous nicotine at two doses (0.3 and 0.5 mg/kg) versus vehicle on lung CYP2A protein levels was assessed. The impact of ethanol self-administration was also investigated, with and without nicotine treatment. Smokers versus nonsmokers (from GSE30063 and GSE108134) had lower (1.04- to 1.12-fold) levels of lung CYP2A13, CYP2A6, and CYP2A7 (and higher CYP1A2) mRNA. Both doses of nicotine tested decreased AGM lung CYP2A protein (3- to 7-fold). Ethanol self-administration had no effect on AGM lung CYP2A protein, and there was no interaction between ethanol and nicotine. Our results suggest that smoking was associated with a reduction in human lung CYP2A13, CYP2A6, and CYP2A7 mRNA, consistent with the role of nicotine treatment in reducing AGM lung CYP2A protein. This regulation by smoking/nicotine will increase interindividual variation in lung CYP2A levels, which may impact the localized metabolism of inhaled drugs and tobacco smoke procarcinogens. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: CYP2A13 and CYP2A6 are expressed in the lung and may contribute to local procarcinogen activation. Smokers had lower lung CYP2A mRNA levels compared with nonsmokers. Lung CYP2A protein expression was decreased by systemic treatment with nicotine. Decreased lung CYP2A expression may alter smoking-related lung cancer risk and tissue damage from other inhaled toxins. This novel regulatory impact of nicotine, including nicotine found in smoking-cessation nicotine-replacement therapies, may have potential benefits on smoking-related lung cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) (Y.G., S.M., R.F.T.) and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.T.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada and Department of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (R.M.P.)
| | - Sharon Miksys
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) (Y.G., S.M., R.F.T.) and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.T.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada and Department of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (R.M.P.)
| | - Roberta M Palmour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) (Y.G., S.M., R.F.T.) and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.T.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada and Department of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (R.M.P.)
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) (Y.G., S.M., R.F.T.) and Department of Psychiatry (R.F.T.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada and Department of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (R.M.P.)
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Effects of taraxasterol against ethanol and high-fat diet-induced liver injury by regulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways. Life Sci 2020; 262:118546. [PMID: 33035580 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies have reported that taraxasterol (TAR) is effective in the treatment of immune liver injury and alcoholic liver injury. The mechanism of action is mainly related to the inhibition of inflammation. To determine the key molecular mechanisms for the effect of TAR on alleviating ethanol and high-fat diet-induced liver injury, pathological morphology, biochemistry, oxidative stress, inflammatory response and lipid metabolism were examined. Our results showed that TAR could inhibit ethanol-induced hepatocyte death or lipid accumulation, and suppress oxidative stress, inflammatory response and lipid metabolism disorders. More specifically, ethanol-induced TLR-4 and MyD88 inflammatory response were down-regulated, when treated with TAR. Production of CYP2E1, Nrf2 and HO-1, which produced in response to increased oxidative stress, were regulated in TAR treated, ethanol-induced hepatocytes. In summary, TAR could inhibit the inflammatory response and oxidative stress, which was related to the regulation of TAR on TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways.
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Wang RY, Chen XW, Zhang WW, Jiang F, Liu MQ, Shen XB. CYP2E1 changes the biological function of gastric cancer cells via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:842-850. [PMID: 31974627 PMCID: PMC6947835 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the role of cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily E polypeptide 1 (CYP2E1) in the development and progression of gastric cancer (GC). The expression levels of CYP2E1 in MGC‑803 GC cells and normal GES‑1 cells were investigated via western blotting, and it was identified that the expression of CYP2E1 was different between GES‑1 and MGC‑803 cells. CYP2E1 was overexpressed in MGC‑803 cells using a lentiviral vector GV358. Cell Counting Kit‑8, flow cytometry, cell migration and Matrigel invasion assays suggested that overexpression of CYP2E1 promoted the proliferation and invasion, and inhibited the apoptosis of GC cells. The relationship between CYP2E1 expression and key signaling molecules in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was assessed. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR analysis showed that mTOR mRNA expression was significantly increased after overexpression of CYP2E1 (P<0.05). Western blotting results showed that overexpression of CYP2E1 upregulated the expression of phosphorylated (p)‑Akt, p‑mTOR and p‑p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (P70S6K; Ser371) proteins (P<0.05). To further investigate the relationship between CYP2E1 and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in GC cells, MGC‑803 cells were treated with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, and changes in the expression levels of PI3K, AKT, mTOR, P70S6K and CYP2E1 were observed. The present results showed that LY294002 downregulated the expression of PI3K, CYP2E1, AKT, mTOR and P70S6K (P<0.05). Therefore, changes in the biological function of GC cells induced by CYP2E1 overexpression may be via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Wen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Fei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Qi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Bing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
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Ashare RL, Thompson M, Leone F, Metzger D, Gross R, Mounzer K, Tyndale RF, Lerman C, Mahoney MC, Cinciripini P, George TP, Collman RG, Schnoll R. Differences in the rate of nicotine metabolism among smokers with and without HIV. AIDS 2019; 33:1083-1088. [PMID: 30946162 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV-infected smokers lose more life years to tobacco use than to HIV infection. The nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), a biomarker of CYP2A6, represents individual variation in the rate at which nicotine is metabolized and is associated with response to smoking cessation treatments. We evaluated whether HIV-infected smokers metabolize nicotine faster than HIV-uninfected smokers, which may contribute to the disproportionate smoking burden and may have important treatment implications. DESIGN We analysed baseline data from two clinical trials (NCT01710137; NCT01314001) to compare the NMR in HIV-infected smokers (N = 131) to HIV-uninfected smokers (N = 199). METHODS Propensity scores were used to match the groups 2 : 1 on characteristics that influence NMR: sex, race, BMI and smoking rate. Nicotine metabolites were assessed via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods and the ratio of 3-hydroxycotinine:cotinine was used to compute the NMR. RESULTS HIV-infected smokers had significantly higher NMR (mean = 0.47, SEM = 0.02) and were more likely to be in the highest NMR quartile compared with HIV-uninfected smokers (mean = 0.34, SEM = 0.02; Ps < 0.001). CONCLUSION The higher NMR observed among HIV-infected smokers may partially explain higher smoking rates and lower response to transdermal nicotine therapy. Understanding the mechanisms by which HIV and/or ART contribute to faster nicotine metabolism may guide the use of the NMR to personalize tobacco cessation strategies in this underserved population.
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Sun J, Fu J, Zhong Y, Li L, Chen C, Wang X, Wang L, Hou Y, Wang H, Zhao R, Zhang X, Yamamoto M, Xu Y, Pi J. NRF2 mitigates acute alcohol-induced hepatic and pancreatic injury in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:495-503. [PMID: 30248482 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Binge alcohol drinking is an important health concern and well-known risk factor for the development of numerous disorders. Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of acute alcoholism. Nuclear factor erythroid 2 like 2 (NRF2) is a master regulator of cellular adaptive response to oxidative insults. However, the role of NRF2 in acute alcoholism and associated pathologies remains unclear. We found that Nrf2-knockout (Nrf2-KO) mice had exaggerated hypoglycemia and hypothermia and increased mortality compared to wildtype mice after binge ethanol exposure. This phenotype was partially rescued by providing warm environment and/or glucose administration. Acute high dose of alcohol exposure resulted in substantially worsened liver and pancreatic injuries in Nrf2-KO mice. Importantly, deficiency of Nrf2 allowed severe pancreatitis and pancreatic β-cell injury with increased insulin secretion and/or leaking during binge ethanol exposure, which contributed to hypoglycemia. In contrast, a clinically used NRF2 activator dimethyl fumarate (DMF) protected against hypoglycemia and lethality induced by acute ethanol exposure. Furthermore, Nrf2-KO mice likely had defective hepatic acetaldehyde metabolism. Taken together, NRF2 plays an important protective role against acute binge alcohol-induced hepatic and pancreatic damage, which may be partially attributable to its primary regulating role in antioxidant response and impact on ethanol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Jingqi Fu
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China.
| | - Yang Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Lu Li
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Chengjie Chen
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Linlin Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Yongyong Hou
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Rui Zhao
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Xixuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Jingbo Pi
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China.
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Parira T, Figueroa G, Granado S, Napuri J, Castillo-Chabeco B, Nair M, Agudelo M. Trichostatin A Shows Transient Protection from Chronic Alcohol-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Production in Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. JOURNAL OF ALCOHOLISM AND DRUG DEPENDENCE 2018; 6:316. [PMID: 30596124 PMCID: PMC6309403 DOI: 10.4172/2329-6488.1000316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to understand whether histone deacetylase (HDACs) inhibitor Trichostatin A or TSA can block and/or reverse chronic alcohol exposure-induced ROS in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs). Additionally, since nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is a known regulator of antioxidant responses, we studied the effects of alcohol and TSA on ROS production and modulation of Nrf2 by MDDCs. METHODS Intra-cellular, extra-cellular, and total ROS levels were measured in MDDCs treated chronically with alcohol (0.1 and 0.2 % EtOH) using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCF-DA) followed by detection of ROS in microplate reader and imaging flow cytometer. Nrf2 expression was analyzed by qRT- PCR and western blot. In addition, NFE2L2 (Nrf2), class I HDAC genes HDAC1, HDAC2, and histone acetyltransferase genes KAT5 were analyzed in silico using the GeneMania prediction server. RESULTS Our results confirmed alcohol's ability to increase intracellular ROS levels in MDDCs within minutes of treatment. Our findings have also demonstrated, for the first time, that TSA has a transient protective effect on MDDCs treated chronically with alcohol since the ability of TSA to reduce intracellular ROS levels is only detected up to 15 minutes post-chronic alcohol treatment with no significant protective effects by 10 hours. In addition, chronic alcohol treatment was able to increase the expression of the antioxidant regulator Nrf2 in a dose dependent manner, and the effect of the higher amount of alcohol (0.2%) on Nrf2 gene expression was significantly enhanced by TSA. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that TSA has a transient protective effect against ROS induced by chronic alcohol exposure of human MDDCs and chronic long-term exposure of MDDCs with alcohol and TSA induces cellular toxicity. It also highlights imaging flow cytometry as a novel tool to detect intracellular ROS levels. Overall, the effect of TSA might be mediated through Nrf2; however, further studies are needed to fully understand the molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiyash Parira
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Gloria Figueroa
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Sherly Granado
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Jacqueline Napuri
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Boris Castillo-Chabeco
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Madhavan Nair
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Marisela Agudelo
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
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Rahman MA, Midde NM, Wu X, Li W, Kumar S. Kinetic characterizations of diallyl sulfide analogs for their novel role as CYP2E1 enzyme inhibitors. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2018; 5. [PMID: 28971616 PMCID: PMC5625166 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Diallyl sulfide (DAS), a selective inhibitor of CYP2E1, has shown protective effects against alcohol‐ and acetaminophen‐induced hepatotoxicity in many studies. However, DAS is also a CYP2E1 substrate that on metabolism produces toxic metabolites and causes cytotoxicity. The objective of this study was to find a potent DAS analog as a CYP2E1 inhibitor and has the characteristic of producing less toxic metabolites. We selected seven commercially available compounds that are similar to DAS (DAS analogs). First, we performed ligand‐CYP2E1 docking study to determine the binding mode and binding energy. The analysis suggested a relative potential for these DAS analogs as CYP2E1 inhibitor. We then performed a comprehensive inhibition kinetics of DAS analogs and determined the relative IC50, Ki, and types of inhibition compared to that of DAS. The results showed that compared to DAS, diallyl ether and allyl methyl sulfide have lower Ki values (3.1 and 4.4 μmol/L, respectively, vs. 6.3 μmol/L for DAS) and IC50 values (6.3 and 11.4 μmol/L, respectively, vs. 17.3 μmol/L for DAS). However, allyl methyl sulfide and thiophene showed similar inhibitory capacities to that of DAS, and four other DAS analogs showed lower potency than DAS. In conclusion, we have found relatively more potent inhibitors of CYP2E1, which have lower toxicity than DAS. These compounds can replace DAS not only as a tool for in vitro and in vivo studies that involve CYP2E1 inhibition, but also can lead the way for their use in preventing CYP2E1‐mediated hepatic toxicity of alcohol and acetaminophen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163
| | - Narasimha M Midde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163
| | - Xiaoxin Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163
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Lu Y, Cederbaum AI. Cytochrome P450s and Alcoholic Liver Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2018; 24:1502-1517. [PMID: 29637855 PMCID: PMC6053342 DOI: 10.2174/1381612824666180410091511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption causes liver diseases, designated as Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD). Because alcohol is detoxified by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), a major ethanol metabolism system, the development of ALD was initially believed to be due to malnutrition caused by alcohol metabolism in liver. The discovery of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) changed this dogma. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) constitute the major components of MEOS. Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) in MEOS is one of the major ROS generators in liver and is considered to be contributive to ALD. Our labs have been studying the relationship between CYP2E1 and ALD for many years. Recently, we found that human CYP2A6 and its mouse analog CYP2A5 are also induced by alcohol. In mice, the alcohol induction of CYP2A5 is CYP2E1-dependent. Unlike CYP2E1, CYP2A5 protects against the development of ALD. The relationship of CYP2E1, CYP2A5, and ALD is a major focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongke Lu
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University
| | - Arthur I. Cederbaum
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
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12
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Kumar S, Sinha N, Gerth KA, Rahman MA, Yallapu MM, Midde NM. Specific packaging and circulation of cytochromes P450, especially 2E1 isozyme, in human plasma exosomes and their implications in cellular communications. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 491:675-680. [PMID: 28756226 PMCID: PMC5901973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes metabolize the majority of xenobiotics and are mainly found in hepatic and some extra-hepatic cells. However, their presence and functional role in exosomes, small extracellular vesicles that are secreted from various cells into extracellular fluids including plasma, is unknown. In this study, we analyzed the expression and biological activity of CYP enzymes in human plasma exosomes. First, we optimized isolation of plasma exosomes and characterized them for their physical properties and quality. The results showed that the purity of exosomes (<200 nm) improved upon prior filtration of plasma using a 0.22 micron filter. We then analyzed the relative level of exosomal CYP mRNAs, proteins, and enzyme activity. The results showed that the relative level of CYP enzymes in exosomes is higher than in plasma, suggesting their specific packaging in exosomes. Of the seven CYP enzymes tested, the mRNA of CYP1B1, CYP2A6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4 were detectable in exosomes. Interestingly, the relative level of CYP2E1 mRNA was >500-fold higher than the other CYPs. The results from the Western blot showed detectable levels of CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP2A6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4. Our results also demonstrated that exosomal CYP2E1 and CYP3A4 show appreciable activity relative to their respective positive controls (CYP-induced baculosomes). Our results also showed that CYP2E1 is expressed relatively higher in plasma exosomes than hepatic and monocytic cells and exosomes derived from these cells. In conclusion, this is the first evidence of the specific packaging and circulation of CYP enzymes, especially CYP2E1, in human plasma exosomes. The findings have biological and clinical significance in terms of their implications in cellular communications and potential use of plasma exosomal CYPs as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Namita Sinha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Kelli A Gerth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Mohammad A Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Murali M Yallapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Narasimha M Midde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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13
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Khariwala SS, Ma B, Ruszczak C, Carmella SG, Lindgren B, Hatsukami DK, Hecht SS, Stepanov I. High Level of Tobacco Carcinogen-Derived DNA Damage in Oral Cells Is an Independent Predictor of Oral/Head and Neck Cancer Risk in Smokers. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2017; 10:507-513. [PMID: 28679497 PMCID: PMC5712492 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-17-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) is recognized to play an important role in the development of oral/head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). We recently reported higher levels of TSNA-associated DNA adducts in the oral cells of smokers with HNSCC as compared with cancer-free smokers. In this study, we further investigated the tobacco constituent exposures in the same smokers to better understand the potential causes for the elevated oral DNA damage in smokers with HNSCC. Subjects included cigarette smokers with HNSCC (cases, n = 30) and cancer-free smokers (controls, n = 35). At recruitment, tobacco/alcohol use questionnaires were completed, and urine and oral cell samples were obtained. Analysis of urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and N'-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN; TSNA biomarkers), 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HOP, a PAH), cotinine, 3'-hydroxycotinine, and the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR) were performed. Cases and controls differed in mean age, male preponderance, and frequency of alcohol consumption (but not total alcoholic drinks). Univariate analysis revealed similar levels of NNN, 1-HOP, and cotinine between groups but, as reported previously, significantly higher DNA adduct formation in the cases. Multiple regression adjusting for potential confounders showed persistent significant difference in DNA adduct levels between cases and controls [ratio of geometric means, 20.0; 95% CI, 2.7-148.6). Our cohort of smokers with HNSCC demonstrates higher levels of TSNA-derived oral DNA damage in the setting of similar exposure to nicotine and tobacco carcinogens. Among smokers, DNA adduct formation may act as a predictor of eventual development of HNSCC that is independent of carcinogen exposure indicators. Cancer Prev Res; 10(9); 507-13. ©2017 AACRSee related editorial by Johnson and Bauman, p. 489.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir S Khariwala
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bin Ma
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Chris Ruszczak
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Steven G Carmella
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bruce Lindgren
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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14
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Cho YE, Mezey E, Hardwick JP, Salem N, Clemens DL, Song BJ. Increased ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450-2E1 and cytochrome P450 isoforms in exosomes of alcohol-exposed rodents and patients with alcoholism through oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Hepatol Commun 2017; 1:675-690. [PMID: 29404485 PMCID: PMC5721437 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the role of ethanol‐inducible cytochrome P450‐2E1 (CYP2E1) in enhancing CYP2E1 and other P450 proteins in extracellular vesicles (EVs) from alcohol‐exposed rodents and human patients with alcoholism and their effects on oxidative hepatocyte injury. Female Fischer rats and wild‐type or Cyp2e1‐null mice were exposed to three oral doses of binge ethanol or dextrose control at 12‐hour intervals. Plasma EV and hepatic proteins from alcohol‐exposed rodents, patients with alcoholism, and their respective controls were isolated and characterized. The number of EVs and the amounts of EV CYP2E1, CYP2A, CYP1A1/2, and CYP4B proteins were markedly elevated in both patients with alcoholism and alcohol‐exposed rats and mice. The number of EVs and EV P450 proteins were significantly reduced in ethanol‐exposed rats fed a diet containing polyunsaturated fatty acids. The increased number of EVs and EV CYP2E1 and other P450 isoforms in alcohol‐exposed wild types were significantly reduced in the corresponding Cyp2e1‐null mice. EV CYP2E1 amounts depended on increased oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress because their levels were decreased by cotreatment with the antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine or the CYP2E1 inhibitor chlormethiazole but increased by ER stress‐inducer thapsigargin, which was blocked by 4‐phenylbutyric acid. Furthermore, cell death rates were elevated when primary hepatocytes or human hepatoma cells were exposed to EVs from alcohol‐exposed rodents and patients with alcoholism, demonstrating that EVs from alcohol‐exposed rats and patients with alcoholism are functional and can promote cell death by activating the apoptosis signaling pathway, including phospho‐c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, proapoptotic Bax, and activated caspase‐3. Conclusion: CYP2E1 has an important role in elevating EV CYP2E1 and other P450 isoforms through increased oxidative and ER stress. Elevated EV‐CYP2E1 detected after withdrawal from alcohol or exposure to the CYP2E1 inducer pyrazole can be a potential biomarker for liver injury. (Hepatology Communications 2017;1:675–690)
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Eun Cho
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD
| | - Esteban Mezey
- Department of Medicine The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD
| | - James P Hardwick
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown OH
| | - Norman Salem
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD
| | - Dahn L Clemens
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD
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15
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Tsai CY, Wen SY, Cheng SY, Wang CH, Yang YC, Viswanadha VP, Huang CY, Kuo WW. Nrf2 Activation as a Protective Feedback to Limit Cell Death in High Glucose-Exposed Cardiomyocytes. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1659-1669. [PMID: 27859591 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yen Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics; China Medical University Beigang Hospital; Yunlin 651 Taiwan,ROC
- School of Chinese Medicine; College of Chinese Medicine; China Medical University; Taichung 40402 Taiwan
| | - Su-Ying Wen
- Department of Dermatology; Taipei City Hospital; Renai Branch; Taipei Taiwan
- Center for General Education; Mackay Junior College of Medicine; Nursing, and Management; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Shi-Yann Cheng
- Department of Medical Education and Research and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; China Medical University Beigang Hospital; Yunlin 651 Taiwan,ROC
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; China Medical University An Nan Hospital; Yunlin 651 Taiwan,ROC
- Obstetrics and Gynecology; School of Medicine; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsing Wang
- Department of Pediatrics; China Medical University Hospital; Taichung 404 Taiwan,ROC
| | - Yao-Chih Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences; China Medical University; Taichung 404 Taiwan,ROC
| | | | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science; China Medical University; Taichung 404 Taiwan,ROC
- Department of Chinese Medicine; China Medical University Hospital; Taichung 404 Taiwan,ROC
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology; Asia University; Taichung 413 Taiwan,ROC
| | - Wei-Wen Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences; China Medical University; Taichung 404 Taiwan,ROC
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16
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A Comparative Study on Antioxidant System in Fish Hepatopancreas and Intestine Affected by Choline Deficiency: Different Change Patterns of Varied Antioxidant Enzyme Genes and Nrf2 Signaling Factors. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169888. [PMID: 28099509 PMCID: PMC5242466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver and intestine are susceptible to the oxidative damage which could result in several diseases. Choline deficiency induced oxidative damage in rat liver cells. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the potential molecular mechanisms responsible for choline deficiency-induced oxidative damage. Juvenile Jian carp were fed diets differing in choline content [165 (deficient group), 310, 607, 896, 1167 and 1820 mg/kg diet] respectively for 65 days. Oxidative damage, antioxidant enzyme activities and related gene expressions in the hepatopancreas and intestine were measured. Choline deficiency decreased choline and phosphatidylcholine contents, and induced oxidative damage in both organs, as evidenced by increased levels of oxidative-stress markers (malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine), coupled with decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes [Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)]. However, choline deficiency increased glutathione contents in the hepatopancreas and intestine. Furthermore, dietary choline deficiency downregulated mRNA levels of MnSOD, GPx1b, GST-rho, mGST3 and Kelch-like ECH associating protein 1 (Keap1b) in the hepatopancreas, MnSOD, GPx1b, GPx4a, GPx4b, GST-rho, GST-theta, GST-mu, GST-alpha, GST-pi and GST-kappa in the intestine, as well as intestinal Nrf2 protein levels. In contrast, choline deficiency upregulated the mRNA levels of GPx4a, GPx4b, mGST1, mGST2, GST-theta, GST-mu, Keap1a and PKC in the hepatopancreas, mGST3, nuclear factor erythoid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Keap1a in the intestine, as well as hepatopancreatic Nrf2 protein levels. This study provides new evidence that choline deficiency-induced oxidative damage is associated with changes in the transcription of antioxidant enzyme and Nrf2/Keap1 signaling molecules in the hepatopancreas and intestine. Additionally, this study firstly indicated that choline deficiency induced varied change patterns of different GPx and GST isoforms. Meanwhile, the changes of some GPx and GST isoforms caused by choline deficiency in the intestine were contrary to those in the hepatopancreas.
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17
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Leung TM, Lu Y. Alcoholic Liver Disease: from CYP2E1 to CYP2A5. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2017; 10:172-178. [PMID: 26278389 PMCID: PMC5856453 DOI: 10.2174/1874467208666150817111846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews recent studies on CYP2E1-mediated alcoholic liver injury, the induction of CYP2A5 by alcohol and the mechanism for this upregulation, especially the permissive role of CYP2E1 in the induction of CYP2A5 by alcohol and the CYP2E1-ROS-Nrf2 pathway, and protective effects of CYP2A5 against ethanol-induced oxidative liver injury. Ethanol can induce CYP2E1, an active generator of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and CYP2E1 is a contributing factor for alcoholinduced oxidative liver injury. CYP2A5, another isoform of cytochrome P450, can also be induced by ethanol. Chronic feeding of ethanol to wild type mice increased CYP2A5 catalytic activity, protein and mRNA levels as compared to pair-fed controls. This induction was blunted in CYP2E1 knockout (cyp2e1-/-) mice but was restored when human CYP2E1 was reintroduced and expressed in cyp2e1-/- mice. Ethanol-induced CYP2E1 co-localized with CYP2A5 and preceded the elevation of CYP2A5. The antioxidants N-acetyl cysteine and vitamin C lowered the alcohol elevation of ROS and blunted the alcohol induction of CYP2A5, but not CYP2E1, suggesting ROS play a novel role in the crosstalk between CYP2E1 and CYP2A5. The antioxidants blocked the activation of Nrf2, a transcription factor known to upregulate expression of CYP2A5. When alcohol-induced liver injury was enhanced in Nrf2 knockout (Nrf2-/-) mice, alcohol elevation of CYP2A5 but not CYP2E1 was also lower in Nrf2-/- mice. CYP2A5 knockout (cyp2a5-/-) mice exhibited an enhanced alcoholic liver injury compared with WT mice as indicated by serum ALT, steatosis and necroinflammation. Alcohol-induced hyperglycemia were observed in cyp2a5-/- mice but not in WT mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Ming Leung
- Graduate Program in Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount. United States
| | - Yongke Lu
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Box 1677, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029. United States
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18
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Won EJ, Kim RO, Kang HM, Kim HS, Hwang DS, Han J, Lee YH, Hwang UK, Zhou B, Lee SJ, Lee JS. Adverse Effects, Expression of the Bk-CYP3045C1 Gene, and Activation of the ERK Signaling Pathway in the Water Accommodated Fraction-Exposed Rotifer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6025-6035. [PMID: 27135705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To examine the deleterious effects of the water accommodated fraction (WAF) of crude oil, the growth curve, fecundity, and lifespan of the monogonont rotifer (Brachionus koreanus) were measured for 24 h in response to three different doses (0.2×, 0.4×, and 0.8×) of WAFs. A higher dose of WAFs significantly reduced the fecundity and lifespan. A rotifer 32K microarray chip showed that the Bk-CYP3045C1 gene had the highest expression. Of the 25 entire CYP genes, the Bk-CYP3045C1 gene showed a significant expression for different doses and times in response to WAFs and chemical components of WAFs (naphthalene and phenanthrene); also, glutathione S-transferase genes, ABC transporter, and other genes showed dose responses upon exposure to 80% WAF over time. Different doses of WAFs increased the oxidative stress with an induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a depletion of glutathione (GSH). Exposure to WAFs did not show toxic effects on survivability in B. koreanus; however, toxicity to WAFs was shown when piperonyl butoxide, a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, was added. This toxicity was dose-dependent. After WAFs exposure, p-ERK was activated over time in response to WAFs, which suggests that WAFs can be activated by the p-ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ji Won
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 16419, South Korea
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology , Ansan 15627, South Korea
| | - Ryeo-Ok Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Hye-Min Kang
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Hui-Su Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Dae-Sik Hwang
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jeonghoon Han
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Young Hwan Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Un-Ki Hwang
- Marine Ecological Risk Assessment Center, West Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute , Incheon 22383, South Korea
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Su-Jae Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University , Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 16419, South Korea
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Rao PSS, Ande A, Sinha N, Kumar A, Kumar S. Effects of Cigarette Smoke Condensate on Oxidative Stress, Apoptotic Cell Death, and HIV Replication in Human Monocytic Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155791. [PMID: 27203850 PMCID: PMC4874604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While cigarette smoking is prevalent amongst HIV-infected patients, the effects of cigarette smoke constituents in cells of myeloid lineage are poorly known. Recently, we have shown that nicotine induces oxidative stress through cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6-mediated pathway in U937 monocytic cells. The present study was designed to examine the effect of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), which contains majority of tobacco constituents, on oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, expression of CYP1A1, and/or HIV-1 replication in HIV-infected (U1) and uninfected U937 cells. The effects of CSC on induction of CYP1 enzymes in HIV-infected primary macrophages were also analyzed. The results showed that the CSC-mediated increase in production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in U937 cells is dose- and time-dependent. Moreover, CSC treatment was found to induce cytotoxicity in U937 cells through the apoptotic pathway via activation of caspase-3. Importantly, pretreatment with vitamin C blocked the CSC-mediated production of ROS and induction of caspase-3 activity. In U1 cells, acute treatment of CSC increased ROS production at 6H (>2-fold) and both ROS (>2 fold) and HIV-1 replication (>3-fold) after chronic treatment. The CSC mediated effects were associated with robust induction in the expression of CYP1A1 mRNA upon acute CSC treatment of U937 and U1 cells (>20-fold), and upon chronic CSC treatment to U1 cells (>30-fold). In addition, the CYP1A1 induction in U937 cells was mediated through the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor pathway. Lastly, CSC, which is known to increase viral replication in primary macrophages, was also found to induce CYP1 enzymes in HIV-infected primary macrophages. While mRNA levels of both CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 were elevated following CSC treatment, only CYP1B1 protein levels were increased in HIV-infected primary macrophages. In conclusion, these results suggest a possible association between oxidative stress, CYP1 expression, and viral replication in CSC-treated cells of myeloid lineage. This study warrants a closer examination of the role of CYP1B1 in smoking-mediated enhanced HIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- PSS Rao
- Department of pharmaceutical sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Anusha Ande
- Division of pharmacology and toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Namita Sinha
- Department of pharmaceutical sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Anil Kumar
- Division of pharmacology and toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of pharmaceutical sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Subramaniam SR, Ellis EM. Umbelliferone and esculetin protect against N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:761-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Raja Subramaniam
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences; University of Strathclyde; 161 Cathedral Street Glasgow G4 0RE Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M. Ellis
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences; University of Strathclyde; 161 Cathedral Street Glasgow G4 0RE Scotland United Kingdom
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21
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Lu Y, Cederbaum AI. Alcohol Upregulation of CYP2A5: Role of Reactive Oxygen Species. REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (APEX, N.C.) 2016; 1:117-130. [PMID: 29756048 PMCID: PMC5944604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 and CYP2A5 activate many important drugs and hepatotoxins. CYP2E1 is induced by alcohol, but whether CYP2A5 is upregulated by alcohol is not known. This article reviews recent studies on the induction of CYP2A5 by alcohol and the mechanism and role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in this upregulation. Chronic feeding of ethanol to wild type mice increased CYP2A5 catalytic activity and protein and mRNA levels. This induction was blunted in CYP2E1 knockout mice and by a CYP2E1 inhibitor, but was restored in CYP2E1 knockin mice, suggesting a role for CYP2E1 in the induction of CYP2A5 by alcohol. Since CYP2E1 actively generates ROS, the possible role of ROS in the induction of CYP2A5 by alcohol was determined. ROS production was elevated by ethanol treatment. The antioxidants N-acetyl cysteine and vitamin C lowered the alcohol-induced elevation of ROS and blunted the alcohol-mediated induction of CYP2A5. These results suggest that ROS play a novel role in the crosstalk between CYP2E1 and CYP2A5. Alcohol treatment activated nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor which up-regulates expression of CYP2A5. The antioxidants blocked the activation of Nrf2. The alcohol-induced elevation of CYP2A5, but not CYP2E1, was lower in Nrf2 knockout mice. We propose that increased generation of ROS from the alcohol-induced CYP2E1 activates Nrf2, which subsequently up-regulates the expression of CYP2A5. Thus, a novel consequence of the alcohol-mediated induction of CYP2E1 and increase in ROS is the activation of redox-sensitive transcription factors, such as Nrf2, and expression of CYP2A5. Further perspectives on this alcohol-CYP2E1-ROS-Nrf2-CYP2A5 pathway are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongke Lu
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Arthur I Cederbaum
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Guo C, Wang S, Duan J, Jia N, Zhu Y, Ding Y, Guan Y, Wei G, Yin Y, Xi M, Wen A. Protocatechualdehyde Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced Oxidative Injury Via Protein Kinase Cε/Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:833-845. [PMID: 26780453 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9690-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is closely related to the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Protocatechualdehyde (PCA) is a phenolic acid compound that has the putative antioxidant activities. The present study was aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the antioxidative effect of PCA against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The experiment stroke model was produced in Sprague-Dawley rats via middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). To model ischemia-like conditions in vitro, differentiated SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to transient oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). Treatment with PCA significantly improved neurologic score, reduced infarct volume and necrotic neurons, and also decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) contents at 24 h after reperfusion. Meanwhile, PCA significantly increased the transcription nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expressions in the ischemic cerebral cortex as shown by immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis. In vitro experiment showed that PCA protected differentiated SH-SY5Y cells against OGD-induced injury. Likewise, PCA also increased markedly the Nrf2 and HO-1 expressions in a dose-dependent manner. The neuroprotection effect of PCA was abolished by knockdown of Nrf2 and HO-1. Moreover, knockdown of protein kinase Cε (PKCε) also blocked PCA-induced Nfr2 nuclear translocation, HO-1 expression, and neuroprotection. Taken together, these results provide evidences that PCA can protect against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion-induced oxidative injury, and the neuroprotective effect involves the PKCε/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiquan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialin Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanrong Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Guan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomaio Xi
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aidong Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Excessive ethanol exposure is detrimental to the brain. The developing brain is particularly vulnerable to ethanol such that prenatal ethanol exposure causes fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Neuronal loss in the brain is the most devastating consequence and is associated with mental retardation and other behavioral deficits observed in FASD. Since alcohol consumption during pregnancy has not declined, it is imperative to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and develop effective therapeutic strategies. One cellular mechanism that acts as a protective response for the central nervous system (CNS) is autophagy. Autophagy regulates lysosomal turnover of organelles and proteins within cells, and is involved in cell differentiation, survival, metabolism, and immunity. We have recently shown that ethanol activates autophagy in the developing brain. The autophagic preconditioning alleviates ethanol-induced neuron apoptosis, whereas inhibition of autophagy potentiates ethanol-stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and exacerbates ethanol-induced neuroapoptosis. The expression of genes encoding proteins required for autophagy in the CNS is developmentally regulated; their levels are much lower during an ethanol-sensitive period than during an ethanol-resistant period. Ethanol may stimulate autophagy through multiple mechanisms; these include induction of oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress, modulation of MTOR and AMPK signaling, alterations in BCL2 family proteins, and disruption of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis. This review discusses the most recent evidence regarding the involvement of autophagy in ethanol-mediated neurotoxicity as well as the potential therapeutic approach of targeting autophagic pathways.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer disease
- ALS, autophagy-lysosome system
- AMPK, adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase;
- ATG, autophagy-related
- CNS, central nervous system
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FASD, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
- FOXO3, forkhead box O3
- GSK3B, glycogen synthase kinase 3 β
- HD, Huntington disease, HNSCs, hippocampal neural stem cells
- LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin (serine/threonine kinase)
- MTORC1, MTOR complex 1
- NFE2L2, nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2
- NOX, NADPH oxidase
- PD, Parkinson disease
- PI3K, class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SQSTM1/p62, sequestosome 1
- TSC1/2, tuberous sclerosis 1/ 2
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- alcohol
- alcoholism
- development
- fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
- neurodegeneration
- oxidative stress
- protein degradation
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Luo
- a Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences ; University of Kentucky College of Medicine ; Lexington , KY USA
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Ande A, Sinha N, Rao PSS, McArthur CP, Ayuk L, Achu PN, Njinda A, Kumar A, Kumar S. Enhanced oxidative stress by alcohol use in HIV+ patients: possible involvement of cytochrome P450 2E1 and antioxidant enzymes. AIDS Res Ther 2015; 12:29. [PMID: 26396584 PMCID: PMC4578665 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-015-0071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol consumption is prevalent amongst HIV positive population. Importantly, chronic alcohol use is reported to exacerbate HIV pathogenesis. Although alcohol is known to increase oxidative stress, especially in the liver, there is no clinical evidence that alcohol increases oxidative stress in HIV positive patients. The mechanism by which alcohol increases oxidative stress in HIV positive patients is also unknown. Methods To examine the effects of alcohol use on oxidative stress we recruited HIV+ patients who reported mild-to-moderate alcohol use. Strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to reduce the effect of other therapeutic drugs metabolized via the hepatic system as well as the effect of co-morbidities such as active tuberculosis on the interaction between alcohol and HIV infection, respectively. Blood samples were collected from HIV-negative alcohol-users and HIV positive alcohol-users followed by collection of plasma and isolation and fractionation of monocytes from peripheral blood. We then determined oxidative DNA damage, glutathione level, alcohol level, transcriptional level of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and several antioxidant enzymes, and plasma level of cytokines. Results Compared to HIV-negative alcohol users, HIV-positive alcohol users demonstrated an increase in oxidative DNA damage in both plasma and CD14+ monocytes, as well as, a relative increase in oxidized/reduced glutathione (GSSG/GSH) in plasma samples. These results suggest an increase in oxidative stress in HIV-positive alcohol users compared with HIV-negative alcohol users. We also examined whether alcohol metabolism, perhaps by CYP2E1, and antioxidant enzymes are involved in alcohol-mediated increased oxidative stress in HIV-positive patients. The results showed a lower plasma alcohol level, which was associated with an increased level of CYP2E1 mRNA in monocytes, in HIV-positive alcohol users compared with HIV-negative alcohol users. Furthermore, the transcription of major antioxidants enzymes (catalase, SOD1, SOD2, GSTK1), and their transcription factor, Nrf2, were reduced in monocytes obtained from HIV positive alcohol users compared to the HIV-negative alcohol user group. However, no significant change in levels of five major cytokines/chemokines were observed between the two groups. Conclusions The data suggests that alcohol increases oxidative stress in HIV+ patients, perhaps through CYP2E1- and antioxidant enzymes-mediated pathways. The enhanced oxidative stress is accompanied by a failure of cellular antioxidant mechanisms to maintain redox homeostasis. Overall, the enhanced oxidative stress in monocytes may exacerbate HIV pathogenesis in HIV positive alcohol users.
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The role of CYP2A5 in liver injury and fibrosis: chemical-specific difference. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 389:33-43. [PMID: 26363552 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1172-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Liver injuries induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) or thioacetamide (TAA) are dependent on cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). CYP2A5 can be induced by TAA but not by CCL4. In this study, liver injury including fibrosis induced by CCL4 or TAA were investigated in wild-type (WT) mice and CYP2A5 knockout (cyp2a5 (-/-) ) mice as well as in CYP2E1 knockout (cyp2e1 (-/-) ) mice as a comparison. Acute and subchronic liver injuries including fibrosis were induced by CCL4 and TAA in WT mice but not in cyp2e1 (-/-) mice, confirming the indispensable role of CYP2E1 in CCL4 and TAA hepatotoxicity. WT mice and cyp2a5 (-/-) mice developed comparable acute liver injury induced by a single injection of CCL4 as well as subchronic liver injury including fibrosis induced by 1 month of repeated administration of CCL4, suggesting that CYP2A5 does not affect CCL4-induced liver injury and fibrosis. However, while 200 mg/kg TAA-induced acute liver injury was comparable in WT mice and cyp2a5 (-/-) mice, 75 and 100 mg/kg TAA-induced liver injury were more severe in cyp2a5 (-/-) mice than those found in WT mice. After multiple injections with 200 mg/kg TAA for 1 month, while subchronic liver injury as indicated by serum aminotransferases was comparable in WT mice and cyp2a5 (-/-) mice, liver fibrosis was more severe in cyp2a5 (-/-) mice than that found in WT mice. These results suggest that while both CCL4- and TAA-induced liver injuries and fibrosis are CYP2E1 dependent, under some conditions, CYP2A5 may protect against TAA-induced liver injury and fibrosis, but it does not affect CCL4 hepatotoxicity.
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Chang Z, Huo L, Li P, Wu Y, Zhang P. Ascorbic acid provides protection for human chondrocytes against oxidative stress. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7086-92. [PMID: 26300283 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is considered to be an important cause of dysfunction in chondrocytes and articular cartilage degradation, which leads to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) and cartilage aging. The present study aimed to assess the effects of the widely applied antioxidant, ascorbic acid (AA), on human chondrocytes against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in vitro. Using annexin V‑fluorescein isothiocyanate, 3‑(4,5‑dimethylthiazol‑2‑yl)‑2,5‑diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and senescence‑associated β‑galactosidase assays, the present study identified that AA reduced apoptosis, reduced the loss of viability and markedly decreased H2O2‑mediated senescence in cells treated with H2O2. Furthermore, AA not only stimulated the expression levels of collagens and proteoglycans, but also inhibited the differentiation of chondrocytes under conditions of oxidative stress. In addition, reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting demonstrated that AA decreased the activity of nrf2, NF‑κB, AP1 and matrix metalloproteinase‑3, which is stimulated by H2O2. In conclusion, AA efficiently protected human chondrocytes against damage induced by H2O2 by regulating multiple regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Chang
- Department of Cervical Spinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Mongolia 010030, P.R. China
| | - Lifeng Huo
- Department of Cervical Spinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Mongolia 010030, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Cervical Spinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Mongolia 010030, P.R. China
| | - Yimin Wu
- Department of Cervical Spinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Mongolia 010030, P.R. China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Cervical Spinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Mongolia 010030, P.R. China
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Hong F, Liu X, Ward S, Xiong H, Cederbaum AI, Lu Y. Absence of cytochrome P450 2A5 enhances alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. Dig Liver Dis 2015; 47:470-7. [PMID: 25804444 PMCID: PMC4442740 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethanol can induce cytochrome P450 2E1, an active generator of reactive oxygen species, and this cytochrome is considered a risk factor for oxidative liver injury. Recently, we found that in addition to P450 2E1 also cytochrome P450 2A5, another isoform of cytochrome P450, can be induced by ethanol, and that ethanol induction of cytochrome P450 2A5 is P450 2E1-dependent. AIMS To investigate the role of cytochrome P450 2A5 in alcohol-induced liver injury. METHODS Cytochrome P450 2A5-knockout mice and wild type mice were fed the Lieber-Decarli ethanol liquid diet to induce liver injury. Controls were fed the Lieber-Decarli control diet. RESULTS After 4 weeks of feeding with Lieber-Decarli diet, ethanol-induced liver injury was enhanced in the knockout mice compared with wild type mice, as indicated by serum transaminases, hepatic fat accumulation (steatosis), and necroinflammation observed in liver sections with Haematoxylin & Eosin staining. Ethanol-induced oxidative stress was also higher in the knockout mice than the wild types. Ethanol feeding induced cytochrome P450 2A5 in wild type mice but not in the knockout mice, while induction of cytochrome P450 2E1 was comparable in the knockout and wild type mice. CONCLUSION These results suggest that cytochrome P450 2A5 protects against ethanol-induced oxidative liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hong
- Institute of liver diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xiyu Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Bethune Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Stephen Ward
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029
| | - Huabao Xiong
- Division of Immunology, Department of medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029
| | - Arthur I. Cederbaum
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029
| | - Yongke Lu
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029
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Ande A, McArthur C, Ayuk L, Awasom C, Achu PN, Njinda A, Sinha N, Rao PSS, Agudelo M, Nookala AR, Simon S, Kumar A, Kumar S. Effect of mild-to-moderate smoking on viral load, cytokines, oxidative stress, and cytochrome P450 enzymes in HIV-infected individuals. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122402. [PMID: 25879453 PMCID: PMC4399877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild-to-moderate tobacco smoking is highly prevalent in HIV-infected individuals, and is known to exacerbate HIV pathogenesis. The objective of this study was to determine the specific effects of mild-to-moderate smoking on viral load, cytokine production, and oxidative stress and cytochrome P450 (CYP) pathways in HIV-infected individuals who have not yet received antiretroviral therapy (ART). Thirty-two human subjects were recruited and assigned to four different cohorts as follows: a) HIV negative non-smokers, b) HIV positive non-smokers, c) HIV negative mild-to-moderate smokers, and d) HIV positive mild-to-moderate smokers. Patients were recruited in Cameroon, Africa using strict selection criteria to exclude patients not yet eligible for ART and not receiving conventional or traditional medications. Those with active tuberculosis, hepatitis B or with a history of substance abuse were also excluded. Our results showed an increase in the viral load in the plasma of HIV positive patients who were mild-to-moderate smokers compared to individuals who did not smoke. Furthermore, although we did not observe significant changes in the levels of most pro-inflammatory cytokines, the cytokine IL-8 and MCP-1 showed a significant decrease in the plasma of HIV-infected patients and smokers compared with HIV negative non-smokers. Importantly, HIV-infected individuals and smokers showed a significant increase in oxidative stress compared with HIV negative non-smoker subjects in both plasma and monocytes. To examine the possible pathways involved in increased oxidative stress and viral load, we determined the mRNA levels of several antioxidant and cytochrome P450 enzymes in monocytes. The results showed that the levels of most antioxidants are unaltered, suggesting their inability to counter oxidative stress. While CYP2A6 was induced in smokers, CYP3A4 was induced in HIV and HIV positive smokers compared with HIV negative non-smokers. Overall, the findings suggest a possible association of oxidative stress and perhaps CYP pathway with smoking-mediated increased viral load in HIV positive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Ande
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carole McArthur
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Science, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Leo Ayuk
- Regional Hospital, Box 818, Bamenda, North West Province, Cameroon
| | - Charles Awasom
- Regional Hospital, Box 818, Bamenda, North West Province, Cameroon
| | - Paul Ngang Achu
- Mezam Polyclinic HIV/AIDS Treatment Center, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Annette Njinda
- Mezam Polyclinic HIV/AIDS Treatment Center, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Namita Sinha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - P. S. S. Rao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Marisela Agudelo
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Anantha Ram Nookala
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stephen Simon
- Department of Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Anil Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wang J, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Luo M, Wu Q, Yu L, Chu H. Transcriptional upregulation centra of HO-1 by EGB via the MAPKs/Nrf2 pathway in mouse C2C12 myoblasts. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 29:380-8. [PMID: 25449124 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Long-term abuse of alcohol results in chronic alcoholic myopathy which is associated with increased oxidative stress. Ginkgo biloba extract (EGB) is widely used as a therapeutic agent to treat certain cardiovascular and neurological disorders. Although EGB is known to possess antioxidant functions and potent cytoprotective effects, its protective mechanism on alcohol-induced oxidative damage in C2C12 myoblasts remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the cytoprotective mechanisms of EGB against alcohol-derived oxidative stress in mouse C2C12 myoblasts. Challenge with alcohol (100mM) caused an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species in mouse C2C12 myoblasts, which was not alleviated by treatment with EGB. These results indicate that EGB does not seem to act as an ROS scavenger in this experimental model. Additionally, EGB produced activation of ERK and JNK [two major mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)], an increase in the nuclear level of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1, a stress-responsive protein with antioxidant function). Pretreatment with inhibitors of MAPKs PD98059 (a specific inhibitor of ERK), SP600125 (a specific inhibitor of JNK) abolished both EGB-induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation and HO-1 up-regulation. We conclude that EGB confers cytoprotective effects from oxidative stress induced by alcohol in mouse C2C12 myoblasts depend on transcriptional upregulation of HO-1 by EGB via the MAPKs/Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Dalian Central Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116033, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Dalian Central Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116033, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Dalian Central Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116033, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Meiling Luo
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Dalian Central Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116033, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Dalian Central Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116033, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lijun Yu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Colleges of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Haiying Chu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Colleges of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China.
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Yoo JH, Kang K, Yun JH, Kim MA, Nho CW. Crepidiastrum denticulatum extract protects the liver against chronic alcohol-induced damage and fat accumulation in rats. J Med Food 2014; 17:432-8. [PMID: 24650230 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.2799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is a severe hepatotoxicant that causes liver abnormalities such as steatosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocarcinoma. Crepidiastrum denticulatum (CD) is a well-known, traditionally consumed vegetable in Korea, which was recently reported to have bioactive compounds with detoxification and antioxidant properties. In this study, we report the hepatoprotective effect of CD extract against chronic alcohol-induced liver damage in vivo. The rats that were given CD extract exhibited decreased alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activities, which are liver damage markers that are typically elevated by alcohol consumption. The results were confirmed by histopathology with hematoxylin and eosin staining. Chronic alcohol consumption induced the formation of alcoholic fatty liver. However, treatment with CD extract dramatically decreased the hepatic lipid droplets. Treatment with CD extract also restored the antioxidative capacity and lipid peroxidation of the liver that had been changed by alcohol consumption. Furthermore, treatment with CD extract normalized the activities of the antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase, which had been decreased by alcohol consumption. The results indicate that CD extract has protective effects against chronic alcohol hepatotoxicity in rats by increasing the liver's antioxidant capacity, and has potential as a dietary supplement intervention for patients with alcohol-induced liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Yoo
- Functional Food Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Gangneung, Korea
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Earla R, Ande A, McArthur C, Kumar A, Kumar S. Enhanced nicotine metabolism in HIV-1-positive smokers compared with HIV-negative smokers: simultaneous determination of nicotine and its four metabolites in their plasma using a simple and sensitive electrospray ionization liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technique. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 42:282-93. [PMID: 24301609 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.055186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is approximately three times more prevalent in HIV-1-positive than HIV-negative individuals in the United States. Nicotine, which is the major constituent of tobacco, is rapidly metabolized mainly by cytochrome P450 (CYP2A6) to many metabolites. In this study, we developed a simple, fast, and sensitive electrospray ionization liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method using a strong cation solid phase extraction, and determined the concentration of nicotine and its four major metabolites (cotinine, nornicotine, norcotinine, and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine) in the plasma of HIV-1-positive and HIV-negative smokers. The multiple reaction monitoring transitions for nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, nornicotine, norcotinine, nicotine-d4, and cotinine-d3 were selected at mass-to-charge ratios of 163.3/117.1, 177.5/80.3, 193.2/80.1, 149.5/132.3, 163.4/80.3, 167.3/121.4, and 180.3/101.2, respectively. The lower limit of quantitation for nicotine and its metabolites was 0.53 ng/ml, which is relatively more sensitive than those previously reported. The concentration of nicotine was detected 5-fold lower in HIV-1-positive smokers (7.17 ± 3.8 ng/ml) than that observed in HIV-negative smokers (33.29 ± 15.4 ng/ml), whereas the concentration of the metabolite nornicotine was 3-fold higher in HIV-1-positive smokers (6.8 ± 2.9 ng/ml) than in HIV-negative smokers (2.3 ± 1.2 ng/ml). Although it was statistically nonsignificant, the concentration of the metabolite cotinine was also higher in HIV-1-positive smokers (85.6 ± 60.5 ng/ml) than in HIV-negative smokers (74.9 ± 40.5 ng/ml). In conclusion, a decrease in the concentration of nicotine and an increase in the concentration of its metabolites in HIV-1-positive smokers compared with HIV-negative smokers support the hypothesis that nicotine metabolism is enhanced in HIV-1-positive smokers compared with HIV-negative smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Earla
- School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (R.E., A.A., A.K., S.K.); and Department of Oral and Craniofacial Science, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (C.M.)
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Ethanol inhibits activation of NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes in human macrophages--a novel anti-inflammatory action of alcohol. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78537. [PMID: 24244322 PMCID: PMC3823849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In the pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis, local macrophage-driven inflammation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in particular, are recognized as key factors. Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a reduced risk of coronary artery disease mortality. Here we examined in cultured human macrophages whether ethanol modulates the intracellular processes involved in the secretion of IL-1β. Results Ethanol decreased dose-dependently the production of mature IL-1β induced by activators of the NLRP3 inflammasome, i.e. ATP, cholesterol crystals, serum amyloid A and nigericin. Ethanol had no significant effect on the expression of NLRP3 or IL1B mRNA in LPS-primed macrophages. Moreover, secretion of IL-1β was decreased in parallel with reduction of caspase-1 activation, demonstrating that ethanol inhibits inflammasome activation instead of synthesis of pro-IL-1β. Acetaldehyde, a highly reactive metabolite of ethanol, had no effect on the ATP-induced IL-1β secretion. Ethanol also attenuated the secretion of IL-1β triggered by synthetic double-stranded DNA, an activator of the AIM2 inflammasome. Ethanol conferred the inhibitory functions by attenuating the disruption of lysosomal integrity and ensuing leakage of the lysosomal protease cathepsin B and by reducing oligomerization of ASC. Conclusion Ethanol-induced inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages may represent a biological pathway underlying the protective effect of moderate alcohol consumption on coronary heart disease.
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Ande A, McArthur C, Kumar A, Kumar S. Tobacco smoking effect on HIV-1 pathogenesis: role of cytochrome P450 isozymes. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:1453-64. [PMID: 23822755 PMCID: PMC4007120 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.816285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco smoking is highly prevalent among the HIV-1-infected population. In addition to diminished immune response, smoking has been shown to increase HIV-1 replication and decrease response to antiretroviral therapy, perhaps through drug-drug interaction. However, the mechanism by which tobacco/nicotine increases HIV-1 replication and mediates drug-drug interaction is poorly understood. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss the effects of smoking on HIV-1 pathogenesis. Since they propose a role for the cytochrome P450 (CYP) pathway in smoking-mediated HIV-1 pathogenesis, the authors briefly converse the role of CYP enzymes in tobacco-mediated oxidative stress and toxicity. Finally, the authors focus on the role of CYP enzymes, especially CYP2A6, in tobacco/nicotine metabolism and oxidative stress in HIV-1 model systems monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes, astrocytes and neurons, which may be responsible for HIV-1 pathogenesis. EXPERT OPINION Recent findings suggest that CYP-mediated oxidative stress is a novel pathway that may be involved in smoking-mediated HIV-1 pathogenesis, including HIV-1 replication and drug-drug interaction. Thus, CYP and CYP-associated oxidative stress pathways may be potential targets to develop novel pharmaceuticals for HIV-1-infected smokers. Since HIV-1/TB co-infections are common, future study involving interactions between antiretroviral and antituberculosis drugs that involve CYP pathways would also help treat HIV-1/TB co-infected smokers effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Ande
- University of Missouri Kansas City, School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Carole McArthur
- Professor, University of Missouri Kansas City, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Anil Kumar
- Professor and Chair, University of Missouri Kansas City, School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Assistant Professor, University of Missouri Kansas City, School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 2464 Charlotte St. Kansas City, MO 64108, USA Tel: +1 816 235 5494 (Off); Fax: +1 816 235 1776;
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Deo SH, Jenkins NT, Padilla J, Parrish AR, Fadel PJ. Norepinephrine increases NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells via α-adrenergic receptors. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R1124-32. [PMID: 24068047 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00347.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many diseases associated with sympathoexcitation also exhibit elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS). A recent animal study indicated that exogenous administration of the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) increased systemic ROS via circulating leukocytes. The mechanisms contributing to this effect of NE and whether these findings can be translated to humans is unknown. Thus we tested the hypothesis that NE increases superoxide production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) via NADPH oxidase. Primary human PBMCs were freshly isolated from healthy young men and placed in culture. After NE (50 pg/ml, 50 ng/ml, and 50 μg/ml concentrations) or control treatments, NADPH oxidase mRNA expression (gp91(phox), p22(phox), and p67(phox)) was assessed using real-time RT-PCR, and intracellular superoxide production was measured using dihydroethidium fluorescence. PBMCs were also treated with selective adrenergic agonists-antagonists to determine the receptor population involved. In addition, CD14(+) monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion was determined using a fluorescent-based assay. NE significantly increased NADPH oxidase gene expression and intracellular superoxide production in a time-dependent manner (superoxide: 0.9 ± 0.2 fold, 6 h vs. 3.0 ± 0.3 fold, 36 h; NE, 50 μg/ml; P < 0.05). The sustained increase in NE-induced superoxide production was primarily mediated via α-adrenergic receptors, preferentially α2-receptors. The NADPH oxidase blocker diphenylene iodonium and protein kinase C inhibitor Staurosporine significantly attenuated NE-induced increases in superoxide production. Importantly, NE treatment increased CD14(+) monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. These findings indicate for the first time that NE increases superoxide production in freshly isolated primary human PBMCs via NADPH oxidase through α-adrenergic receptors, an effect facilitating monocyte adhesion to the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekhar H Deo
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Redox activation of Nrf2 & NF-κB: a double end sword? Cell Signal 2013; 25:2548-57. [PMID: 23993959 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Moderate concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by diverse sources under physiological conditions. At such low levels, these molecules may act as upstream mediators of relevant signaling pathways; however an increase in their concentration with respect to the antioxidant system activity, changes their redox signaling function into a deleterious role. Thus, cell health depends, at least in part, on redox balance. This review includes global aspects of oxygen chemistry, ROS generation, antioxidant system, and redox signaling. It is also focused on the description of two relevant redox-sensitive transcription factors: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which may be a potential target to confer cell protection, and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), which is involved in deleterious effects in the cell. Finally, recent findings on the interplay between both factors for the development of different pathologies are discussed.
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Chen X, Liu J, Chen SY. Over-expression of Nrf2 diminishes ethanol-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in neural crest cells by inducing an antioxidant response. Reprod Toxicol 2013; 42:102-9. [PMID: 23994065 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) is a key transcription factor that regulates antioxidant defense in cells. In this study, we investigated whether over-expression of Nrf2 can prevent ethanol-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in neural crest cells (NCCs). We found that transfection of NCCs with pcDNA3.1-Nrf2 resulted in statistically significant increases in the Nrf2 protein levels in control and ethanol-exposed NCCs as compared to the cells transfected with control vector. Luciferase reporter gene assay revealed that over-expression of Nrf2 significantly increased the antioxidant response element (ARE) promoter activity in NCCs. Nrf2 over-expression also increased the protein expression and activities of Nrf2 target antioxidants in NCCs. In addition, over-expression of Nrf2 significantly decreased ROS generation and diminished apoptosis in ethanol-exposed NCCs. These results demonstrate that over-expression of Nrf2 can confer protection against ethanol-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in NCCs by the induction of an antioxidant response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopan Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL 61605, United States
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Tralau T, Luch A. The evolution of our understanding of endo-xenobiotic crosstalk and cytochrome P450 regulation and the therapeutic implications. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:1541-54. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.828692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Chen X, Liu J, Chen SY. Sulforaphane protects against ethanol-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in neural crest cells by the induction of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 169:437-48. [PMID: 23425096 PMCID: PMC3651668 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that up-regulates a diverse array of antioxidant genes and protects cells from oxidative damage. This study is designed to determine whether D-L-sulforaphane (SFN) can protect neural crest cells (NCCs), an ethanol-sensitive cell population implicated in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, against ethanol-induced apoptosis and whether protective effects of SFN are mediated by the induction of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Control, SFN-treated or Nrf2-siRNA transfected NCCs were exposed to ethanol. Nrf2 activation, the expression and activities of Nrf2 downstream antioxidant proteins, reactive oxygen species generation and apoptosis were determined in control and ethanol-exposed NCCs. KEY RESULTS Exposure of NCCs to SFN alone significantly increased Nrf2 activation and the expression of Nrf2 downstream antioxidants as well as the activities of the antioxidant enzymes. Treatment of NCCs with SFN along with ethanol significantly decreased ethanol-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. In contrast, knockdown of Nrf2 by siRNA significantly increased the sensitivity of NCCs to ethanol-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. Suppression of Nrf2 signalling in NCCs also significantly diminished SFN-mediated antioxidant response and abolished the protective effects of SFN on ethanol-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results demonstrated that Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response plays an important role in the susceptibility of NCCs to ethanol-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis and that the protection of SFN against ethanol-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in NCCs is mediated by the induction of Nrf2 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL, USA
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Jin M, Ande A, Kumar A, Kumar S. Regulation of cytochrome P450 2e1 expression by ethanol: role of oxidative stress-mediated pkc/jnk/sp1 pathway. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e554. [PMID: 23519123 PMCID: PMC3615729 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CYP2E1 metabolizes ethanol leading to production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and acetaldehyde, which are known to cause not only liver damage but also toxicity to other organs. However, the signaling pathways involved in CYP2E1 regulation by ethanol are not clear, especially in extra-hepatic cells. This study was designed to examine the role of CYP2E1 in ethanol-mediated oxidative stress and cytotoxicity, as well as signaling pathways by which ethanol regulates CYP2E1 in extra-hepatic cells. In this study, we used astrocytic and monocytic cell lines, because they are important cells in central nervous system . Our results showed that 100 mM ethanol significantly induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and cell death at 24 h in the SVGA astrocytic cell line, which was rescued by a CYP2E1 selective inhibitor, diallyl sulfide (DAS), CYP2E1 siRNA, and antioxidants (vitamins C and E). Further, we showed that DAS and vitamin C abrogated ethanol-mediated (50 mℳ) induction of CYP2E1 at 6 h, as well as production of ROS at 2 h, suggesting the role of oxidative stress in ethanol-mediated induction of CYP2E1. We then investigated the role of the protein kinase C/c-Jun N-terminal kinase/specificity protein1 (PKC/JNK/SP1) pathway in oxidative stress-mediated CYP2E1 induction. Our results showed that staurosporine, a non-specific inhibitor of PKC, as well as specific PKCζ inhibitor and PKCζ siRNA, abolished ethanol-induced CYP2E1 expression. In addition, inhibitors of JNK (SP600125) and SP1 (mithramycin A) completely abrogated induction of CYP2E1 by ethanol in SVGA astrocytes. Subsequently, we showed that CYP2E1 is also responsible for ethanol-mediated oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death in U937 monocytic cell lines. Finally, our results showed that PKC/JNK/SP1 pathway is also involved in regulation of CYP2E1 in U937 cells. This study has clinical implications with respect to alcohol-associated neuroinflammatory toxicity among alcohol users.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jin
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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Kumar S, Jin M, Ande A, Sinha N, Silverstein PS, Kumar A. Alcohol consumption effect on antiretroviral therapy and HIV-1 pathogenesis: role of cytochrome P450 isozymes. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:1363-75. [PMID: 22871069 PMCID: PMC4033313 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.714366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alcohol consumption, which is highly prevalent in HIV-infected individuals, poses serious concerns in terms of rate of acquisition of HIV-1 infection, HIV-1 replication, response to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and AIDS/neuroAIDS progression. However, little is known about the mechanistic pathways by which alcohol exerts these effects, especially with respect to HIV-1 replication and the patient's response to HAART. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss the effects of alcohol consumption on HIV-1 pathogenesis and its effect on HAART. They also describe the role of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) in alcohol-mediated oxidative stress and toxicity, and the role of CYP3A4 in the metabolism of drugs used in HAART (i.e., protease inhibitors (PI) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI)). Based on the most recent findings the authors discuss the role of CYP2E1 in alcohol-mediated oxidative stress in monocytes/macrophages and astrocytes, as well as the role of CYP3A4 in alcohol-PI interactions leading to altered metabolism of PI in these cells. EXPERT OPINION The authors propose that alcohol and PI/NNRTI interact synergistically in monocytes/macrophages and astrocytes through the CYP pathway leading to an increase in oxidative stress and a decrease in response to HAART. Ultimately, this exacerbates HIV-1 pathogenesis and neuroAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- University of Missouri Kansas City, School of Pharmacy, 2464 Charlotte St., Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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Ferguson CS, Miksys S, Palmour RM, Tyndale RF. Differential Effects of Nicotine Treatment and Ethanol Self-Administration on CYP2A6, CYP2B6 and Nicotine Pharmacokinetics in African Green Monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 343:628-37. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.198564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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