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Weman HM, Ceder MM, Ahemaiti A, Magnusson KA, Henriksson K, Andréasson L, Lagerström MC. Spinal Glycine Receptor Alpha 3 Cells Communicate Sensations of Chemical Itch in Hairy Skin. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1585232024. [PMID: 38553047 PMCID: PMC11079978 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1585-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycinergic neurons regulate nociceptive and pruriceptive signaling in the spinal cord, but the identity and role of the glycine-regulated neurons are not fully known. Herein, we have characterized spinal glycine receptor alpha 3 (Glra3) subunit-expressing neurons in Glra3-Cre female and male mice. Glra3-Cre(+) neurons express Glra3, are located mainly in laminae III-VI, and respond to glycine. Chemogenetic activation of spinal Glra3-Cre(+) neurons induced biting/licking, stomping, and guarding behaviors, indicative of both a nociceptive and pruriceptive role for this population. Chemogenetic inhibition did not affect mechanical or thermal responses but reduced behaviors evoked by compound 48/80 and chloroquine, revealing a pruriceptive role for these neurons. Spinal cells activated by compound 48/80 or chloroquine express Glra3, further supporting the phenotype. Retrograde tracing revealed that spinal Glra3-Cre(+) neurons receive input from afferents associated with pain and itch, and dorsal root stimulation validated the monosynaptic input. In conclusion, these results show that spinal Glra3(+) neurons contribute to acute communication of compound 48/80- and chloroquine-induced itch in hairy skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Weman
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75108, Sweden
| | - Mikaela M Ceder
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75108, Sweden
| | - Aikeremu Ahemaiti
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75108, Sweden
| | - Kajsa A Magnusson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75108, Sweden
| | - Katharina Henriksson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75108, Sweden
| | - Linn Andréasson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75108, Sweden
| | - Malin C Lagerström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75108, Sweden
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Ma L, Yang L, Wang X, Zhao L, Bai X, Qi X, Chen Q, Li Y, Zhou Q. CGRP Released by Corneal Sensory Nerve Maintains Tear Secretion of the Lacrimal Gland. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:30. [PMID: 38635244 PMCID: PMC11033596 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.4.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aims to elucidate the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) mediation and primary mechanism of corneal sensory nerves on tear production of the lacrimal gland. Methods Mouse corneal denervation models were constructed through surgical axotomy, pharmacologic treatment with capsaicin or resiniferatoxin, and Trpv1-Cre/DTR mice with diphtheria toxin injection. The capsaicin-treated mice received subconjunctival injection of CGRP or substance P, while the normal C57BL/6J mice were administered with CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN-4096. Furthermore, double immunostaining of c-FOS+ and choline acetyltransferase was used to evaluate the activation of the superior salivatory nucleus (SSN). Mouse lacrimal glands were collected for transcriptomic sequencing and subsequent RNA and protein expression analysis. Results The corneal denervated mice exhibited a significant reduction in corneal sensitivity and tear secretion. In capsaicin-treated mice, tear secretion decreased to 2.5 ± 0.5 mm compared to 6.3 ± 0.9 mm in control mice (P < 0.0001). However, exogenous administration of CGRP in capsaicin-treated mice increased tear secretion from 2.6 ± 0.5 mm to 4.5 ± 0.5 mm (P = 0.0009), while BIBN-4096 treatment reduced tear secretion to 3.4 ± 0.5 mm when compared to 7.3 ± 0.7 mm in control mice (P = 0.0022). Furthermore, c-FOS+ cell number in the SSN increased by twofold (P = 0.0168) after CGRP administration compared with capsaicin-treated mice. In addition, the expressions of CCNA2, Ki67, PCNA, and CDK1 in acinar cells of the lacrimal gland were impaired by corneal denervation and alleviated by CGRP administration. Conclusions CGRP released by corneal sensory nerves mediates tear secretion of the lacrimal gland, providing a new strategy for improving tear secretion in patients with neurotrophic keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyan Ma
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Lingling Yang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Leilei Zhao
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaofei Bai
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xia Qi
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Li
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingjun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
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Qi L, Iskols M, Shi D, Reddy P, Walker C, Lezgiyeva K, Voisin T, Pawlak M, Kuchroo VK, Chiu IM, Ginty DD, Sharma N. A mouse DRG genetic toolkit reveals morphological and physiological diversity of somatosensory neuron subtypes. Cell 2024; 187:1508-1526.e16. [PMID: 38442711 PMCID: PMC10947841 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) somatosensory neurons detect mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli acting on the body. Achieving a holistic view of how different DRG neuron subtypes relay neural signals from the periphery to the CNS has been challenging with existing tools. Here, we develop and curate a mouse genetic toolkit that allows for interrogating the properties and functions of distinct cutaneous targeting DRG neuron subtypes. These tools have enabled a broad morphological analysis, which revealed distinct cutaneous axon arborization areas and branching patterns of the transcriptionally distinct DRG neuron subtypes. Moreover, in vivo physiological analysis revealed that each subtype has a distinct threshold and range of responses to mechanical and/or thermal stimuli. These findings support a model in which morphologically and physiologically distinct cutaneous DRG sensory neuron subtypes tile mechanical and thermal stimulus space to collectively encode a wide range of natural stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Qi
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Iskols
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Shi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Pranav Reddy
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Christopher Walker
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Karina Lezgiyeva
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tiphaine Voisin
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mathias Pawlak
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Mass General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Mass General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Isaac M Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David D Ginty
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Nikhil Sharma
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Kulalert W, Wells AC, Link VM, Lim AI, Bouladoux N, Nagai M, Harrison OJ, Kamenyeva O, Kabat J, Enamorado M, Chiu IM, Belkaid Y. The neuroimmune CGRP-RAMP1 axis tunes cutaneous adaptive immunity to the microbiota. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2322574121. [PMID: 38451947 PMCID: PMC10945812 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2322574121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The somatosensory nervous system surveils external stimuli at barrier tissues, regulating innate immune cells under infection and inflammation. The roles of sensory neurons in controlling the adaptive immune system, and more specifically immunity to the microbiota, however, remain elusive. Here, we identified a mechanism for direct neuroimmune communication between commensal-specific T lymphocytes and somatosensory neurons mediated by the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the skin. Intravital imaging revealed that commensal-specific T cells are in close proximity to cutaneous nerve fibers in vivo. Correspondingly, we observed upregulation of the receptor for the neuropeptide CGRP, RAMP1, in CD8+ T lymphocytes induced by skin commensal colonization. The neuroimmune CGRP-RAMP1 signaling axis functions in commensal-specific T cells to constrain Type 17 responses and moderate the activation status of microbiota-reactive lymphocytes at homeostasis. As such, modulation of neuroimmune CGRP-RAMP1 signaling in commensal-specific T cells shapes the overall activation status of the skin epithelium, thereby impacting the outcome of responses to insults such as wounding. The ability of somatosensory neurons to control adaptive immunity to the microbiota via the CGRP-RAMP1 axis underscores the various layers of regulation and multisystem coordination required for optimal microbiota-reactive T cell functions under steady state and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warakorn Kulalert
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Alexandria C. Wells
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Verena M. Link
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Ai Ing Lim
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Nicolas Bouladoux
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Microbiome Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Motoyoshi Nagai
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Oliver J. Harrison
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Michel Enamorado
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
- Kimberly and Eric J. Waldman Department of Dermatology, Mark Lebwohl Center for Neuroinflammation and Sensation, Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
| | - Isaac M. Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Microbiome Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
- Unite Metaorganisme, Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute, 75015 Paris, France
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5
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Wang Y, Ye L. The Afferent Function of Adipose Innervation. Diabetes 2024; 73:348-354. [PMID: 38377447 PMCID: PMC10882147 DOI: 10.2337/dbi23-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Adipose tissue innervation is critical for regulating metabolic and energy homeostasis. While the sympathetic efferent innervation of fat is well characterized, the role of sensory or afferent innervation remains less explored. This article reviews previous work on adipose innervation and recent advances in the study of sensory innervation of adipose tissues. We discuss key open questions, including the physiological implications of adipose afferents in homeostasis as well as potential cross talk with sympathetic neurons, the immune system, and hormonal pathways. We also outline the general technical challenges of studying dorsal root ganglia innervating fat, along with emerging technologies that may overcome these barriers. Finally, we highlight areas for further research to deepen our understanding of the afferent function of adipose innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Li Ye
- Department of Neuroscience and Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
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6
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Kulalert W, Wells AC, Link VM, Lim AI, Bouladoux N, Nagai M, Harrison OJ, Kamenyeva O, Kabat J, Enamorado M, Chiu IM, Belkaid Y. The neuroimmune CGRP-RAMP1 axis tunes cutaneous adaptive immunity to the microbiota. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.26.573358. [PMID: 38234748 PMCID: PMC10793430 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.26.573358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The somatosensory nervous system surveils external stimuli at barrier tissues, regulating innate immune cells under infection and inflammation. The roles of sensory neurons in controlling the adaptive immune system, and more specifically immunity to the microbiota, however, remain elusive. Here, we identified a novel mechanism for direct neuroimmune communication between commensal-specific T lymphocytes and somatosensory neurons mediated by the neuropeptide Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) in the skin. Intravital imaging revealed that commensal-specific T cells are in close proximity to cutaneous nerve fibers in vivo . Correspondingly, we observed upregulation of the receptor for the neuropeptide CGRP, RAMP1, in CD8 + T lymphocytes induced by skin commensal colonization. Neuroimmune CGRP-RAMP1 signaling axis functions in commensal-specific T cells to constrain Type 17 responses and moderate the activation status of microbiota-reactive lymphocytes at homeostasis. As such, modulation of neuroimmune CGRP-RAMP1 signaling in commensal-specific T cells shapes the overall activation status of the skin epithelium, thereby impacting the outcome of responses to insults such as wounding. The ability of somatosensory neurons to control adaptive immunity to the microbiota via the CGRP-RAMP1 axis underscores the various layers of regulation and multisystem coordination required for optimal microbiota-reactive T cell functions under steady state and pathology. Significance statement Multisystem coordination at barrier surfaces is critical for optimal tissue functions and integrity, in response to microbial and environmental cues. In this study, we identified a novel neuroimmune crosstalk mechanism between the sensory nervous system and the adaptive immune response to the microbiota, mediated by the neuropeptide CGRP and its receptor RAMP1 on skin microbiota-induced T lymphocytes. The neuroimmune CGPR-RAMP1 axis constrains adaptive immunity to the microbiota and overall limits the activation status of the skin epithelium, impacting tissue responses to wounding. Our study opens the door to a new avenue to modulate adaptive immunity to the microbiota utilizing neuromodulators, allowing for a more integrative and tailored approach to harnessing microbiota-induced T cells to promote barrier tissue protection and repair.
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Patil MJ, Kim SH, Bahia PK, Nair SS, Darcey TS, Fiallo J, Zhu XX, Frisina RD, Hadley SH, Taylor-Clark TE. A Novel Flp Reporter Mouse Shows That TRPA1 Expression Is Largely Limited to Sensory Neuron Subsets. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0350-23.2023. [PMID: 37989590 PMCID: PMC10698635 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0350-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a polymodal cation channel that is activated by electrophilic irritants, oxidative stress, cold temperature, and GPCR signaling. TRPA1 expression has been primarily identified in subsets of nociceptive sensory afferents and is considered a target for future analgesics. Nevertheless, TRPA1 has been implicated in other cell types including keratinocytes, epithelium, enterochromaffin cells, endothelium, astrocytes, and CNS neurons. Here, we developed a knock-in mouse that expresses the recombinase FlpO in TRPA1-expressing cells. We crossed the TRPA1Flp mouse with the R26ai65f mouse that expresses tdTomato in a Flp-sensitive manner. We found tdTomato expression correlated well with TRPA1 mRNA expression and sensitivity to TRPA1 agonists in subsets of TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor type 1)-expressing neurons in the vagal ganglia and dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), although tdTomato expression efficiency was limited in DRG. We observed tdTomato-expressing afferent fibers centrally (in the medulla and spinal cord) and peripherally in the esophagus, gut, airways, bladder, and skin. Furthermore, chemogenetic activation of TRPA1-expressing nerves in the paw evoked flinching behavior. tdTomato expression was very limited in other cell types. We found tdTomato in subepithelial cells in the gut mucosa but not in enterochromaffin cells. tdTomato was also observed in supporting cells within the cochlea, but not in hair cells. Lastly, tdTomato was occasionally observed in neurons in the somatomotor cortex and the piriform area, but not in astrocytes or vascular endothelium. Thus, this novel mouse strain may be useful for mapping and manipulating TRPA1-expressing cells and deciphering the role of TRPA1 in physiological and pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur J Patil
- Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Seol-Hee Kim
- Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Parmvir K Bahia
- Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Sanjay S Nair
- Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Teresa S Darcey
- Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Jailene Fiallo
- Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Xiao Xia Zhu
- Medical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620
| | - Robert D Frisina
- Medical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620
| | - Stephen H Hadley
- Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Thomas E Taylor-Clark
- Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612
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Du J, Sudlow LC, Luzhansky ID, Berezin MY. DRG Explant Model: Elucidating Mechanisms of Oxaliplatin-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy and Identifying Potential Therapeutic Targets. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.05.560580. [PMID: 37873159 PMCID: PMC10592953 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.05.560580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Oxaliplatin triggered chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common and debilitating side effect of cancer treatment which limits the efficacy of chemotherapy and negatively impacts patients quality of life dramatically. For better understanding the mechanisms of CIPN and screen for potential therapeutic targets, it is critical to have reliable in vitro assays that effectively mirror the neuropathy in vivo . In this study, we established a dorsal root ganglia (DRG) explant model. This model displayed dose-dependent inhibition of neurite outgrowth in response to oxaliplatin, while oxalic acid exhibited no significant impact on the regrowth of DRG. The robustness of this assay was further demonstrated by the inhibition of OCT2 transporter, which facilitates oxaliplatin accumulation in neurons, fully restoring the neurite regrowth capacity. Using this model, we revealed that oxaliplatin triggered a substantial increase of oxidative stress in DRG. Notably, inhibition of TXNIP with verapamil significantly reduced oxidative stress level. Our results demonstrated the use of DRG explants as an efficient model to study the mechanisms of CIPN and screen for potential treatments.
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Ly T, Knight ZA. Interoception: Spinal sensory neurons that innervate the intestines. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R945-R947. [PMID: 37751704 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The gut is innervated by sensory neurons that relay mechanical and chemical signals to the brain. Two new studies characterize the spinal sensory neurons that innervate the intestines and reveal a role for Piezo2 in these cells in sensing colonic distension and regulating gastrointestinal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong Ly
- Department of Physiology, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zachary A Knight
- Department of Physiology, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Villarino NW, Hamed YMF, Ghosh B, Dubin AE, Lewis AH, Odem MA, Loud MC, Wang Y, Servin-Vences MR, Patapoutian A, Marshall KL. Labeling PIEZO2 activity in the peripheral nervous system. Neuron 2023; 111:2488-2501.e8. [PMID: 37321223 PMCID: PMC10527906 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sensory neurons detect mechanical forces from both the environment and internal organs to regulate physiology. PIEZO2 is a mechanosensory ion channel critical for touch, proprioception, and bladder stretch sensation, yet its broad expression in sensory neurons suggests it has undiscovered physiological roles. To fully understand mechanosensory physiology, we must know where and when PIEZO2-expressing neurons detect force. The fluorescent styryl dye FM 1-43 was previously shown to label sensory neurons. Surprisingly, we find that the vast majority of FM 1-43 somatosensory neuron labeling in mice in vivo is dependent on PIEZO2 activity within the peripheral nerve endings. We illustrate the potential of FM 1-43 by using it to identify novel PIEZO2-expressing urethral neurons that are engaged by urination. These data reveal that FM 1-43 is a functional probe for mechanosensitivity via PIEZO2 activation in vivo and will facilitate the characterization of known and novel mechanosensory processes in multiple organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Villarino
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yasmeen M F Hamed
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Development, Disease Models, and Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Britya Ghosh
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Adrienne E Dubin
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amanda H Lewis
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Max A Odem
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Meaghan C Loud
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - M Rocio Servin-Vences
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ardem Patapoutian
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Kara L Marshall
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Wolfson RL, Abdelaziz A, Rankin G, Kushner S, Qi L, Mazor O, Choi S, Sharma N, Ginty DD. DRG afferents that mediate physiologic and pathologic mechanosensation from the distal colon. Cell 2023; 186:3368-3385.e18. [PMID: 37541195 PMCID: PMC10440726 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
The properties of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons that innervate the distal colon are poorly defined, hindering our understanding of their roles in normal physiology and gastrointestinal (GI) disease. Here, we report genetically defined subsets of colon-innervating DRG neurons with diverse morphologic and physiologic properties. Four colon-innervating DRG neuron populations are mechanosensitive and exhibit distinct force thresholds to colon distension. The highest threshold population, selectively labeled using Bmpr1b genetic tools, is necessary and sufficient for behavioral responses to high colon distension, which is partly mediated by the mechanosensory ion channel Piezo2. This Aδ-HTMR population mediates behavioral over-reactivity to colon distension caused by inflammation in a model of inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, like cutaneous DRG mechanoreceptor populations, colon-innervating mechanoreceptors exhibit distinct anatomical and physiological properties and tile force threshold space, and genetically defined colon-innervating HTMRs mediate pathophysiological responses to colon distension, revealing a target population for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Wolfson
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Amira Abdelaziz
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Genelle Rankin
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarah Kushner
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lijun Qi
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ofer Mazor
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Seungwon Choi
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nikhil Sharma
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - David D Ginty
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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12
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Kupari J, Ernfors P. Molecular taxonomy of nociceptors and pruriceptors. Pain 2023; 164:1245-1257. [PMID: 36718807 PMCID: PMC10184562 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Kupari
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ernfors
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Mariotton J, Cohen E, Zhu A, Auffray C, Barbosa Bomfim CC, Barry Delongchamps N, Zerbib M, Bomsel M, Ganor Y. TRPV1 activation in human Langerhans cells and T cells inhibits mucosal HIV-1 infection via CGRP-dependent and independent mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302509120. [PMID: 37216549 PMCID: PMC10235960 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302509120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon its mucosal transmission, HIV type 1 (HIV-1) rapidly targets genital antigen-presenting Langerhans cells (LCs), which subsequently transfer infectious virus to CD4+ T cells. We previously described an inhibitory neuroimmune cross talk, whereby calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a neuropeptide secreted by peripheral pain-sensing nociceptor neurons innervating all mucosal epithelia and associating with LCs, strongly inhibits HIV-1 transfer. As nociceptors secret CGRP following the activation of their Ca2+ ion channel transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), and as we reported that LCs secret low levels of CGRP, we investigated whether LCs express functional TRPV1. We found that human LCs expressed mRNA and protein of TRPV1, which was functional and induced Ca2+ influx following activation with TRPV1 agonists, including capsaicin (CP). The treatment of LCs with TRPV1 agonists also increased CGRP secretion, reaching its anti-HIV-1 inhibitory concentrations. Accordingly, CP pretreatment significantly inhibited LCs-mediated HIV-1 transfer to CD4+ T cells, which was abrogated by both TRPV1 and CGRP receptor antagonists. Like CGRP, CP-induced inhibition of HIV-1 transfer was mediated via increased CCL3 secretion and HIV-1 degradation. CP also inhibited direct CD4+ T cells HIV-1 infection, but in CGRP-independent manners. Finally, pretreatment of inner foreskin tissue explants with CP markedly increased CGRP and CCL3 secretion, and upon subsequent polarized exposure to HIV-1, inhibited an increase in LC-T cell conjugate formation and consequently T cell infection. Our results reveal that TRPV1 activation in human LCs and CD4+ T cells inhibits mucosal HIV-1 infection, via CGRP-dependent/independent mechanisms. Formulations containing TRPV1 agonists, already approved for pain relief, could hence be useful against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jammy Mariotton
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of infection Immunity and Inflammation, Universiteé Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, F-75014Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Cohen
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of infection Immunity and Inflammation, Universiteé Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, F-75014Paris, France
| | - Aiwei Zhu
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of infection Immunity and Inflammation, Universiteé Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, F-75014Paris, France
| | - Cédric Auffray
- Laboratory of Regulation of T Cell Effector Functions, Department of infection Immunity and Inflammation, Universiteé Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, F-75014Paris, France
| | - Caio César Barbosa Bomfim
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of infection Immunity and Inflammation, Universiteé Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, F-75014Paris, France
| | | | - Marc Zerbib
- Urology Service, Groupe Hospitalier (GH) Cochin-St Vincent de Paul, F-75014Paris, France
| | - Morgane Bomsel
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of infection Immunity and Inflammation, Universiteé Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, F-75014Paris, France
| | - Yonatan Ganor
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of infection Immunity and Inflammation, Universiteé Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, F-75014Paris, France
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14
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Qi L, Iskols M, Shi D, Reddy P, Walker C, Lezgiyeva K, Voisin T, Pawlak M, Kuchroo VK, Chiu I, Ginty DD, Sharma N. A DRG genetic toolkit reveals molecular, morphological, and functional diversity of somatosensory neuron subtypes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.22.537932. [PMID: 37131664 PMCID: PMC10153270 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.22.537932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical and thermal stimuli acting on the skin are detected by morphologically and physiologically distinct sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Achieving a holistic view of how this diverse neuronal population relays sensory information from the skin to the central nervous system (CNS) has been challenging with existing tools. Here, we used transcriptomic datasets of the mouse DRG to guide development and curation of a genetic toolkit to interrogate transcriptionally defined DRG neuron subtypes. Morphological analysis revealed unique cutaneous axon arborization areas and branching patterns of each subtype. Physiological analysis showed that subtypes exhibit distinct thresholds and ranges of responses to mechanical and/or thermal stimuli. The somatosensory neuron toolbox thus enables comprehensive phenotyping of most principal sensory neuron subtypes. Moreover, our findings support a population coding scheme in which the activation thresholds of morphologically and physiologically distinct cutaneous DRG neuron subtypes tile multiple dimensions of stimulus space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Qi
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Michael Iskols
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - David Shi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Pranav Reddy
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Christopher Walker
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Karina Lezgiyeva
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tiphaine Voisin
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Mathias Pawlak
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vijay K. Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Isaac Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - David D. Ginty
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Nikhil Sharma
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
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15
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Okano M, Hirahara K, Kiuchi M, Onoue M, Iwamura C, Kokubo K, Hishiya T, Morimoto Y, Ikehara Y, Murakami A, Ebihara N, Nakayama T. Interleukin-33-activated neuropeptide CGRP-producing memory Th2 cells cooperate with somatosensory neurons to induce conjunctival itch. Immunity 2022; 55:2352-2368.e7. [PMID: 36272417 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Allergic conjunctivitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is characterized by severe itch in the conjunctiva, but how neuro-immune interactions shape the pathogenesis of severe itch remains unclear. We identified a subset of memory-type pathogenic Th2 cells that preferentially expressed Il1rl1-encoding ST2 and Calca-encoding calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the inflammatory conjunctiva using a single-cell analysis. The IL-33-ST2 axis in memory Th2 cells controlled the axonal elongation of the peripheral sensory C-fiber and the induction of severe itch. Pharmacological blockade and genetic deletion of CGRP signaling in vivo attenuated scratching behavior. The analysis of giant papillae from patients with severe allergic conjunctivitis revealed ectopic lymphoid structure formation with the accumulation of IL-33-producing epithelial cells and CGRP-producing pathogenic CD4+ T cells accompanied by peripheral nerve elongation. Thus, the IL-33-ST2-CGRP axis directs severe itch with neuro-reconstruction in the inflammatory conjunctiva and is a potential therapeutic target for severe itch in allergic conjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Okano
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hirahara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; AMED-PRIME, AMED, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Kiuchi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Miki Onoue
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan
| | - Chiaki Iwamura
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kota Kokubo
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Takahisa Hishiya
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yuki Morimoto
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Ikehara
- Department of Molecular and Tumor Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Akira Murakami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Ebihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; AMED-CREST, AMED, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
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16
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Hibberd TJ, Yew WP, Dodds KN, Xie Z, Travis L, Brookes SJ, Costa M, Hu H, Spencer NJ. Quantification of CGRP-immunoreactive myenteric neurons in mouse colon. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:3209-3225. [PMID: 36043843 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative data of biological systems provide valuable baseline information for understanding pathology, experimental perturbations, and computational modeling. In mouse colon, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is expressed by myenteric neurons with multiaxonal (Dogiel type II) morphology, characteristic of intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs). Analogous neurons in other species and gut regions represent 5-35% of myenteric neurons. We aimed to quantify proportions of CGRP-immunopositive (CGRP+) myenteric neurons. Colchicine-treated wholemount preparations of proximal, mid, and distal colon were labeled for HuC/D, CGRP, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and peripherin (Per). The pan-neuronal markers (Hu+/Per+) co-labeled 94% of neurons. Hu+/Per- neurons comprised ∼6%, but Hu-/Per+ cells were rare. Thus, quantification was based on Hu+ myenteric neurons (8576 total; 1225 ± 239 per animal, n = 7). CGRP+ cell bodies were significantly larger than the average of all Hu+ neurons (329 ± 13 vs. 261 ± 12 μm2 , p < .0001). CGRP+ neurons comprised 19% ± 3% of myenteric neurons without significant regional variation. NOS+ neurons comprised 42% ± 2% of myenteric neurons overall, representing a lower proportion in proximal colon, compared to mid and distal colon (38% ± 2%, 44% ± 2%, and 44% ± 3%, respectively). Peripherin immunolabeling revealed cell body and axonal morphology in some myenteric neurons. Whether all CGRP+ neurons were multiaxonal could not be addressed using peripherin immunolabeling. However, of 118 putatively multiaxonal neurons first identified based on peripherin immunoreactivity, all were CGRP+ (n = 4). In conclusion, CGRP+ myenteric neurons in mouse colon were comprehensively quantified, occurring within a range expected of a putative IPAN marker. All Per+ multiaxonal neurons, characteristic of Dogiel type II/IPAN morphology, were CGRP+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Hibberd
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wai Ping Yew
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kelsi N Dodds
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Zili Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch & Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lee Travis
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Simon J Brookes
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Marcello Costa
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hongzhen Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch & Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nick J Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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17
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Bogdan DM, Studholme K, DiBua A, Gordon C, Kanjiya MP, Yu M, Puopolo M, Kaczocha M. FABP5 deletion in nociceptors augments endocannabinoid signaling and suppresses TRPV1 sensitization and inflammatory pain. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9241. [PMID: 35655086 PMCID: PMC9163147 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13284-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) produces antinociceptive effects by activating cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1). However, AEA also serves as an agonist at transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) in nociceptive sensory neurons, which may exacerbate pain. This potential functional duality is highlighted by the failure of an inhibitor of the AEA catabolic enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) to afford pain relief in a clinical trial. Consequently, it remains to be determined whether elevating AEA levels in nociceptors leads to antinociceptive or pro-nociceptive effects. Fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5) is an intracellular carrier that mediates AEA transport to FAAH for inactivation. Leveraging the abundant expression of FABP5 in TRPV1+ nociceptors, we employed a conditional knockout strategy to demonstrate that FABP5 deletion in nociceptors augments AEA levels, resulting in the emergence of antinociceptive effects mediated by CB1. Mechanistically, FABP5 deletion suppresses inflammation- and nerve growth factor-mediated TRPV1 sensitization via CB1, an effect mediated by calcineurin. Unexpectedly, inhibition of FAAH failed to blunt TRPV1 sensitization, uncovering functionally distinct outputs resulting from FABP5 and FAAH inhibition. Collectively, our results demonstrate that FABP5 serves a key role in governing endocannabinoid signaling in nociceptors to disrupt TRPV1 sensitization and pain, and position FABP5 as a therapeutic target for the development of analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Bogdan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Keith Studholme
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Adriana DiBua
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Chris Gordon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Martha P Kanjiya
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Mei Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Michelino Puopolo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
- Stony Brook University Pain and Analgesia Research Center (SPARC), Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Martin Kaczocha
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
- Stony Brook University Pain and Analgesia Research Center (SPARC), Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
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18
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Gruenhagen GW, Mubeen T, Patil C, Stockert J, Streelman JT. Single Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Deep Homology of Dental Cell Types Across Vertebrates. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2022; 3. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2022.845449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Like most mammals, humans replace their teeth once throughout their lives and have limited regenerative capabilities. In contrast, mice continually renew tissues lost due to gnawing through a well characterized population of stem cells on the labial surface of the incisor. Most non-mammalian vertebrates replace teeth throughout life; the cellular and molecular mechanisms of successional tooth replacement are largely unknown. Here we use single nuclei RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) of replacement teeth and adjacent oral lamina in Lake Malawi cichlids, species with lifelong whole–tooth replacement, to make two main discoveries. First, despite hundreds of millions of years of evolution, we demonstrate conservation of cell type gene expression across vertebrate teeth (fish, mouse, human). Second, we used an approach that combines marker gene expression and developmental potential of dental cells to uncover the transcriptional signature of stem-like cells in regenerating teeth. Our work underscores the importance of a comparative framework in the study of vertebrate oral and regenerative biology.
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19
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Ma Q. A functional subdivision within the somatosensory system and its implications for pain research. Neuron 2022; 110:749-769. [PMID: 35016037 PMCID: PMC8897275 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Somatosensory afferents are traditionally classified by soma size, myelination, and their response specificity to external and internal stimuli. Here, we propose the functional subdivision of the nociceptive somatosensory system into two branches. The exteroceptive branch detects external threats and drives reflexive-defensive reactions to prevent or limit injury. The interoceptive branch senses the disruption of body integrity, produces tonic pain with strong aversive emotional components, and drives self-caring responses toward to the injured region to reduce suffering. The central thesis behind this functional subdivision comes from a reflection on the dilemma faced by the pain research field, namely, the use of reflexive-defensive behaviors as surrogate assays for interoceptive tonic pain. The interpretation of these assays is now being challenged by the discovery of distinct but interwoven circuits that drive exteroceptive versus interoceptive types of behaviors, with the conflation of these two components contributing partially to the poor translation of therapies from preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiufu Ma
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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20
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Miron Y, Miller PE, Hughes C, Indersmitten T, Lerner EA, Cevikbas F. Mechanistic Insights into the Anti-Pruritic Effects of Lebrikizumab, an Anti-IL-13 Monoclonal Antibody. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:690-700. [PMID: 35240144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease with persistent and severe itch among its hallmark features. Significant increases in type 2 cytokines (i.e., IL-4, IL-13, IL-31) have been documented in acute AD lesions and lead to multi-faceted downstream effects, including inflammation, epidermal barrier dysfunction, and itch. OBJECTIVE The primary objective of preclinical studies reported here was to test direct effects of IL-13 and the anti-IL-13 monoclonal antibody, lebrikizumab, in a human dorsal root ganglion (hDRG) model in itch amplification, neuronal excitability, and transcriptional downstream targets. METHODS Neuroactive effects were assessed via live cell calcium imaging, electric field stimulation, and RNA sequencing of hDRGs stimulated with IL-13 alone or in combination with lebrikizumab. RESULTS These preclinical findings suggest that IL-13 has a direct enhancer role in multiple itch and neuroactive pathways, as well as transcriptional downstream effects, and provide key insights into the mechanistic basis for lebrikizumab's anti-itch effects. CONCLUSION IL-13 is a potent enhancer of neuronal responses to different itch stimuli, consistent with the neuro-immune axis contributing to chronic itch-associated inflammatory skin disease, and that blockade of this cytokine pathway may provide a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ethan A Lerner
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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21
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Salavatian S, Hoang JD, Yamaguchi N, Lokhandwala ZA, Swid MA, Armour JA, Ardell JL, Vaseghi M. Myocardial infarction reduces cardiac nociceptive neurotransmission through the vagal ganglia. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155747. [PMID: 35015733 PMCID: PMC8876456 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction causes pathological changes in the autonomic nervous system, which exacerbate heart failure and predispose to fatal ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. These changes are characterized by sympathetic activation and parasympathetic dysfunction (reduced vagal tone). Reasons for the central vagal withdrawal and, specifically, whether myocardial infarction causes changes in cardiac vagal afferent neurotransmission that then affect efferent tone, remain unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether myocardial infarction causes changes in vagal neuronal afferent signaling. Using in vivo neural recordings from the inferior vagal (nodose) ganglia and immunohistochemical analyses, structural and functional alterations in vagal sensory neurons were characterized in a chronic porcine infarct model and compared with normal animals. Myocardial infarction caused an increase in the number of nociceptive neurons but a paradoxical decrease in functional nociceptive signaling. No changes in mechanosensitive neurons were observed. Notably, nociceptive neurons demonstrated an increase in GABAergic expression. Given that nociceptive signaling through the vagal ganglia increases efferent vagal tone, the results of this study suggest that a decrease in functional nociception, possibly due to an increase in expression of inhibitory neurotransmitters, may contribute to vagal withdrawal after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Salavatian
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D Hoang
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Naoko Yamaguchi
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | | | - Mohammed Amer Swid
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - J Andrew Armour
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey L Ardell
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Marmar Vaseghi
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, United States of America
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22
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Enteric neuroimmune interactions coordinate intestinal responses in health and disease. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:27-39. [PMID: 34471248 PMCID: PMC8732275 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract interacts with the local immune system bidirectionally. Recent publications have demonstrated that such interactions can maintain normal GI functions during homeostasis and contribute to pathological symptoms during infection and inflammation. Infection can also induce long-term changes of the ENS resulting in the development of post-infectious GI disturbances. In this review, we discuss how the ENS can regulate and be regulated by immune responses and how such interactions control whole tissue physiology. We also address the requirements for the proper regeneration of the ENS and restoration of GI function following the resolution of infection.
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23
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Albrecht PJ, Houk G, Ruggiero E, Dockum M, Czerwinski M, Betts J, Wymer JP, Argoff CE, Rice FL. Keratinocyte Biomarkers Distinguish Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Patients and Correlate With Topical Lidocaine Responsiveness. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2021; 2:790524. [PMID: 35295428 PMCID: PMC8915676 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2021.790524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated quantifiable measures of cutaneous innervation and algesic keratinocyte biomarkers to determine correlations with clinical measures of patient pain perception, with the intent to better discriminate between diabetic patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (PDPN) compared to patients with low-pain diabetic peripheral neuropathy (lpDPN) or healthy control subjects. A secondary objective was to determine if topical treatment with a 5% lidocaine patch resulted in correlative changes among the quantifiable biomarkers and clinical measures of pain perception, indicative of potential PDPN pain relief. This open-label proof-of-principle clinical research study consisted of a pre-treatment skin biopsy, a 4-week topical 5% lidocaine patch treatment regimen for all patients and controls, and a post-treatment skin biopsy. Clinical measures of pain and functional interference were used to monitor patient symptoms and response for correlation with quantitative skin biopsy biomarkers of innervation (PGP9.5 and CGRP), and epidermal keratinocyte biomarkers (Nav1.6, Nav1.7, CGRP). Importantly, comparable significant losses of epidermal neural innervation (intraepidermal nerve fibers; IENF) and dermal innervation were observed among PDPN and lpDPN patients compared with control subjects, indicating that innervation loss alone may not be the driver of pain in diabetic neuropathy. In pre-treatment biopsies, keratinocyte Nav1.6, Nav1.7, and CGRP immunolabeling were all significantly increased among PDPN patients compared with control subjects. Importantly, no keratinocyte biomarkers were significantly increased among the lpDPN group compared with control. In post-treatment biopsies, the keratinocyte Nav1.6, Nav1.7, and CGRP immunolabeling intensities were no longer different between control, lpDPN, or PDPN cohorts, indicating that lidocaine treatment modified the PDPN-related keratinocyte increases. Analysis of the PDPN responder population demonstrated that increased pretreatment keratinocyte biomarker immunolabeling for Nav1.6, Nav1.7, and CGRP correlated with positive outcomes to topical lidocaine treatment. Epidermal keratinocytes modulate the signaling of IENF, and several analgesic and algesic signaling systems have been identified. These results further implicate epidermal signaling mechanisms as modulators of neuropathic pain conditions, highlight a novel potential mode of action for topical treatments, and demonstrate the utility of comprehensive skin biopsy evaluation to identify novel biomarkers in clinical pain studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J. Albrecht
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Group, Integrated Tissue Dynamics, LLC, Rensselaer, NY, United States
- Division of Health Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Phillip J. Albrecht
| | - George Houk
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Group, Integrated Tissue Dynamics, LLC, Rensselaer, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth Ruggiero
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Group, Integrated Tissue Dynamics, LLC, Rensselaer, NY, United States
| | - Marilyn Dockum
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Group, Integrated Tissue Dynamics, LLC, Rensselaer, NY, United States
| | | | - Joseph Betts
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Group, Integrated Tissue Dynamics, LLC, Rensselaer, NY, United States
| | - James P. Wymer
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Charles E. Argoff
- Department of Neurology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Frank L. Rice
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Group, Integrated Tissue Dynamics, LLC, Rensselaer, NY, United States
- Division of Health Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States
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24
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Hoffmann T, Kistner K, Joksimovic SLJ, Todorovic SM, Reeh PW, Sauer SK. Painful diabetic neuropathy leads to functional Ca V3.2 expression and spontaneous activity in skin nociceptors of mice. Exp Neurol 2021; 346:113838. [PMID: 34450183 PMCID: PMC8549116 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Painful diabetic neuropathy occurs in approximately 20% of diabetic patients with underlying pathomechanisms not fully understood. We evaluated the contribution of the CaV3.2 isoform of T-type calcium channel to hyperglycemia-induced changes in cutaneous sensory C-fiber functions and neuropeptide release employing the streptozotocin (STZ) diabetes model in congenic mouse strains including global knockouts (KOs). Hyperglycemia established for 3-5 weeks in male C57BL/6J mice led to major reorganizations in peripheral C-fiber functions. Unbiased electrophysiological screening of mechanosensitive single-fibers in isolated hairy hindpaw skin revealed a relative loss of (polymodal) heat sensing in favor of cold sensing. In healthy CaV3.2 KO mice both heat and cold sensitivity among the C-fibers seemed underrepresented in favor of exclusive mechanosensitivity, low-threshold in particular, which deficit became significant in the diabetic KOs. Diabetes also led to a marked increase in the incidence of spontaneous discharge activity among the C-fibers of wildtype mice, which was reduced by the specific CaV3.2 blocker TTA-P2 and largely absent in the KOs. Evaluation restricted to the peptidergic class of nerve fibers - measuring KCl-stimulated CGRP release - revealed a marked reduction in the sciatic nerve by TTA-P2 in healthy but not diabetic wildtypes, the latter showing CGRP release that was as much reduced as in healthy and, to the same extent, in diabetic CaV3.2 KOs. These data suggest that diabetes abrogates all CaV3.2 functionality in the peripheral nerve axons. In striking contrast, diabetes markedly increased the KCl-stimulated CGRP release from isolated hairy skin of wildtypes but not KO mice, and TTA-P2 reversed this increase, strongly suggesting a de novo expression of CaV3.2 in peptidergic cutaneous nerve endings which may contribute to the enhanced spontaneous activity. De-glycosylation by neuraminidase showed clear desensitizing effects, both in regard to spontaneous activity and stimulated CGRP release, but included actions independent of CaV3.2. However, as diabetes-enhanced glycosylation is decisive for intra-axonal trafficking, it may account for the substantial reorganizations of the CaV3.2 distribution. The results may strengthen the validation of CaV3.2 channel as a therapeutic target of treating painful diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Hoffmann
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Universitaetsstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katrin Kistner
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Universitaetsstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sonja L J Joksimovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Slobodan M Todorovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Peter W Reeh
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Universitaetsstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne K Sauer
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Universitaetsstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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25
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Dalmasso C, Leachman JR, Ghuneim S, Ahmed N, Schneider ER, Thibault O, Osborn JL, Loria AS. Epididymal Fat-Derived Sympathoexcitatory Signals Exacerbate Neurogenic Hypertension in Obese Male Mice Exposed to Early Life Stress. Hypertension 2021; 78:1434-1449. [PMID: 34601958 PMCID: PMC8516729 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Dalmasso
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (C.D., J.R.L., S.G., N.A., O.T., A.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Jacqueline R. Leachman
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (C.D., J.R.L., S.G., N.A., O.T., A.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Sundus Ghuneim
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (C.D., J.R.L., S.G., N.A., O.T., A.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Nermin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (C.D., J.R.L., S.G., N.A., O.T., A.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Eve R. Schneider
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences (E.R.S., J.L.O.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Olivier Thibault
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (C.D., J.R.L., S.G., N.A., O.T., A.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Jeffrey L. Osborn
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences (E.R.S., J.L.O.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Analia S. Loria
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (C.D., J.R.L., S.G., N.A., O.T., A.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
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26
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Ran C, Kamalani GNA, Chen X. Modality-Specific Modulation of Temperature Representations in the Spinal Cord after Injury. J Neurosci 2021; 41:8210-8219. [PMID: 34408066 PMCID: PMC8482863 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1104-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Different types of tissue injury, such as inflammatory and neuropathic conditions, cause modality-specific alternations on temperature perception. There are profound changes in peripheral sensory neurons after injury, but how patterned neuronal activities in the CNS encode injury-induced sensitization to temperature stimuli is largely unknown. Using in vivo calcium imaging and mouse genetics, we show that formalin- and prostaglandin E2-induced inflammation dramatically increase spinal responses to heating and decrease responses to cooling in male and female mice. The reduction of cold response is largely eliminated on ablation of TRPV1-expressing primary sensory neurons, indicating a crossover inhibition of cold response from the hyperactive heat inputs in the spinal cord. Interestingly, chemotherapy medication oxaliplatin can rapidly increase spinal responses to cooling and suppress responses to heating. Together, our results suggest a push-pull mechanism in processing cold and heat inputs and reveal a synergic mechanism to shift thermosensation after injury.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In this paper, we combine our novel in vivo spinal cord two-photon calcium imaging, mouse genetics, and persistent pain models to study how tissue injury alters the sensation of temperature. We discover modality-specific changes of spinal temperature responses in different models of injury. Chemotherapy medication oxaliplatin leads to cold hypersensitivity and heat hyposensitivity. By contrast, inflammation increases heat sensitivity and decreases cold sensitivity. This decrease in cold sensitivity results from the stronger crossover inhibition from the hyperactive heat inputs. Our work reveals the bidirectional change of thermosensitivity by injury and suggests that the crossover inhibitory circuit underlies the shifted thermosensation, providing a mechanism to the biased perception toward a unique thermal modality that was observed clinically in chronic pain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ran
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | | | - Xiaoke Chen
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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27
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Gershon MD, Margolis KG. The gut, its microbiome, and the brain: connections and communications. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:143768. [PMID: 34523615 PMCID: PMC8439601 DOI: 10.1172/jci143768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern research on gastrointestinal behavior has revealed it to be a highly complex bidirectional process in which the gut sends signals to the brain, via spinal and vagal visceral afferent pathways, and receives sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs. Concomitantly, the enteric nervous system within the bowel, which contains intrinsic primary afferent neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons, also senses the enteric environment and controls the detailed patterns of intestinal motility and secretion. The vast microbiome that is resident within the enteric lumen is yet another contributor, not only to gut behavior, but to the bidirectional signaling process, so that the existence of a microbiota-gut-brain "connectome" has become apparent. The interaction between the microbiota, the bowel, and the brain now appears to be neither a top-down nor a bottom-up process. Instead, it is an ongoing, tripartite conversation, the outline of which is beginning to emerge and is the subject of this Review. We emphasize aspects of the exponentially increasing knowledge of the microbiota-gut-brain "connectome" and focus attention on the roles that serotonin, Toll-like receptors, and macrophages play in signaling as exemplars of potentially generalizable mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kara Gross Margolis
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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28
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Javed H, Rehmathulla S, Tariq S, Ali MA, Emerald BS, Shehab S. Co-localization of nociceptive markers in the lumbar dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord of dromedary camel. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:3710-3725. [PMID: 34468017 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Nociceptive markers in mice have been identified in two distinct peptidergic and nonpeptidergic neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and distributed in different laminae of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Recently, however, a study in humans showed a significant overlapping in these two populations. In this study, we investigated the distribution of various nociceptive markers in the lumbar DRG and spinal cord of the dromedary camel. Immunohistochemical data showed a remarkable percentage of total neurons in the DRG expressed IB4 binding (54.5%), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP; 49.5%), transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1; 48.2%), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS; 30.6%). The co-localization data showed that 89.6% and 74.0% of CGRP- and TRPV1-labeled neurons, respectively, were IB4 positive. In addition, 61.6% and 84.2% of TRPV1- and NOS-immunoreactive neurons, respectively, were also co-localized with CGRP. The distribution of IB4, CGRP, TRPV1, substance P, and NOS immunoreactivities in the spinal cord were observed in lamina I and outer lamina II (IIo). Quantitative data showed that 82.4% of IB4-positive nerve terminals in laminae I and IIo were co-localized with CGRP, and 86.0% of CGRP-labeled terminals were co-localized with IB4. Similarly, 85.1% of NOS-labeled nerve terminals were co-localized with CGRP. No neuropeptide Y (NPY) or cholecystokinin (CCK) immunoreactivities were detected in the DRG, and no co-localization between IB4, NPY, and CCK were observed in the spinal cord. Our results demonstrate marked convergence of nociceptive markers in the primary afferent neurons in camels, which is similar to humans rather than the mouse. The data also emphasizes the importance of interspecies differences when selecting ideal animal models for studying nociception and treating chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayate Javed
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Sumisha Rehmathulla
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Saeed Tariq
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Mahmoud A Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Bright Starling Emerald
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Safa Shehab
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
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29
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Ziegler SF. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin, skin barrier dysfunction, and the atopic march. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2021; 127:306-311. [PMID: 34153443 PMCID: PMC8419079 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atopic dermatitis often precedes the development of other atopic diseases, and the atopic march describes this temporal relationship in the natural history of these diseases. Although the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie this relationship are poorly understood, epidemiologic and genetic data have suggested that the skin might be an important route of sensitization to allergens. DATA SOURCES Review of recent studies on the role of skin barrier defects in systemic allergen sensitization. STUDY SELECTIONS Recent publications on the relationship between skin barrier defects and expression of epithelial cell-derived cytokines. RESULTS Animal models have begun to elucidate on how skin barrier defects can lead to systemic allergen sensitization. Emerging data now suggest that epithelial cell-derived cytokines, such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin, drive the progression from atopic dermatitis to asthma and food allergy. Skin barrier defects can lead to induction of epithelial cell-derived cytokines, which in turn leads to the initiation and maintenance of allergic inflammation and the atopic march. CONCLUSION Development of new biologic drug targeting type 2 cytokines provides novel therapeutic interventions for atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Ziegler
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.
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30
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Calcitonin gene related peptide α is dispensable for many danger-related motivational responses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16204. [PMID: 34376756 PMCID: PMC8355137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95670-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) expressing neurons in the parabrachial nucleus have been shown to encode danger. Through projections to the amygdala and other forebrain structures, they regulate food intake and trigger adaptive behaviors in response to threats like inflammation, intoxication, tumors and pain. Despite the fact that this danger-encoding neuronal population has been defined based on its CGRP expression, it is not clear if CGRP is critical for its function. It is also not clear if CGRP in other neuronal structures is involved in danger-encoding. To examine the role of CGRP in danger-related motivational responses, we used male and female mice lacking αCGRP, which is the main form of CGRP in the brain. These mice had no, or only very weak, CGRP expression. Despite this, they did not behave differently compared to wildtype mice when they were tested for a battery of danger-related responses known to be mediated by CGRP neurons in the parabrachial nucleus. Mice lacking αCGRP and wildtype mice showed similar inflammation-induced anorexia, conditioned taste aversion, aversion to thermal pain and pain-induced escape behavior, although it should be pointed out that the study was not powered to detect any possible differences that were minor or sex-specific. Collectively, our findings suggest that αCGRP is not necessary for many threat-related responses, including some that are known to be mediated by CGRP neurons in the parabrachial nucleus.
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31
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Li ZS, Hung LY, Margolis KG, Ambron RT, Sung YJ, Gershon MD. The α isoform of cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1 (PKG1α) is expressed and functionally important in intrinsic primary afferent neurons of the guinea pig enteric nervous system. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14100. [PMID: 33655600 PMCID: PMC8681866 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs) enable the gut to manifest reflexes in the absence of CNS input. PKG1α is selectively expressed in a subset of neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and has been linked to nociception and long-term hyperexcitability. METHODS We used immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry, and in vitro assays of IPAN-dependent enteric functions to test hypotheses that subsets of primary neurons of the ENS and DRG share a reliance on PKG1α expression. KEY RESULTS PKG1α immunoreactivity was demonstrated in immunoblots from isolated myenteric ganglia. PKG1α, but not PKG1β, immunoreactivity, was coincident with that of neuronal markers (HuC/D; β3-tubulin) in both enteric plexuses. PKG1α immunoreactivity also co-localized with the immunoreactivities of the IPAN markers, calbindin (100%; myenteric plexus) and cytoplasmic NeuN (98 ± 1% submucosal plexus). CGRP-immunoreactive DRG neurons, identified as visceral afferents by retrograde transport, were PKG1α-immunoreactive. We used intraluminal cholera toxin to determine whether PKG1α was necessary to enable stimulation of the mucosa to activate Fos in enteric neurons. Tetrodotoxin (1.0 µM), low Ca2+ /high Mg2+ media, and the PKG inhibitor, N46 (100 µM), all inhibited Fos activation in myenteric neurons. N46 also concentration dependently inhibited peristaltic reflexes in isolated preparations of distal colon (IC50 = 83.3 ± 1.3 µM). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These data suggest that PKG1α is present and functionally important in IPANs and visceral afferent nociceptive neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi S. Li
- Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lin Y. Hung
- Departments of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kara G. Margolis
- Departments of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard T. Ambron
- Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ying J. Sung
- Departments of Basic Science, The Commonwealth Medical College, Scranton, PA, USA
| | - Michael D. Gershon
- Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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32
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Li F, Jiang H, Shen X, Yang W, Guo C, Wang Z, Xiao M, Cui L, Luo W, Kim BS, Chen Z, Huang AJW, Liu Q. Sneezing reflex is mediated by a peptidergic pathway from nose to brainstem. Cell 2021; 184:3762-3773.e10. [PMID: 34133943 PMCID: PMC8396370 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sneezing is a vital respiratory reflex frequently associated with allergic rhinitis and viral respiratory infections. However, its neural circuit remains largely unknown. A sneeze-evoking region was discovered in both cat and human brainstems, corresponding anatomically to the central recipient zone of nasal sensory neurons. Therefore, we hypothesized that a neuronal population postsynaptic to nasal sensory neurons mediates sneezing in this region. By screening major presynaptic neurotransmitters/neuropeptides released by nasal sensory neurons, we found that neuromedin B (NMB) peptide is essential for signaling sneezing. Ablation of NMB-sensitive postsynaptic neurons in the sneeze-evoking region or deficiency in NMB receptor abolished the sneezing reflex. Remarkably, NMB-sensitive neurons further project to the caudal ventral respiratory group (cVRG). Chemical activation of NMB-sensitive neurons elicits action potentials in cVRG neurons and leads to sneezing behavior. Our study delineates a peptidergic pathway mediating sneezing, providing molecular insights into the sneezing reflex arc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Haowu Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xiaolei Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Weishan Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Changxiong Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zhiyao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maolei Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lian Cui
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wenqin Luo
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brian S Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zhoufeng Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrew J W Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Löken LS, Braz JM, Etlin A, Sadeghi M, Bernstein M, Jewell M, Steyert M, Kuhn J, Hamel K, Llewellyn-Smith IJ, Basbaum A. Contribution of dorsal horn CGRP-expressing interneurons to mechanical sensitivity. eLife 2021; 10:e59751. [PMID: 34061020 PMCID: PMC8245130 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary sensory neurons are generally considered the only source of dorsal horn calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a neuropeptide critical to the transmission of pain messages. Using a tamoxifen-inducible CalcaCreER transgenic mouse, here we identified a distinct population of CGRP-expressing excitatory interneurons in lamina III of the spinal cord dorsal horn and trigeminal nucleus caudalis. These interneurons have spine-laden, dorsally directed, dendrites, and ventrally directed axons. As under resting conditions, CGRP interneurons are under tonic inhibitory control, neither innocuous nor noxious stimulation provoked significant Fos expression in these neurons. However, synchronous, electrical non-nociceptive Aβ primary afferent stimulation of dorsal roots depolarized the CGRP interneurons, consistent with their receipt of a VGLUT1 innervation. On the other hand, chemogenetic activation of the neurons produced a mechanical hypersensitivity in response to von Frey stimulation, whereas their caspase-mediated ablation led to mechanical hyposensitivity. Finally, after partial peripheral nerve injury, innocuous stimulation (brush) induced significant Fos expression in the CGRP interneurons. These findings suggest that CGRP interneurons become hyperexcitable and contribute either to ascending circuits originating in deep dorsal horn or to the reflex circuits in baseline conditions, but not in the setting of nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line S Löken
- Department of Anatomy, University California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Joao M Braz
- Department of Anatomy, University California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Alexander Etlin
- Department of Anatomy, University California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Mahsa Sadeghi
- Department of Anatomy, University California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Mollie Bernstein
- Department of Anatomy, University California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Madison Jewell
- Department of Anatomy, University California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Marilyn Steyert
- Department of Anatomy, University California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Julia Kuhn
- Department of Anatomy, University California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Katherine Hamel
- Department of Anatomy, University California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Ida J Llewellyn-Smith
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, University of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
- Department of Cardiology, Flinders Medical CentreBedford ParkAustralia
| | - Allan Basbaum
- Department of Anatomy, University California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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Guo Z, Czerpaniak K, Zhang J, Cao YQ. Increase in trigeminal ganglion neurons that respond to both calcitonin gene-related peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in mouse models of chronic migraine and posttraumatic headache. Pain 2021; 162:1483-1499. [PMID: 33252452 PMCID: PMC8049961 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A large body of animal and human studies indicates that blocking peripheral calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) signaling pathways may prevent migraine episodes and reduce headache frequency. To investigate whether recurring migraine episodes alter the strength of CGRP and PACAP signaling in trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons, we compared the number of TG neurons that respond to CGRP and to PACAP (CGRP-R and PACAP-R, respectively) under normal and chronic migraine-like conditions. In a mouse model of chronic migraine, repeated nitroglycerin (NTG) administration significantly increased the number of CGRP-R and PACAP-R neurons in TG but not dorsal root ganglia. In TG neurons that express endogenous αCGRP, repeated NTG led to a 7-fold increase in the number of neurons that respond to both CGRP and PACAP (CGRP-R&PACAP-R). Most of these neurons were unmyelinated C-fiber nociceptors. This suggests that a larger fraction of CGRP signaling in TG nociceptors may be mediated through the autocrine mechanism, and the release of endogenous αCGRP can be enhanced by both CGRP and PACAP signaling pathways under chronic migraine condition. The number of CGRP-R&PACAP-R TG neurons was also increased in a mouse model of posttraumatic headache (PTH). Interestingly, low-dose interleukin-2 treatment, which completely reverses chronic migraine-related and PTH-related behaviors in mouse models, also blocked the increase in both CGRP-R and PACAP-R TG neurons. Together, these results suggest that inhibition of both CGRP and PACAP signaling in TG neurons may be more effective in treating chronic migraine and PTH than targeting individual signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Katherine Czerpaniak
- Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jintao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Present address: Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515
| | - Yu-Qing Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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Makwana K, Chodavarapu H, Morones N, Chi J, Barr W, Novinbakht E, Wang Y, Nguyen PT, Jovanovic P, Cohen P, Riera CE. Sensory neurons expressing calcitonin gene-related peptide α regulate adaptive thermogenesis and diet-induced obesity. Mol Metab 2021; 45:101161. [PMID: 33412345 PMCID: PMC7820934 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Heat-sensory neurons from the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) play a pivotal role in detecting the cutaneous temperature and transmission of external signals to the brain, ensuring the maintenance of thermoregulation. However, whether these thermoreceptor neurons contribute to adaptive thermogenesis remains elusive. It is also unknown whether these neurons play a role in obesity and energy metabolism. Methods We used genetic ablation of heat-sensing neurons expressing calcitonin gene-related peptide α (CGRPα) to assess whole-body energy expenditure, weight gain, glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity in normal chow and high-fat diet-fed mice. Exvivo lipolysis and transcriptional characterization were combined with adipose tissue-clearing methods to visualize and probe the role of sensory nerves in adipose tissue. Adaptive thermogenesis was explored using infrared imaging of intrascapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT), tail, and core temperature upon various stimuli including diet, external temperature, and the cooling agent icilin. Results In this report, we show that genetic ablation of heat-sensing CGRPα neurons promotes resistance to weight gain upon high-fat diet (HFD) feeding and increases energy expenditure in mice. Mechanistically, we found that loss of CGRPα-expressing sensory neurons was associated with reduced lipid deposition in adipose tissue, enhanced expression of fatty acid oxidation genes, higher exvivo lipolysis in primary white adipocytes, and increased mitochondrial respiration from iBAT. Remarkably, mice lacking CGRPα sensory neurons manifested increased tail cutaneous vasoconstriction at room temperature. This exacerbated cold perception was not associated with reduced core temperature, suggesting that heat production and heat conservation mechanisms were engaged. Specific denervation of CGRPα neurons in intrascapular BAT did not contribute to the increased metabolic rate observed upon global sensory denervation. Conclusions Taken together, these findings highlight an important role of cutaneous thermoreceptors in regulating energy metabolism by triggering counter-regulatory responses involving energy dissipation processes including lipid fuel utilization and cutaneous vasodilation. Removal of sensory spinal neurons expressing CGRPα mitigates diet-induced obesity. CGRPα afferents antagonize adaptive thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. Loss of CGRPα afferents leads to enhanced cold perception and vasoconstriction. Specific adipose denervation of CGRPα afferents does not modulate energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Makwana
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors of the Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harshita Chodavarapu
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors of the Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nancy Morones
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors of the Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jingyi Chi
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - William Barr
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edward Novinbakht
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors of the Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yidan Wang
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors of the Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Tuan Nguyen
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors of the Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Predrag Jovanovic
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors of the Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Celine E Riera
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors of the Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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36
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Vincent K, Dona CPG, Albert TJ, Dahia CL. Age-related molecular changes in the lumbar dorsal root ganglia of mice: Signs of sensitization, and inflammatory response. JOR Spine 2020; 3:e1124. [PMID: 33392459 PMCID: PMC7770202 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for numerous painful, inflammatory, and degenerative diseases including disc degeneration. A better understanding of how the somatosensory nervous system adapts to the changing physiology of the aging body will be of great significance for our expanding aging population. Previously, we reported that chronological aging of mouse lumbar discs is pathological and associated with behavioral changes related to pain. It is established that with age and degeneration the lumbar discs become inflammatory and innervated. Here we analyze the aging lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and spinal cord dorsal horn (SCDH) in mice between 3 and 24 months of age for age-related somatosensory adaptations. We observe that as mice age there are signs of peripheral sensitization, and response to inflammation at the molecular and cellular level in the DRGs. From 12 months onwards the mRNA expression of vasodilator and neurotransmitter, Calca (CGRP); stress (and survival) marker, Atf3; and neurotrophic factor, Bdnf, increases linearly with age in the DRGs. Further, while the mRNA expression of neuropeptide, Tac1, precursor of Substance P, did not change at the transcriptional level, TAC1 protein expression increased in 24-month-old DRGs. Additionally, elevated expression of NFκB subunits, Nfkb1 and Rela, but not inflammatory mediators, Tnf, Il6, Il1b, or Cox2, in the DRGs suggest peripheral nerves are responding to inflammation, but do not increase the expression of inflammatory mediators at the transcriptional level. These results identify a progressive, age-related shift in the molecular profile of the mouse somatosensory nervous system and implicates nociceptive sensitization and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Vincent
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research ProgramHospital for Special SurgeryNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell MedicineGraduate School of Medical ScienceNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Chethana Prabodhanie Gallage Dona
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research ProgramHospital for Special SurgeryNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of MedicineWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Todd J Albert
- Department of MedicineWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Orthopaedic SurgeryHospital for Special SurgeryNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Chitra Lekha Dahia
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research ProgramHospital for Special SurgeryNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell MedicineGraduate School of Medical ScienceNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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37
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Halloran J, Lalande A, Zang M, Chodavarapu H, Riera CE. Monoclonal therapy against calcitonin gene-related peptide lowers hyperglycemia and adiposity in type 2 diabetes mouse models. Metabol Open 2020; 8:100060. [PMID: 33089134 PMCID: PMC7566843 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2020.100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide α (CGRPα) is a multifunctional neuropeptide found in the central and peripheral nervous system with cardiovascular, nociceptive, and gastrointestinal activities. CGRPα has been linked to obesity and insulin secretion but the role of this circulating peptide in energy metabolism remains unclear. Here, we thought to utilize a monoclonal antibody against circulating CGRPα to assess its ability to improve glucose homeostasis in mouse models of hyperglycemia and diabetes. Methods We examined the outcome of anti-CGRPα treatment in mouse models of diabetes and diet-induced obesity, using db/db mice, Streptozotocin (STZ) treatment to eliminate pancreatic islets, and high fat diet-fed mice. We also correlated these data with application of recombinant CGRPα peptide on cultured mature adipocytes to measure its impact on mitochondrial bioenergetics and fatty acid oxidation. Furthermore, we applied recombinant CGRPα to primary islets to measure glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and gene expression. Results BL6-db diabetic mice receiving anti-CGRPα treatment manifested weight loss, reduced adiposity, improved glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, GSIS and reduced pathology in adipose tissue and liver. Anti-CGRPα failed to modulate weight or glucose homeostasis in STZ-treated animals. High fat diet-fed mice showed reduced adiposity but no benefit on glucose homeostasis. Considering these findings, we postulated that CGRPα may have dual effects on adipocytes to promote lipid utilization while acting on pancreatic β-cells to modulate insulin secretion. Analysis of CGRPα in the pancreas showed that the peptide localized to insulin-positive cells and perivascular nerves surrounding islets. Ex-vivo analysis of pancreatic islets determined that CGRPα blocked GSIS and reduced insulin-2 gene expression. Mechanistical analysis revealed that recombinant CGRPα was able to reduce glycolytic capacity as well as fatty acid oxidation in primary white adipocytes. Conclusions These results establish a multifaceted role in energy metabolism for circulating CGRPα, with the ability to modulate thermogenic pathways in adipose tissue, as well as pancreatic β-cell dependent insulin secretion. Reducing circulating CGRPα levels with monoclonal therapy presents therapeutic potential for type 2 diabetes as shown in BL6-db/db mice but has reduced potential for models of hyperglycemia resulting from loss of β-cells (STZ treatment).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Halloran
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.,University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Alexandre Lalande
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | | | - Harshita Chodavarapu
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Céline E Riera
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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Cohen JA, Wu J, Kaplan DH. Neuronal Regulation of Cutaneous Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:264-270. [PMID: 31907268 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The skin is innervated by numerous sensory afferent neurons that respond to a diverse array of stimuli ranging from gentle touch to noxious pain. Various features of the immune system-pathogen recognition, secretion of soluble mediators-are shared with the nervous system. This has led to the recognition that neurons share some functions with innate immune cells and have the capacity to recognize pathogens and participate in innate immune responses. Neuroimmune interactions are bidirectional. Soluble mediators from immune cells activate neurons and soluble mediators from neurons can activate immune cells. In this review, we will focus on the interplay between neurons and innate immunity in the skin in the context of host defense and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Cohen
- Departments of Dermatology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Jianing Wu
- Departments of Dermatology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China; and
| | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Departments of Dermatology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; .,Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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Aspirin Administration Affects Neurochemical Characterization of Substance P-Like Immunoreactive (SP-LI) Nodose Ganglia Neurons Supplying the Porcine Stomach. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1049179. [PMID: 32626731 PMCID: PMC7306837 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1049179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is a commonly used anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic drug, which has many side effects on the gastric mucosal layer. Despite this, knowledge concerning the influence of ASA on neuronal cells supplying the stomach is very scanty. Methods This investigation was performed on ten immature gilts of the Large White Polish race divided into two groups (five animals in each): a control group and animals which were treated with ASA. The retrograde neuronal tracer Fast Blue (FB) was injected into the prepyloric region of the stomach in all animals. ASA was then given orally to the experimental (ASA) group of gilts from the seventh day after FB injection to the 27th day of the experiment. After this period, all animals were euthanized. Immediately after euthanasia, nodose ganglia (NG) were collected and subjected to a standard double-labelling immunofluorescence technique using antibodies directed toward substance P (SP) and other selected neuronal factors, such as galanin (GAL), neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Key Results. The obtained results show that SP-LI neurons located in NG supplying the porcine stomach were also immunoreactive to all the above-mentioned neuronal factors. Moreover, ASA administration caused an increase in the degree of colocalization of SP with other neuronal active substances, and the most visible changes concerned the number of neurons simultaneously immunoreactive to SP and CGRP. Conclusions and Inferences. These observations indicate that the population of SP-LI neurons supplying the stomach is not homogeneous and may undergo changes after ASA administration. These changes are probably connected with inflammatory processes and/or neuroprotective reactions although their exact mechanisms remain unknown.
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40
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Szczepanska-Sadowska E, Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska A, Sadowski B. Differential role of specific cardiovascular neuropeptides in pain regulation: Relevance to cardiovascular diseases. Neuropeptides 2020; 81:102046. [PMID: 32284215 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In many instances, the perception of pain is disproportionate to the strength of the algesic stimulus. Excessive or inadequate pain sensation is frequently observed in cardiovascular diseases, especially in coronary ischemia. The mechanisms responsible for individual differences in the perception of cardiovascular pain are not well recognized. Cardiovascular disorders may provoke pain in multiple ways engaging molecules released locally in the heart due to tissue ischemia, inflammation or cellular stress, and through neurogenic and endocrine mechanisms brought into action by hemodynamic disturbances. Cardiovascular neuropeptides, namely angiotensin II (Ang II), angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)], vasopressin, oxytocin, and orexins belong to this group. Although participation of these peptides in the regulation of circulation and pain has been firmly established, their mutual interaction in the regulation of pain in cardiovascular diseases has not been profoundly analyzed. In the present review we discuss the regulation of the release, and mechanisms of the central and systemic actions of these peptides on the cardiovascular system in the context of their central and peripheral nociceptive (Ang II) and antinociceptive [Ang-(1-7), vasopressin, oxytocin, orexins] properties. We also consider the possibility that they may play a significant role in the modulation of pain in cardiovascular diseases. The rationale for focusing attention on these very compounds was based on the following premises (1) cardiovascular disturbances influence the release of these peptides (2) they regulate vascular tone and cardiac function and can influence the intensity of ischemia - the factor initiating pain signals in the cardiovascular system, (3) they differentially modulate nociception through peripheral and central mechanisms, and their effect strongly depends on specific receptors and site of action. Accordingly, an altered release of these peptides and/or pharmacological blockade of their receptors may have a significant but different impact on individual sensation of pain and comfort of an individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczepanska-Sadowska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bogdan Sadowski
- School of Engineering and Health, Bitwy Warszawskiej 1920 r. 18, Warsaw, Poland
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Becker AK, Auditore A, Pischetsrieder M, Messlinger K, Fleming T, Reeh PW, Sauer SK. Reactive dicarbonyl compounds cause Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide release and synergize with inflammatory conditions in mouse skin and peritoneum. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6330-6343. [PMID: 32198181 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasmas of diabetic or uremic patients and of those receiving peritoneal dialysis treatment have increased levels of the glucose-derived dicarbonyl metabolites like methylglyoxal (MGO), glyoxal (GO), and 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG). The elevated dicarbonyl levels can contribute to the development of painful neuropathies. Here, we used stimulated immunoreactive Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (iCGRP) release as a measure of nociceptor activation, and we found that each dicarbonyl metabolite induces a concentration-, TRPA1-, and Ca2+-dependent iCGRP release. MGO, GO, and 3-DG were about equally potent in the millimolar range. We hypothesized that another dicarbonyl, 3,4-dideoxyglucosone-3-ene (3,4-DGE), which is present in peritoneal dialysis (PD) solutions after heat sterilization, activates nociceptors. We also showed that at body temperatures 3,4-DGE is formed from 3-DG and that concentrations of 3,4-DGE in the micromolar range effectively induced iCGRP release from isolated murine skin. In a novel preparation of the isolated parietal peritoneum PD fluid or 3,4-DGE alone, at concentrations found in PD solutions, stimulated iCGRP release. We also tested whether inflammatory tissue conditions synergize with dicarbonyls to induce iCGRP release from isolated skin. Application of MGO together with bradykinin or prostaglandin E2 resulted in an overadditive effect on iCGRP release, whereas MGO applied at a pH of 5.2 resulted in reduced release, probably due to an MGO-mediated inhibition of transient receptor potential (TRP) V1 receptors. These results indicate that several reactive dicarbonyls activate nociceptors and potentiate inflammatory mediators. Our findings underline the roles of dicarbonyls and TRPA1 receptors in causing pain during diabetes or renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Becker
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea Auditore
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Food Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Monika Pischetsrieder
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Food Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl Messlinger
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Fleming
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, INF 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Peter W Reeh
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne K Sauer
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Yamakawa M, Santosa SM, Chawla N, Ivakhnitskaia E, Del Pino M, Giakas S, Nadel A, Bontu S, Tambe A, Guo K, Han KY, Cortina MS, Yu C, Rosenblatt MI, Chang JH, Azar DT. Transgenic models for investigating the nervous system: Currently available neurofluorescent reporters and potential neuronal markers. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129595. [PMID: 32173376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant DNA technologies have enabled the development of transgenic animal models for use in studying a myriad of diseases and biological states. By placing fluorescent reporters under the direct regulation of the promoter region of specific marker proteins, these models can localize and characterize very specific cell types. One important application of transgenic species is the study of the cytoarchitecture of the nervous system. Neurofluorescent reporters can be used to study the structural patterns of nerves in the central or peripheral nervous system in vivo, as well as phenomena involving embryologic or adult neurogenesis, injury, degeneration, and recovery. Furthermore, crucial molecular factors can also be screened via the transgenic approach, which may eventually play a major role in the development of therapeutic strategies against diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. This review describes currently available reporters and their uses in the literature as well as potential neural markers that can be leveraged to create additional, robust transgenic models for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Yamakawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Samuel M Santosa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Neeraj Chawla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Evguenia Ivakhnitskaia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Matthew Del Pino
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Giakas
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Arnold Nadel
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Sneha Bontu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Arjun Tambe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Kyu-Yeon Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Maria Soledad Cortina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Charles Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Mark I Rosenblatt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Jin-Hong Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
| | - Dimitri T Azar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
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Corren J, Ziegler SF. TSLP: from allergy to cancer. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:1603-1609. [PMID: 31745338 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0524-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine TSLP has been shown to be a key factor in maintaining immune homeostasis and regulating inflammatory responses at mucosal barriers. While the role of TSLP in type 2 immune responses has been investigated extensively, recent studies have found an expanding role for TSLP in inflammatory diseases and cancer. In this Review, we will highlight major recent advances in TSLP biology, along with results from emerging clinical trials of anti-TSLP agents used for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Corren
- Department of Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven F Ziegler
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
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The BDNF Protein and its Cognate mRNAs in the Rat Spinal Cord during Amylin-induced Reversal of Morphine Tolerance. Neuroscience 2019; 422:54-64. [PMID: 31689388 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pancreatic peptide, Amylin (AMY), reportedly affects nociception in rodents. Here, we investigated the potential effect of AMY on the tolerance to morphine and on the expression of BDNF at both levels of protein and RNA in the lumbar spinal cord of morphine tolerant rats. Animals in both groups of control and test received a single daily dose of intrathecal (i.t.) morphine for 10 days. Rats in the test group received AMY (1, 10 and 60 pmoles) in addition to morphine from days 6 to10. Morphine tolerance was established at day 5. AMY alone showed enduring antinociceptive effects for 10 days. Real-Time PCR, western blotting and ELISA were used respectively to assess levels of BDNF transcripts and their encoded proteins. Rats tolerant to i.t. morphine showed increased expression of exons I, IV, and IX of the BDNF gene, and had elevated levels of pro-BDNF and BDNF protein in their lumbar spinal cord. AMY, when co-administered with morphine from days 6 to 10, reversed morphine tolerance and adversely affected the morphine-induced expression of the BDNF gene at both levels of protein and mRNAs containing exons I, IV and IX. AMY alone increased levels of exons I and IV transcripts. Levels of pro-BDNF and BDNF proteins remained unchanged in the lumbar spinal cord of rats treated by AMY alone. These results suggest that i.t. AMY not only abolished morphine tolerance, but also reduced the morphine induced increase in the expression of both BDNF transcripts and protein in the lumbar spinal cord.
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Optogenetic Inhibition of CGRPα Sensory Neurons Reveals Their Distinct Roles in Neuropathic and Incisional Pain. J Neurosci 2019; 38:5807-5825. [PMID: 29925650 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3565-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous somatosensory neurons convey innocuous and noxious mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli from peripheral tissues to the CNS. Among these are nociceptive neurons that express calcitonin gene-related peptide-α (CGRPα). The role of peripheral CGRPα neurons (CANs) in acute and injury-induced pain has been studied using diphtheria toxin ablation, but their functional roles remain controversial. Because ablation permanently deletes a neuronal population, compensatory changes may ensue that mask the physiological or pathophysiological roles of CANs, particularly for injuries that occur after ablation. Therefore, we sought to define the role of intact CANs in vivo under baseline and injury conditions by using noninvasive transient optogenetic inhibition. We assessed pain behavior longitudinally from acute to chronic time points. We generated adult male and female mice that selectively express the outward rectifying proton pump archaerhodopsin-3 (Arch) in CANs, and inhibited their peripheral cutaneous terminals in models of neuropathic (spared nerve injury) and inflammatory (skin-muscle incision) pain using transdermal light activation of Arch. After nerve injury, brief activation of Arch reversed the chronic mechanical, cold, and heat hypersensitivity, alleviated the spontaneous pain, and reversed the sensitized mechanical currents in primary afferent somata. In contrast, Arch inhibition of CANs did not alter incision-induced hypersensitivity. Instead, incision-induced mechanical and heat hypersensitivity was alleviated by peripheral blockade of CGRPα peptide-receptor signaling. These results reveal that CANs have distinct roles in the time course of pain during neuropathic and incisional injuries and suggest that targeting peripheral CANs or CGRPα peptide-receptor signaling could selectively treat neuropathic or postoperative pain, respectively.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The contribution of sensory afferent CGRPα neurons (CANs) to neuropathic and inflammatory pain is controversial. Here, we left CANs intact during neuropathic and perioperative incision injury by using transient transdermal optogenetic inhibition of CANs. We found that peripheral CANs are required for neuropathic mechanical, cold, and heat hypersensitivity, spontaneous pain, and sensitization of mechanical currents in afferent somata. However, they are dispensable for incisional pain transmission. In contrast, peripheral pharmacological inhibition of CGRPα peptide-receptor signaling alleviated the incisional mechanical and heat hypersensitivity, but had no effect on neuropathic pain. These results show that CANs have distinct roles in neuropathic and incisional pain and suggest that their targeting via novel peripheral treatments may selectively alleviate neuropathic versus incisional pain.
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Wallrapp A, Burkett PR, Riesenfeld SJ, Kim SJ, Christian E, Abdulnour REE, Thakore PI, Schnell A, Lambden C, Herbst RH, Khan P, Tsujikawa K, Xavier RJ, Chiu IM, Levy BD, Regev A, Kuchroo VK. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Negatively Regulates Alarmin-Driven Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cell Responses. Immunity 2019; 51:709-723.e6. [PMID: 31604686 PMCID: PMC7076585 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimmune interactions have emerged as critical modulators of allergic inflammation, and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are an important cell type for mediating these interactions. Here, we show that ILC2s expressed both the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its receptor. CGRP potently inhibited alarmin-driven type 2 cytokine production and proliferation by lung ILC2s both in vitro and in vivo. CGRP induced marked changes in ILC2 expression programs in vivo and in vitro, attenuating alarmin-driven proliferative and effector responses. A distinct subset of ILCs scored highly for a CGRP-specific gene signature after in vivo alarmin stimulation, suggesting CGRP regulated this response. Finally, we observed increased ILC2 proliferation and type 2 cytokine production as well as exaggerated responses to alarmins in mice lacking the CGRP receptor. Together, these data indicate that endogenous CGRP is a critical negative regulator of ILC2 responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Wallrapp
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick R Burkett
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Samantha J Riesenfeld
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Se-Jin Kim
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elena Christian
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Raja-Elie E Abdulnour
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pratiksha I Thakore
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alexandra Schnell
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Conner Lambden
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rebecca H Herbst
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Pavana Khan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kazutake Tsujikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Isaac M Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bruce D Levy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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47
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Bartsch VB, Niehaus JK, Taylor-Blake B, Zylka MJ. Enhanced histamine-induced itch in diacylglycerol kinase iota knockout mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217819. [PMID: 31167004 PMCID: PMC6550402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Subsets of small-diameter dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons detect pruritogenic (itch-causing) and algogenic (pain-causing) stimuli and can be activated or sensitized by chemical mediators. Many of these chemical mediators activate receptors that are coupled to lipid hydrolysis and diacylglycerol (DAG) production. Diacylglycerol kinase iota (DGKI) can phosphorylate DAG and is expressed at high levels in small-diameter mouse DRG neurons. Given the importance of these neurons in sensing pruritogenic and algogenic chemicals, we sought to determine if loss of DGKI impaired responses to itch- or pain-producing stimuli. Using male and female Dgki-knockout mice, we found that in vivo sensitivity to histamine—but not other pruritogens—was enhanced. In contrast, baseline pain sensitivity and pain sensitization following inflammatory or neuropathic injury were equivalent between wild type and Dgki-/- mice. In vitro calcium responses in DRG neurons to histamine was enhanced, while responses to algogenic ligands were unaffected by Dgki deletion. These data suggest Dgki regulates sensory neuron and behavioral responses to histamine, without affecting responses to other pruritogenic or algogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Brings Bartsch
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jesse K. Niehaus
- UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bonnie Taylor-Blake
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Zylka
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wu R, Zhang PA, Liu X, Zhou Y, Xu M, Jiang X, Yan J, Xu GY. Decreased miR-325-5p Contributes to Visceral Hypersensitivity Through Post-transcriptional Upregulation of CCL2 in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglia. Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:791-801. [PMID: 30980241 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic visceral hypersensitivity is an important type of chronic pain with unknown etiology and pathophysiology. Recent studies have shown that epigenetic regulation plays an important role in the development of chronic pain conditions. However, the role of miRNA-325-5p in chronic visceral pain remains unknown. The present study was designed to determine the roles and mechanism of miRNA-325-5p in a rat model of chronic visceral pain. This model was induced by neonatal colonic inflammation (NCI). In adulthood, NCI led to a significant reduction in the expression of miRNA-325-5p in colon-related dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), starting to decrease at the age of 4 weeks and being maintained to 8 weeks. Intrathecal administration of miRNA-325-5p agomir significantly enhanced the colorectal distention (CRD) threshold in a time-dependent manner. NCI also markedly increased the expression of CCL2 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 2) in colon-related DRGs at the mRNA and protein levels relative to age-matched control rats. The expression of CXCL12, IL33, SFRS7, and LGI1 was not significantly altered in NCI rats. CCL2 was co-expressed in NeuN-positive DRG neurons but not in glutamine synthetase-positive glial cells. Furthermore, CCL2 was mainly expressed in isolectin B4-binding- and calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive DRG neurons but in few NF-200-positive cells. More importantly, CCL2 was expressed in miR-325-5p-positive DRG neurons. Intrathecal injection of miRNA-325-5p agomir remarkably reduced the upregulation of CCL2 in NCI rats. Administration of Bindarit, an inhibitor of CCL2, markedly raised the CRD threshold in NCI rats in a dose- and time-dependent manner. These data suggest that NCI suppresses miRNA-325-5p expression and enhances CCL2 expression, thus contributing to visceral hypersensitivity in adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang, 215600, China
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ping-An Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang, 215600, China
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xuelian Liu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Meijie Xu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang, 215600, China
| | - Xinghong Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jun Yan
- The Second Affiliated of Hospital Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang, 215600, China.
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Neuronal Subtype Determines Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Latency-Associated-Transcript Promoter Activity during Latency. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00430-18. [PMID: 29643250 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00430-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) latency in neurons remains poorly understood, and the heterogeneity of the sensory nervous system complicates mechanistic studies. In this study, we used primary culture of adult trigeminal ganglion (TG) mouse neurons in microfluidic devices and an in vivo model to examine the subtypes of sensory neurons involved in HSV latency. HSV-infected neurofilament heavy-positive (NefH+) neurons were more likely to express latency-associated transcripts (LATs) than infected neurofilament heavy-negative (NefH-) neurons. This differential expression of the LAT promoter correlated with differences in HSV-1 early infection that manifested as differences in the efficiency with which HSV particles reached the cell body following infection at the distal axon. In vivo, we further identified a specific subset of NefH+ neurons which coexpressed calcitonin gene-related peptide α (NefH+ CGRP+ neurons) as the sensory neuron subpopulation with the highest LAT promoter activity following HSV-1 infection. Finally, an early-phase reactivation assay showed HSV-1 reactivating in NefH+ CGRP+ neurons, although other sensory neuron subpopulations were also involved. Together, these results show that sensory neurons expressing neurofilaments exhibit enhanced LAT promoter activity. We hypothesize that the reduced efficiency of HSV-1 invasion at an early phase of infection may promote efficient establishment of latency in NefH+ neurons due to initiation of the antiviral state preceding arrival of the virus at the neuronal cell body. While the outcome of HSV-1 infection of neurons is determined by a broad variety of factors in vivo, neuronal subtypes are likely to play differential roles in modulating the establishment of latent infection.IMPORTANCE Two pivotal properties of HSV-1 make it a successful pathogen. First, it infects neurons, which are immune privileged. Second, it establishes latency in these neurons. Together, these properties allow HSV to persist for the lifetime of its host. Neurons are diverse and highly organized cells, with specific anatomical, physiological, and molecular characteristics. Previous work has shown that establishment of latency by HSV-1 does not occur equally in all types of neurons. Our results show that the kinetics of HSV infection and the levels of latency-related gene expression differ in certain types of neurons. The neuronal subtype infected by HSV is therefore a critical determinant of the outcome of infection and latency.
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50
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Patil MJ, Hovhannisyan AH, Akopian AN. Characteristics of sensory neuronal groups in CGRP-cre-ER reporter mice: Comparison to Nav1.8-cre, TRPV1-cre and TRPV1-GFP mouse lines. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198601. [PMID: 29864146 PMCID: PMC5986144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidergic sensory neurons play a critical role in nociceptive pathways. To precisely define the function and plasticity of sensory neurons in detail, new tools such as transgenic mouse models are needed. We employed electrophysiology and immunohistochemistry to characterize in detail dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons expressing an inducible CGRPcre-ER (CGRP-cre+); and compared them to DRG neurons expressing Nav1.8cre (Nav1.8-cre+), TRPV1cre (TRPV1-cre+) and TRPV1-GFP (V1-GFP+). Tamoxifen effectively induced CGRPcre-ER production in DRG. ≈87% of CGRPcre-ER-expressing neurons were co-labeled CGRP antibody. Three small and two medium-large-sized (5HT3a+/NPY2R- and NPY2R+) neuronal groups with unique electrophysiological profiles were CGRP-cre+. Nav1.8-cre+ neurons were detected in all CGRP-cre+ groups, as well as in 5 additional neuronal groups: MrgprD+/TRPA1-, MrgprD+/TRPA1+, TRPV1+/CGRP-, vGLUT3+ and ≈30% of trkC+ neurons. Differences between TRPV1cre and Nav1.8cre reporters were that unlike TRPV1-cre+, Nav1.8-cre+ expression was detected in non-nociceptive vGLUT3+ and trkC+ populations. Many TRPV1-cre+ neurons did not respond to capsaicin. In contrast, V1-GFP+ neurons were in 4 groups, each of which was capsaicin-sensitive. Finally, none of the analyzed reporter lines showed cre-recombination in trkB+, calbindin+, 70% of trkC+ or parvalbumin+ neurons, which together encompassed ≈20% of Nav1.8-cre- DRG neurons. The data presented here increases our knowledge of peptidergic sensory neuron characteristics, while showing the efficiency and specificity manipulation of peptidergic neurons by the CGRPcre-ER reporter. We also demonstrate that manipulation of all C- and A-nociceptors is better achieved with TRPV1-cre reporter. Finally, the described approach for detailed characterization of sensory neuronal groups can be applied to a variety of reporter mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur J. Patil
- Departments of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anahit H. Hovhannisyan
- Departments of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Armen N. Akopian
- Departments of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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