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Lanceleur R, Gémin MP, Blier AL, Meslier L, Réveillon D, Amzil Z, Ternon E, Thomas OP, Fessard V. Toxic responses of metabolites produced by Ostreopsis cf. ovata on a panel of cell types. Toxicon 2024; 240:107631. [PMID: 38331106 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Blooms of the dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata are regularly associated with human intoxications that are attributed to ovatoxins (OVTXs), the main toxic compounds produced by this organism and close analogs to palytoxin (PlTX). Unlike for PlTX, information on OVTXs'toxicity are scarce due to the absence of commercial standards. Extracts from two cultures of Mediterranean strains of O. cf. ovata (MCCV54 and MCCV55), two fractions containing or not OVTXs (prepared from the MCCV54 extract) and OVTX-a and -d (isolated from the MCCV55 extract) were generated. These chemical samples and PlTX were tested on a panel of cell types from several organs and tissues (skin, intestine, lung, liver and nervous system). The MCCV55 extract, containing a 2-fold higher amount of OVTXs than MCCV54 extract, was shown to be more cytotoxic on all the cell lines and more prone to increase interleukin-8 (IL-8) release in keratinocytes. The fraction containing OVTXs was also cytotoxic on the cell lines tested but induced IL-8 release only in liver cells. Unexpectedly, the cell lines tested showed the same sensitivity to the fraction that does not contain OVTXs. With this fraction, a pro-inflammatory effect was shown both in lung and liver cells. The level of cytotoxicity was similar for OVTX-a and -d, except on intestinal and skin cells where a weak difference of toxicity was observed. Among the 3 toxins, only PlTX induced a pro-inflammatory effect mostly on keratinocytes. These results suggest that the ubiquitous Na+/K+ ATPase target of PlTX is likely shared with OVTX-a and -d, although the differences in pro-inflammatory effect must be explained by other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle Lanceleur
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères, 35 306, France
| | | | - Anne-Louise Blier
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères, 35 306, France
| | - Lisa Meslier
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères, 35 306, France
| | | | - Zouher Amzil
- IFREMER, PHYTOX, METALG Laboratory, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Eva Ternon
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR 7093, BP 28, 06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, OCA, IRD, Géoazur, 250 rue Albert Einstein, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Olivier P Thomas
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences and Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, H91TK33, Galway, Ireland
| | - Valérie Fessard
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères, 35 306, France.
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Kim J, Ji S, Lee JY, Lorquin J, Orlikova-Boyer B, Cerella C, Mazumder A, Muller F, Dicato M, Detournay O, Diederich M. Marine Polyether Phycotoxin Palytoxin Induces Apoptotic Cell Death via Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 Downregulation. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21040233. [PMID: 37103372 PMCID: PMC10143546 DOI: 10.3390/md21040233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Palytoxin is considered one of the most potent biotoxins. As palytoxin-induced cancer cell death mechanisms remain to be elucidated, we investigated this effect on various leukemia and solid tumor cell lines at low picomolar concentrations. As palytoxin did not affect the viability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors and did not create systemic toxicity in zebrafish, we confirmed excellent differential toxicity. Cell death was characterized by a multi-parametric approach involving the detection of nuclear condensation and caspase activation assays. zVAD-sensitive apoptotic cell death was concomitant with a dose-dependent downregulation of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL. Proteasome inhibitor MG-132 prevented the proteolysis of Mcl-1, whereas the three major proteasomal enzymatic activities were upregulated by palytoxin. Palytoxin-induced dephosphorylation of Bcl-2 further exacerbated the proapoptotic effect of Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL degradation in a range of leukemia cell lines. As okadaic acid rescued cell death triggered by palytoxin, protein phosphatase (PP)2A was involved in Bcl-2 dephosphorylation and induction of apoptosis by palytoxin. At a translational level, palytoxin abrogated the colony formation capacity of leukemia cell types. Moreover, palytoxin abrogated tumor formation in a zebrafish xenograft assay at concentrations between 10 and 30 pM. Altogether, we provide evidence of the role of palytoxin as a very potent and promising anti-leukemic agent, acting at low picomolar concentrations in cellulo and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaemyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08626, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwon Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08626, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08626, Republic of Korea
| | - Jean Lorquin
- Institut Méditerranéen d'Océanologie, 163 Avenue de Luminy, CEDEX 09, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Barbora Orlikova-Boyer
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08626, Republic of Korea
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer (LBMCC), BAM3 Pavillon 2, 6A Rue Nicolas-Ernest Barblé, L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Claudia Cerella
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08626, Republic of Korea
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer (LBMCC), BAM3 Pavillon 2, 6A Rue Nicolas-Ernest Barblé, L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Aloran Mazumder
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08626, Republic of Korea
| | - Florian Muller
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer (LBMCC), BAM3 Pavillon 2, 6A Rue Nicolas-Ernest Barblé, L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Mario Dicato
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer (LBMCC), BAM3 Pavillon 2, 6A Rue Nicolas-Ernest Barblé, L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Olivier Detournay
- Planktovie SAS, 45 Rue Frédéric Joliot Curie, CEDEX 13, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Marc Diederich
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08626, Republic of Korea
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Gémin MP, Lanceleur R, Meslier L, Hervé F, Réveillon D, Amzil Z, Ternon E, Thomas OP, Fessard V. Toxicity of palytoxin, purified ovatoxin-a, ovatoxin-d and extracts of Ostreopsis cf. ovata on the Caco-2 intestinal barrier model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 94:103909. [PMID: 35718322 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Human intoxications in the Mediterranean Sea have been linked to blooms of the dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata, producer of palytoxin (PlTX)-like toxins called ovatoxins (OVTXs). Exposure routes include only inhalation and contact, although PlTX-poisoning by seafood has been described in tropical regions. To address the impact of OVTXs on the intestinal barrier, dinoflagellate extracts, purified OVTX-a and -d and PlTX were tested on differentiated Caco-2 cells. Viability, inflammatory response and barrier integrity were recorded after 24 h treatment. OVTX-a and -d were not cytotoxic up to 20 ng/mL but increased IL-8 release, although to a lesser extent compared to PlTX. While PlTX and OVTX-a (at 0.5 and 5 ng/mL respectively) affected intestinal barrier integrity, OVTX-d up to 5 ng/mL did not. Overall, OVTX-d was shown to be less toxic than OVTX-a and PlTX. Therefore, oral exposure to OVTX-a and -d could provoked lower acute toxicity than PlTX.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachelle Lanceleur
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères 35306, France
| | - Lisa Meslier
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères 35306, France
| | | | | | - Zouher Amzil
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes, France
| | - Eva Ternon
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR 709, BP 28, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Olivier P Thomas
- Marine Biodiscovery, School of Chemistry and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Valérie Fessard
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères 35306, France.
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MacMillan KM, Sharma V, Shoham-Hazon N. Case report: Aquarium palytoxin induced keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2022; 25:101326. [PMID: 35128163 PMCID: PMC8807980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2022.101326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This case report describes the therapeutic management of a 61-year-old male who experienced aquarium coral keratoconjunctivitis caused by exposure to palytoxin and provides an additional resource to raise awareness and treat patients with ocular exposure to palytoxin. OBSERVATIONS A 61-year-old male inadvertently touched his left eye while cleaning an aquarium. Within 24 hours, pain, redness and visual blurring was noted. After 48 hours his best corrected visual acuity was measured at 20/25 on the right eye and 20/200 on the left. A thick mucopurulent discharge was present with associated conjunctival edema. The corneal epithelium was denuded centrally and inferiorly with subepithelial infiltrates peripherally. The patient was treated with topical moxifloxacin (0.5%) drops 6x/day and prednisolone acetate (1%) 4x/day. He was seen for follow up 48 hours later with a significant improvement in discomfort. Vision had improved to 20/60 with resolution of conjunctival edema, partial corneal epithelialization and reduced erythema. Cultures for culture and sensitivity returned as normal. The patient's steroid regime was gradually tapered during reassessments at four and ten days by which time the left eye acuity had returned to 20/25 with no symptoms. Therapy was discontinued with the exception of artificial tears. The patient continued to do well at his 42-day follow-up appointment with persistent corneal epithelialization, absence of infiltrates and a stable visual acuity of 20/25 in the affected eye. His local optometrist confirmed that the acuity was consistent with measurements obtained prior to the insult. CONCLUSIONS The combination of moxifloxacin eye drops and prednisolone acetate eye drops were effective in treating the patient's aquarium coral keratoconjunctivitis as after being treated the patient regained his baseline visual acuity in the affected eye (best corrected visual acuity of 20/25). IMPORTANCE Currently, there are only a handful of case-reports published on ocular exposure to palytoxin. This case report will add to the literature by providing an additional resource for health care providers, in the treatment of patients with ocular exposure to palytoxin and increasing awareness to this rare condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. MacMillan
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, 100 Tucker Park Rd. P.O. Box 5050, Saint John, NB, E2L4L5, Canada
- Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, 5839 University Ave, Halifax, NS, B3H4R2, Canada
| | - Vijay Sharma
- Horizon Health Authority, Miramichi Regional Hospital, 500 Water St, Miramichi, NB, E1V 3G5, Canada
| | - Nir Shoham-Hazon
- Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, 5839 University Ave, Halifax, NS, B3H4R2, Canada
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Faculty of Medicine, P.O. Box 4200, Saint John's, NL, A1C5S7, Canada
- Horizon Health Authority, Miramichi Regional Hospital, 500 Water St, Miramichi, NB, E1V 3G5, Canada
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Toward Isolation of Palytoxins: Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Low- or High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Study on the Impact of Drying Techniques, Solvents and Materials. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090650. [PMID: 34564654 PMCID: PMC8471787 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Palytoxin (PLTX) and its congeners are emerging toxins held responsible for a number of human poisonings following the inhalation of toxic aerosols, skin contact, or the ingestion of contaminated seafood. Despite the strong structural analogies, the relative toxic potencies of PLTX congeners are quite different, making it necessary to isolate them individually in sufficient amounts for toxicological and analytical purposes. Previous studies showed poor PLTX recoveries with a dramatic decrease in PLTX yield throughout each purification step. In view of a large-scale preparative work aimed at the preparation of PLTX reference material, we have investigated evaporation as a critical—although unavoidable—step that heavily affects overall recoveries. The experiments were carried out in two laboratories using different liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) instruments, with either unit or high resolution. Palytoxin behaved differently when concentrated to a minimum volume rather than when evaporated to complete dryness. The recoveries strongly depended on the solubility as well as on the material of the used container. The LC-MS analyses of PLTX dissolved in aqueous organic blends proved to give a peak intensity higher then when dissolved in pure water. After drying, the PLTX adsorption appeared stronger on glass surfaces than on plastic materials. However, both the solvents used to dilute PLTX and that used for re-dissolution had an important role. A quantitative recovery (97%) was achieved when completely drying 80% aqueous EtOH solutions of PLTX under N2-stream in Teflon. The stability of PLTX in acids was also investigated. Although PLTX was quite stable in 0.2% acetic acid solutions, upon exposure to stronger acids (pH < 2.66), degradation products were observed, among which a PLTX methyl-ester was identified.
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Toxin profile of Ostreopsis cf. ovata from Portuguese continental coast and Selvagens Islands (Madeira, Portugal). Toxicon 2020; 181:91-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Vallesi A, Pucciarelli S, Buonanno F, Fontana A, Mangiagalli M. Bioactive molecules from protists: Perspectives in biotechnology. Eur J Protistol 2020; 75:125720. [PMID: 32569992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2020.125720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For hundreds of years, mankind has benefited from the natural metabolic processes of microorganisms to obtain basic products such as fermented foods and alcoholic beverages. More recently, microorganisms have been exploited for the production of antibiotics, vitamins and enzymes to be used in medicine and chemical industries. Additionally, several modern drugs, including those for cancer therapy, are natural products or their derivatives. Protists are a still underexplored source of natural products potentially of interest for biotechnological and biomedical applications. This paper focuses on some examples of bioactive molecules from protists and associated bacteria and their possible use in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Vallesi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Camerino (MC), Italy.
| | - Sandra Pucciarelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Camerino (MC), Italy.
| | - Federico Buonanno
- Laboratory of Protistology and Biology Education, Department of E.C.H.T. Università degli Studi di Macerata, Macerata, Italy
| | - Angelo Fontana
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, CNR-Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Marco Mangiagalli
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
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Liu CW, Chi L, Tu P, Xue J, Ru H, Lu K. Quantitative proteomics reveals systematic dysregulations of liver protein metabolism in sucralose-treated mice. J Proteomics 2019; 196:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Casabianca S, Cornetti L, Capellacci S, Vernesi C, Penna A. Genome complexity of harmful microalgae. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 63:7-12. [PMID: 28366402 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have provided new insights into the diversity, dynamics, and metabolic pathways of natural microbial communities. But, these new techniques face challenges related to the genome size and level of genome complexity of the species under investigation. Moreover, the coverage depth and the short-read length achieved by NGS based approaches also represent a major challenge for assembly. These factors could limit the use of these high-throughput sequencing methods for species lacking a reference genome and characterized by a high level of complexity. In the present work, the evolutionary history, mainly consisting of gene transfer events from bacteria and unicellular eukaryotes to microalgae, including harmful species, is discussed and reviewed as it relates to NGS application in microbial communities, with a particular focus on harmful algal bloom species and dinoflagellates. In the context of genetic population studies, genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), an NGS based approach, could be used for the discovery and analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The NGS technologies are still relatively new and require further improvement. Specifically, there is a need to develop and standardize tools and approaches to handle large data sets, which have to be used for the majority of HAB species characterized by evolutionary highly dynamic genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Casabianca
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61121 Pesaro, Italy; CoNISMa, Italian Interuniversity Consortium on Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Cornetti
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuela Capellacci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61121 Pesaro, Italy; CoNISMa, Italian Interuniversity Consortium on Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiano Vernesi
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38010 Trento, Italy
| | - Antonella Penna
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61121 Pesaro, Italy; CoNISMa, Italian Interuniversity Consortium on Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy.
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Pelin M, Florio C, Ponti C, Lucafò M, Gibellini D, Tubaro A, Sosa S. Pro-inflammatory effects of palytoxin: an in vitro study on human keratinocytes and inflammatory cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:1172-1181. [PMID: 30090423 PMCID: PMC6060726 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00084c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Palytoxin (PLTX) is one of the most harmful marine toxins known so far. Although the ingestion of contaminated seafood is the most dangerous exposure route for humans, cutaneous and inhalational exposures are far more frequent, and can cause strong inflammatory reactions. However, little is known about the inflammatory events that follow the cutaneous exposure to the toxin. In this study, we investigated (1) the effects of both short (2 h) and long (24 h) term exposures of HaCaT keratinocytes to a sub-cytotoxic PLTX concentration on pro-inflammatory mediator gene expression and release and (2) the effect of PLTX-conditioned HaCaT cell media on undifferentiated (monocytes) and differentiated (macrophages; immature dendritic cells, iDCs; mature dendritic cells, mDCs) THP-1 cells. At 10-11 M, PLTX induced interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 release from HaCaT keratinocytes after 24 h of continuous exposure to the toxin, as well as after 23 h in toxin-free medium preceded by 1 h exposure to PLTX. Under the same experimental conditions, release of the inflammatory mediators prostaglandin-E2 and histamine was also found after both short and long exposures to the toxin. The conditioned media collected from HaCaT cells treated with PLTX increased the migration of the differentiated and undifferentiated THP-1 cells (potency rank order: monocytes ≥ iDCs > mDCs > macrophages) but did not induce cell differentiation. These results indicate that keratinocytes can be actively involved in the recruitment of inflammatory cells in response to cutaneous contact with PLTX. The lack of a significant effect on monocyte differentiation towards mature immune cells suggests that PLTX is endowed with irritant rather than sensitizing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pelin
- Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , 34127 Trieste , Italy . ; Tel: +39-040-5588835
| | - Chiara Florio
- Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , 34127 Trieste , Italy . ; Tel: +39-040-5588835
| | - Cristina Ponti
- Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , 34127 Trieste , Italy . ; Tel: +39-040-5588835
| | - Marianna Lucafò
- Department of Medical , Surgical and Health Sciences , University of Trieste , 34127 Trieste , Italy
| | - Davide Gibellini
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostic , University of Verona , 35124 Verona , Italy
| | - Aurelia Tubaro
- Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , 34127 Trieste , Italy . ; Tel: +39-040-5588835
| | - Silvio Sosa
- Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , 34127 Trieste , Italy . ; Tel: +39-040-5588835
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Giussani V, Costa E, Pecorino D, Berdalet E, De Giampaulis G, Gentile M, Fuentes V, Vila M, Penna A, Chiantore M, Garaventa F, Lavorano S, Faimali M. Effects of the harmful dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata on different life cycle stages of the common moon jellyfish Aurelia sp. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 57:49-58. [PMID: 30170721 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The frequency and geographic extension of microalgae and gelatinous zooplankton blooms seem to have been increasing worldwide over recent decades. In particular, the harmful dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata and the Schyphozoan jellyfish Aurelia sp. are two of the most frequent and long lasting species forming blooms in the Mediterranean Sea. A kind of interaction among any of their life cycle stages (i.e. planula-polyp-ephyrae vs Ostreopsis cells) can likely occur, although in this area there are no data available on the co-occurrence of these species. The aim of this study was to investigate, for the first time, the potential noxious effect of O. cf. ovata on different life stages of Aurelia sp. (polyps and ephyrae), testing several concentrations of whole algal culture. Rsults of toxicity bioassay highlighted that ephyrae, but not polyps, are affected by this harmful dinoflagellate and comparisons among other model organisms show that Aurelia sp. ephyrae are the most sensitive model organism tested so far (EC50-24h=10.5cells/mL). These findings suggest an interesting scenario on the interaction of these two bloom forming species in the natural marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa Costa
- CNR - Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR), Arsenale-Tesa 104, Castello 2737/F, 30122 Venezia, Italy
| | - Danilo Pecorino
- DISTAV - University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Elisa Berdalet
- ICM-CSIC - Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Giulio De Giampaulis
- Department of Science and Biological and Environmental Technologies, University of Salento, S.P.6., Lecce - Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Miriam Gentile
- ICM-CSIC - Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Veronica Fuentes
- ICM-CSIC - Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Magda Vila
- ICM-CSIC - Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Antonella Penna
- DISB - University of Urbino, via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy; CoNISMa - Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, P. le Flaminio 9, 00196 Roma, Italy; CNR - Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), Largo Fiera della Pesca, 60125 Ancona, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Chiantore
- DISTAV - University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genoa, Italy; CoNISMa - Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, P. le Flaminio 9, 00196 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- CNR - Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), Via De Marini, 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Silvia Lavorano
- Costa Edutainment S.p.A., Acquario di Genova, Area, Porto Antico, Ponte Spinola, 16128 Genoa, Italy; CoNISMa - Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, P. le Flaminio 9, 00196 Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Faimali
- CNR - Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), Via De Marini, 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
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Pezzolesi L, Vanucci S, Dell'Aversano C, Dello Iacovo E, Tartaglione L, Pistocchi R. Effects of N and P availability on carbon allocation in the toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 55:202-212. [PMID: 28073533 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata are usually associated with shallow and calm coastal waters, characterized by low nutrient concentrations. The algal cells typically cover the benthic substrates, such as the macroalgal and invertebrate communities and rocks, forming a mucilaginous film. Data reported on O. cf. ovata toxin production observed under both field and culture conditions show high variability in terms of toxic profile and cellular content; little is known about the environmental and physiological aspects which regulate the toxin dynamics. In this study, O. cf. ovata physiology was investigated using batch cultures supplied with nutrient concentrations similar to those found in the Adriatic Sea during the recurrent blooms and the observed cellular dynamics were compared with those found in a culture grown under optimal conditions, used as a reference. Data on the cellular C, N and P content during the growth highlighted a possible important role of the cellular nutritional status in regulating the toxin production that resulted to be promoted under specific intervals of the C:N and C:P ratios. The variable toxicity found for O. cf. ovata in various geographic areas could be related to the different in situ prevalent environmental conditions (e.g., nutrient concentrations) which affect the cellular elemental composition and carbon allocation. The obtained results strongly suggest that in the environment toxin production is steadily sustained by a low and constant nutrient supply, able to maintain appropriate cellular C:N (>12) or C:P (>170) ratios for a long period. These results explain to some extent the variability in toxicity and growth dynamics observed in blooms occurring in the different coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pezzolesi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Via S'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Silvana Vanucci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando d'Alcontres 31, 98166 S. Agata, Messina, Italy
| | - Carmela Dell'Aversano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Emma Dello Iacovo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luciana Tartaglione
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rossella Pistocchi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Via S'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
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Pelin M, Forino M, Brovedani V, Tartaglione L, Dell'Aversano C, Pistocchi R, Poli M, Sosa S, Florio C, Ciminiello P, Tubaro A. Ovatoxin-a, A Palytoxin Analogue Isolated from Ostreopsis cf. ovata Fukuyo: Cytotoxic Activity and ELISA Detection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:1544-1551. [PMID: 26714047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study provides the first evaluation of the cytotoxic effects of the recently identified palytoxin (PLTX) analog, ovatoxin-a (OVTX-a), the major toxin produced by Ostreopsis cf. ovata in the Mediterranean Sea. Its increasing detection during Ostreopsis blooms and in seafood highlights the need to characterize its toxic effects and to set up appropriate detection methods. OVTX-a is about 100 fold less potent than PLTX in reducing HaCaT cells viability (EC50 = 1.1 × 10(-9) M vs 1.8 × 10(-11) M, MTT test) in agreement with a reduced binding affinity (Kd = 1.2 × 10(-9) vs 2.7 × 10(-11) M, saturation experiments on intact cells). Similarly, OVTX-a hemolytic effect is lower than that of the reference PLTX compound. Ost-D shows the lowest cytotoxicity toward HaCaT keratinocytes, suggesting the lack of a hydroxyl group at C44 as a critical feature for PLTXs cytotoxic effects. A sandwich ELISA developed for PLTX detects also OVTX-a in a sensitive (LOD = 4.2 and LOQ = 5.6 ng/mL) and accurate manner (Bias = 0.3%), also in O. cf. ovata extracts and contaminated mussels. Although in vitro OVTX-a appears less toxic than PLTX, its cytotoxicity at nanomolar concentrations after short exposure time rises some concern for human health. The sandwich ELISA can be a viable screening method for OVTXs detection in monitoring program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pelin
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste , 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Martino Forino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II , 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Luciana Tartaglione
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II , 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Rossella Pistocchi
- Interdepartmental Center for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna , 481230 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Mark Poli
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland, 21701-5011 United States
| | - Silvio Sosa
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste , 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Chiara Florio
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste , 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ciminiello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II , 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Aurelia Tubaro
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste , 34127 Trieste, Italy
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Nicolas J, Bovee TF, Kamelia L, Rietjens IM, Hendriksen PJ. Exploration of new functional endpoints in neuro-2a cells for the detection of the marine biotoxins saxitoxin, palytoxin and tetrodotoxin. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 30:341-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Patocka J, Gupta RC, Wu QH, Kuca K. Toxic potential of palytoxin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 35:773-780. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-015-1506-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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17
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Quantitative histopathology of the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis L.) exposed to the harmful dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 127:130-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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18
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Berni C, Bellocci M, Sala GL, Rossini GP. Palytoxin induces dissociation of HSP 27 oligomers through a p38 protein kinase pathway. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:752-64. [PMID: 25710824 DOI: 10.1021/tx500511q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Palytoxin (PlTX) induces a stress response in MCF-7 cells that involves the phosphorylation of HSP 27 at serines 15, 78, and 82 by an as yet undetermined mechanism. We have studied the involvement of major groups of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family in this molecular response and focused our analyses on the ERK1/2, JNK, p38 protein kinase (p38K), and ERK5 pathways. The results show that PlTX induces the activation of JNK and p38 kinase but not ERK1/2 and 5 in MCF-7 cells. Through the use of protein kinase inhibitors, we established that blocking p38K, but not JNK, prevents the phosphorylation of HSP 27 induced by PlTX and that MAPKAPK2 participates in the response induced by the toxin under our experimental conditions. The cell death response induced by PlTX was inhibited by preventing JNK phosphorylation but not by blocking p38K/MAPKAPK2 and HSP 27 phosphorylation. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation revealed that MCF-7 cell extracts contain a heterodisperse population of HSP 27, including oligomers and smaller forms. Treating MCF-7 cells with PlTX caused the dissociation of HSP 27 oligomers, and using inhibitors of the JNK and p38K pathways showed that the dissociation of HSP 27 oligomers induced by PlTX involves a p38K-dependent process. We conclude that the changes induced by PlTX in the HSP 27 stress response protein system proceed through a molecular mechanism involving the activation of the p38 kinase pathway and its substrate, MAPKAK2, leading to dissociation of HSP 27 oligomers and the stabilization of a cellular pool of monomers phosphorylated at serines 15, 78 and 82, which could play a protective role against the death response induced by PlTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Berni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Mirella Bellocci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Sala
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Rossini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, I-41125 Modena, Italy
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The novel ovatoxin-g and isobaric palytoxin (so far referred to as putative palytoxin) from Ostreopsis cf. ovata (NW Mediterranean Sea): structural insights by LC-high resolution MSn. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:1191-204. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Casabianca S, Perini F, Casabianca A, Battocchi C, Giussani V, Chiantore M, Penna A. Monitoring toxic Ostreopsis cf. ovata in recreational waters using a qPCR based assay. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 88:102-109. [PMID: 25282181 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ostreopsis sp. is a toxic marine benthic dinoflagellate that causes high biomass blooms, posing a threat to human health, marine biota and aquaculture activities, and negatively impacting coastal seawater quality. Species-specific identification and enumeration is fundamental because it can allow the implementation of all the necessary preventive measures to properly manage Ostreopsis spp. bloom events in recreational waters and aquaculture farms. The aim of this study was to apply a rapid and sensitive qPCR method to quantify Ostreopsis cf. ovata abundance in environmental samples collected from Mediterranean coastal sites and to develop site-specific environmental standard curves. Similar PCR efficiencies of plasmid and environmental standard curves allowed us to estimate the LSU rDNA copy number per cell. Moreover, we assessed the effectiveness of mitochondrial COI and cob genes as alternative molecular markers to ribosomal genes in qPCR assays for Ostreopsis spp. quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Casabianca
- Section of Environmental Biology, Dep. of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61121 Pesaro, Italy
| | - Federico Perini
- Section of Environmental Biology, Dep. of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61121 Pesaro, Italy
| | - Anna Casabianca
- Section of Environmental Biology, Dep. of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61121 Pesaro, Italy
| | - Cecilia Battocchi
- Section of Environmental Biology, Dep. of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61121 Pesaro, Italy
| | - Valentina Giussani
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Chiantore
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonella Penna
- Section of Environmental Biology, Dep. of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61121 Pesaro, Italy; ISMAR CNR, Largo Fiera della Pesca, 60125 Ancona, Italy.
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21
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Brissard C, Herrenknecht C, Séchet V, Hervé F, Pisapia F, Harcouet J, Lémée R, Chomérat N, Hess P, Amzil Z. Complex toxin profile of French Mediterranean Ostreopsis cf. ovata strains, seafood accumulation and ovatoxins prepurification. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:2851-76. [PMID: 24828292 PMCID: PMC4052321 DOI: 10.3390/md12052851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ostreopsis cf. ovata produces palytoxin analogues including ovatoxins (OVTXs) and a putative palytoxin (p-PLTX), which can accumulate in marine organisms and may possibly lead to food intoxication. However, purified ovatoxins are not widely available and their toxicities are still unknown. The aim of this study was to improve understanding of the ecophysiology of Ostreopsis cf. ovata and its toxin production as well as to optimize the purification process for ovatoxin. During Ostreopsis blooms in 2011 and 2012 in Villefranche-sur-Mer (France, NW Mediterranean Sea), microalgae epiphytic cells and marine organisms were collected and analyzed both by LC-MS/MS and hemolysis assay. Results obtained with these two methods were comparable, suggesting ovatoxins have hemolytic properties. An average of 223 μg·kg-1 of palytoxin equivalent of whole flesh was found, thus exceeding the threshold of 30 μg·kg-1 in shellfish recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Ostreopsis cells showed the same toxin profile both in situ and in laboratory culture, with ovatoxin-a (OVTX-a) being the most abundant analogue (~50%), followed by OVTX-b (~15%), p-PLTX (12%), OVTX-d (8%), OVTX-c (5%) and OVTX-e (4%). Ostreopsis cf. ovata produced up to 2 g of biomass per L of culture, with a maximum concentration of 300 pg PLTX equivalent cell-1. Thus, an approximate amount of 10 mg of PLTX-group toxins may be produced with 10 L of this strain. Toxin extracts obtained from collected biomass were purified using different techniques such as liquid-liquid partition or size exclusion. Among these methods, open-column chromatography with Sephadex LH20 phase yielded the best results with a cleanup efficiency of 93% and recovery of about 85%, representing an increase of toxin percentage by 13 fold. Hence, this purification step should be incorporated into future isolation exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Brissard
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, Nantes F-44311, France.
| | - Christine Herrenknecht
- Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (LUNAM), University of Nantes, MMS EA2160, Pharmacy Faculty, 9 rue Bias, Nantes F-44035, France.
| | - Véronique Séchet
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, Nantes F-44311, France.
| | - Fabienne Hervé
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, Nantes F-44311, France.
| | - Francesco Pisapia
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, Nantes F-44311, France.
| | - Jocelyn Harcouet
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, Nantes F-44311, France.
| | - Rodolphe Lémée
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire Océanologique, Villefranche/mer F-06230, France.
| | - Nicolas Chomérat
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Ressource de Bretagne Occitentale (LER-BO), Marine Biological Station, BP 40537, Concarneau F-29185, France.
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, Nantes F-44311, France.
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, Nantes F-44311, France.
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Ciminiello P, Dell'Aversano C, Dello Iacovo E, Fattorusso E, Forino M, Tartaglione L, Benedettini G, Onorari M, Serena F, Battocchi C, Casabianca S, Penna A. First finding of Ostreopsis cf. ovata toxins in marine aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:3532-3540. [PMID: 24564517 DOI: 10.1021/es405617d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the late 1990s, a respiratory syndrome has been repetitively observed in humans concomitant with Ostreopsis spp. blooms (mainly O. cf. ovata) in the Mediterranean area. Previous studies have demonstrated that O. cf. ovata produces analogues of palytoxin (ovatoxins and a putative palytoxin), one of the most potent marine toxins. On the basis of the observed association between O. cf. ovata blooms, respiratory illness in people, and detection of palytoxin complex in algal samples, toxic aerosols, containing Ostreopsis cells and/or the toxins they produce, were postulated to be the cause of human illness. A small scale monitoring study of marine aerosol carried out along the Tuscan coasts (Italy) in 2009 and 2010 is reported. Aerosols were collected concomitantly with O. cf. ovata blooms, and they were analyzed by both PCR assays and LC-HRMS. The results, besides confirming the presence of O. cf. ovata cells, demonstrated for the first time the occurrence of ovatoxins in the aerosol at levels of 2.4 pg of ovatoxins per liter of air. Given the lack of toxicological data on palytoxins by inhalation exposure, our results are only a first step toward a more comprehensive understanding of the Ostreopsis-related respiratory syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Ciminiello
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II , Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Ribosomal alteration-derived signals for cytokine induction in mucosal and systemic inflammation: noncanonical pathways by ribosomal inactivation. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:708193. [PMID: 24523573 PMCID: PMC3910075 DOI: 10.1155/2014/708193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal inactivation damages 28S ribosomal RNA by interfering with its functioning during gene translation, leading to stress responses linked to a variety of inflammatory disease processes. Although the primary effect of ribosomal inactivation in cells is the functional inhibition of global protein synthesis, early responsive gene products including proinflammatory cytokines are exclusively induced by toxic stress in highly dividing tissues such as lymphoid tissue and epithelia. In the present study, ribosomal inactivation-related modulation of cytokine production was reviewed in leukocyte and epithelial pathogenesis models to characterize mechanistic evidence of ribosome-derived cytokine induction and its implications for potent therapeutic targets of mucosal and systemic inflammatory illness, particularly those triggered by organellar dysfunctions.
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Gorbi S, Avio GC, Benedetti M, Totti C, Accoroni S, Pichierri S, Bacchiocchi S, Orletti R, Graziosi T, Regoli F. Effects of harmful dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata exposure on immunological, histological and oxidative responses of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:941-950. [PMID: 23859877 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade massive blooms of the Ostreopsis cf. ovata have occurred in the Mediterranean basin, posing great concern to both environmental and human health. Biotoxicological and chemical studies demonstrated that O. cf. ovata produces palytoxin and ovatoxins; besides direct respiratory effects on humans due to inhalation of marine toxic aerosols, O. cf. ovata blooms can cause adverse effects on benthic invertebrates. The main aim of this study was to highlight the role of immunological, cellular and oxidative mechanisms in modulating the toxicity induced by O. cf. ovata in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis. Organisms were exposed in laboratory condition to O. cf. ovata and analysed after 7 and 14 days of exposure. Obtained results demonstrated a clear involvement of the immune system with a significant decrement of granulocytes respect to the hyalinocytes type cells, a diminished phagocytosis activity and a reduced lysosomal membrane stability in haemocytes, after both 7 and 14 days of exposure. Histological analyses showed a decrease of the digestive gland wall thickness, dilatation of the tubules, haemocytes infiltration into the digestive gland and a decrement of neutral lipid levels in exposed mussels; similar results suggest a possible inhibition of the feeding activity, with a consequent induction of authophagic phenomena and utilization of stored reserve products such as neutral lipids. Antioxidant parameters revealed a limited role of O. cf. ovata to induce oxidative stress in mussels exposed under laboratory conditions excepting for a certain increase of catalase, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidases activities, and a significantly higher capability to neutralize peroxyl radicals in mussels exposed for 14 days. Although the obtained results suggest a non-specific response of mussels to the O. cf. ovata exposure, observed effects on the general health status of exposed mussels should be adequately considered when assessing the ecological relevance of these algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gorbi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
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25
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Casabianca S, Casabianca A, Riobó P, Franco JM, Vila M, Penna A. Quantification of the toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis spp. by qPCR assay in marine aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:3788-3795. [PMID: 23480590 DOI: 10.1021/es305018s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the development and validation of a qPCR based method for estimation of the toxic benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata in the complex matrix of marine aerosol at Sant Andreu de Llavaneres beach (northwestern Mediterranean Sea). Toxic events in humans after inhalation or cutaneous contact have been reported during O. cf. ovata blooms and were attributed to palytoxin (PLTX)-like compounds produced by this microalga. Similar PCR efficiencies of plasmid and cellular environmental standard curves (98 and 100%, respectively) allowed obtaining the rDNA copy number per cell. The analytical sensitivity was set at 2 × 10(0) rDNA copy number and 8 × 10(-4) cell per reaction. Based on spiking experiments, we evaluated the aerosol filter inhibitory activity and recovery rate of cells from filters, then normalized the abundance data of toxic O. cf. ovata. The abundance in marine aerosol during the bloom varied in the range of 1-102 cells per filter. Analytical determinations were also applied to detect palytoxin in field samples. No palytoxin was detected in the aerosol filters, and the estimation of PLTX like-compound concentrations in microepiphytic assemblages varied between 0.1 and 1.2 pg/cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Casabianca
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Environmental Biology, University of Urbino, Pesaro, Italy
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26
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Fraternale A, Crinelli R, Casabianca A, Paoletti MF, Orlandi C, Carloni E, Smietana M, Palamara AT, Magnani M. Molecules altering the intracellular thiol content modulate NF-kB and STAT-1/IRF-1 signalling pathways and IL-12 p40 and IL-27 p28 production in murine macrophages. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57866. [PMID: 23536773 PMCID: PMC3594194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the production of Th1 cytokines, namely IL-12 and IL-27, when the intra-macrophage redox state was altered by different chemical entities such as GSH-C4, which is reduced glutathione carrying an aliphatic chain, or I-152, a pro-drug of N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) and beta-mercaptoethylamine. We had already demonstrated that GSH-C4 and I-152 could shift the immune response towards Th1 in Ovalbumin-immunized mice as well as enhance Th1 response in HIV-1 Tat-immunized mice. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS By a new high performance liquid chromatography method, we found that 20 mM GSH-C4 provided a number of thiol species in the form of GSH, while 20 mM I-152 decreased GSH and increased the thiols in the form of NAC and I-152. Under these experimental conditions, GSH-C4 and I-152 enhanced and suppressed respectively the mRNA expression levels of IL-12 p40 induced by LPS/IFN-γ as assessed by Real-Time PCR. The protein production of IL-12 p40 was increased by GSH-C4 and decreased by I-152 as determined by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Western immunoblot and electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that Nuclear Factor -kB (NF-kB) activation was inhibited by I-152 and prolonged by GSH-C4. Twenty mM I-152 stimulated IL-27 p28 gene expression and sustained Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT)-mediated interferon regulator factor 1 (IRF-1) de novo synthesis. By contrast, 20 mM GSH-C4 did not exert any effect on IL-27 p28 gene expression. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE an increase in the intra-macrophage redox state by GSH-C4 and I-152 enhances Th1 cytokine production although the chemical structure and the intra-cellular metabolism influence differently signalling pathways involved in IL-27 or IL-12 production. GSH-C4 and I-152 may be used as Th1 immunomodulators in some pathologies and in ageing where GSH depletion may contribute to the Th1/Th2 imbalance, and in new immunization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fraternale
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino (PU), Italy.
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Pelin M, Ponti C, Sosa S, Gibellini D, Florio C, Tubaro A. Oxidative stress induced by palytoxin in human keratinocytes is mediated by a H+-dependent mitochondrial pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 266:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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