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Zhu D, Luo L, Zeng H, Zhang Z, Huang M, Zhou S. Knockdown of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 alleviates LPS-induced myocardial dysfunction through the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway. J Biomed Res 2023; 37:303-314. [PMID: 37246430 PMCID: PMC10387747 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.36.20220212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction is primarily accompanied by severe sepsis, which is associated with high morbidity and mortality. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), encoded by Hsd11b1, is a reductase that can convert inactive cortisone into metabolically active cortisol, but the role of 11β-HSD1 in sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction remains poorly understood. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of 11β-HSD1 on a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse model, in which LPS (10 mg/kg) was administered to wild-type C57BL/6J mice and 11β-HSD1 global knockout mice. We asscessed cardiac function by echocardiography, performed transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemical staining to analyze myocardial mitochondrial injury and histological changes, and determined the levels of reactive oxygen species and biomarkers of oxidative stress. We also employed polymerase chain reaction analysis, Western blotting, and immunofluorescent staining to determine the expression of related genes and proteins. To investigate the role of 11β-HSD1 in sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction, we used LPS to induce lentivirus-infected neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes. We found that knockdown of 11β-HSD1 alleviated LPS-induced myocardial mitochondrial injury, oxidative stress, and inflammation, along with an improved myocardial function; furthermore, the depletion of 11β-HSD1 promoted the phosphorylation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), and silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) protein levels both in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, the suppression of 11β-HSD1 may be a viable strategy to improve cardiac function against endotoxemia challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Lingli Luo
- Department of Geriatrics Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Hanjie Zeng
- Department of Geriatrics Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Geriatrics Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Suming Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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Luo L, Zhu D, Zhang Z, Zeng H, Huang M, Zhou S. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 amplifies inflammation in LPS-induced THP-1 cells. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 26:374-379. [PMID: 36865036 PMCID: PMC9922366 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2023.67927.14852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The role of glucocorticoids as anti-inflammatory and immune-stimulatory drugs has been widely reported. However, the role of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), which catalyzes the conversion of inactive cortisone into active cortisol, in inflammation remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the mechanism of actions of 11β-HSD1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced THP-1 cells. Materials and Methods The gene expression of 11β-HSD1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines was detected via RT-PCR. The protein expression of IL-1β in cell supernatants was detected via ELISA. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial membrane potential were assessed using a reactive oxygen species (ROS) kit and a mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) kit, respectively. The expression of Nuclear Factor- Kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was detected via western blotting. Results Elevated levels of 11β-HSD1 contributed to the expression of inflammatory cytokines, whereas BVT.2733, a selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, ameliorated inflammatory responses, ROS, and mitochondrial damage in LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells. Furthermore, cortisone and cortisol, which are the substrate and product of 11β-HSD1, respectively, showed biphasic responses and induced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines at a low concentration in both LPS-stimulated or untreated THP-1 cells. The enhanced inflammation was attenuated by co-treatment with BVT.2733 and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist RU486, but not in those treated with the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist spironolactone. Overall, the results indicate that 11β-HSD1 amplifies inflammatory responses by activating the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Conclusion Inhibition of 11β-HSD1 may serve as a potential therapeutic target against the excessive activation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Luo
- Department of Geriatrics Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. NO.300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dongmei Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. NO.300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. NO.300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hanjie Zeng
- Department of Geriatrics Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. NO.300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Geriatrics Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. NO.300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Suming Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. NO.300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China,Corresponding author: Suming Zhou. Department of Geriatrics Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. NO.300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China. Tel/ Fax: +86-2568305053;
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Abu Bakar MH, Mohamad Khalid MSF, Nor Shahril NS, Shariff KA, Karunakaran T. Celastrol attenuates high-fructose diet-induced inflammation and insulin resistance via inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity in rat adipose tissues. Biofactors 2022; 48:111-134. [PMID: 34676604 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
High fructose consumption has been linked to low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance that results in increased intracellular 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) activity. Celastrol, a pentacyclic triterpene, has been demonstrated to exhibit multifaceted targets to attenuate various metabolic diseases associated with inflammation. However, the underlying mechanisms by which celastrol exerts its attributive properties on high fructose diet (HFrD)-induced metabolic syndrome remain elusive. Herein, the present study was aimed to elucidate the mechanistic targets of celastrol co-administrations upon HFrD in rats and evaluate its potential to modulate 11β-HSD1 activity. Celastrol remarkably improved glucose tolerance, lipid profiles, and insulin sensitivity along with suppression of hepatic glucose production. In rat adipose tissues, celastrol attenuated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)-driven inflammation, reduced c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) phosphorylation, and mitigated oxidative stress via upregulated genes expression involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. Furthermore, insulin signaling pathways were significantly improved through the restoration of Akt phosphorylation levels at Ser473 and Thr308 residues. Celastrol exhibited a potent, selective and specific inhibitor of intracellular 11β-HSD1 towards oxidoreductase activity (IC50 value = 4.3 nM) in comparison to other HSD-related enzymes. Inhibition of 11β-HSD1 expression in rat adipose microsomes reduced the availability of its cofactor NADPH and substrate H6PDH in couple to upregulated mRNA and protein expressions of glucocorticoid receptor. In conclusion, our results underscore the most likely conceivable mechanisms exhibited by celastrol against HFrD-induced metabolic dysregulations mainly through attenuating inflammation and insulin resistance, at least via specific inhibitions on 11β-HSD1 activity in adipose tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hafizi Abu Bakar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Nor Shafiqah Nor Shahril
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Khairul Anuar Shariff
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
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Li H, Sheng J, Wang J, Gao H, Yu J, Ding G, Ding N, He W, Zha J. Selective Inhibition of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis in Mice. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:2309-2324. [PMID: 34103895 PMCID: PMC8178584 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s285828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The effect of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type1 (11β-HSD1) inhibition on hepatic steatosis is incompletely understood. Here, we aimed to determine the therapeutic effect of BVT.2733, a selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, on hepatic steatosis. Materials and Methods C57B/6J mice were randomly divided into a low-fat diet (LFD) fed group and a high-fat diet (HFD) fed group. Mice were fed with HFD for 28 weeks which induced obesity and severe hepatic steatosis. The two groups were further divided into four groups as follows: LFD, LFD with BVT.2733, HFD, and HFD with BVT.2733. Mice in LFD+BVT and HFD+BVT groups were intraperitoneally injected with BVT.2733 daily for 30 days. Effects of BVT.2733 on mice body weight, serum lipid profile, serum free fatty acids (FFAs), glucocorticoid levels, gene expression in adipose and liver tissues were assessed. Results Injection of a low dose of BVT.2733 (50 mg/kg/day) reduced body weight and hyperlipidemia, but did not improve glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in diet-induced obese mice. The low dose of BVT.2733 attenuated hepatic steatosis, liver injury, and liver lipolytic gene expression in diet-induced obese mice. Besides, the low dose of BVT.2733 reduced fat mass and lipolysis in visceral adipose tissues, hepatic FFAs, and serum corticosterone levels in diet-induced obese mice. Conclusion Our study shows that moderate inhibition of 11β-HSD1 by BVT.2733 reduces FFAs and corticosterone synthesis in fatty tissues, thereby attenuates the delivery of corticosterone and FFAs to the liver. Collectively, this prevents high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huashan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianying Sheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiting Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Geriatrics, Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxian Ding
- Department of Geriatrics, Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqi He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanmin Zha
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
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Uchio R, Murosaki S, Ichikawa H. Hot water extract of turmeric ( Curcuma longa) prevents non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice by inhibiting hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation. J Nutr Sci 2018; 7:e36. [PMID: 30627433 PMCID: PMC6313422 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2018.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcuma longa, also known as turmeric, has long been used as a medicinal herb with various biological effects. A hot water extract of C. longa (WEC) has been reported to show antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, but its effect on hepatic inflammation is poorly understood. In the present study, to investigate the effect of WEC on non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, C57BL/6J mice were fed a low-methionine, choline-deficient diet with 0·175 % WEC (WEC group) or without WEC (control group) for 6 or 12 weeks. Although hepatic steatosis was similar in the WEC group and the control group, WEC suppressed the elevation of plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, which are markers of hepatocellular damage. Compared with the control group, the WEC group had higher hepatic levels of reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase, as well as a lower hepatic level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. WEC also reduced hepatic expression of mRNA for inflammatory factors, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, F4/80 and CC motif chemokine receptor 2. Histological examination revealed that WEC suppressed hepatic recruitment of F4/80+ monocytes/macrophages and inhibited hepatic fibrosis. Furthermore, WEC inhibited hepatic expression of mRNA for molecules related to fibrosis, such as transforming growth factor-β, α-smooth muscle actin, type I collagen (α1-chain) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1. These findings suggest that dietary intake of WEC prevents the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by alleviating hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- CCR2, CC motif chemokine receptor 2
- COL1A1, α1-chain of type I collagen
- Fibrosis
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- GSSG, oxidised glutathione
- HSC, hepatic stellate cells
- Inflammation
- KC, Kupffer cells
- LMCD, low-methionine, choline-deficient
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- Oxidative stress
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TIMP-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1
- Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
- VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
- WEC, hot water extract of Curcuma longa
- α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusei Uchio
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe City, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Shinji Murosaki
- Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Komuro 10281, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ichikawa
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe City, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
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Chang LL, Wun WSA, Wang PS. An inhibitor of 11-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (PF915275) alleviates nonylphenol-induced hyperadrenalism and adiposity in rat and human cells. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 19:45. [PMID: 30021644 PMCID: PMC6052566 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-018-0235-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonylphenol (NP) is an environmental endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) detected in human cord blood and milk. NP exposure in developmental periods results in hyperadrenalism and increasing 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase I (11β-HSD1) activity in an adult rat model. Alleviating 11β-HSD1 activity is therefore a logical and common way to treat hyperadrenalism. PF915275 (PF; 4′-cyano-biphenyl-4-sulfonic acid (6-amino-pyridin-2-yl)-amide) is a selective inhibitor for 11β-HSD1. This study aimed to determine whether PF915275 could alleviate the hyperadrenalism induced by NP. In addition to a rat model, the effects of NP and PF915275 were measured in human preadipocytes. Methods For the in vivo rat model, female adult rats exposed to NP during the developmental period were divided into two treatment groups, with one receiving oral DMSO solution and the other receiving PF915275 once per day for 4 weeks. After the final treatment, the rats from each group were sacrificed for analysis. For the in vitro human model, human preadipocytes received 2 regimens of NP treatment. One treatment regimen occurred before differentiation (to mimic the sensitive developmental period; P exposure), and the other included continuous exposure from preadipocytes to fully differentiated adipocytes (to mimic the growing and adult periods, respectively; C exposure). Protein and RNA were extracted from rat tissues and the preadipocytes for western blot and real-time PCR analysis. Results In the rat model, PF915275 alleviated NP-induced effects by interfering with adipogenesis pathways, including enhancing PPARα expression, decreasing PPARγ expression, and reducing both 11β-HSD1 protein and mRNA expression levels. Additionally, PF915275 reduced the effects of the adrenal corticoid synthesis pathway by reducing StAR expression and 11β-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase activities. With short-term exposure, NP enhanced PPARγ and FASN mRNA expression levels and reduced PPARα expression, whereas PF915275 alleviated these effects. With C exposure, the NP-induced accumulation of intracellular lipids was reduced by PF915275 treatment, which was mediated by decreased PPARγ mRNA and protein expression levels and increased PPARα protein expression. Conclusions The effects of NP and PF915275 treatment in both rat and human cell models are similar. Rats may be an appropriate model to study the effects of NP in humans, especially during the developmental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chinese Culture University, Shih-Lin, Taipei, 11114, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | | | - Paulus S Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Medical Center of Aging Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan, Republic of China
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7
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Li C, Xia J, Zhu W, Xin L, An C, Yang S, Li K. Systemic overexpression of the 11β‑HSD1 promotes endoplasmic reticulum stress in multiple tissues and the development of metabolic syndrome in mice. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:7738-7744. [PMID: 28944856 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are associated with lipid metabolism and their abnormal expression has an important function in the development of metabolic syndrome. The 11β‑hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β‑HSD1) is a metabolic enzyme of glucocorticoids and may be a potential drug target for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. However, the association between the systemic expression of 11β‑HSD1 and metabolic syndrome remains to be elucidated. The present study used a cytomegalovirus promoter to obtain mice that systemically overexpressed the 11β‑HSD1 gene. The transgenic mice and negative control groups received a high‑fat diet at the age of 10 weeks in order to induce metabolic syndrome and this diet was continued for 12 weeks. Several indicators, including body weight, blood glucose, glucose tolerance and insulin resistance, were monitored in vivo. In addition, the protein expression levels of 11β‑HSD1 and DNA damage inducible transcript 3 were detected and the histopathology of important tissues for metabolic syndrome were analyzed. The current findings revealed that the body weights of transgenic mice were significantly higher compared with the control group before and during the periods of high fat diet induction. Transgenic mice also exhibited significantly impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, endoplasmic reticulum stress and increased metabolic syndrome‑associated biochemical indicators in the blood and severely impaired liver and kidney functions. The present study successfully established a 11β‑HSD1 systemic overexpression mouse model that exhibited typical characteristics of metabolic syndrome and may be useful for future studies of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Jihan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Wenjuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Leilei Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Cuiping An
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Shulin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Kui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
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Legeza B, Marcolongo P, Gamberucci A, Varga V, Bánhegyi G, Benedetti A, Odermatt A. Fructose, Glucocorticoids and Adipose Tissue: Implications for the Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9050426. [PMID: 28445389 PMCID: PMC5452156 DOI: 10.3390/nu9050426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The modern Western society lifestyle is characterized by a hyperenergetic, high sugar containing food intake. Sugar intake increased dramatically during the last few decades, due to the excessive consumption of high-sugar drinks and high-fructose corn syrup. Current evidence suggests that high fructose intake when combined with overeating and adiposity promotes adverse metabolic health effects including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, type II diabetes, and inflammation. Similarly, elevated glucocorticoid levels, especially the enhanced generation of active glucocorticoids in the adipose tissue due to increased 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) activity, have been associated with metabolic diseases. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that fructose stimulates the 11β-HSD1-mediated glucocorticoid activation by enhancing the availability of its cofactor NADPH. In adipocytes, fructose was found to stimulate 11β-HSD1 expression and activity, thereby promoting the adipogenic effects of glucocorticoids. This article aims to highlight the interconnections between overwhelmed fructose metabolism, intracellular glucocorticoid activation in adipose tissue, and their metabolic effects on the progression of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Legeza
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1085, Hungary.
- First Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1085, Hungary.
| | - Paola Marcolongo
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Gamberucci
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Viola Varga
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1085, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Bánhegyi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1085, Hungary.
- Pathobiochemistry Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest 1085, Hungary.
| | - Angiolo Benedetti
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Li X, Wang J, Yang Q, Shao S. 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 in Obese Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Am J Med Sci 2017; 354:408-414. [PMID: 29078846 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the most significant contributors to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Tissue-specific glucocorticoids regulated by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme (11β-HSD) type 1 are involved in central obesity and obesity-related comorbidities. Moderate downregulation of 11β-HSD1 can attenuate insulin insensitivity and the impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Some of the beneficial effects of 11β-HSD1 inhibition may be mediated, at least in part, through inactivation of tissue-specific glucocorticoid action related to insulin signaling mechanisms, alleviation of abnormal cytokine profile and the improvement of β-cell function. Thus, 11β-HSD1 is a promising target for the treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Division of Endocrinology, The First People׳s Hospital of Yichang, Three Gorges University People׳s Hospital, Yichang, P.R. China
| | - Jingli Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qin Yang
- Division of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.
| | - Shiying Shao
- Division of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China.
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10
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Inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 ameliorates obesity-related insulin resistance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:474-480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Park SB, Park JS, Jung WH, Kim HY, Kwak HJ, Ahn JH, Choi KJ, Na YJ, Choi S, Dal Rhee S, Kim KY. Anti-inflammatory effect of a selective 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor via the stimulation of heme oxygenase-1 in LPS-activated mice and J774.1 murine macrophages. J Pharmacol Sci 2016; 131:241-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Ledda A, González M, Gulfo J, Díaz Ludovico I, Ramella N, Toledo J, Garda H, Grasa M, Esteve M. Decreased OxLDL uptake and cholesterol efflux in THP1 cells elicited by cortisol and by cortisone through 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. Atherosclerosis 2016; 250:84-94. [PMID: 27187933 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Data about glucocorticoids role in the development of atherosclerosis are controversial showing different effects in human than in experimental animal models. Atherosclerosis is the result of a chronic inflammatory response to an injured endothelium where an uncontrolled uptake of OxLDL by macrophages triggers the development of foam cells, the main component of fatty streaks in atherosclerotic plaque. There are few data about the direct effect of glucocorticoids in macrophages of atherosclerotic plaque. The aim of the study was to elucidate the role of glucocorticoids in the development of foam cells in atherosclerosis initiation. METHODS For this purpose we used THP1 cells differentiated to macrophages with phorbol esters and incubated with OxLDL alone or with cortisol or cortisone. THP1 cells were also incubated with cortisone plus an inhibitor of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11βHSD1) activity to determine the role of this enzyme on glucocorticoid action in this process. RESULTS Ours results showed that cortisol and cortisone decreased significantly the inflammation promoted by OxLDL, and also diminished the expression of genes involved in influx and efflux of cholesterol resulting in a reduced lipid accumulation. Likewise cortisol and cortisone decreased 11βHSD1 expression in THP1 cells. The presence of the inhibitor of 11βHSD1 abolished all the effects elicited by cortisone. CONCLUSION Our results indicate a direct effect of glucocorticoids on macrophages braking atherosclerosis initiation, reducing pro-inflammatory markers and OxLDL uptake and cholesterol re-esterification, but also inhibiting cholesterol output. These effects appear to be mediated, at least in part, by 11βHSD1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Ledda
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina González
- INIBIOLP-CONICET, Facultad Cs. Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - José Gulfo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivo Díaz Ludovico
- INIBIOLP-CONICET, Facultad Cs. Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Nahuel Ramella
- INIBIOLP-CONICET, Facultad Cs. Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan Toledo
- INIBIOLP-CONICET, Facultad Cs. Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Horacio Garda
- INIBIOLP-CONICET, Facultad Cs. Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mar Grasa
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Esteve
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Zhang J, Zhang J, Liu R, Gan J, Liu J, Liu W. Endocrine-Disrupting Effects of Pesticides through Interference with Human Glucocorticoid Receptor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:435-443. [PMID: 26647222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Many pesticides have been identified as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) due to their ability to bind sex-steroid hormone receptors. However, little attention has been paid to the ability of pesticides to interfere with other steroid hormone receptors such as glucocorticoid receptor (GR) that plays a critical role in metabolic, endocrine, immune, and nervous systems. In this study, the glucocorticoidic and antiglucocorticoidic effects of 34 pesticides on human GR were investigated using luciferase reporter gene assay. Surprisingly, none of the test chemicals showed GR agonistic activity, but 12 chemicals exhibited apparent antagonistic effects. Bifenthrin, λ-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, resmethrin, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT, methoxychlor, ethiofencarb, and tolylfluanid showed remarkable GR antagonistic properties with RIC20 values lower than 10(-6) M. The disruption of glucocorticoid-responsive genes in H4IIE and J774A.1 cells was further evaluated on these 12 GR antagonists. In H4IIEcells, four organochlorine insecticides, bifenthrin, and 3-PBA decreased cortisol-induced PEPCK gene expression, while o,p'-DDT and methoxychlor inhibited cortisol-stimulated Arg and TAT gene expression. Cypermethrin and tolyfluanid attenuated cortisol-induced TAT expression. In J774A.1 cells, λ-cyhalothrin, resmethrin, 3-PBA, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, methoxychlor- and tolylfluanid-reduced cortisol-stimulated GILZ expression. Furthermore, molecular docking simulation indicated that different interactions may stabilize the binding between molecules and GR. Our findings suggest that comprehensive screening and evaluation of GR antagonists and agonists should be considered to better understand the health and ecological risks of man-made chemicals such as pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Vitku J, Starka L, Bicikova M, Hill M, Heracek J, Sosvorova L, Hampl R. Endocrine disruptors and other inhibitors of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and 2: Tissue-specific consequences of enzyme inhibition. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 155:207-16. [PMID: 25066675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Numerous chemicals in the environment have the ability to interact with the endocrine system. These compounds are called endocrine disruptors (EDs). Exposure to EDs represents one of the hypotheses for decreasing fertility, the increased risk of numerous cancers and obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. There are various mechanisms of ED action, one of which is their interference in the action of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD) that maintains a balance between active and inactive glucocorticoids on the intracellular level. This enzyme has two isoforms and is expressed in various tissues. Inhibition of 11βHSD in various tissues can have different consequences. In the case of EDs, the results of exposure are mainly adverse; on the other hand pharmaceutically developed inhibitors of 11βHSD type 1 are evaluated as an option for treating metabolic syndrome, as well as related diseases and depressive disorders. This review focuses on the effects of 11βHSD inhibitors in the testis, colon, adipose tissue, kidney, brain and placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Vitku
- Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Luboslav Starka
- Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Bicikova
- Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hill
- Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Heracek
- Charles University, Third Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Department of Urology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Sosvorova
- Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Hampl
- Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Prague, Czech Republic
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Ahmed AA, Musa HH, Fedail JS, Sifaldin AZ, Musa TH. Gum arabic decreased visceral adipose tissue associated with downregulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I in liver and muscle of mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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16
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Lai W, Tian X, Xiang Q, Chu K, Wei Y, Deng J, Zhang S, Brown J, Hong G. 11β-HSD1 modulates LPS-induced innate immune responses in adipocytes by altering expression of PTEN. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:558-70. [PMID: 25734515 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) represents a therapeutic target for treating hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. Here, we investigate the effects of 11β-HSD1 on the innate immune response of adipocytes to produce proinflammatory cytokines. The 11β-HSD1 inhibitor emodin, or 11β-HSD1-targeted small interfering RNA, dose dependently suppressed IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression in lipopolysaccharide-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Inhibiting 11β-HSD1 also reduced phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) expression, a negative regulator of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase effects, whereas 1pM cortisone or dexamethasone induced IL-6 and PTEN levels. PTEN-targeted small interfering RNA decreased IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α without affecting 11β-HSD1 levels. Correspondingly, emodin increased phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-PKB) (Ser473) to PKB ratio but not p-PKB (Thr308) to PKB ratio. Emodin did not increase the p-PKB (Ser473) to PKB ratio when the rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR was depleted, further supporting the involvement of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 in PKB phosphorylation. Moreover, emodin suppressed phosphorylated inhibitor of κB α (p-IκBα) to IκBα ratio and reduced nuclear factor κ B subunit p50 in the nuclear fraction. In contrast, 1pM cortisone or dexamethasone decreased p-PKB (Ser473) to PKB ratio, increased p-IκBα to IκBα ratio, and increased nuclear NF-κB subunit p50. Additionally, wortmannin had similar effects on IL-6, p-PKB (Ser473) to PKB ratio, and p-IκBα to IκBα ratio as 1pM cortisone or dexamethasone. Finally, emodin treatment of streptozotocin diabetic rats on a high-fat diet reduced levels of IL-6, PTEN, Cluster of Differentiation 68, and the ratio of p-IκBα to IκBα in visceral fat, indicating that our findings in vitro may also apply to visceral fat in vivo. Together, these results suggest that inhibiting 11β-HSD1 reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory innate immune responses in adipocytes by down-regulating PTEN expression, leading to activation of the PI3K/PKB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Lai
- Centre of Biomedical Research and Development (W.L., X.T., Q.X., K.C., Y.W., J.D., S.Z., J.B., G.H.), Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, 350108, China; and School of Biological Sciences (S.Z.), Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, 1142, Auckland, New Zealand
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17
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Blockade of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 enzyme inhibits experimental collagenase-induced osteoarthritis. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:2071-5. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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18
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Chen XQ, Shao LD, Pal M, Shen Y, Cheng X, Xu G, Peng LY, Wang K, Pan ZH, Li MM, Leng Y, He J, Zhao QS. Hupehenols A-E, selective 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) inhibitors from Viburnum hupehense. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:330-334. [PMID: 25590374 DOI: 10.1021/np500896n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Five selective 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) competitive inhibitors, hupehenols A-E (1-5), were isolated from Viburnum hupehense. The structure elucidation indicated that compounds 1-5 are new 20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27-octanordammarane triterpenoids. Their structures were established on the basis of NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analysis. Hupehenols A-E (1-5) showed inhibition against human 11β-HSD1, with hupehenols B (2) and E (5) having IC50 values of 15.3 and 34.0 nM, respectively. Moreover, hupehenols C (3) and D (4) are highly selective inhibitors of human 11β-HSD1 when compared to murine 11β-HSD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Qin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650204, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
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19
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Passos E, Pereira CD, Gonçalves IO, Rocha-Rodrigues S, Silva N, Guimarães JT, Neves D, Ascensão A, Magalhães J, Martins MJ. Role of physical exercise on hepatic insulin, glucocorticoid and inflammatory signaling pathways in an animal model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Life Sci 2014; 123:51-60. [PMID: 25534442 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Pro-inflammatory mediators, glucocorticoids and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β are implicated in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-related insulin resistance. As physical activity is beneficial against NASH, we analyzed the voluntary physical activity (VPA) and endurance training (ET) (preventive and therapeutic strategies) effects on hepatic insulin, pro-inflammatory and glucocorticoid signaling regulators/mediators in high-fat (Lieber-DeCarli) diet (HFD)-induced NASH. MAIN METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided in standard diet (SD) or HFD, with sedentary, VPA and ET animals in both diet regimens. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were analyzed; plasma insulin sensitivity index (ISI) was calculated. Hepatic insulin, pro-inflammatory and glucocorticoid signaling regulators/mediators were evaluated by Western blot or reverse transcriptase-PCR. KEY FINDINGS ET improved ISI in both diet regimens. HFD-feeding increased interleukin-1β and induced a similar pattern on interleukin-6 and TGF-β, which were globally reduced by physical exercise. ET decreased HFD leukemia inhibitory factor level, SD+VPA animals presenting higher values than HFD+VPA animals. HFD increased the ratio of IRS-1(Ser307)/total IRS-1, which was completely mitigated by physical exercise. Physical exercise reduced total ERK and JNK (total and activated) expression in HFD. In SD vs. HFD, VPA presented higher activated JNK and ET presented higher total JNK. Generally, in HFD, the ratio (activated/total) of AKT, and each separately, decreased with exercise and also for activated AKT in SD. Overall, in both diets, exercise reduced 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. ET increased glucocorticoid receptor and reduced PTP1B in HFD. SIGNIFICANCE Physical exercise mitigates the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and positively modulates insulin and glucocorticoid signaling in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Passos
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - C D Pereira
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - I O Gonçalves
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - S Rocha-Rodrigues
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - N Silva
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital of São João Centre EPE, and EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J T Guimarães
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital of São João Centre EPE, and EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - D Neves
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Ascensão
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J Magalhães
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M J Martins
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Anderson A, Walker BR. 11β-HSD1 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Drugs 2014; 73:1385-93. [PMID: 23990334 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-013-0112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) has been proposed as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Over 170 new compounds targeting 11β-HSD1 have been developed. This article reviews the current published literature on compounds that have reached phase II clinical trials in patients with type 2 diabetes, and summarises the preclinical evidence that such agents may be useful for associated conditions, including peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease and cognitive decline. In clinical trials, 11β-HSD1 inhibitors have been well tolerated and have improved glycaemic control, lipid profile and blood pressure, and induced modest weight loss. The magnitude of the effects are small relative to other agents, so that further development of 11β-HSD1 inhibitors for the primary therapeutic indication of type 2 diabetes has stalled. Ongoing programmes are focused on additional benefits for cognitive function and other cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Anderson
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
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21
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Geer EB, Islam J, Buettner C. Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance: focus on adipose tissue function and lipid metabolism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2014; 43:75-102. [PMID: 24582093 PMCID: PMC3942672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are critical in the regulation of the stress response, inflammation and energy homeostasis. Excessive GC exposure results in whole-body insulin resistance, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and ultimately decreased survival, despite their potent anti-inflammatory effects. This apparent paradox may be explained by the complex actions of GCs on adipose tissue functionality. The wide prevalence of oral GC therapy makes their adverse systemic effects an important yet incompletely understood clinical problem. This article reviews the mechanisms by which supraphysiologic GC exposure promotes insulin resistance, focusing in particular on the effects on adipose tissue function and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza B Geer
- Division of Endocrinology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1055, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Julie Islam
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beth Israel Medical Center, 317 East 17th Street, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Division of Endocrinology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1055, New York, NY 10029, USA
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22
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Masuda T, Fu Y, Eguchi A, Czogalla J, Rose MA, Kuczkowski A, Gerasimova M, Feldstein AE, Scadeng M, Vallon V. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor lowers PPARγ agonist-induced body weight gain by affecting food intake, fat mass, and beige/brown fat but not fluid retention. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E388-98. [PMID: 24347054 PMCID: PMC3923087 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00124.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonists like pioglitazone (PGZ) are effective antidiabetic drugs, but they induce fluid retention and body weight (BW) gain. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) inhibitors are antidiabetic drugs that enhance renal Na(+) and fluid excretion. Therefore, we examined whether the DPP IV inhibitor alogliptin (ALG) ameliorates PGZ-induced BW gain. Male Sv129 mice were treated with vehicle (repelleted diet), PGZ (220 mg/kg diet), ALG (300 mg/kg diet), or a combination of PGZ and ALG (PGZ + ALG) for 14 days. PGZ + ALG prevented the increase in BW observed with PGZ but did not attenuate the increase in body fluid content determined by bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS). BIS revealed that ALG alone had no effect on fat mass (FM) but enhanced the FM-lowering effect of PGZ; MRI analysis confirmed the latter and showed reductions in visceral and inguinal subcutaneous (sc) white adipose tissue (WAT). ALG but not PGZ decreased food intake and plasma free fatty acid concentrations. Conversely, PGZ but not ALG increased mRNA expression of thermogenesis mediator uncoupling protein 1 in epididymal WAT. Adding ALG to PGZ treatment increased the abundance of multilocular cell islets in sc WAT, and PGZ + ALG increased the expression of brown-fat-like "beige" cell marker TMEM26 in sc WAT and interscapular brown adipose tissue and increased rectal temperature vs. vehicle. In summary, DPP IV inhibition did not attenuate PPARγ agonist-induced fluid retention but prevented BW gain by reducing FM. This involved ALG inhibition of food intake and was associated with food intake-independent synergistic effects of PPARγ agonism and DPP-IV inhibition on beige/brown fat cells and thermogenesis.
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Lukaszewski MA, Eberlé D, Vieau D, Breton C. Nutritional manipulations in the perinatal period program adipose tissue in offspring. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E1195-207. [PMID: 24045869 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00231.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies demonstrated initially that maternal undernutrition results in low birth weight with increased risk for long-lasting energy balance disorders. Maternal obesity and diabetes associated with high birth weight, excessive nutrition in neonates, and rapid catchup growth also increase the risk of adult-onset obesity. As stated by the Developmental Origin of Health and Disease concept, nutrient supply perturbations in the fetus or neonate result in long-term programming of individual body weight set point. Adipose tissue is a key fuel storage unit involved mainly in the maintenance of energy homeostasis. Studies in numerous animal models have demonstrated that the adipose tissue is the focus of developmental programming events in a sex- and depot-specific manner. In rodents, adipose tissue development is particularly active during the perinatal period, especially during the last week of gestation and during early postnatal life. In contrast to rodents, this process essentially takes place before birth in bigger mammals. Despite these different developmental time windows, altricial and precocial species share several mechanisms of adipose tissue programming. Offspring from malnourished dams present adipose tissue with a series of alterations: impaired glucose uptake, insulin and leptin resistance, low-grade inflammation, modified sympathetic activity with reduced noradrenergic innervations, and thermogenesis. These modifications reprogram adipose tissue metabolism by changing fat distribution and composition and by enhancing adipogenesis, predisposing the offspring to fat accumulation. Subtle adipose tissue circadian rhythm changes are also observed. Inappropriate hormone levels, modified tissue sensitivity (especially glucocorticoid system), and epigenetic mechanisms are key factors for adipose tissue programming during the perinatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Amélie Lukaszewski
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance, UPRES EA 4489, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université Lille-Nord de France, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Tarantino G, Finelli C. Pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis: The link between hypercortisolism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:6735-6743. [PMID: 24187449 PMCID: PMC3812473 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i40.6735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the available literature, non alcoholic fatty liver disease or generally speaking, hepatic steatosis, is more frequent among people with diabetes and obesity, and is almost universally present amongst morbidly obese diabetic patients. Non alcoholic fatty liver disease is being increasingly recognized as a common liver condition in the developed world, with non alcoholic steatohepatitis projected to be the leading cause of liver transplantation. Previous data report that only 20% of patients with Cushing’s syndrome have hepatic steatosis. Aiming at clarifying the reasons whereby patients suffering from Cushing’s syndrome - a condition characterized by profound metabolic changes - present low prevalence of hepatic steatosis, the Authors reviewed the current concepts on the link between hypercortisolism and obesity/metabolic syndrome. They hypothesize that this low prevalence of fat accumulation in the liver of patients with Cushing’s syndrome could result from the inhibition of the so-called low-grade chronic-inflammation, mainly mediated by Interleukin 6, due to an excess of cortisol, a hormone characterized by an anti-inflammatory effect. The Cushing’s syndrome, speculatively considered as an in vivo model of the hepatic steatosis, could also help clarify the mechanisms of non alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Gathercole LL, Lavery GG, Morgan SA, Cooper MS, Sinclair AJ, Tomlinson JW, Stewart PM. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1: translational and therapeutic aspects. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:525-55. [PMID: 23612224 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) interconverts the inactive glucocorticoid cortisone and its active form cortisol. It is widely expressed and, although bidirectional, in vivo it functions predominantly as an oxoreductase, generating active glucocorticoid. This allows glucocorticoid receptor activation to be regulated at a prereceptor level in a tissue-specific manner. In this review, we will discuss the enzymology and molecular biology of 11β-HSD1 and the molecular basis of cortisone reductase deficiencies. We will also address how altered 11β-HSD1 activity has been implicated in a number of disease states, and we will explore its role in the physiology and pathologies of different tissues. Finally, we will address the current status of selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors that are in development and being tested in phase II trials for patients with the metabolic syndrome. Although the data are preliminary, therapeutic inhibition of 11β-HSD1 is also an exciting prospect for the treatment of a variety of other disorders such as osteoporosis, glaucoma, intracranial hypertension, and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Gathercole
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston B15 2TH, United Kingdom
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Discovery of SAR184841, a potent and long-lasting inhibitor of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, active in a physiopathological animal model of T2D. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2414-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Liu J, Kong X, Wang L, Qi H, Di W, Zhang X, Wu L, Chen X, Yu J, Zha J, Lv S, Zhang A, Cheng P, Hu M, Li Y, Bi J, Li Y, Hu F, Zhong Y, Xu Y, Ding G. Essential roles of 11β-HSD1 in regulating brown adipocyte function. J Mol Endocrinol 2013. [PMID: 23197361 DOI: 10.1530/jme-12-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) increases energy expenditure and is an attractive therapeutic target for obesity. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), an amplifier of local glucocorticoid activity, has been shown to modulate white adipose tissue (WAT) metabolism and function. In this study, we investigated the roles of 11β-HSD1 in regulating BAT function. We observed a significant increase in the expression of BAT-specific genes, including UCP1, Cidea, Cox7a1, and Cox8b, in BVT.2733 (a selective inhibitor of 11β-HSD1)-treated and 11β-HSD1-deficient primary brown adipocytes of mice. By contrast, a remarkable decrease in BAT-specific gene expression was detected in brown adipocytes when 11β-HSD1 was overexpressed, which effect was reversed by BVT.2733 treatment. Consistent with the in vitro results, expression of a range of genes related to brown fat function in high-fat diet-fed mice treated with BVT.2733. Our results indicate that 11β-HSD1 acts as a vital regulator that controls the expression of genes related to brown fat function and as such may become a potential target in preventing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Department of Gerontology, First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
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