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Delisle BP, Prabhat A, Burgess DE, Ono M, Esser KA, Schroder EA. Circadian Regulation of Cardiac Arrhythmias and Electrophysiology. Circ Res 2024; 134:659-674. [PMID: 38484028 PMCID: PMC11177776 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.323513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms in physiology and behavior are ≈24-hour biological cycles regulated by internal biological clocks (ie, circadian clocks) that optimize organismal homeostasis in response to predictable environmental changes. These clocks are present in virtually all cells in the body, including cardiomyocytes. Many decades ago, clinicians and researchers became interested in studying daily patterns of triggers for sudden cardiac death, the incidence of sudden cardiac death, and cardiac arrhythmias. This review highlights historical and contemporary studies examining the role of day/night rhythms in the timing of cardiovascular events, delves into changes in the timing of these events over the last few decades, and discusses cardiovascular disease-specific differences in the timing of cardiovascular events. The current understanding of the environmental, behavioral, and circadian mechanisms that regulate cardiac electrophysiology is examined with a focus on the circadian regulation of cardiac ion channels and ion channel regulatory genes. Understanding the contribution of environmental, behavioral, and circadian rhythms on arrhythmia susceptibility and the incidence of sudden cardiac death will be essential in developing future chronotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. Delisle
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Abhilash Prabhat
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Don E. Burgess
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Makoto Ono
- Division of Cardiology and Rehabilitation, Tamaki Hospital, Japan
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Pradhan S, Parganiha A, Agashe CD, Pati AK. Circadian rhythm in sportspersons and athletic performance: A mini review. Chronobiol Int 2024; 41:137-181. [PMID: 38247325 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2024.2305663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms in the physiological and behavioral processes of humans play a crucial role in the quality of living and also in the magnitude of success and failure in various endeavors including competitive sports. The rhythmic activities of the body and performance in sportspersons do have a massive impact on their every cutthroat competition. It is essential to schedule sports activities and training of players according to their circadian typology and time of peak performance for improved performance and achievement. In this review, the focus is on circadian rhythms and diurnal variations in peak athletic performance in sportspersons. Accuracy and temporal variability in peak performance in an individual could be attributed to various factors, namely chronotype, time of the day, body temperature, jetlag, hormones, and prior light exposure. Circadian rhythm of mood, alertness, T-core, and ultimately athletic performance is not only affected by sleep but also by circadian variations in hormones, such as cortisol, testosterone, and melatonin. There are, however, a few reports that are not consistent with the conclusions drawn in this review. Nevertheless, circadian rhythm and performance among sportspersons and athletes are important areas of research. This review might be useful to the managers and policymakers associated with competitive sports and athletic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sraddha Pradhan
- School of Studies in Life Science, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
| | - Arti Parganiha
- School of Studies in Life Science, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
- Center for Translational Chronobiology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
| | - C D Agashe
- School of Studies in Physical Education, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
| | - Atanu Kumar Pati
- School of Studies in Life Science, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
- Center for Translational Chronobiology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
- School of Comparative Indic Studies and Tribal Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences - Deemed to be a University, Bhubaneswar, India
- Odisha State Higher Education Council, Government of Odisha, Bhubaneswar, India
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3
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Nobari H, Azarian S, Saedmocheshi S, Valdés-Badilla P, García Calvo T. Narrative review: The role of circadian rhythm on sports performance, hormonal regulation, immune system function, and injury prevention in athletes. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19636. [PMID: 37809566 PMCID: PMC10558889 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study was a narrative review of the importance of circadian rhythm (CR), describes the underlying mechanisms of CR in sports performance, emphasizes the reciprocal link between CR, endocrine homeostasis and sex differences, and the unique role of the circadian clock in immune system function and coordination. Method As a narrative review study, a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (core collection) databases using the keywords "circadian rhythm", "sports performance", "hormonal regulation", "immune system", and "injury prevention". Inclusion criteria were studies published in English and peer-reviewed journals until July 2023. Studies that examined the role of CR in sports performance, hormonal status, immune system function, and injury prevention in athletes were selected for review. Results CR is followed by almost all physiological and biochemical activities in the human body. In humans, the superchiasmatic nucleus controls many daily biorhythms under solar time, including the sleep-wake cycle. A body of literature indicates that the peak performance of essential indicators of sports performance is primarily in the afternoon hours, and the evening of actions occurs roughly at the peak of core body temperature. Recent studies have demonstrated that the time of day that exercise is performed affects the achievement of good physical performance. This review also shows various biomarkers of cellular damage in weariness and the underlying mechanisms of diurnal fluctuations. According to the clock, CR can be synchronized with photonic and non-photonic stimuli (i.e., temperature, physical activity, and food intake), and feeding patterns and diet changes can affect CR and redox markers. It also emphasizes the reciprocal links between CR and endocrine homeostasis, the specific role of the circadian clock in coordinating immune system function, and the relationship between circadian clocks and sex differences. Conclusion The interaction between insufficient sleep and time of day on performance has been established in this study because it is crucial to balance training, recovery, and sleep duration to attain optimal sports performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran
| | - Somayeh Azarian
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran
| | - Saber Saedmocheshi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 66177-15175, Iran
| | - Pablo Valdés-Badilla
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, 3530000, Chile
- Sports Coach Career, School of Education, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar, 2520000, Chile
| | - Tomás García Calvo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
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Bougrine H, Nasser N, Abdessalem R, Ammar A, Chtourou H, Souissi N. Pre-Exercise Caffeine Intake Attenuates the Negative Effects of Ramadan Fasting on Several Aspects of High-Intensity Short-Term Maximal Performances in Adolescent Female Handball Players. Nutrients 2023; 15:3432. [PMID: 37571369 PMCID: PMC10421416 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to determine whether, after Ramadan, pre-exercise caffeine intake can reduce any possible negative effects of this month on short-term maximal performances in young female handball players. A randomized study involved thirteen young female handball players. Participants performed a squat jump (SJ), Illinois agility test (AG), and 5 m run shuttles test (total (TD) and peak (PD) distances) at 08:00 AM and 06:00 PM on three different occasions: one week before Ramadan (Pre-R), the last week of Ramadan (R), and the week after Ramadan (Post-R). A placebo (Pla) or caffeine (Caff) (6 mg·kg-1) was administered 60 min before exercise test sessions at two distinct times of day (08:00 AM and 06:00 PM) during the two periods: Pre and Post-R. The PSQI and dietary intake were assessed during all testing periods. The results revealed that Pre-R, (SJ, AG, TD, and PD) test performances were greater in the evening (PM) than in the morning (AM) (all p < 0.001). However, compared with Pre-R, PM performances declined significantly during R (all p < 0.001) and Post-R (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). In addition, Pre-R, AM Caff produced moderate significant improvements compared with AM Pla, with small-to-no beneficial effects observed with PM Caff in SJ (4.8% vs. 1%), AG (1.8% vs. 0.8%), TD (2.8% vs. 0.3%), and PD (6% vs. 0.9%). Nevertheless, Caff produced moderate ergogenic effects during both AM and PM sessions during Post-R in SJ (4.4% vs. 2.4%), AG (1.7% vs. 1.5%), TD (2.9% vs. 1.3%), and PD (5.8% vs. 3%) with values approaching those of Pre-R Pla within the same time of day (p > 0.05, p > 0.05, p < 0.05, and p < 0.05, respectively). In summary, pre-exercise Caff intake with a dose equivalent to 6 mg·kg-1 reduced the negative effects of Ramadan fasting in several aspects of short-term maximal performances in young female handball players at both times of the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Bougrine
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia; (H.B.); (N.N.); (R.A.); (H.C.); (N.S.)
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Mannouba 2010, Tunisia
| | - Nidhal Nasser
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia; (H.B.); (N.N.); (R.A.); (H.C.); (N.S.)
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Raouf Abdessalem
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia; (H.B.); (N.N.); (R.A.); (H.C.); (N.S.)
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Achraf Ammar
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia; (H.B.); (N.N.); (R.A.); (H.C.); (N.S.)
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Nizar Souissi
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia; (H.B.); (N.N.); (R.A.); (H.C.); (N.S.)
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Mannouba 2010, Tunisia
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Bommasamudram T, Ravindrakumar A, Varamenti E, Tod D, Edwards BJ, Peter IG, Pullinger SA. Daily variation in time-trial sporting performance: A systematic review. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:1167-1182. [PMID: 35815685 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2090373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Few functional measures related to time-trial display diurnal variation. The diversity of tests/protocols used to assess time-trial performance on diurnal effects and the lack of a standardised approach hinder agreement in the literature. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to investigate and systematically review the evidence relating to time-of-day differences in time-trial measures and to examine the main aspects related to research design important for studies of a chronobiological nature. The entire content of Manipal Academy of Higher Education electronic library and Qatar National Library, and electronic databases: PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus and Web of Science were searched. Research studies published in peer-reviewed journals and non-peer reviewed studies, conducted in male adult participants aged ≥18 y before November 2021 were screened/included. Studies assessing tests related to time-trials in any modality between a minimum of 2 time-points during the day (morning [06:30-10:30 h] vs evening [14:30-20:00 h]) were deemed eligible. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) process was used to assess the evidence to inform recommendations. The primary search revealed that a total of 10 from 40 articles were considered eligible and subsequently included. Six were conducted using cycling, two using running and two using swimming as the mode of exercise. Distances ranged from 1 to 16.1-km in distance or 15 to 20-min time in the cycling and running time-trials, and 50 to 200-m in the swimming time-trials. Only four studies found one or several of their performance variables to display daily variations, with significantly better values in the evening; while six studies found no time-of-day significance in any variables assessed. The magnitude of difference ranged from 2.9% to 7.1% for performance time to complete a cycling time-trial, while running and swimming did not find any differences for performance time. Power output during a 16.1-km time trial in cycling also found evening performance to be significantly better by 10%. The only other observed differences were stroke rate and stroke length during a swimming time-trial and stroke rate (cycles.min-1) during a cycling time-trial. The magnitude of difference is dependent on exercise modality, individual chronotype, the training status of the individual and sample size differences. The lack of diurnal variation present in the majority of studies can in-part be explained with some of the methodological limitations and issues present related to quality and control. It is paramount that research assessing diurnal variation in performance uses appropriate session timings around the core body temperature minimum (~05:00 h; morning) and maximum (~17:00 h; evening). Although, differences in motivation/arousal, habitual training times, chronotypes and genotypes could provide an explanation as to why some studies/variables did not display time-of-day variation, more work is needed to provide an accurate conclusion. There is a clear demand for a rigorous, standardised approach to be adopted by future investigations which control factors that specifically relate to investigations of time-of-day, such as appropriate familiarisation, counterbalancing the order of administration of tests, providing sufficient recovery time between sessions and testing within a controlled environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulasiram Bommasamudram
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Aishwarya Ravindrakumar
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | | | - David Tod
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ben J Edwards
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Irene G Peter
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Ayala V, Martínez-Bebia M, Latorre JA, Gimenez-Blasi N, Jimenez-Casquet MJ, Conde-Pipo J, Bach-Faig A, Mariscal-Arcas M. Influence of circadian rhythms on sports performance. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:1522-1536. [PMID: 34060402 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1933003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronobiology is the scientific discipline of study of biological rhythms, a term that has gained ground in the sports world. Recently numerous studies have indicated that the time of day in which sports are practiced influences the achievement of good physical performance. The aim of this review was to study the relationship between circadian rhythms and physical performance, according to the latest published data. In addition, the physiological processes involved in the physical response and the differences according to the type of sport and athletes' characteristics were studied. A bibliographic search was carried out through five databases (Pubmed, Scopus, Researcher Gate, Google Scholar, UOC Library), focusing on articles published in the last ten years and written in English and Spanish. 36 papers met the inclusion criteria. Body temperature is a factor that shows a circadian pattern with a marked peak in the later afternoon, time of the day at which physical performance is at its highest, i.e. speed, agility, distance covered, jumping power. The perception of effort is also higher in the afternoon. Regarding the chronotype, evening types seem to be the most affected to do sports out of their optimal time-of-day. The tendency shows more morning types as age increases. Training sessions should be planned according to the optimal time of day for each athlete. It's essential to take into account individual chronotype. The desynchronization of circadian rhythms can cause a decrease in physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Ayala
- Health Sciences Studies, Universitat Oberta De Catalunya (UOC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Martínez-Bebia
- Health Sciences Studies, Universitat Oberta De Catalunya (UOC), Barcelona, Spain.,Dpt. Food Technology, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Latorre
- Health Sciences Studies, Universitat Oberta De Catalunya (UOC), Barcelona, Spain.,Dpt. Food Technology, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Nuria Gimenez-Blasi
- Health Sciences Studies, Universitat Oberta De Catalunya (UOC), Barcelona, Spain.,School of Health Sciences, University Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Jimenez-Casquet
- Health Sciences Studies, Universitat Oberta De Catalunya (UOC), Barcelona, Spain.,Dpt. Nutrition and Food Science, Nutrition, Diet and Risk Assessment Research Group (AGR255), Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Conde-Pipo
- Health Sciences Studies, Universitat Oberta De Catalunya (UOC), Barcelona, Spain.,Dpt. Nutrition and Food Science, Nutrition, Diet and Risk Assessment Research Group (AGR255), Granada, Spain
| | - Anna Bach-Faig
- Health Sciences Studies, Universitat Oberta De Catalunya (UOC), Barcelona, Spain.,FoodLab Research Group (2017SGR 83), School of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta De Catalunya (UOC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Mariscal-Arcas
- Health Sciences Studies, Universitat Oberta De Catalunya (UOC), Barcelona, Spain.,Dpt. Nutrition and Food Science, Nutrition, Diet and Risk Assessment Research Group (AGR255), Granada, Spain
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Zhang R, Campanella C, Aristizabal S, Jamrozik A, Zhao J, Porter P, Ly S, Bauer BA. Impacts of Dynamic LED Lighting on the Well-Being and Experience of Office Occupants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17197217. [PMID: 33023141 PMCID: PMC7579128 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As a critical factor in the built environment, lighting presents considerable influence on occupants. Previous research across static lighting conditions has found that both illuminance and correlated color temperature (CCT) affect occupants’ physiological and psychological functioning. However, little research has been conducted on the non-visual impacts of dynamic lighting with daily variation in illuminance and CCT levels. The purpose of this study is to better understand the impact of dynamic lighting on office occupants’ health, well-being and experience at a living lab. Fifteen participants were recruited to work in three office modules for four months. Four lighting conditions were designed and implemented in this study, including two static lighting conditions and two dynamic lighting conditions with a specific predefined control scheme. A prototype lighting system with enhanced control capabilities was configured and implemented to ensure the desired lighting environment protocol. Both objective methods and subjective surveys were used to assess the behavioral and physiological outcomes of interest, including mental stress, sleep, productivity, satisfaction, mood, visual comfort and perceived naturalness. The results showed that the daytime behavioral impacts were either positive or mixed. Specifically, a significant alertness increase was observed in the afternoon, indicating a potential solution to reduce the natural feelings of sleepiness during the workday. There was also a marginal benefit for mood. The nighttime impacts include a significant decrease in perceived sleep quality and sleep time after subjects were exposed to dynamic lighting. No significant differences were observed for mental stress, productivity, visual comfort, or perceived naturalness. The findings present additional insights into the non-visual impacts of dynamic lighting and give recommendations for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongpeng Zhang
- Well Living Lab, Rochester, MN 55902, USA; (C.C.); (S.A.); (A.J.); (J.Z.); (P.P.); (S.L.); (B.A.B.)
- Delos Labs, Delos Living, New York, NY 10014, USA
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Carolina Campanella
- Well Living Lab, Rochester, MN 55902, USA; (C.C.); (S.A.); (A.J.); (J.Z.); (P.P.); (S.L.); (B.A.B.)
- Delos Labs, Delos Living, New York, NY 10014, USA
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Sara Aristizabal
- Well Living Lab, Rochester, MN 55902, USA; (C.C.); (S.A.); (A.J.); (J.Z.); (P.P.); (S.L.); (B.A.B.)
- Delos Labs, Delos Living, New York, NY 10014, USA
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Anja Jamrozik
- Well Living Lab, Rochester, MN 55902, USA; (C.C.); (S.A.); (A.J.); (J.Z.); (P.P.); (S.L.); (B.A.B.)
- Delos Labs, Delos Living, New York, NY 10014, USA
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Jie Zhao
- Well Living Lab, Rochester, MN 55902, USA; (C.C.); (S.A.); (A.J.); (J.Z.); (P.P.); (S.L.); (B.A.B.)
- Delos Labs, Delos Living, New York, NY 10014, USA
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Paige Porter
- Well Living Lab, Rochester, MN 55902, USA; (C.C.); (S.A.); (A.J.); (J.Z.); (P.P.); (S.L.); (B.A.B.)
- Delos Labs, Delos Living, New York, NY 10014, USA
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Shaun Ly
- Well Living Lab, Rochester, MN 55902, USA; (C.C.); (S.A.); (A.J.); (J.Z.); (P.P.); (S.L.); (B.A.B.)
- Delos Labs, Delos Living, New York, NY 10014, USA
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Brent A. Bauer
- Well Living Lab, Rochester, MN 55902, USA; (C.C.); (S.A.); (A.J.); (J.Z.); (P.P.); (S.L.); (B.A.B.)
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
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Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement (2019). Br J Sports Med 2019; 53:667-699. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Mental health symptoms and disorders are common among elite athletes, may have sport related manifestations within this population and impair performance. Mental health cannot be separated from physical health, as evidenced by mental health symptoms and disorders increasing the risk of physical injury and delaying subsequent recovery. There are no evidence or consensus based guidelines for diagnosis and management of mental health symptoms and disorders in elite athletes. Diagnosis must differentiate character traits particular to elite athletes from psychosocial maladaptations.Management strategies should address all contributors to mental health symptoms and consider biopsychosocial factors relevant to athletes to maximise benefit and minimise harm. Management must involve both treatment of affected individual athletes and optimising environments in which all elite athletes train and compete. To advance a more standardised, evidence based approach to mental health symptoms and disorders in elite athletes, an International Olympic Committee Consensus Work Group critically evaluated the current state of science and provided recommendations.
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Abstract
Chronobiology and chronobiological research deal with time-dependent physiological processes and behavioral correlates as well as their adaptation to environmental conditions. Chronobiological research is presently focused on the impact of circadian rhythms on human behavior. In the last three decades, chronobiology has established itself as an independent area of research evolving to an important field of clinical psychology and psychiatry. In this overview, the results of studies on the clinical importance of chronotypes are summarized. The main focus is on the role of chronotype in depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias J Müller
- 1 Oberberg Clinic Group, Clinics for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Oberberg Kliniken, Berlin, Germany.,2 Department of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany
| | - Anja Haag
- 3 Vitos Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Marburg, Germany
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Schobersberger W, Blank C, Hanser F, Griesmacher A, Canazei M, Leichtfried V. Impact of a single, short morning bright light exposure on tryptophan pathways and visuo- and sensorimotor performance: a crossover study. J Physiol Anthropol 2018; 37:12. [PMID: 29685169 PMCID: PMC5913807 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-018-0173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bright light (BL) has been shown to be effective in enhancing both cognitive and physical performances. Alterations in nighttime melatonin levels have also been observed. However, evaluations of light-induced changes in the preceding biochemical processes are absent. Therefore, the impact of a single morning BL exposure on sensorimotor and visuomotor performance, as well as tryptophan (trp) and trp metabolites, was evaluated in this study. Methods In a crossover design, 33 healthy volunteers were randomly exposed to 30 min of < 150 lx at eye level (office light, OL) and 5000 lx at eye level (bright light, BL) of 6500 K in the morning hours. Trp, sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s), and kynurenine (kyn) courses over the morning hours were analyzed, and changes in sensori- and visuomotor measures were examined. Results Motoric performance increased in both setups, independent of light intensity. aMT6s and kyn decreased equally under both lighting conditions. Trp levels decreased from a mean (95% confidence interval) of 82.0 (77.2–86.9) to 66.5 (62.5–70.1) in the OL setup only. Conclusion These data suggest that BL in the morning hours has a limited effect on visuo- and sensorimotor performance. Nevertheless, trp degradation pathways in the morning show diverse courses after OL and BL exposure. This suggests that trp courses can potentially be altered by BL exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Schobersberger
- Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine and Health Tourism, UMIT - University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Eduard Wallnöfer Zentrum 1, 6060, Hall in Tyrol, Austria. .,Tirol Kliniken GmbH, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Cornelia Blank
- Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine and Health Tourism, UMIT - University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Eduard Wallnöfer Zentrum 1, 6060, Hall in Tyrol, Austria
| | - Friedrich Hanser
- Department of Biomedical Computer Science and Mechatronics, Institute of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, UMIT - University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Eduard Wallnöfer Zentrum 1, 6060, Hall in Tyrol, Austria
| | - Andrea Griesmacher
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Diagnostics, LKH - University Hospital of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
| | - Markus Canazei
- Department of Visual Perception, Bartenbach GmbH, Rinner Strasse 14, 6071, Aldrans, Tyrol, Austria
| | - Veronika Leichtfried
- Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine and Health Tourism, UMIT - University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Eduard Wallnöfer Zentrum 1, 6060, Hall in Tyrol, Austria
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Knaier R, Klenk C, Königstein K, Hinrichs T, Rossmeissl A, Infanger D, Cajochen C, Schmidt-Trucksäss A. Morning bright light exposure has no influence on self-chosen exercise intensity and mood in overweight individuals - A randomized controlled trial. Chronobiol Int 2017; 35:477-485. [PMID: 29260907 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2017.1414828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Overweight is a worldwide increasing public health issue. Physical exercise is a useful countermeasure. Overweight individuals choose rather low exercise intensities, but especially high exercise intensities lead to higher energy expenditure and show beneficial health effects compared to lower exercise intensities. However, especially in the morning higher exercise intensities are likely to be avoided due to higher subjective effort. Bright light exposure has shown to increase maximum performance. The aim of this study was to investigate if bright light exposure can also increase self-chosen exercise intensity. We hypothesized that morning bright light exposure increases self-chosen exercise intensity of subsequent exercise through increased mood and reduced sleepiness in overweight individuals. In this randomized controlled single-blind parallel group design, 26 overweight individuals (11 males, 15 females; age 25 ± 5.7 years; body mass index 28.9 ± 2.1 kg/m2) underwent three measurement appointments. On the first appointment, subjects performed a cardiopulmonary exercise test to measure maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max). Two days later a 30-min exercise session with self-chosen exercise intensity was performed for familiarization. Then subjects were randomly allocated to bright light (~4400 lx) or a control light (~230 lx) condition. Three to seven days later, subjects were exposed to light for 30 min starting at 8:00 am, immediately followed by a 30-min exercise session with persisting light exposure. Multidimensional mood questionnaires were filled out before and after the light exposure and after the exercise session. The primary outcome was the mean power output during the exercise session and the secondary outcome the rating on the three domains (i.e. good-bad; awake-tired; calm-nervous) of the multidimensional mood questionnaire. Mean power output during the exercise session was 92 ± 19 W in bright light and 80 ± 37 W in control light, respectively. In the multivariate analysis adjusted for VO2max, the mean power output during the exercise session was 8.5 W higher (95% confidence interval -12.7, 29.7; p = 0.416) for participants in bright light compared to control light. There were no significant differences between the groups for any of the three domains of the questionnaire at any time point. This is in contrast to longer lasting intervention studies that show positive influences on mood and suggests that bright light therapy requires repetitive sessions to improve mood in overweight individuals. In conclusion bright light exposure does not acutely increase self-chosen exercise intensity or improve mood in a 30-min exercise session starting at 08:30. However, regarding the fact that overweight is a worldwide and rapidly increasing public health issue even small increases in exercise intensity may be relevant. The trend toward superiority of bright light over control light implicates that further studies may be conducted in a larger scale. ABBREVIATIONS VO2max: maximum oxygen uptake; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; SD: standard deviation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Knaier
- a Division Sports- and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health , University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Christopher Klenk
- a Division Sports- and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health , University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Karsten Königstein
- a Division Sports- and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health , University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Timo Hinrichs
- a Division Sports- and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health , University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Anja Rossmeissl
- a Division Sports- and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health , University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Denis Infanger
- a Division Sports- and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health , University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Christian Cajochen
- b Centre for Chronobiology , Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland.,c Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences , University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss
- a Division Sports- and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health , University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
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12
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Knaier R, Schäfer J, Rossmeissl A, Klenk C, Hanssen H, Höchsmann C, Cajochen C, Schmidt-Trucksäss A. Effects of bright and blue light on acoustic reaction time and maximum handgrip strength in male athletes: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1689-1696. [PMID: 28597081 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3659-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess which type of evening light exposure has the greatest effect on reaction time and maximum handgrip strength. These were pre-specified secondary outcomes in a trial which primarily investigated the influence of light on cycling performance. METHODS Seventy-four male athletes were allocated at random to either bright light (BRIGHT), monochromatic blue light (BLUE), or a control condition (CONTROL). Light exposure lasted for 60 min and started 17 h after the individual midpoint of sleep. Reaction time, handgrip strength, and melatonin levels were measured before and after the light exposure. We used analysis of covariance to compare the groups with respect to the investigated outcomes. RESULTS Two participants had to be excluded retrospectively. The remaining 72 participants had a median age of 23 years. The adjusted difference in reaction time was -1 ms [95% confidence interval (CI) -8, 6] for participants in BRIGHT and 2 ms (95% CI -5, 9) for participants in BLUE, both relative to participants in CONTROL. The adjusted difference in handgrip strength was 0.9 kg (95% CI -1.5, 3.3) for participants in BRIGHT and -0.3 kg (95% CI -2.7, 2.0) for participants in BLUE, both relative to participants in CONTROL. After the light exposure, 17% of participants in BRIGHT, 22% in BLUE, and 29% in CONTROL showed melatonin concentrations of 2 pg/ml or higher. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that bright light might reduce melatonin levels but neither bright nor blue light exposure in the evening seem to improve reaction time or handgrip strength in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Knaier
- Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320 B, 4052, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Juliane Schäfer
- Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320 B, 4052, Basel, Switzerland
- Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University Hospital Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anja Rossmeissl
- Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320 B, 4052, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Klenk
- Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320 B, 4052, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henner Hanssen
- Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320 B, 4052, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Höchsmann
- Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320 B, 4052, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Cajochen
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss
- Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320 B, 4052, Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Knaier R, Schäfer J, Rossmeissl A, Klenk C, Hanssen H, Höchsmann C, Cajochen C, Schmidt-Trucksäss A. Prime Time Light Exposures Do Not Seem to Improve Maximal Physical Performance in Male Elite Athletes, but Enhance End-Spurt Performance. Front Physiol 2017; 8:264. [PMID: 28507521 PMCID: PMC5410597 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many sports competitions take place during television prime time, a time of the day when many athletes have already exceeded their time of peak performance. We assessed the effect of different light exposure modalities on physical performance and melatonin levels in athletes during prime time. Seventy-two young, male elite athletes with a median (interquartile range) age of 23 (21; 29) years and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) of 63 (58; 66) ml/kg/min were randomly assigned to three different light exposure groups: bright light (BRIGHT), blue monochromatic light (BLUE), and control light (CONTROL). Each light exposure lasted 60 min and was scheduled to start 17 h after each individual's midpoint of sleep (median time: 9:17 pm). Immediately after light exposure, a 12-min time trial was performed on a bicycle ergometer. The test supervisor and participants were blinded to the light condition each participant was exposed to. The median received light intensities and peak wavelengths (photopic lx/nm) measured at eye level were 1319/545 in BRIGHT, 203/469 in BLUE, and 115/545 in CONTROL. In a multivariate analysis adjusted for individual VO2max, total work performed in 12 min did not significantly differ between the three groups. The amount of exposure to non-image forming light was positively associated with the performance gain during the time trial, defined as the ratio of the work performed in the first and last minute of the time trial, and with stronger melatonin suppression. Specifically, a tenfold increase in the exposure to melanopic light was associated with a performance gain of 8.0% (95% confidence interval: 2.6, 13.3; P = 0.004) and a melatonin decrease of −0.9 pg/ml (95% confidence interval: −1.5, −0.3; P = 0.006). Exposure to bright or blue light did not significantly improve maximum cycling performance in a 12-min all-out time trial. However, it is noteworthy that the estimated difference of 4.1 kJ between BRIGHT and CONTROL might represent an important performance advantage justifying further studies. In conclusion, we report novel evidence that evening light exposure, which strongly impacts the human circadian timing system, enables elite athletes to better maintain performance across a 12-min cycling time trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Knaier
- Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of BaselBasel, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Schäfer
- Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of BaselBasel, Switzerland.,Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University Hospital Basel and University of BaselBasel, Switzerland
| | - Anja Rossmeissl
- Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of BaselBasel, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Klenk
- Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of BaselBasel, Switzerland
| | - Henner Hanssen
- Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of BaselBasel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Höchsmann
- Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of BaselBasel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Cajochen
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of BaselBasel, Switzerland.,Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of BaselBasel, Switzerland
| | - Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss
- Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of BaselBasel, Switzerland
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14
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Furtado F, Gonçalves BDSB, Abranches ILL, Abrantes AF, Forner-Cordero A. Chronic Low Quality Sleep Impairs Postural Control in Healthy Adults. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163310. [PMID: 27732604 PMCID: PMC5061348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of sleep, both in quality and quantity, is an increasing problem in modern society, often related to workload and stress. A number of studies have addressed the effects of acute (total) sleep deprivation on postural control. However, up to date, the effects of chronic sleep deficits, either in quantity or quality, have not been analyzed. Thirty healthy adults participated in the study that consisted of registering activity with a wrist actigraph for more than a week before performing a series of postural control tests. Sleep and circadian rhythm variables were correlated and the sum of activity of the least active 5-h period, L5, a rhythm variable, obtained the greater coefficient value with sleep quality variables (wake after sleep onset WASO and efficiency sleep). Cluster analysis was performed to classify subjects into two groups based on L5 (low and high). The balance tests scores used to asses postural control were measured using Biodex Balance System and were compared between the two groups with different sleep quality. The postural tests were divided into dynamic (platform tilt with eyes open, closed and cursor) and static (clinical test of sensory integration). The results showed that during the tests with eyes closed, the group with worse sleep quality had also worse postural control performance. Lack of vision impairs postural balance more deeply in subjects with chronic sleep inefficiency. Chronic poor sleep quality impairs postural control similarly to total sleep deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabianne Furtado
- Department of Mechatronics, Escola Politécnica, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Southeast of Minas Gerais, Barbacena, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Flávia Abrantes
- Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Southeast of Minas Gerais, Barbacena, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Arturo Forner-Cordero
- Department of Mechatronics, Escola Politécnica, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: ;
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15
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Knaier R, Meister S, Aeschbacher T, Gemperle D, Rossmeissl A, Cajochen C, Schmidt-Trucksäss A. Dose-response relationship between light exposure and cycling performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 26:794-801. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Knaier
- Department of Sport; Exercise and Health; Division Sports and Exercise Medicine; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - S. Meister
- Department of Sport; Exercise and Health; Division Sports and Exercise Medicine; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - T. Aeschbacher
- Department of Sport; Exercise and Health; Division Sports and Exercise Medicine; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - D. Gemperle
- Department of Sport; Exercise and Health; Division Sports and Exercise Medicine; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - A. Rossmeissl
- Department of Sport; Exercise and Health; Division Sports and Exercise Medicine; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - C. Cajochen
- Center for Chronobiology; Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - A. Schmidt-Trucksäss
- Department of Sport; Exercise and Health; Division Sports and Exercise Medicine; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
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16
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Kantermann T, Meisel A, Fitzthum K, Penzel T, Fietze I, Ulm L. Changes in chronotype after stroke: a pilot study. Front Neurol 2015; 5:287. [PMID: 25628597 PMCID: PMC4290616 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate associations between stroke onset and severity as well as chronotype (phase of entrainment) and internal time of stroke. Fifty-six first-ever ischemic stroke patients participated in a cross-sectional study assessing chronotype (mid-sleep on work-free days corrected for sleep deficit on workdays; MSFsc) by applying the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (MCTQ). The MCTQ was completed twice, on average 68 ± 24 (SD) days post stroke and retrospectively for the time before stroke. To assess the impact of stroke in relation to internal time, InTstroke was calculated as MSFsc minus local time of stroke. Stroke severity was assessed via the standard clinical National Institute Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and modified Ranking Scale (mRS), both at hospital admission and discharge. Overall, most strokes occurred between noon and midnight. There was no significant association between MSFsc and stroke onset. MSFsc changed significantly after stroke, especially in patients with more severe strokes. Changes in MSFsc varied with InTstroke – the earlier the internal time of a stroke relative to MSFsc-before-stroke, the more MSFsc advanced after stroke. In addition, we provide first evidence that MSFsc changes varied between stroke locations. Larger trials are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kantermann
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands ; Clinical Centre, Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Andreas Meisel
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany ; Department of Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Katharina Fitzthum
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany ; Department of Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Thomas Penzel
- Center of Sleep Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Ingo Fietze
- Center of Sleep Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Lena Ulm
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany ; Department of Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany ; Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland , Herston, QLD , Australia
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17
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Leichtfried V, Mair-Raggautz M, Schaeffer V, Hammerer-Lercher A, Mair G, Bartenbach C, Canazei M, Schobersberger W. Intense illumination in the morning hours improved mood and alertness but not mental performance. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2015; 46 Pt A:54-59. [PMID: 25106786 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive performance and alertness are two determinants for work efficiency, varying throughout the day and depending on bright light. We conducted a prospective crossover study evaluating the impacts of exposure to an intense, early morning illumination on sustained attention, alertness, mood, and serum melatonin levels in 33 healthy individuals. Compared with a dim illumination, the intense illumination negatively impacted performance requiring sustained attention; however, it positively impacted subjective alertness and mood and had no impact on serum melatonin levels. These results suggest that brief exposure to bright light in the morning hours can improve subjective measures of mood and alertness, but can also have detrimental effects on mental performance as a result of visual distraction. Therefore, it is important that adequate lighting should correspond to both non-visual and visual demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Leichtfried
- Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine & Health Tourism, Department for Medical Sciences and Health Systems Management, UMIT Hall & TILAK/LKI Innsbruck, Eduard-Wallnöfer-Zentrum 1, A-6060 Hall in Tirol, Austria.
| | - Maria Mair-Raggautz
- Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine & Health Tourism, Department for Medical Sciences and Health Systems Management, UMIT Hall & TILAK/LKI Innsbruck, Eduard-Wallnöfer-Zentrum 1, A-6060 Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | - Viktoria Schaeffer
- Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine & Health Tourism, Department for Medical Sciences and Health Systems Management, UMIT Hall & TILAK/LKI Innsbruck, Eduard-Wallnöfer-Zentrum 1, A-6060 Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | - Angelika Hammerer-Lercher
- Central Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Innsbruck, Tilak/LKI Innsbruck, Anichstraße 32, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerald Mair
- Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine & Health Tourism, Department for Medical Sciences and Health Systems Management, UMIT Hall & TILAK/LKI Innsbruck, Eduard-Wallnöfer-Zentrum 1, A-6060 Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | | | - Markus Canazei
- Bartenbach LichtLabor, Rinner Straße 14, A-6071 Aldrans, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schobersberger
- Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine & Health Tourism, Department for Medical Sciences and Health Systems Management, UMIT Hall & TILAK/LKI Innsbruck, Eduard-Wallnöfer-Zentrum 1, A-6060 Hall in Tirol, Austria
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18
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van der Vinne V, Zerbini G, Siersema A, Pieper A, Merrow M, Hut RA, Roenneberg T, Kantermann T. Timing of examinations affects school performance differently in early and late chronotypes. J Biol Rhythms 2014; 30:53-60. [PMID: 25537752 DOI: 10.1177/0748730414564786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Circadian clocks of adolescents typically run late-including sleep times-yet adolescents generally are expected at school early in the morning. Due to this mismatch between internal (circadian) and external (social) times, adolescents suffer from chronic sleep deficiency, which, in turn, affects academic performance negatively. This constellation affects students' future career prospects. Our study correlates chronotype and examination performance. In total, 4734 grades were collected from 741 Dutch high school students (ages 11-18 years) who had completed the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire to estimate their internal time. Overall, the lowest grades were obtained by students who were very late chronotypes (MSFsc > 5.31 h) or slept very short on schooldays (SDw < 7.03 h). The effect of chronotype on examination performance depended on the time of day that examinations were taken. Opposed to late types, early chronotypes obtained significantly higher grades during the early (0815-0945 h) and late (1000-1215 h) morning. This group difference in grades disappeared in the early afternoon (1245-1500 h). Late types also obtained lower grades than early types when tested at the same internal time (hours after MSFsc), which may reflect general attention and learning disadvantages of late chronotypes during the early morning. Our results support delaying high school starting times as well as scheduling examinations in the early afternoon to avoid discrimination of late chronotypes and to give all high school students equal academic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent van der Vinne
- Chronobiology unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Giulia Zerbini
- Chronobiology unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Siersema
- High school De Nieuwe Veste, Coevorden, the Netherlands
| | - Amy Pieper
- High school De Nieuwe Veste, Coevorden, the Netherlands
| | - Martha Merrow
- Chronobiology unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Roelof A Hut
- Chronobiology unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Till Roenneberg
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Kantermann
- Chronobiology unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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19
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Kwon SJ, Park J, Park SY, Song KS, Jung ST, Jung SB, Park IR, Choi WS, Kwon SO. Low-intensity treadmill exercise and/or bright light promote neurogenesis in adult rat brain. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:922-9. [PMID: 25206384 PMCID: PMC4145925 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a brain region responsible for learning and memory functions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of low-intensity exercise and bright light exposure on neurogenesis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in adult rat hippocampus. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to control, exercise, light, or exercise + light groups (n = 9 per group). The rats in the exercise group were subjected to treadmill exercise (5 days per week, 30 minutes per day, over a 4-week period), the light group rats were irradiated (5 days per week, 30 minutes per day, 10 000 lx, over a 4-week period), the exercise + light group rats were subjected to treadmill exercise in combination with bright light exposure, and the control group rats remained sedentary over a 4-week period. Compared with the control group, there was a significant increase in neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of rats in the exercise, light, and exercise + light groups. Moreover, the expression level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the rat hippocampal dentate gyrus was significantly higher in the exercise group and light group than that in the control group. Interestingly, there was no significant difference in brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression between the control group and exercise + light group. These results indicate that low-intensity treadmill exercise (first 5 minutes at a speed of 2 m/min, second 5 minutes at a speed of 5 m/min, and the last 20 minutes at a speed of 8 m/min) or bright-light exposure therapy induces positive biochemical changes in the brain. In view of these findings, we propose that moderate exercise or exposure to sunlight during childhood can be beneficial for neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jin Kwon
- Department of Physical Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongsook Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yun Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Seop Song
- Department of Physical Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Tae Jung
- Department of Physical Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - So Bong Jung
- Department of Physical Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik Ryeul Park
- Department of Liberal Arts, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 660-758, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Sung Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ok Kwon
- Department of Physical Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
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20
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Erren TC, Groß JV, Kantermann T, Kuffer L. Chronobiology and competitive sports: recent studies and future perspectives. Chronobiol Int 2014; 31:746-7. [PMID: 24666353 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2014.899603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Erren
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University of Cologne , Köln , Germany
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21
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Lucassen EA, Zhao X, Rother KI, Mattingly MS, Courville AB, de Jonge L, Csako G, Cizza G. Evening chronotype is associated with changes in eating behavior, more sleep apnea, and increased stress hormones in short sleeping obese individuals. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56519. [PMID: 23483886 PMCID: PMC3590198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Short sleep duration and decreased sleep quality are emerging risk factors for obesity and its associated morbidities. Chronotype, an attribute that reflects individual preferences in the timing of sleep and other behaviors, is a continuum from morningness to eveningness. The importance of chronotype in relation to obesity is mostly unknown. Evening types tend to have unhealthy eating habits and suffer from psychological problems more frequently than Morning types, thus we hypothesized that eveningness may affect health parameters in a cohort of obese individuals reporting sleeping less than 6.5 hours per night. Methodology and Principal Findings Baseline data from obese (BMI: 38.5±6.4 kg/m2) and short sleeping (5.8±0.8 h/night by actigraphy) participants (n = 119) of the Sleep Extension Study were analyzed (www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT00261898). Assessments included the Horne and Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness questionnaire, a three-day dietary intake diary, a 14-day sleep diary, 14 days of actigraphy, and measurements of sleep apnea. Twenty-four hour urinary free cortisol, 24 h urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine levels, morning plasma ACTH and serum cortisol, fasting glucose and insulin, and lipid parameters were determined. Eveningness was associated with eating later in the day on both working and non-working days. Progression towards eveningness was associated with an increase in BMI, resting heart rate, food portion size, and a decrease in the number of eating occasions and HDL-cholesterol. Evening types had overtly higher 24 h urinary epinephrine and morning plasma ACTH levels, and higher morning resting heart rate than Morning types. In addition, Evening types more often had sleep apnea, independent of BMI or neck circumference. Conclusions Eveningness was associated with eating later and a tendency towards fewer and larger meals and lower HDL-cholesterol levels. In addition, Evening types had more sleep apnea and higher stress hormones. Thus, eveningness in obese, chronically sleep-deprived individuals compounds the cardiovascular risk associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane A. Lucassen
- Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiongce Zhao
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kristina I. Rother
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Megan S. Mattingly
- Section on Neuroendocrinology of Obesity, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amber B. Courville
- Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lilian de Jonge
- Section on Neuroendocrinology of Obesity, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gyorgy Csako
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Giovanni Cizza
- Section on Neuroendocrinology of Obesity, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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