MMP-13 regulates growth of wound granulation tissue and modulates gene expression signatures involved in inflammation, proteolysis, and cell viability

Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Induce Fetal Wound Healing Features Revealed by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing

The potential of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles (hucMSC-EVs) in wound healing is promising, yet a comprehensive understanding of how fibroblasts and keratinocytes respond to this treatment remains limited. This study utilizes single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to investigate the impact of hucMSC-EVs on the cutaneous wound microenvironment in mice. Through rigorous single-cell analyses, we unveil the emergence of hucMSC-EV-induced hematopoietic fibroblasts and MMP13+ fibroblasts. Notably, MMP13+ fibroblasts exhibit fetal-like expressions of MMP13, MMP9, and HAS1, accompanied by heightened migrasome activity. Activation of MMP13+ fibroblasts is orchestrated by a distinctive PIEZO1-calcium-HIF1α-VEGF-MMP13 pathway, validated through murine models and dermal fibroblast assays. Organotypic culture assays further affirm that these activated fibroblasts induce keratinocyte migration via MMP13-LRP1 interactions. This study significantly contributes to our understanding of fibroblast heterogeneities as well as intercellular interactions in wound healing and identifies hucMSC-EV-induced hematopoietic fibroblasts as potential targets for reprogramming. The therapeutic targets presented by these fibroblasts offer exciting prospects for advancing wound healing strategies.

Consolidation of a Molecular Signature of Healing in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Is Achieved during the First 10 Days of Treatment

The immune response is central to the pathogenesis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). However, most of our current understanding of the immune response in human CL derives from the analysis of systemic responses, which only partially reflect what occurs in the skin. In this study, we characterized the transcriptional dynamics of skin lesions during the course of treatment of CL patients and identified gene signatures and pathways associated with healing and nonhealing responses. We performed a comparative transcriptome profiling of serial skin lesion biopsies obtained before, in the middle, and at the end of treatment of CL patients (eight who were cured and eight with treatment failure). Lesion transcriptomes from patients who healed revealed recovery of the stratum corneum, suppression of the T cell-mediated inflammatory response, and damping of neutrophil activation, as early as 10 d after initiation of treatment. These transcriptional programs of healing were consolidated before lesion re-epithelization. In stark contrast, downregulation of genes involved in keratinization was observed throughout treatment in patients who did not heal, indicating that in addition to uncontrolled inflammation, treatment failure of CL is mediated by impaired mechanisms of wound healing. This work provides insights into the factors that contribute to the effective resolution of skin lesions caused by Leishmania (Viannia) species, sheds light on the consolidation of transcriptional programs of healing and nonhealing responses before the clinically apparent resolution of skin lesions, and identifies inflammatory and wound healing targets for host-directed therapies for CL.

Effects of an Ultra-Polished Scalpel on Incisional Wounds in a Diabetic Model

Inflammation after surgical incisions is related to the degree of tissue damage. Healing with low inflammation is desirable, especially in patients with compromised healing potential. This experimental study was conducted to assess the degree of inflammatory reaction and scar formation from incisions made by an ultra-polished scalpel (UPS). Two paravertebral incisions were made with a conventional scalpel (CS) and a UPS in 18 individual rats with diabetes. The fibrotic tissue (scar) area and expression levels of collagen, transforming growth factor, and matrix metalloproteinases were quantified on postoperative days 3, 7, and 30. The scar widths and areas were significantly lower in the UPS group than in the CS group. The scar widths were 64.3 ± 14.7 µm and 86.8 ± 12.1 µm in the UPS and CS groups, respectively (P = 0.03). The scar areas were 11,398 ± 1595 µm2 in the UPS group and 17,433 ± 3487 µm2 in the CS group (P = 0.014). The UPS group had less inflammation on day 3, less transforming growth factor synthesis on days 3 and 7, lower levels of matrix metalloproteinases, and less collagen synthesis on day 7 than did the CS group. The UPS achieved less local inflammation by reducing the local tissue damage in diabetic rat models, enabling better healing, and resulting in less scar formation. The UPS warrants further clinical study as it may bring beneficial outcomes for patients with impaired healing capability and patients who seek to reduce scarring.

Fibroblast Viability Through Mechanical and Chemical Root Surface Modifications in Periodontal Healing: An In Vitro Comparative Study

BACKGROUND

The wound-healing process incorporates a spectrum of periodontal therapeutic interventions that strive to restore the health and function of the periodontium. Fibroblasts play pivotal roles in tissue repair and regeneration. Extensive research has been focused on mechanical and chemical root surface modifications to enhance fibroblast adhesion, which is crucial for successful wound healing.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to assess the combined efficacy of mechanical and chemical root surface modifications in promoting fibroblast viability to root surfaces affected by periodontitis in comparison to chemical modifications alone.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Root samples were collected from healthy individuals and those with advanced periodontitis. The specimens were prepared, and the experimental groups were categorized based on the type of surface modification with mechanical and/or chemical materials, including hyaluronic acid (HA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), enamel matrix derivatives (EMD), and EDTA/EMD. Fibroblasts were seeded onto previously treated root samples. Cell adhesion was assessed using a viability assay.

RESULTS

Fibroblast viability was significantly higher on root surfaces treated with chemical agents than on those treated with mechanical and chemical modifications. Long-duration EDTA and short-duration EMD treatments were significantly effective in enhancing cell viability. EDTA/EMD surface treatments resulted in significantly higher cell viability in all groups compared to the periodontitis root surfaces.

CONCLUSION

EDTA, EMD, and their combined application can potentially ameliorate periodontitis-induced surface structural impairments. Mechanical surface debridement can significantly affect the effectiveness of EDTA and EMD root conditioning agents.

Secretome profile of TNF-α-induced human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells unveils biological processes relevant to skin wound healing

Aim: To profile and study the proteins responsible for the beneficial effect of the TNF-α-induced human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) secretome in wound healing. Methods: The hUCMSCs secretome was generated with (induced) or without (uninduced) TNF-α and was subsequently analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, immunoassay and in vitro scratch assay. Results: Proteomic analysis revealed approximately 260 proteins, including 51 and 55 unique proteins in the induced and uninduced secretomes, respectively. Gene ontology analysis disclosed that differential proteins in the induced secretome mainly involved inflammation-related terms. The induced secretome, consisting of higher levels of FGFb, VEGF, PDGF and IL-6, significantly accelerated wound closure and enhanced MMP-13 secretion in HaCaT keratinocytes. Conclusion: The secretome from induced hUCMSCs includes factors that promote wound closure.

Altered Transcript Levels of MMP13 and VIT Genes in the Muscle and Connective Tissue of Pigs with Umbilical Hernia

Umbilical hernia (UH) and inguinal hernia (IH) are among the most common defects in pigs, affecting their welfare and resulting in economic losses. In this study, we aimed to verify the association of previously reported differences in transcript levels of the ACAN, COL6A5, MMP13, and VIT genes with the occurrence of UH and IH. We examined mRNA levels in muscle and connective tissue from 68 animals-34 affected by UH and 34 controls. In a second cohort, we examined inguinal channel samples from 46 pigs (in four groups). We determined DNA methylation levels in muscle tissue for the UH and control animals. The transcript level of MMP13 changed in the UH cases, being upregulated and downregulated in muscle and connective tissue, respectively, and the VIT gene also showed an increased muscular mRNA level. The transcript of the ACAN gene significantly decreased in old pigs with IH. We further observed an increased DNA methylation level for one CpG site within the MMP13 gene in UH individuals. We conclude that these alterations in gene mRNA levels in the UH animals depend on the tissue and can sometimes be a consequence of, not a cause of, the affected phenotype.

Assessment of the quality of the healing process in experimentally induced skin lesions treated with autologous platelet concentrate associated or unassociated with allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells: preliminary results in a large animal model

Regenerative medicine for the treatment of skin lesions is an innovative and rapidly developing field that aims to promote wound healing and restore the skin to its original condition before injury. Over the years, different topical treatments have been evaluated to improve skin wound healing and, among them, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) have shown promising results for this purpose. This study sought to evaluate the quality of the healing process in experimentally induced full-thickness skin lesions treated with PRP associated or unassociated with MSCs in a sheep second intention wound healing model. After having surgically created full-thickness wounds on the back of three sheep, the wound healing process was assessed by performing clinical evaluations, histopathological examinations, and molecular analysis. Treated wounds showed a reduction of inflammation and contraction along with an increased re-epithelialization rate and better maturation of the granulation tissue compared to untreated lesions. In particular, the combined treatment regulated the expression of collagen types I and III resulting in a proper resolution of the granulation tissue contrary to what was observed in untreated wounds; moreover, it led to a better maturation and organization of skin adnexa and collagen fibers in the repaired skin compared to untreated and PRP-treated wounds. Overall, both treatments improved the wound healing process compared to untreated wounds. Wounds treated with PRP and MSCs showed a healing progression that qualitatively resembles a restitutio ad integrum of the repaired skin, showing features typical of a mature healthy dermis.

Effects of customized CAD/CAM abutments on cytokine levels in peri-implant crevicular fluid during early implant healing: a pilot study

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to assess levels of biomarkers associated with inflammation and tissue destruction in peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) of implants provided with customized or standard healing abutments during early implant healing.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty implants were placed in 22 patients with partial posterior edentulism. Subsequently, test group implants (n=15) received one-piece titanium abutments that were fabricated using computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM). Control group implants (n=15) were provided with standard abutments. PICF collection and standardized periapical radiographs were carried out at suture removal one week later, following crown delivery after 3 months and at 6 months. Expression of C-reactive protein (CRP), interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12A, IL-17A, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, osteopontin, osteoactivin, Receptor Activator of NF-κB (RANK), and TGF-β were analyzed using a multiplex ELISA kit.

RESULTS

Both groups showed a significant decrease in protein expression of CRP, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1α, osteopontin, osteoactivin, and TGF-β, while MMP-13 levels increased during the observation period. A rise in OPG and RANK levels was detected among customized abutments. Expression of CRP was higher, whereas IL-1β, IL-1α, and MIP-1α were decreased in control compared to test group implants after 6 months. Marginal bone loss did not depend on abutment modality.

CONCLUSIONS

Both abutment types showed distinctive temporal expression of inflammatory biomarkers during 6 months following implant placement.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ISRCTN98477184, registration date 18/05/2022 CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Customized healing abutments exert similar effects on inflammation during early implant healing compared to standard healing abutments.

Histopathological, biochemical and molecular studies on a model of systemic autoimmune disease induced by sodium silicate in non-genetically prone rats

Sodium silicate (Na2SiO₃) is an inorganic silica salt used in many products. Few studies reported autoimmune diseases (AIDs) due to Na2SiO₃ exposure. This study investigates the role of Na2SiO₃ exposure by different routes and doses in AID development in rats. We assigned 40 female rats to four groups: G1 control group, G2 rats were subcutaneously injected with 5 mg Na2SiO₃ suspension, and G3 and G4 rats were orally administered 5 mg and 7 mg Na2SiO₃ suspension, respectively. Na2SiO₃ was administered weekly for 20 weeks. Serum anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) detection, histopathology of kidney, brain, lung, liver, and heart, oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA and GSH) in tissues, Matrix metalloproteinase activity in serum, TNF-α, and Bcl-2 expression in tissues were performed. ANA was significantly increased in silicate groups, especially G2. Creatinine was significantly increased in silicate groups. Histopathology revealed vasculitis and fibrinoid degeneration of blood vessels, a picture of immune-mediated glomerulonephritis in the kidneys, and chronic interstitial pneumonia with medial hypertrophy of pulmonary blood vessels. The activity of gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and collagenase (MMP-13), which play role in inflammation, remodeling, and immune complex degradation, were significantly increased in the silicate-exposed groups. Bcl-2 was significantly decreased, indicating apoptosis. Therefore, oral administration and subcutaneous injection of Na2SiO₃ induced immune-mediated glomerulonephritis with elevated ANA levels and overexpression of TNF-α in rats.

Effects of Platelet Lysate Gels Derived from Different Blood Sources on Oral Mucosal Wound Healing: An In Vitro Study

The rapid healing of oral ulcers is important to prevent secondary infection, especially for chronic oral ulcers. Platelet lysate (PL) is rich in growth factors for cell growth and promotes tissue regeneration. Hence, this study was performed to compare the effects of PL originating from umbilical cord blood (CB) and peripheral blood (PB) on oral mucosal wound healing. The PLs were molded into gel form in the culture insert with the addition of calcium chloride and conditioned medium for sustained release of growth factors. The CB-PL and PB-PL gels were found to degrade slowly in culture and their degradation percentages by weight were 5.28 ± 0.72% and 9.55 ± 1.82% respectively. The results from the scratch assay and Alamar blue assay showed that the CB-PL and PB-PL gels increased the proliferation (148 ± 3% and 149 ± 3%) and wound closure (94.17 ± 1.77% and 92.75 ± 1.80%) of oral mucosal fibroblasts compared to the control with no statistical differences between the two gels, respectively. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that mRNA expressions of collagen-I, collagen-III, fibronectin, and elastin genes in cells treated with CB-PL (11-, 7-, 2-, and 7-fold) and PB-PL (17-, 14-, 3-, and 7-fold) decreased compared with the control, respectively. The concentration of platelet-derived growth factor of PB-PL gel (1303.10 ± 343.96 pg/mL) showed a higher trend than CB-PL gel did (905.48 ± 69.65 pg/mL) from ELISA measurement. In summary, CB-PL gel is as effective as PB-PL gel in supporting oral mucosal wound healing, making it a potential new source of PL for regenerative treatment.

Antioxidant, Wound Healing Potential and In Silico Assessment of Naringin, Eicosane and Octacosane

1. Diabetic chronic wounds, mainly foot ulcers, constitute one of the most common complications of poorly managed diabetes mellitus. The most typical reasons are insufficient glycemic management, latent neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease, and neglected foot care. In addition, it is a common cause of foot osteomyelitis and amputation of the lower extremities. Patients are admitted in larger numbers attributable to chronic wounds compared to any other diabetic disease. In the United States, diabetes is currently the most common cause of non-traumatic amputations. Approximately five percent of diabetics develop foot ulcers, and one percent require amputation. Therefore, it is necessary to identify sources of lead with wound-healing properties. Redox imbalance due to excessive oxidative stress is one of the causes for the development of diabetic wounds. Antioxidants have been shown to decrease the progression of diabetic neuropathy by scavenging ROS, regenerating endogenous and exogenous antioxidants, and reversing redox imbalance. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play vital roles in numerous phases of the wound healing process. Antioxidant and fibroblast cell migration activity of Marantodes pumilum (MP) crude extract has previously been reported. Through their antioxidant, epithelialization, collagen synthesis, and fibroblast migration activities, the authors hypothesise that naringin, eicosane and octacosane identified in the MP extract may have wound-healing properties. 2. The present study aims to identify the bioactive components present in the dichloromethane (DCM) extract of M. pumilum and evaluate their antioxidant and wound healing activity. Bioactive components were identified using LCMS, HPTLC and GCMS. Excision wound on STZ-induced diabetic rat model, human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cell line and colorimetric antioxidant assays were used to evaluate wound healing and antioxidant activities, respectively. Molecular docking and pkCMS software would be utilised to predict binding energy and affinity, as well as ADME parameters. 3. Naringin (NAR), eicosane (EIC), and octacosane (OCT) present in MP displayed antioxidant action and wound excision closure. Histological examination HDF cell line demonstrates epithelialization, collagen production, fibroblast migration, polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration (PNML), and fibroblast movement. The results of molecular docking indicate a substantial attraction and contact between MMPs. pkCMS prediction indicates inadequate blood-brain barrier permeability, low toxicity, and absence of hepatotoxicity. 4. Wound healing properties of (NEO) naringin, eicosane and octacosane may be the result of their antioxidant properties and possible interactions with MMP.

Extracellular matrix stiffness-The central cue for skin fibrosis

Skin fibrosis is a physiopathological process featuring the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), which is the main architecture that provides structural support and constitutes the microenvironment for various cellular behaviors. Recently, increasing interest has been drawn to the relationship between the mechanical properties of the ECM and the initiation and modulation of skin fibrosis, with the engagement of a complex network of signaling pathways, the activation of mechanosensitive proteins, and changes in immunoregulation and metabolism. Simultaneous with the progression of skin fibrosis, the stiffness of ECM increases, which in turn perturbs mechanical and humoral homeostasis to drive cell fate toward an outcome that maintains and enhances the fibrosis process, thus forming a pro-fibrotic "positive feedback loop". In this review, we highlighted the central role of the ECM and its dynamic changes at both the molecular and cellular levels in skin fibrosis. We paid special attention to signaling pathways regulated by mechanical cues in ECM remodeling. We also systematically summarized antifibrotic interventions targeting the ECM, hopefully enlightening new strategies for fibrotic diseases.

Nanofibrous insulin/vildagliptin core-shell PLGA scaffold promotes diabetic wound healing

Introduction: Slow wound repair in diabetes is a serious adverse event that often results in loss of a limb or disability. An advanced and encouraging vehicle is wanted to enhance clinically applicable diabetic wound care. Nanofibrous insulin/vildagliptin core-shell biodegradable poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds to prolong the effective drug delivery of vildagliptin and insulin for the repair of diabetic wounds were prepared. Methods: To fabricate core-shell nanofibrous membranes, vildagliptin mixture with PLGA, and insulin solution were pumped via separate pumps into two differently sized capillary tubes that were coaxially electrospun. Results and Discussion: Nanofibrous core-shell scaffolds slowly released effective vildagliptin and insulin over 2 weeks in vitro migration assay and in vivo wound-healing models. Water contact angle (68.3 ± 8.5° vs. 121.4 ± 2.0°, p = 0.006) and peaked water absorbent capacity (376% ± 9% vs. 283% ± 24%, p = 0.003) of the insulin/vildagliptin core-shell nanofibrous membranes remarkably exceeded those of a control group. The insulin/vildagliptin-loaded core-shell nanofibers improved endothelial progenitor cells migration in vitro (762 ± 77 cells/mm² vs. 424.4 ± 23 cells/mm², p < 0.001), reduced the α-smooth muscle actin content in vivo (0.72 ± 0.23 vs. 2.07 ± 0.37, p < 0.001), and increased diabetic would recovery (1.9 ± 0.3 mm² vs. 8.0 ± 1.4 mm², p = 0.002). Core-shell insulin/vildagliptin-loaded nanofibers extend the drug delivery of insulin and vildagliptin and accelerate the repair of wounds associated with diabetes.

Trifloroside Induces Bioactive Effects on Differentiation, Adhesion, Migration, and Mineralization in Pre-Osteoblast MC3T3E-1 Cells

Gentianae Scabrae Radix is used in traditional medicine and is known to possess bioactive compounds, including secoiridoid glycosides, flavonoids, lignans, and triterpenes. Trifloroside (TriFs) is a secoiridoid glycoside known for its antioxidant activity; however, its other effects have not been studied. In the present study, we investigated the biological effects of TriFs isolated from the roots of Gentianae Scabrae Radix using pre-osteoblast MC3T3E-1 cells. No cellular toxicity was observed with 1 μM TriFs, whereas 5-100 μM TriFs showed a gradual increase in cell viability. Alkaline phosphatase staining and microscopic observations revealed that 1-10 μM TriFs stimulated osteogenic activity during early osteoblast differentiation. Trifloroside also increased mineral apposition during osteoblast maturation. Biochemical analyses revealed that TriFs promoted nuclear RUNX2 expression and localization by stimulating the major osteogenic BMP2-Smad1/5/8-RUNX2 pathway. Trifloroside also increased p-GSK3β, β-catenin, p-JNK, and p-p38, but not Wnt3a, p-AKT, and p-ERK. Moreover, TriFs increased the MMP13 levels and promoted cell migration and adhesion. In contrast, TriFs-induced osteoblast differentiation and maturation had negligible effects on autophagy and necrosis. Our findings suggest that TriFs induces osteogenic effects through differentiation, adhesion, migration, and mineral apposition. Therefore, TriFs is suggested as a potential drug target in osteoblast-mediated bone diseases.

Expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)−2/-7/-9/-14 and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs)−1/-2 in bovine cutaneous fibropapillomas associated with BPV-2 infection

Introduction

Bovine papillomaviruses −1/−2 (BPVs) are small non-enveloped double-stranded DNA viruses able to infect the skin of bovids and equids, causing development of neoplastic lesions such as bovine cutaneous fibropapillomas and equine sarcoid. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that degrade basal membrane and extracellular matrix, whose function is essential in physiological processes such as tissue remodeling and wound healing. MMPs activity is finely regulated by a balancing with expression of tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs), a process that is impaired during tumour development. BPV infection is associated with upregulation of MMPs and /or their unbalancing with TIMPs, contributing to local invasion and impairment of extracellular matrix remodeling in equine sarcoid; however, studies regarding this topic in bovine fibropapillomas are lacking.

Methods

The aim of this study was to perform an immunohistochemical and biochemical analysis on a panel of MMPs and TIMPs in BPV-2 positive bovine cutaneous fibropapillomas vs. normal skin samples.

Results

Immunohistochemistry revealed a cytoplasmic expression of MMP-2 (15/19), a cytoplasmic and perinuclear immunoreactivity of MMP-7 (19/19) and MMP-9 (19/19), along with a cytoplasmic and nuclear pattern of MMP-14 (16/19), accompanied by a cytoplasmic expression of TIMP-1 (14/19) and TIMP-2 (18/19) in tumour samples; western blotting revealed an overexpression of MMP-2 (8/9), MMP-7 (9/9) and MMP-9 (9/9), and a decreased level of MMP-14 (9/9), TIMP-1 (9/9) and TIMP-2 (9/9) in tumour versus normal skin samples. Moreover, gelatine zymography confirmed the expression of pro-active MMP-2 (9/9) and MMP-9 (9/9) and, most importantly, indicated the presence and increased activity of their active forms (82 and 62 kDa, respectively) in tumour samples.

Discussion

This is the first study describing MMPs and TIMPs in bovine cutaneous fibropapillomas and our results suggest that their unbalanced expression in presence of BPV-2 may play a significant role in tumour development. A further analysis of supplementary MMPs and TIMPs could bring new important insights into the papillomavirus induced tumours.

Role of matrix metalloproteinases in diabetic foot ulcers: Potential therapeutic targets

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are pathological states of tissue destruction of the foot or lower extremity in diabetic patients and are one of the serious chronic complications of diabetes mellitus. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) serve crucial roles in both pathogenesis and wound healing. The primary functions of MMPs are degradation, which involves removing the disrupted extracellular matrix (ECM) during the inflammatory phase, facilitating angiogenesis and cell migration during the proliferation phase, and contracting and rebuilding the tissue during the remodeling phase. Overexpression of MMPs is a feature of DFUs. The upregulated MMPs in DFUs can cause excessive tissue degradation and impaired wound healing. Regulation of MMP levels in wounds could promote wound healing in DFUs. In this review, we talk about the roles of MMPs in DFUs and list potential methods to prevent MMPs from behaving in a manner detrimental to wound healing in DFUs.

Soluble CD83 improves and accelerates wound healing by the induction of pro-resolving macrophages

To facilitate the recovery process of chronic and hard-to-heal wounds novel pro-resolving treatment options are urgently needed. We investigated the pro-regenerative properties of soluble CD83 (sCD83) on cutaneous wound healing, where sCD83 accelerated wound healing not only after systemic but also after topical application, which is of high therapeutic interest. Cytokine profile analyses revealed an initial upregulation of inflammatory mediators such as TNFα and IL-1β, followed by a switch towards pro-resolving factors, including YM-1 and IL-10, both expressed by tissue repair macrophages. These cells are known to mediate resolution of inflammation and stimulate wound healing processes by secretion of growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which promote vascularization as well as fibroblast and keratinocyte differentiation. In conclusion, we have found strong wound healing capacities of sCD83 beyond the previously described role in transplantation and autoimmunity. This makes sCD83 a promising candidate for the treatment of chronic- and hard-to-heal wounds.

Pre-Clinical Study: Immunohistochemical evaluation of matrix metalloproteinase-13 on rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) socket healing after application of platelet-rich fibrin with and without hydroxyapatite

Background: Tissue engineering technology has been used globally and proven to accelerate wound healing. This study aimed to analyse the effect of adding hydroxyapatite (HA) as a scaffold to platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) as a growth factor in accelerating the wound healing process as seen from the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13). Methods: This research is an animal experiment conducted on 18 rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Rabbits were randomly divided into the following three groups of treatment: (G1) the application of PRF group, (G2) the application of PRF+HA group and (C) the control group without any application. Furthermore, each treatment group was split randomly into three groups of observation time. Periodontal tissue biopsy was performed to analyse the histopathological features that were examined on the basis of the level of MMP-13 immunoexpression. Results: MMP-13 immunoexpression in the PRF+HA group showed better histoscore results, indicating a substantial reduction in MMP-13 values compared with other groups. The healing process was shown to increase with increasing observation time (p<0.05), and the PRF+HA group outperformed the PRF and control groups. On day 3, MMP-13 exhibited a dark brown colour of Immunohistochemistry (IHC), which indicated an increase in the expression value of MMP-13 in the early stages of healing, namely, inflammation. On day 14, light brown IHC was seen, especially in group 2, as a reference that the remodeling process had begun. Conclusions: This study indicates that the administration of PRF and HA was capable of reducing the MMP-13 expression that significantly accelerates the socket healing process. Hydroxyapatite is an alloplastic material that has inherent bioactive properties that support osteoconduction, can bind MMPs, and showed faster healing results based on the observation time as documented by immunohistochemistry.

Effects of Triterpene Soyasapogenol B from Arachis hypogaea (Peanut) on Differentiation, Mineralization, Autophagy, and Necroptosis in Pre-Osteoblasts

Triterpenes are a diverse group of natural compounds found in plants. Soyasapogenol B (SoyB) from Arachis hypogaea (peanut) has various pharmacological properties. This study aimed to elucidate the pharmacological properties and mechanisms of SoyB in bone-forming cells. In the present study, 1–20 μM of SoyB showed no cell proliferation effects, whereas 30–100 μM of SoyB increased cell proliferation in MC3T3-E1 cells. Next, osteoblast differentiation was analyzed, and it was found that SoyB enhanced ALP staining and activity and bone mineralization. SoyB also induced RUNX2 expression in the nucleus with the increased phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 and JNK2 during osteoblast differentiation. In addition, SoyB-mediated osteoblast differentiation was not associated with autophagy and necroptosis. Furthermore, SoyB increased the rate of cell migration and adhesion with the upregulation of MMP13 levels during osteoblast differentiation. The findings of this study provide new evidence that SoyB possesses biological effects in bone-forming cells and suggest a potentially beneficial role for peanut-based foods.

Effects of Scoparone on differentiation, adhesion, migration, autophagy and mineralization through the osteogenic signalling pathways

Scoparone (SCOP), an active and efficient coumarin compound derived from Artemisia capillaris Thunb, has been used as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Herein, we investigated the effects of SCOP on the osteogenic processes using MC3T3‐E1 pre‐osteoblasts in in vitro cell systems. SCOP (C₁₁H₁₀O₄, > 99.17%) was purified and identified from A. capillaries. SCOP (0.1 to 100 μM concentrations) did not have cytotoxic effects in pre‐osteoblasts; however, it promoted alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and activity, and mineralized nodule formation under early and late osteogenic induction. SCOP elevated osteogenic signals through the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)‐Smad1/5/8 pathway, leading to the increased expression of runt‐related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) with its target protein, matrix metallopeptidase 13 (MMP13). SCOP also induced the non‐canonical BMP2‐MAPKs pathway, but not the Wnt3a‐β‐catenin pathway. Moreover, SCOP promoted autophagy, migration and adhesion under the osteogenic induction. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrated that SCOP has osteogenic effects associated with cell differentiation, adhesion, migration, autophagy and mineralization.

Extracellular Vesicles in Facial Aesthetics: A Review

Facial aesthetics involve the application of non-invasive or minimally invasive techniques to improve facial appearance. Currently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are attracting much interest as nanocarriers in facial aesthetics due to their lipid bilayer membrane, nanosized dimensions, biological origin, intercellular communication ability, and capability to modulate the molecular activities of recipient cells that play important roles in skin rejuvenation. Therefore, EVs have been suggested to have therapeutic potential in improving skin conditions, and these highlighted the potential to develop EV-based cosmetic products. This review summarizes EVs’ latest research, reporting applications in facial aesthetics, including scar removal, facial rejuvenation, anti-aging, and anti-pigmentation. This review also discussed the advanced delivery strategy of EVs, the therapeutic potential of plant EVs, and clinical studies using EVs to improve skin conditions. In summary, EV therapy reduces scarring, rejuvenates aging skin, and reduces pigmentation. These observations warrant the development of EV-based cosmetic products. However, more efforts are needed to establish a large-scale EV production platform that can consistently produce functional EVs and understand EVs’ underlying mechanism of action to improve their efficacy.

Interleukin-1β activated c-FOS transcription factor binds preferentially to a specific allele of the matrix metalloproteinase-13 promoter and increases susceptibility to endometriosis

Endometriosis is a benign gynecological condition characterized by increased growth, inflammation, invasion, and angiogenesis, partly regulated by a class of enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The importance of a few MMPs, e.g., MMP-9, -3, and -7 has been studied in endometriosis progression. Although MMP-13 plays an essential role in bone regeneration and cancer, no report has been found on the part of MMP-13 and endometriosis progression. We found the upregulation of MMP-13 expression and activity in patients having endometriosis in the eastern Indian population. In addition, the -77A/G polymorphism of the MMP13 promoter (rs: 2252070) is associated with regulating transcription and subsequent susceptibility to disease. In eastern Indian case-control groups, the effect of the -77A/G single-nucleotide polymorphism on MMP13 promoter activity and its relationship with endometriosis susceptibility was studied. The AG genotype was shown to be more predisposed to endometriosis risk than the GG genotype (p: 0.02; odds ratio [OR]: 1.65, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10-2.49), also AG genotype was more frequent in late-stage patients compared to early-stage (p: 0.03, OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.09-3.66). Furthermore, the MMP13 gene levels were greater in AA compared to GG individuals. Additionally, MMP13 promoter-reporter experiments in cultured endometrial epithelial cells and in silico analyses both demonstrated increased transcriptional activity near the G to A transition under basal/IL-1β -induced/c-FOS overexpressed condition. Overall, c-FOS tighter binding to the A allele-carrying promoter enhances MMP13 transcription, which is further amplified by IL-1β due to increased c-FOS phosphorylation, promoting MMP-13 production and endometriosis risk.

The Critical Role of MMP13 in Regulating Tooth Development and Reactionary Dentinogenesis Repair Through the Wnt Signaling Pathway

Matrix-metalloproteinase-13 (MMP13) is important for bone formation and remodeling; however, its role in tooth development remains unknown. To investigate this, MMP13-knockout (Mmp13^−/−) mice were used to analyze phenotypic changes in the dentin–pulp complex, mineralization-associated marker-expression, and mechanistic interactions. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated high MMP13-expression in pulp-tissue, ameloblasts, odontoblasts, and dentin in developing WT-molars, which reduced in adults, with human-DPC cultures demonstrating a >2000-fold increase in Mmp13-expression during mineralization. Morphologically, Mmp13^−/− molars displayed critical alterations in the dentin-phenotype, affecting dentin-tubule regularity, the odontoblast-palisade and predentin-definition with significantly reduced dentin volume (∼30% incisor; 13% molar), and enamel and dentin mineral-density. Reactionary-tertiary-dentin in response to injury was reduced at Mmp13^−/− molar cusp-tips but with significantly more dystrophic pulpal mineralization in MMP13-null samples. Odontoblast differentiation-markers, nestin and DSP, reduced in expression after MMP13-loss in vivo, with reduced calcium deposition in MMP13-null DPC cultures. RNA-sequencing analysis of WT and Mmp13^−/− pulp highlighted 5,020 transcripts to have significantly >2.0-fold change, with pathway-analysis indicating downregulation of the Wnt-signaling pathway, supported by reduced in vivo expression of the Wnt-responsive gene Axin2. Mmp13 interaction with Axin2 could be partly responsible for the loss of odontoblastic activity and alteration to the tooth phenotype and volume which is evident in this study. Overall, our novel findings indicate MMP13 as critical for tooth development and mineralization processes, highlighting mechanistic interaction with the Wnt-signaling pathway.

Molecular mechanisms of skin wound healing in non-diabetic and diabetic mice in excision and pressure experimental wounds

Experimental models for chronic skin lesions are excision and pressure ulcer, defined as “open” and “closed” lesions, respectively, only the latter characterized by tissue hypoxia. Moreover, systemic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, affect wound repair. Thus, models for testing new therapies should be carefully selected according to the expected targets. In this study, we present an extensive and comparative histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular characterization of these two lesions in diabetic (db/db) and non-diabetic (C57BL/6 J) mice. In db/db mice, we found significant reduction in PGP9.5-IR innervation, reduction of capillary network, and reduced expression of NGF receptors. We found an increase in VEGF receptor Kdr expression, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway at the core of the altered molecular network. Db/db mice with pressure ulcers showed an impairment in the molecular regulation of hypoxia-related genes (Hif1a, Flt1, and Kdr), while extracellular matrix encoding genes (Itgb3, Timp1, Fn1, Col4a1) were upregulated by hyperglycemia and lesions. Overall, the molecular analysis suggests that db/db mice have a longer inflammatory phase of the wound repair process, delaying the progression toward the proliferation and remodeling phases.

Evaluation of Cell Migration and Cytokines Expression Changes under the Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field on Wound Healing In Vitro Model

Wound healing (WH) proceeds through four distinct phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Impaired WH may be the consequence of the alteration of one of these phases and represents a significant health and economic burden to millions of individuals. Thus, new therapeutic strategies are the topics of intense research worldwide. Although radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) has many medical applications in rehabilitation, pain associated with musculoskeletal disorders, and degenerative joint disorders, its impact on WH is not fully understood. The process of WH begins just after injury and continues during the inflammatory and proliferative phases. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms by which RF-EMF can improve WH is required before it can be used as a non-invasive, inexpensive, and easily self-applicable therapeutic strategy. Thus, the aim of this study is to explore the therapeutic potential of different exposure setups of RF-EMF to drive faster healing, evaluating the keratinocytes migration, cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression. The results showed that RF-EMF treatment promotes keratinocytes’ migration and regulates the expression of genes involved in healing, such as MMPs, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, and pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines, to improve WH.

The senescence-associated secretory phenotype: Fueling a wound that never heals

Wound healing is impaired with advanced age and certain chronic conditions, such as diabetes and obesity. Moreover, common cancer treatments, including chemotherapy and radiation, can cause unintended tissue damage and impair wound healing. Available wound care treatments are not always effective, as some wounds fail to heal or recur after treatment. Hence, a more thorough understanding of the pathophysiology of chronic, nonhealing wounds may offer new ideas for the development of effective wound care treatments. Cancers are sometimes referred to as wounds that never heal, sharing mechanisms similar to wound healing. We describe in this review how cellular senescence and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) contribute to chronic wounds versus cancer.

Combination of retinoids and narrow-band ultraviolet B inhibits matrix metalloproteinase 13 expression in HaCaT keratinocytes and a mouse model of psoriasis

Matrix metalloproteinase13 (MMP13) can be released by keratinocytes and fibroblasts and involved in the pathogenesis of skin disorders. Retinoic acid derivative drugs include tazarotene and acitretin. Tazarotene/acitretin and narrow-band ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) irradiation are common treatment options for psoriasis. However, their impact on MMP13 expression in the context of psoriasis has yet to be determined. The expression of MMP13 was analyzed in patients with psoriasis. The effects of tazarotene/acitretin and NB-UVB on MMP13 expression were also investigated in a mouse model of psoriasis. Human HaCaT keratinocytes were exposed to acitretin or NB-UVB and then assayed for cell proliferation and MMP13 expression levels. We showed that patients with psoriasis had increased levels of MMP13 protein in skin lesions and serum samples. Exposure to acitretin and NB-UVB irradiation alone or in combination led to reduction of cell proliferation and MMP13 expression in HaCaT cells. Consistently, tazarotene treatment or NB-UVB irradiation attenuated imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis and decreased MMP13 expression in a mouse model. Based on these from HaCaT keratinocytes cells and animal experiments, we suggest that tazarotene/acitretin and NB-UVB irradiation can inhibit the expression of MMP13 in HaCaT keratinocytes and psoriasis mouse models. Blockade of MMP13 activity may have therapeutic potential in improving symptoms of psoriasis.

Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Exosomes Promote In Vitro Wound Healing by Modulating the Biological Properties of Skin Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts and Stimulating Angiogenesis

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are major players in regenerative therapies for wound healing via their paracrine activity, mediated partially by exosomes. Our purpose was to test if MSC-derived exosomes could accelerate wound healing by enhancing the biological properties of the main cell types involved in the key phases of this process. Thus, the effects of exosomes on (i) macrophage activation, (ii) angiogenesis, (iii) keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts proliferation and migration, and (iv) the capacity of myofibroblasts to regulate the turnover of the extracellular matrix were evaluated. The results showed that, although exosomes did not exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, they stimulated angiogenesis. Exposure of keratinocytes and dermal (myo)fibroblasts to exosomes enhanced their proliferation and migratory capacity. Additionally, exosomes prevented the upregulation of gene expression for type I and III collagen, α-smooth muscle actin, and MMP2 and 14, and they increased MMP13 expression during the fibroblast–myofibroblast transition. The regenerative properties of exosomes were validated using a wound healing skin organotypic model, which exhibited full re-epithelialization upon exosomes exposure. In summary, these data indicate that exosomes enhance the biological properties of keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, thus providing a reliable therapeutic tool for skin regeneration.

A Prototype Skin Substitute, Made of Recycled Marine Collagen, Improves the Skin Regeneration of Sheep

Simple Summary

Marine ecosystems are a huge source of unexplored “blue” materials for different applications. The edible part of sea urchin is limited, and the vast majority of the product ends up as waste. Our studies intend to fully recycle wastes from the food industry and reconvert them in high added-value products, as innovative biocompatible skin substitutes for tissue regeneration. The aim of the present work is to apply the pioneering skin substitute in in vivo experimental wounds to test its regenerative potential and compare it, in a future study, to the available commercial membranes produced with collagen of bovine, porcine, and equine origin. Results are encouraging since the skin substitute made with marine collagen reduced inflammation, promoted the deposition of granulation tissue, and enhanced a proper re-epithelialization with the adequate development of skin appendages. In summary, our findings might be of great interest for processing industries and biotech companies which transform waste materials in high-valuable and innovative products for Veterinary advanced applications.

Abstract

Skin wound healing is a complex and dynamic process that aims to restore lesioned tissues. Collagen-based skin substitutes are a promising treatment to promote wound healing by mimicking the native skin structure. Recently, collagen from marine organisms has gained interest as a source for producing biomaterials for skin regenerative strategies. This preliminary study aimed to describe the application of a collagen-based skin-like scaffold (CBSS), manufactured with collagen extracted from sea urchin food waste, to treat experimental skin wounds in a large animal. The wound-healing process was assessed over different time points by the means of clinical, histopathological, and molecular analysis. The CBSS treatment improved wound re-epithelialization along with cell proliferation, gene expression of growth factors (VEGF-A), and development of skin adnexa throughout the healing process. Furthermore, it regulated the gene expression of collagen type I and III, thus enhancing the maturation of the granulation tissue into a mature dermis without any signs of scarring as observed in untreated wounds. The observed results (reduced inflammation, better re-epithelialization, proper development of mature dermis and skin adnexa) suggest that sea urchin-derived CBSS is a promising biomaterial for skin wound healing in a “blue biotechnologies” perspective for animals of Veterinary interest.

Could cold plasma act synergistically with allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells to improve wound skin regeneration in a large size animal model?

Skin wound healing may sometimes lead to open sores that persist for long periods and expensive hospitalization is needed. Among different kinds of therapeutic innovative approaches, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and low-temperature atmospheric pressure cold plasma (ionized gas) have been recently tested to improve this regenerative process. To optimize wound healing the present study intended to combine, for the first time, these two novel approaches in a large size animal wound healing model with the aim of assessing the putative dual beneficial effects. Based on clinical, histopathological, and molecular results a synergistic action in a second intention healing wound in sheep has been observed. Experimental wounds treated with cold plasma and MSCs showed a slower but more effective healing compared to the single treatment, as observed in previous studies. The combined treatment improved the correct development of skin appendages and structural proteins of the dermis showing the potential of the dual combination as a safe and effective tool for skin regeneration in the veterinary clinical field.

The Therapeutic Effects and Possible Mechanism of Pranoprofen in Mouse Model of Corneal Alkali Burns

Objective

To investigate therapeutic effects and possible mechanism of pranoprofen in a mouse model of corneal alkali burns and provide new evidence for the clinical treatment of corneal alkali burns.

Methods

A unilateral alkali burn was created in the central cornea by placing a piece of 2 mm diameter filter paper soaked in 1N NaOH on the right eye for 30 seconds. After the model was performed, C57BL/6J mice received topical treatment with saline eye drops or pranoprofen eye drops and were, respectively, categorized as saline group and pranoprofen group, whereas the remaining normal mice that were not subjected to alkali burns served as control, each group containing 15 mice (n = 45). On the 5th day after model establishment, the corneal fluorescein sodium staining score was evaluated in order to assess corneal epithelial damage. Tissue HE stain was used to observe the pathological changes of corneal tissue in each group. Real-time RT-PCR and western blot were also performed to detect the mRNA and protein expression of NLRP3, IL-1β/p17, and matrix metallopeptidase MMP-13.

Results

5 days after burns, microscopic observations of the pranoprofen group showed less corneal opacity and neovascularization development than the saline group. Sodium fluorescein staining showed obvious corneal structure disorders, poor corneal epithelium continuity, and a larger corneal epithelial defect area in the saline group (10.33±+−0.57) as opposed to the pranoprofen group (8.33 ± 0.57） (p < 0.05). HE stain results showed the saline group had obvious corneal structure disorder and the corneal epithelial layer was incomplete as opposed to the pranoprofen group. PCR and western blot results suggested that the pranoprofen group expressed less NLRP3, IL-1β, and MMP-13 mRNA and protein expression in corneal tissue than the saline group (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Pranoprofen may alleviate inflammatory response by inhibiting the expression levels of NLRP3 and IL-1β at the early stage of corneal alkali injury, lowering the expression of MMP-13 and ultimately reducing corneal epithelial damage.

Cutaneous wound healing in aged, high fat diet-induced obese female or male C57BL/6 mice

Since there are limited studies analyzing the impact of age, sex and obesity on cutaneous repair, the current study evaluated excisional skin wound healing as a function of age, sex and diet in C57BL/6 mice subjected to either low (LFD) or high (HFD) fat diet. Older mice accumulated increased body fat relative to younger mice under HFD. Skin wound healing at particular stages was affected by age in the aspect of Tgfβ-1, MCP-1, Mmp-9 and Mmp-13 expression. The most profound, cumulative effect was observed for the combination of two parameters: age and sex. While skin of younger males displayed extremely high collagen 1 and collagen 3 expression, younger females showed exceptionally high Mmp-13 expression at day 3 and 7 after injury. Diet as a single variable modified the thickness of dermis due to increased dermal White Adipose Tissue (dWAT) accumulation in mice fed HFD. The combination of age and diet affected the re-epithelialization and inflammatory response of injured skin. Overall, our data indicate that age has the most fundamental impact although all components (age, sex and diet) contribute to skin repair.

Gene expression in mouse muscle over time after nickel pellet implantation

The transition metal nickel is used in a wide variety of alloys and medical devices. Nickel can cause a range of toxicities from allergy in humans to tumors when implanted in animals. Several microarray studies have examined nickel toxicity, but so far none have comprehensively profiled expression over an extended period. In this work, male mice were implanted with a single nickel pellet in the muscle of the right leg with the left leg used as a control. At 3 week intervals up to 12 months, nickel concentrations in bioflulids and microarrays of surrounding tissue were used to track gene expression patterns. Pellet biocorrosion resulted in varying levels of systemic nickel over time, with peaks of 600 μg L-1 in serum, while global gene expression was cyclical in nature with immune related genes topping the list of overexpressed genes. IPA and KEGG pathway analyses was used to attribute overall biological function to changes in gene expression levels, supported by GO enrichment analysis. IPA pathways identified sirtuin, mitochondria, and oxidative phosphorylation as top pathways, based predominantly on downregulated genes, whereas immune processes were associated with upregulated genes. Top KEGG pathways identified were lysosome, osteoclast differentiation, and phasgosome. Both pathway approaches identified common immune responses, as well as hypoxia, toll like receptor, and matrix metalloproteinases. Overall, pathway analysis identified a negative impact on energy metabolism, and a positive impact on immune function, in particular the acute phase response. Inside the cell the impacts were on mitochondria and lysosome. New pathways and genes responsive to nickel were identified from the large dataset in this study which represents the first long-term analysis of the effects of chronic nickel exposure on global gene expression.

Autologous micrograft accelerates endogenous wound healing response through ERK-induced cell migration

Defective cell migration causes delayed wound healing (WH) and chronic skin lesions. Autologous micrograft (AMG) therapies have recently emerged as a new effective and affordable treatment able to improve wound healing capacity. However, the precise molecular mechanism through which AMG exhibits its beneficial effects remains unrevealed. Herein we show that AMG improves skin re-epithelialization by accelerating the migration of fibroblasts and keratinocytes. More specifically, AMG-treated wounds showed improvement of indispensable events associated with successful wound healing such as granulation tissue formation, organized collagen content, and newly formed blood vessels. We demonstrate that AMG is enriched with a pool of WH-associated growth factors that may provide the starting signal for a faster endogenous wound healing response. This work links the increased cell migration rate to the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway, which is followed by an increase in matrix metalloproteinase expression and their extracellular enzymatic activity. Overall we reveal the AMG-mediated wound healing transcriptional signature and shed light on the AMG molecular mechanism supporting its potential to trigger a highly improved wound healing process. In this way, we present a framework for future improvements in AMG therapy for skin tissue regeneration applications.

Inhibition of mmp13a during zebrafish fin regeneration disrupts fin growth, osteoblasts differentiation, and Laminin organization

BACKGROUND

Matrix metalloproteinases 13 (MMP13) is a potent endopeptidase that regulate cell growth, migration, and extracellular matrix remodeling. However, its role in fin regeneration remains unclear.

RESULTS

mmp13a expression is strongly upregulated during blastema formation and persists in the distal blastema. mmp13a knockdown via morpholino electroporation impairs regenerative outgrowth by decreasing cell proliferation, which correlates with a downregulation of fgf10a and sall4 expression in the blastema. Laminin distribution in the basement membrane is also affected in mmp13a MO-injected rays. Another impact of mmp13a knockdown is observed in the skeletal elements of the fin rays. Expression of two main components of actinotrichia, Collagen II and Actinodin 1 is highly reduced in mmp13a MO-injected rays leading to highly disorganized actinotrichia pattern. Inhibition of mmp13a strongly affects bone formation as shown by a reduction of Zns5 and sp7 expression and of bone matrix mineralization in rays. These defects are accompanied by a significant increase in apoptosis in mmp13a MO-injected fin regenerates.

CONCLUSION

Defects of expression of this multifunctional proteinase drastically affects osteoblast differentiation, bone and actinotrichia formation as well as Laminin distribution in the basement membrane of the fin regenerate, suggesting the important role of Mmp13 during the regenerative process.

Identification of a pro-angiogenic functional role for FSP1-positive fibroblast subtype in wound healing

Fibrosis accompanying wound healing can drive the failure of many different organs. Activated fibroblasts are the principal determinants of post-injury pathological fibrosis along with physiological repair, making them a difficult therapeutic target. Although activated fibroblasts are phenotypically heterogeneous, they are not recognized as distinct functional entities. Using mice that express GFP under the FSP1 or αSMA promoter, we characterized two non-overlapping fibroblast subtypes from mouse hearts after myocardial infarction. Here, we report the identification of FSP1-GFP⁺ cells as a non-pericyte, non-hematopoietic fibroblast subpopulation with a predominant pro-angiogenic role, characterized by in vitro phenotypic/cellular/ultrastructural studies and in vivo granulation tissue formation assays combined with transcriptomics and proteomics. This work identifies a fibroblast subtype that is functionally distinct from the pro-fibrotic αSMA-expressing myofibroblast subtype. Our study has the potential to shift our focus towards viewing fibroblasts as molecularly and functionally heterogeneous and provides a paradigm to approach treatment for organ fibrosis.

Activated fibroblasts are key contributors to tissue repair after cardiac injury. Here, Saraswati et al. identify and characterize a subpopulation of FSP1-positive cardiac fibroblasts with proangiogenic properties in infarcted hearts.

Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Matrix Metalloproteinase Activation in Zika Virus Infected Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

The deformities in the newborns infected with Zika virus (ZIKV) present a new potential public health threat to the worldwide community. Although ZIKV infection is mainly asymptomatic in healthy adults, infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other severe brain defects and potentially death of the fetus. The detailed mechanism of ZIKV-associated damage is still largely unknown; however, it is apparent that the virus crosses the placental barrier to reach the fetus. Endothelial cells are the key structural component of the placental barrier. Endothelium integrity as semi-permeable barrier is essential to control the molecules and leukocytes trafficking across the placenta. Damaged endothelium or disruption of adherens junctions could compromise endothelial barrier integrity causing leakage and inflammation. Endothelial cells are often targeted by viruses, including the members of the Flaviviridae family such as dengue virus (DENV) and West Nile virus (WNV); however, little is known about the effects of ZIKV infection of endothelial cell functions. Our transcriptomic data have demonstrated that the large number of cytokines is affected in ZIKV-infected endothelial cells, where significant changes in 13 and 11 cytokines were identified in cells infected with PRVABC59 and IBH30656 ZIKV strains, respectively. Importantly, these cytokines include chemokines attracting mononuclear leukocytes (monocytes and lymphocytes) as well as neutrophils. Additionally, changes in matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) were detected in ZIKV-infected cells. Furthermore, we for the first time showed that ZIKV infection of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) increases endothelial permeability. We reason that increased endothelial permeability was due to apoptosis of endothelial cells caused by caspase-8 activation in ZIKV-infected cells.

Role of Fibroblast Populations in Periodontal Wound Healing and Tissue Remodeling

After injury to periodontal tissues, a sequentially phased healing response is initiated that enables wound closure and partial restoration of tissue structure and function. Wound closure in periodontal tissues involves the tightly regulated coordination of resident cells in epithelial and connective tissue compartments. Multiple cell populations in these compartments synergize their metabolic activities to reestablish a mucosal seal that involves the underlying periodontal connective tissues and the attachment of these tissues to the tooth surface. The formation of an impermeable seal around the circumference of the tooth is of particular significance in oral health since colonization of tooth surfaces by pathogenic biofilms promotes inflammation, which can contribute to periodontal tissue degradation and tooth loss. The reformation of periodontal tissue structures in the healing response centrally involves fibroblasts, which synthesize and organize the collagen fibers that link alveolar bone and gingiva to the cementum covering the tooth root. The synthesis and remodeling of nascent collagen matrices are of fundamental importance for the reestablishment of a functional periodontium and are mediated by diverse, multi-functional fibroblast populations that reside within the connective tissues of gingiva and periodontal ligament. Notably, after gingival wounding, a fibroblast sub-type (myofibroblast) arises, which is centrally involved in collagen synthesis and fibrillar remodeling. While myofibroblasts are not usually seen in healthy, mature connective tissues, their formation is enhanced by wound-healing cytokines. The formation of myofibroblasts is also modulated by the stiffness of the extracellular matrix, which is mechanosensed by resident precursor cells in the gingival connective tissue microenvironment. Here, we consider the cellular origins and the factors that control the differentiation and matrix remodeling functions of periodontal fibroblasts. An improved understanding of the regulation and function of periodontal fibroblasts will be critical for the development of new therapies to optimize the restoration of periodontal structure and function after wounding.

A Large Polysaccharide Produced by Helicobacter hepaticus Induces an Anti-inflammatory Gene Signature in Macrophages

Interactions between the host and its microbiota are of mutual benefit and promote health. Complex molecular pathways underlie this dialog, but the identity of microbe-derived molecules that mediate the mutualistic state remains elusive. Helicobacter hepaticus is a member of the mouse intestinal microbiota that is tolerated by the host. In the absence of an intact IL-10 signaling, H. hepaticus induces an IL-23-driven inflammatory response in the intestine. Here we investigate the interactions between H. hepaticus and host immune cells that may promote mutualism, and the microbe-derived molecule(s) involved. Our results show that H. hepaticus triggers early IL-10 induction in intestinal macrophages and produces a large soluble polysaccharide that activates a specific MSK/CREB-dependent anti-inflammatory and repair gene signature via the receptor TLR2. These data identify a host-bacterial interaction that promotes mutualistic mechanisms at the intestinal interface. Further understanding of this pathway may provide novel prevention and treatment strategies for inflammatory bowel disease.

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Helicobacter hepaticus (Hh) activates a specific anti-inflammatory program in macrophages

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This activity is driven by an Hh polysaccharide inducing high IL-10/IL-6 ratio in BMDMs

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The polysaccharide-specific response is dependent on the TLR2/MSK/CREB pathway

Genome-wide association study reveals a QTL and strong candidate genes for umbilical hernia in pigs on SSC14

Background

Umbilical hernia is one of the most prevalent congenital defect in pigs, causing economic losses and substantial animal welfare problems. Identification and implementation of genomic regions controlling umbilical hernia in breeding is of great interest to reduce incidences of hernia in commercial pig production. The aim of this study was to identify such regions and possibly identify causative variation affecting umbilical hernia in pigs. A case/control material consisting of 739 Norwegian Landrace pigs was collected and applied in a GWAS study with a genome-wide distributed panel of 60 K SNPs. Additionally candidate genes were sequenced to detect additional polymorphisms that were used for single SNP and haplotype association analyses in 453 of the pigs.

Results

The GWAS in this report detected a highly significant region affecting umbilical hernia around 50 Mb on SSC14 (P < 0.0001) explaining up to 8.6% of the phenotypic variance of the trait. The region is rather broad and includes 62 significant SNPs in high linkage disequilibrium with each other. Targeted sequencing of candidate genes within the region revealed polymorphisms within the Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and Oncostatin M (OSM) that were significantly associated with umbilical hernia (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

A highly significant QTL for umbilical hernia in Norwegian Landrace pigs was detected around 50 Mb on SSC14. Resequencing of candidate genes within the region revealed SNPs within LIF and OSM highly associated with the trait. However, because of extended LD within the region, studies in other populations and functional studies are needed to determine whether these variants are causal or not. Still without this knowledge, SNPs within the region can be used as genetic markers to reduce incidences of umbilical hernia in Norwegian Landrace pigs.

Delivery systems of current biologicals for the treatment of chronic cutaneous wounds and severe burns

While wound therapy remains a clinical challenge in current medical practice, much effort has focused on developing biological therapeutic approaches. This paper presents a comprehensive review of delivery systems for current biologicals for the treatment of chronic wounds and severe burns. The biologicals discussed here include proteins such as growth factors and gene modifying molecules, which may be delivered to wounds free, encapsulated, or released from living systems (cells, skin grafts or skin equivalents) or biomaterials. Advances in biomaterial science and technologies have enabled the synthesis of delivery systems such as scaffolds, hydrogels and nanoparticles, designed to not only allow spatially and temporally controlled release of biologicals, but to also emulate the natural extracellular matrix microenvironment. These technologies represent an attractive field for regenerative wound therapy, by offering more personalised and effective treatments.

Identification of a myofibroblast-specific expression signature in skin wounds

After skin injury fibroblasts migrate into the wound and transform into contractile, extracellular matrix-producing myofibroblasts to promote skin repair. Persistent activation of myofibroblasts can cause excessive fibrotic reactions, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We used SMA-GFP transgenic mice to study myofibroblast recruitment and activation in skin wounds. Myofibroblasts were initially recruited to wounds three days post injury, their number reached a maximum after seven days and subsequently declined. Expression profiling showed that 1749 genes were differentially expressed in sorted myofibroblasts from wounds seven days post injury. Most of these genes were linked with the extracellular region and cell periphery including genes encoding for extracellular matrix proteins. A unique panel of core matrisome and matrisome-associated genes was differentially expressed in myofibroblasts and several genes not yet known to be linked to myofibroblast-mediated wound healing were found (e.g. Col24a1, Podnl1, Bvcan, Tinagl1, Thbs3, Adamts16, Adamts19, Cxcl's, Ccl's). In addition, a complex network of G protein-coupled signaling events was regulated in myofibroblasts (e.g. Adcy1, Plbc4, Gnas). Hence, this first characterization of a myofibroblast-specific expression profile at the peak of in situ granulation tissue formation provides important insights into novel target genes that may control excessive ECM deposition during fibrotic reactions.

Early and late gene expression profiles of the ovine mucosa in response to Haemonchus contortus infection employing Illumina RNA-seq technology

We conducted herein transcriptome sequencing of the ovine abomasal tissues using the Illumina HiSeq 4000 platform to segregate early and late H. contortus-infected sheep (7 and 50days post-infected groups, respectively) from the control naive ones. A total of 548, 357 and 7 were substantially induced genes in 7days post-infection versus uninfected-control group, 50days post-infection versus 7days post-infection (7dpi), and 50days post-infection (50dpi) versus uninfected-control group, respectively. However, a total of 301, 355 and 11 were significantly repressed genes between 7dpi versus uninfected-control group, 50dpi versus 7dpi, and 50dpi versus uninfected-control group, correspondingly. This indicates that H. contortus infection induced a more potent activation of abomasal gene expression in the early stage of infection as compared to the late stage. Seven pathways were annotated by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes, and Genomes pathway analysis accounted for the significant percentage in early H. contortus infection. This study shows for the first time that both galectin-11 and matricellular protein osteopontin are up-regulated in abomasal tissue after chronic H. contortus infection, while galectin-4 is specifically down-regulated in the early infection. Additionally, our results showed that the induction or repression of these molecules is likely to determine the infection progression.

Effect of Matrix Metallopeptidase 13 on the Function of Mouse Bone Marrow-derived Dendritic Cells

Background:

Dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells found in an immature state in epithelia and interstitial space, where they capture antigens such as pathogens or damaged tissue. Matrix metallopeptidase 13 (MMP-13), a member of the collagenase subfamily, is involved in many different cellular processes and is expressed in murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs). The function of MMP-13 in DCs is not well understood. Here, we investigated the effect of MMP-13 on DC maturation, apoptosis, and phagocytosis.

Methods:

Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells were obtained from C57BL/6 mice. One short-interfering RNA specific for MMP-13 was used to transfect DCs. MMP-13-silenced DCs and control DCs were prepared, and apoptosis was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. MMP-13-silenced DCs and control DCs were analyzed for surface expression of CD80 and CD86 and phagocytosis capability using flow cytometry.

Results:

Compared to the control DCs, MMP-13-silenced DCs increased expression of anti-apoptosis-related genes, BAG1 (control group vs. MMP-13-silenced group: 4.08 ± 0.60 vs. 6.11 ± 0.87, P = 0.008), BCL-2 (control group vs. MMP-13-silenced group: 7.54 ± 0.76 vs. 9.54 ± 1.29, P = 0.036), and TP73 (control group vs. MMP-13-silenced group: 4.33 ± 0.29 vs. 5.60 ± 0.32, P = 0.001) and decreased apoptosis-related genes, CASP1 (control group vs. MMP-13-silenced group: 3.79 ± 0.67 vs. 2.54 ± 0.39, P = 0.019), LTBR (control group vs. MMP-13-silenced group: 9.23 ± 1.25 vs. 6.24 ± 1.15, P = 0.012), and CASP4 (control group vs. MMP-13-silenced group: 2.07 ± 0.56 vs. 0.35 ± 0.35, P = 0.002). Protein levels confirmed the same expression pattern. MMP-13-silenced groups decreased expression of CD86 on DCs; however, there was no statistical difference in CD80 surface expression. Furthermore, MMP-13-silenced groups exhibited weaker phagocytosis capability.

Conclusion:

These results indicate that MMP-13 inhibition dampens DC maturation, apoptosis, and phagocytosis.

The effect of biological sealants and adhesive treatments on matrix metalloproteinase expression during renal injury healing

Background

Renal injuries are relatively common in cases of abdominal trauma. Adhesives and sealants can be used to repair and preserve damaged organs. Using a rat model, this study explores the activity of different matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) during the healing of renal injuries treated by two biological adhesives (TachoSil and GelitaSpon) and a new synthetic elastic cyanoacrylate (Adhflex).

Methods

Renal traumatic injuries were experimentally induced in 90 male Wistar rats by a Stiefel Biopsy Punch in the anterior aspect of the left kidney. Animals were divided into five groups: 1, sham non-injured (n = 3); 2, non-treated standard punch injury (n = 6); 3, punch injury treated with TachoSil (n = 27); 4, punch injury treated with GelitaSpon (n = 27); and, 5, punch injury treated with Adhflex (n = 27). Wound healing was evaluated 2, 6, and 18 days after injury by determining the expression of MMPs, and the histopathological evolution of lesions.

Findings

Histologically, the wound size at 6 days post-injury was larger in Adhflex-treated samples than in the other treatments, but the scarring tissue was similar at 18 days post-injury. Only the MMPs subtypes 1, 2, 8, 9, and 13 were sufficiently expressed to be quantifiable. Both time since injury and treatment type had a significant influence on MMPs expression. Two days after injury, the expression of MMP8 and MMP9 was predominant. MMP2 expression was greater 6 days after injury. The Adhflex-treated group had a significantly higher MMPs expression than the other treatment groups at all healing stages.

Conclusions

All three sealant treatments induced almost similar expression of MMPs than untreated animals indicating a physiological healing process. Given that all renal trauma injuries must be considered emergencies, both biological and synthetic adhesives, such as Adhflex, should be considered as a treatment options.

Biology and Biomarkers for Wound Healing

BACKGROUND

As the population grows older, the incidence and prevalence of conditions that lead to a predisposition for poor wound healing also increase. Ultimately, this increase in nonhealing wounds has led to significant morbidity and mortality with subsequent huge economic ramifications. Therefore, understanding specific molecular mechanisms underlying aberrant wound healing is of great importance. It has and will continue to be the leading pathway to the discovery of therapeutic targets, as well as diagnostic molecular biomarkers. Biomarkers may help identify and stratify subsets of nonhealing patients for whom biomarker-guided approaches may aid in healing.

METHODS

A series of literature searches were performed using Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Internet searches.

RESULTS

Currently, biomarkers are being identified using biomaterials sourced locally from human wounds and/or systemically using high-throughput "omics" modalities (genomic, proteomic, lipidomic, and metabolomic analysis). In this review, we highlight the current status of clinically applicable biomarkers and propose multiple steps in validation and implementation spectrum, including those measured in tissue specimens, for example, β-catenin and c-myc, wound fluid, matrix metalloproteinases and interleukins, swabs, wound microbiota, and serum, for example, procalcitonin and matrix metalloproteinases.

CONCLUSIONS

Identification of numerous potential biomarkers using different avenues of sample collection and molecular approaches is currently underway. A focus on simplicity and consistent implementation of these biomarkers, as well as an emphasis on efficacious follow-up therapeutics, is necessary for transition of this technology to clinically feasible point-of-care applications.