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Stangret A, Sadowski KA, Jabłoński K, Kochman J, Opolski G, Grabowski M, Tomaniak M. Chemokine Fractalkine and Non-Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease-Is There a Link? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3885. [PMID: 38612695 PMCID: PMC11012077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-obstructive coronary artery disease (NO-CAD) constitutes a heterogeneous group of conditions collectively characterized by less than 50% narrowing in at least one major coronary artery with a fractional flow reserve (FFR) of ≤0.80 observed in coronary angiography. The pathogenesis and progression of NO-CAD are still not fully understood, however, inflammatory processes, particularly atherosclerosis and microvascular dysfunction are known to play a major role in it. Chemokine fractalkine (FKN/CX3CL1) is inherently linked to these processes. FKN/CX3CL1 functions predominantly as a chemoattractant for immune cells, facilitating their transmigration through the vessel wall and inhibiting their apoptosis. Its concentrations correlate positively with major cardiovascular risk factors. Moreover, promising preliminary results have shown that FKN/CX3CL1 receptor inhibitor (KAND567) administered in the population of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), inhibits the adverse reaction of the immune system that causes hyperinflammation. Whereas the link between FKN/CX3CL1 and NO-CAD appears evident, further studies are necessary to unveil this complex relationship. In this review, we critically overview the current data on FKN/CX3CL1 in the context of NO-CAD and present the novel clinical implications of the unique structure and function of FKN/CX3CL1 as a compound which distinctively contributes to the pathomechanism of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Stangret
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Karol Artur Sadowski
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 01-267 Warsaw, Poland; (K.A.S.); (K.J.); (J.K.); (G.O.); (M.G.)
| | - Konrad Jabłoński
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 01-267 Warsaw, Poland; (K.A.S.); (K.J.); (J.K.); (G.O.); (M.G.)
| | - Janusz Kochman
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 01-267 Warsaw, Poland; (K.A.S.); (K.J.); (J.K.); (G.O.); (M.G.)
| | - Grzegorz Opolski
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 01-267 Warsaw, Poland; (K.A.S.); (K.J.); (J.K.); (G.O.); (M.G.)
| | - Marcin Grabowski
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 01-267 Warsaw, Poland; (K.A.S.); (K.J.); (J.K.); (G.O.); (M.G.)
| | - Mariusz Tomaniak
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 01-267 Warsaw, Poland; (K.A.S.); (K.J.); (J.K.); (G.O.); (M.G.)
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2
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Zhang T, Pang C, Xu M, Zhao Q, Hu Z, Jiang X, Guo M. The role of immune system in atherosclerosis: Molecular mechanisms, controversies, and future possibilities. Hum Immunol 2024; 85:110765. [PMID: 38369442 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2024.110765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Numerous cardiovascular disorders have atherosclerosis as their pathological underpinning. Numerous studies have demonstrated that, with the aid of pattern recognition receptors, cytokines, and immunoglobulins, innate immunity, represented by monocytes/macrophages, and adaptive immunity, primarily T/B cells, play a critical role in controlling inflammation and abnormal lipid metabolism in atherosclerosis. Additionally, the finding of numerous complement components in atherosclerotic plaques suggests yet again how heavily the immune system controls atherosclerosis. Therefore, it is essential to have a thorough grasp of how the immune system contributes to atherosclerosis. The specific molecular mechanisms involved in the activation of immune cells and immune molecules in atherosclerosis, the controversy surrounding some immune cells in atherosclerosis, and the limitations of extrapolating from relevant animal models to humans were all carefully reviewed in this review from the three perspectives of innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and complement system. This could provide fresh possibilities for atherosclerosis research and treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianle Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Chenxu Pang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Mengxin Xu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- School of Medical Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Zhijie Hu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Maojuan Guo
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China.
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3
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Yang C, Mu Y, Li S, Zhang Y, Liu X, Li J. Tanshinone IIA: a Chinese herbal ingredient for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1321880. [PMID: 38108067 PMCID: PMC10722201 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1321880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is a fat-soluble compound extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza, which has a protective effect against atherosclerosis (AS). Tan IIA can inhibit oxidative stress and inflammatory damage of vascular endothelial cells (VECs) and improve endothelial cell dysfunction. Tan IIA also has a good protective effect on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). It can reduce vascular stenosis by inhibiting the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and improve the stability of the fibrous cap of atherosclerotic plaque by inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation of VSMCs. In addition, Tan IIA inhibits the inflammatory response of macrophages and the formation of foam cells in atherosclerotic plaques. In summary, Tan IIA improves AS through a complex pathway. We propose to further study the specific molecular targets of Tan IIA using systems biology methods, so as to fundamentally elucidate the mechanism of Tan IIA. It is worth mentioning that there is a lack of high-quality evidence-based medical data on Tan IIA treatment of AS. We recommend that a randomized controlled clinical trial be conducted to evaluate the exact efficacy of Tan IIA in improving AS. Finally, sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS) can cause adverse drug reactions in some patients, which needs our attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunkun Yang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Shuanghong Li
- Weifang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Liu
- Weifang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang, China
| | - Jun Li
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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4
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Freuchet A, Roy P, Armstrong SS, Oliaeimotlagh M, Kumar S, Orecchioni M, Ali AJ, Khan A, Makings J, Lyu Q, Winkels H, Wang E, Durant C, Ghosheh Y, Gulati R, Nettersheim F, Ley K. Identification of human exT reg cells as CD16 +CD56 + cytotoxic CD4 + T cells. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1748-1761. [PMID: 37563308 PMCID: PMC11022744 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01589-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
In atherosclerosis, some regulatory T (Treg) cells become exTreg cells. We crossed inducible Treg and exTreg cell lineage-tracker mice (FoxP3eGFP-Cre-ERT2ROSA26CAG-fl-stop-fl-tdTomato) to atherosclerosis-prone Apoe-/- mice, sorted Treg cells and exTreg cells and determined their transcriptomes by bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Genes that were differentially expressed between mouse Treg cells and exTreg cells and filtered for their presence in a human single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) panel identified exTreg cell signature genes as CST7, NKG7, GZMA, PRF1, TBX21 and CCL4. Projecting these genes onto the human scRNA-seq with CITE-seq data identified human exTreg cells as CD3+CD4+CD16+CD56+, which was validated by flow cytometry. Bulk RNA-seq of sorted human exTreg cells identified them as inflammatory and cytotoxic CD4+T cells that were significantly distinct from both natural killer and Treg cells. DNA sequencing for T cell receptor-β showed clonal expansion of Treg cell CDR3 sequences in exTreg cells. Cytotoxicity was functionally demonstrated in cell killing and CD107a degranulation assays, which identifies human exTreg cells as cytotoxic CD4+T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Payel Roy
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Sunil Kumar
- Immunology Center of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Marco Orecchioni
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Immunology Center of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Amal J Ali
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amir Khan
- Immunology Center of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - Qingkang Lyu
- Immunology Center of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Holger Winkels
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Clinic III for Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Erpei Wang
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Yanal Ghosheh
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rishab Gulati
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Klaus Ley
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Immunology Center of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Chen PH, Hsiao CY, Chiang SJ, Shen RS, Lin YK, Chung KH, Tsai SY. Cardioprotective potential of lithium and role of fractalkine in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2023; 57:104-114. [PMID: 34875897 DOI: 10.1177/00048674211062532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Over a half century, lithium has been used as the first-line medication to treat bipolar disorder. Emerging clinical and laboratory studies suggest that lithium may exhibit cardioprotective effects in addition to neuroprotective actions. Fractalkine (CX3CL1) is a unique chemokine associated with the pathogenesis of mood disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Herein we aimed to ascertain whether lithium treatment is associated with favorable cardiac structure and function in relation to the reduced CX3CL1 among patients with bipolar disorder. METHODS We recruited 100 euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder aged over 20 years to undergo echocardiographic study and measurement of plasma CX3CL1. Associations between lithium treatment, cardiac structure and function and peripheral CX3CL1 were analyzed according to the cardiovascular risk. The high cardiovascular risk was defined as (1) age ⩾ 45 years in men or ⩾ 55 years in women or (2) presence of concurrent cardiometabolic diseases. RESULTS In the high cardiovascular risk group (n = 61), patients who received lithium as the maintenance treatment had significantly lower mean values of left ventricular internal diameters at end-diastole (Cohen's d = 0.65, p = 0.001) and end-systole (Cohen's d = 0.60, p = 0.004), higher mean values of mitral valve E/A ratio (Cohen's d = 0.51, p = 0.019) and superior performance of global longitudinal strain (Cohen's d = 0.51, p = 0.037) than those without lithium treatment. In addition, mean plasma levels of CX3CL1 in the high cardiovascular risk group were significantly lower among patients with lithium therapy compared with those without lithium treatment (p = 0.029). Multiple regression models showed that the association between lithium treatment and mitral value E/A ratio was contributed by CX3CL1. CONCLUSION Data from this largest sample size study of the association between lithium treatment and echocardiographic measures suggest that lithium may protect cardiac structure and function in patients with bipolar disorder. Reduction of CX3CL1 may mediate the cardioprotective effects of lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pao-Huan Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei.,Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
| | - Cheng-Yi Hsiao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei.,Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
| | - Shuo-Ju Chiang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei
| | - Ruei-Siang Shen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City
| | - Yen-Kuang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan
| | - Kuo-Hsuan Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei.,Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
| | - Shang-Ying Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei.,Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
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Apocynum Leaf Extract Suppresses the Progress of Atherosclerosis in Rats via the FKN/SYK/p38 Signal Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5524226. [PMID: 34777534 PMCID: PMC8580673 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5524226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the antiatherosclerotic effects of flavonoids extracted from Apocynum venetum (AVF) leaves in atherosclerotic rats and the underlying mechanisms, a total of 72 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups: control group, model group, simvastatin group, low-dose AVF group, medium-dose AVF group, and high-dose AVF group. Atherosclerosis in rats was induced with a high-fat diet and an intraperitoneal injection of VD3 once daily for three contiguous days at a total injection dose of 70 U/kg. At the end of the 13th week, total serum cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) contents were measured. The hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was applied to evaluate the morphological changes. The ELISA method was used to detect related inflammatory factors and oxidative stress indicators. The corresponding protein expression and the mRNA level were detected by western blot analysis and reverse transcriptase PCR. HE staining showed that the thoracic aorta wall was thickened, and the aortic subendothelial foam cells and lipid vacuoles were reduced in the medium/high-AVF groups. Similarly, the TC, TG, LDL-C, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the model group were significantly higher, but the HDL-C level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were lower than those of the control group, and these effects were ameliorated by treatment with simvastatin or AVF. ELISA results showed that compared with the control group, the model group C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) results were significantly increased, and the medium AVF and high AVF could significantly reduce the expression of related inflammatory factors. The AVF inhibited intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin mRNA and related protein expression in the aorta in atherosclerotic rats. Western blot analysis also showed that AVF can significantly reduce the protein expression of fractalkine (FKN), spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) in the rat aorta. We believe that the AVF can effectively reduce blood lipid levels in rats with atherosclerosis and delay atherosclerotic progression by inhibiting excessive inflammatory factors and inhibiting related adhesion factors. The underlying mechanism may be related to the FKN/SYK/p38 signaling pathway activity. Our results contribute to validating the traditional use of the Apocynum leaf extract in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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7
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Huang J, Qing W, Pan Y. NPAS2 ameliorates myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury in rats via CX3CL1 pathways and regulating autophagy. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:20569-20584. [PMID: 34460437 PMCID: PMC8436934 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is common during the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Neuronal PAS Domain Protein 2 (NPAS2) is one of the core genes that control the rhythm of the biological clock. NPAS2 also regulates the biological rhythm. RESULTS The rat I/R model showed that the expression of NPAS2 decreased with the increase of reperfusion time. Overexpressing NPAS2 adenovirus (ad-NPAS2) was injected into IR rat which demonstrated that ad-NPAS2 ameliorated rats I/R injury. A hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model in rat cardiomyocytes showed that ad-NPAS2 inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Co-Immunoprecipitation results showed that there is an interaction between NPAS2 and Cry2. Knockdown of Cry2 aggravated the cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by H/R. Additionally, NPAS2 directly act on the promoter region of CX3CL1. Knockdown of CX3CL1 reverse the protective effect of ad-NPAS2 on rat myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and H/R-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. CX3CL1 also regulates autophagy through the downstream AKT/mTOR pathway. CONCLUSIONS research demonstrated that overexpression of NPAS2 interacts with Cry2 and promotes the transcriptional activity of CX3CL1. Moreover, overexpression of NPAS2 regulates the downstream AKT/mTOR pathway to inhibit autophagy in order to improve rat cardiac I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wan Qing
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yesheng Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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8
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Hamdan D, Robinson LA. Role of the CX 3CL1-CX 3CR1 axis in renal disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 321:F121-F134. [PMID: 34121453 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00059.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive infiltration of immune cells into the kidney is a key feature of acute and chronic kidney diseases. The family of chemokines comprises key drivers of this process. Fractalkine [chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1 (CX3CL1)] is one of two unique chemokines synthesized as a transmembrane protein that undergoes proteolytic cleavage to generate a soluble species. Through interacting with its cognate receptor, chemokine (C-X3-C motif) receptor 1 (CX3CR1), CX3CL1 was originally shown to act as a conventional chemoattractant in the soluble form and as an adhesion molecule in the transmembrane form. Since then, other functions of CX3CL1 beyond leukocyte recruitment have been described, including cell survival, immunosurveillance, and cell-mediated cytotoxicity. This review summarizes diverse roles of CX3CL1 in kidney disease and potential uses as a therapeutic target and novel biomarker. As the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis has been shown to contribute to both detrimental and protective effects in various kidney diseases, a thorough understanding of how the expression and function of CX3CL1 are regulated is needed to unlock its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Hamdan
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa A Robinson
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Bonacina F, Martini E, Svecla M, Nour J, Cremonesi M, Beretta G, Moregola A, Pellegatta F, Zampoleri V, Catapano AL, Kallikourdis M, Norata GD. Adoptive transfer of CX3CR1 transduced-T regulatory cells improves homing to the atherosclerotic plaques and dampens atherosclerosis progression. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2069-2082. [PMID: 32931583 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Loss of immunosuppressive response supports inflammation during atherosclerosis. We tested whether adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with Tregulatory cells (Tregs), engineered to selectively migrate in the atherosclerotic plaque, would dampen the immune-inflammatory response in the arterial wall in animal models of familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH). METHODS AND RESULTS FH patients presented a decreased Treg suppressive function associated to an increased inflammatory burden. A similar phenotype was observed in Ldlr -/- mice accompanied by a selective increased expression of the chemokine CX3CL1 in the aorta but not in other districts (lymph nodes, spleen, and liver). Treg overexpressing CX3CR1 were thus generated (CX3CR1+-Tregs) to drive Tregs selectively to the plaque. CX3CR1+-Tregs were injected (i.v.) in Ldlr -/- fed high-cholesterol diet (western type diet, WTD) for 8 weeks. CX3CR1+-Tregs were detected in the aorta, but not in other tissues, of Ldlr -/- mice 24 h after ACT, corroborating the efficacy of this approach. After 4 additional weeks of WTD, ACT with CX3CR1+-Tregs resulted in reduced plaque progression and lipid deposition, ameliorated plaque stability by increasing collagen and smooth muscle cells content, while decreasing the number of pro-inflammatory macrophages. Shotgun proteomics of the aorta showed a metabolic rewiring in CX3CR1+-Tregs treated Ldlr -/- mice compared to controls that was associated with the improvement of inflammation-resolving pathways and disease progression. CONCLUSION ACT with vasculotropic Tregs appears as a promising strategy to selectively target immune activation in the atherosclerotic plaque.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Adult
- Animals
- Aortic Diseases/immunology
- Aortic Diseases/metabolism
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/prevention & control
- Atherosclerosis/immunology
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1/genetics
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Genetic Therapy
- Humans
- Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/immunology
- Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Middle Aged
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Prospective Studies
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/metabolism
- Retrospective Studies
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/transplantation
- Transduction, Genetic
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizia Bonacina
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Martini
- Adaptive Immunity Lab, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Monika Svecla
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Jasmine Nour
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Cremonesi
- Adaptive Immunity Lab, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giangiacomo Beretta
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Moregola
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Veronica Zampoleri
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Centro SISA per lo Studio dell'Aterosclerosi, Ospedale Bassini, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy
| | - Alberico Luigi Catapano
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Marinos Kallikourdis
- Adaptive Immunity Lab, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Centro SISA per lo Studio dell'Aterosclerosi, Ospedale Bassini, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy
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10
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Jamal Jameel K, Gallert WJ, Yanik SD, Panek S, Kronsbein J, Jungck D, Koch A, Knobloch J. Biomarkers for Comorbidities Modulate the Activity of T-Cells in COPD. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137187. [PMID: 34281240 PMCID: PMC8269158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In smoking-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), various comorbidities are linked to systemic inflammation and infection-induced exacerbations. The underlying mechanisms are unclear but might provide therapeutic targets. T-cell activity is central in systemic inflammation and for infection-defense mechanisms and might be influenced by comorbidities. Hypothesis: Circulating biomarkers of comorbidities modulate the activity of T-cells of the T-helper type 1 (Th1) and/or T-cytotoxic type 1 (Tc1). T-cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from non-smokers (NS), current smokers without COPD (S), and COPD subjects (total n = 34) were ex vivo activated towards Th1/Tc1 and were then stimulated with biomarkers for metabolic and/or cardiovascular comorbidities (Brain Natriuretic Peptide, BNP; chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 18, CCL18; C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1, CX3CL1; interleukin-18, IL-18) or for asthma- and/or cancer-related comorbidities (CCL22; epidermal growth factor, EGF; IL-17; periostin) each at 10 or 50 ng/mL. The Th1/Tc1 activation markers interferon-γ (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were analyzed in culture supernatants by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Ex-vivo activation induced IFNγ and TNFα without differences between the groups but GM-CSF more in S vs. NS. At 10 ng/mL, the different biomarkers increased or reduced the T-cell activation markers without a clear trend for one direction in the different categories of comorbidities or for the different T-cell activation markers. At 50 ng/mL, there was a clear shift towards suppressive effects, particularly for the asthma— and cancer-related biomarkers and in cells of S and COPD. Comorbidities might suppress T-cell immunity in COPD. This could explain the association of comorbidities with frequent exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaschin Jamal Jameel
- Medical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany; (K.J.J.); (W.-J.G.); (S.D.Y.); (S.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Willem-Jakob Gallert
- Medical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany; (K.J.J.); (W.-J.G.); (S.D.Y.); (S.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Sarah D. Yanik
- Medical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany; (K.J.J.); (W.-J.G.); (S.D.Y.); (S.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Susanne Panek
- Medical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany; (K.J.J.); (W.-J.G.); (S.D.Y.); (S.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Juliane Kronsbein
- Medical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany; (K.J.J.); (W.-J.G.); (S.D.Y.); (S.P.); (J.K.)
| | - David Jungck
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Pneumology, Allergology and Respiratory Medicine, Bethel Teaching Hospital, 12207 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Andrea Koch
- Pyhrn-Eisenwurzen-Klinikum Steyr, Klinik für Pneumologie, Lehrkrankenhaus der Uniklinik Linz, Sierninger Str. 170, 4400 Steyr, Austria;
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich (LMU) and DZL (German Center of Lung Science), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Knobloch
- Medical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany; (K.J.J.); (W.-J.G.); (S.D.Y.); (S.P.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-234-302-3404; Fax: +49-234-302-6420
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11
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Misra S, Kilari S, Yang B, Sharma A, Wu CC, Vazquez-Padron RI, Broadwater J. Anti Human CX3CR1 VHH Molecule Attenuates Venous Neointimal Hyperplasia of Arteriovenous Fistula in Mouse Model. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:1630-1648. [PMID: 33893223 PMCID: PMC8425661 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020101458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fractalkine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) mediates macrophage infiltration and accumulation, causing venous neointimal hyperplasia (VNH)/venous stenosis (VS) in arteriovenous fistula (AVF). The effect of blocking CX3CR1 using an anti-human variable VHH molecule (hCX3CR1 VHH, BI 655088) on VNH/VS was determined using a humanized mouse in which the human CX3CR1 (hCX3CR1) gene was knocked in (KI). METHODS Whole-transcriptomic RNA sequencing with bioinformatics analysis was used on human stenotic AVF samples, C57BL/6J, hCX3CR1 KI mice with AVF and CKD, and in in vitro experiments to identify the pathways involved in preventing VNH/VS formation after hCX3CR1 VHH administration. RESULTS Accumulation of CX3CR1 and CD68 was significantly increased in stenotic human AVFs. In C57BL/6J mice with AVF, there was increased Cx3cr1, Cx3cl1, Cd68, and Tnf-α gene expression, and increased immunostaining of CX3CR1 and CD68. In hCX3CR1-KI mice treated with hCX3CR1 VHH molecule (KI-A), compared with vehicle controls (KI-V), there was increased lumen vessel area and patency, and decreased neointima in the AVF outflow veins. RNA-seq analysis identified TNF-α and NF-κB as potential targets of CX3CR1 inhibition. In KI-A-treated vessels compared with KI-V, there was decreased gene expression of Tnf- α, Mcp-1, and Il-1 β; with reduction of Cx3cl1, NF-κB, and Cd68; decreased M1, Ly6C, smooth muscle cells, fibroblast-activated protein, fibronectin, and proliferation; and increased TUNEL and M2 staining. In cell culture, monocytes stimulated with PMA and treated with hCX3CR1 VHH had decreased TNF- α, CD68, proliferation, and migration. CONCLUSIONS CX3CR1 blockade reduces VNH/VS formation by decreasing proinflammatory cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Misra
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Translational Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sreenivasulu Kilari
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Translational Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Binxia Yang
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Translational Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Amit Sharma
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Translational Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Chih-Cheng Wu
- Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-chu, Taiwan
| | - Roberto I. Vazquez-Padron
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - John Broadwater
- CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
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12
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Rivas-Fuentes S, Valdés VJ, Espinosa B, Gorocica-Rosete P, Salgado-Aguayo A. Could SARS-CoV-2 blocking of ACE2 in endothelial cells result in upregulation of CX3CL1, promoting thrombosis in COVID-19 patients? Med Hypotheses 2021; 151:110570. [PMID: 33836338 PMCID: PMC7992310 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the causal agent of COVID-19 disease. Currently, infection with SARS-CoV-2 has been the cause of death of over 2.5 million people globally, and there is still no effective curative treatment. Clinically, the severe symptoms caused by COVID-19, in addition to pneumonia, are associated with the development of hyperinflammatory syndrome and thrombosis. It is urgent to expand our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. This article discusses the potential role that the chemokine CX3CL1 could have in the development of COVID-19-associated thrombosis. CX3CL1 is abundantly expressed by activated endothelium and is an important regulator of many aspects of endothelial function and dysfunction, including thrombosis. The generation of hypotheses about molecules that could be relevant in well-defined aspects of the pathophysiology of COVID-19 encourages the development of basic and clinical studies, that could help find effective and much needed treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Rivas-Fuentes
- Department of Research on Biochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Víctor Julián Valdés
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Blanca Espinosa
- Department of Research on Biochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Gorocica-Rosete
- Department of Research on Biochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Salgado-Aguayo
- Laboratory of Research on Rheumatic Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico.
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13
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Low S, Wu H, Jerath K, Tibolla A, Fogal B, Conrad R, MacDougall M, Kerr S, Berger V, Dave R, Villalona J, Pantages L, Ahlberg J, Li H, Van Hoorick D, Ververken C, Broadwater J, Waterman A, Singh S, Kroe-Barrett R. VHH antibody targeting the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 inhibits progression of atherosclerosis. MAbs 2021; 12:1709322. [PMID: 31924119 PMCID: PMC6973309 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1709322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CX3CR1 has been identified as a highly attractive target for several therapeutic interventions. Despite this potential, no potent antagonists, either small molecule or monoclonal antibody, have been identified. Here we describe the lead finding and engineering approach that lead to the identification of BI 655088, a potent biotherapeutic antagonist to CX3CR1. BI 655088 is a potent CX3CR1 antagonist that, upon therapeutic dosing, significantly inhibits plaque progression in the standard mouse model of atherosclerosis. BI 655088 represents a novel and highly selective biotherapeutic that could reduce inflammation in the atherosclerotic plaque when added to standard of care treatment including statins, which could result in a significant decrease in atherothrombotic events in patients with existing cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Low
- Biotherapeutics Molecule Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Haixia Wu
- Biotherapeutics Molecule Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Kavita Jerath
- Biotherapeutics Molecule Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Annette Tibolla
- Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Birgit Fogal
- Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Rebecca Conrad
- Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Margit MacDougall
- Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Steven Kerr
- Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Valentina Berger
- Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Rajvee Dave
- Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Jorge Villalona
- Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Lynn Pantages
- Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Jennifer Ahlberg
- Biotherapeutics Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Hua Li
- Biotherapeutics Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | | | - Cedric Ververken
- Project Management, Ablynx a Sanofi Company, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - John Broadwater
- Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Alisa Waterman
- Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Sanjaya Singh
- Biotherapeutics Molecule Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Rachel Kroe-Barrett
- Biotherapeutics Molecule Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
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14
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Chow FC, Ma Y, Manion M, Rupert A, Lambert-Messerlian G, Bushnell CD, Cedars MI, Sereti I, Sorond FA, Hsue PY, Tien PC. Factors associated with worse cerebrovascular function in aging women with and at risk for HIV. AIDS 2021; 35:257-266. [PMID: 33229895 PMCID: PMC7789911 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Women may be disproportionately impacted by the negative effect of HIV on cerebrovascular risk. We examined the association of HIV, sex, menopause, and immune activation with cerebrovascular function among women with HIV (WWH) and at risk for HIV from the Women's Interagency HIV Study and men with HIV. DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS Participants were aged at least 40 years with coronary heart disease or at least one cardiometabolic risk factor. All persons with HIV were on antiretroviral therapy with undetectable viral load. Cerebral vasoreactivity was assessed by the transcranial Doppler breath-holding test, with lower vasoreactivity corresponding to worse cerebrovascular function. Menopausal status was determined by anti-Müllerian hormone level. We used mixed effects linear regression to identify factors associated with cerebral vasoreactivity. RESULTS Mean cerebral vasoreactivity was similar in WWH (n = 33) and women at risk for HIV (n = 16). A trend toward higher cerebral vasoreactivity in WWH compared with men with HIV (n = 37) was no longer present after excluding women on estrogen replacement therapy (n = 3). In women, menopausal status was not significantly associated with cerebral vasoreactivity. WWH with higher cardiovascular risk (-0.14 for each additional cardiometabolic risk factor, P = 0.038), sCD163 (-0.20 per doubling, P = 0.033), and proportion of CD4+CX3CR1+ T cells (-0.14 per doubling, P = 0.028) had lower cerebral vasoreactivity. CONCLUSION Among older women at high cardiovascular risk, women with virologically suppressed HIV and women at risk for HIV had similar cerebrovascular function. Our findings, which must be interpreted in the context of the small sample, highlight the contribution of traditional cardiometabolic risk factors and immune activation to cerebrovascular risk in WWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia C. Chow
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Yifei Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Maura Manion
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Adam Rupert
- AIDS Monitoring Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
| | - Geralyn Lambert-Messerlian
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI
| | - Cheryl D. Bushnell
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| | - Marcelle I. Cedars
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Irini Sereti
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Priscilla Y. Hsue
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Phyllis C. Tien
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco and Medical Service, Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
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15
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Gencer S, Evans BR, van der Vorst EP, Döring Y, Weber C. Inflammatory Chemokines in Atherosclerosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020226. [PMID: 33503867 PMCID: PMC7911854 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a long-term, chronic inflammatory disease of the vessel wall leading to the formation of occlusive or rupture-prone lesions in large arteries. Complications of atherosclerosis can become severe and lead to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) with lethal consequences. During the last three decades, chemokines and their receptors earned great attention in the research of atherosclerosis as they play a key role in development and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. They orchestrate activation, recruitment, and infiltration of immune cells and subsequent phenotypic changes, e.g., increased uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) by macrophages, promoting the development of foam cells, a key feature developing plaques. In addition, chemokines and their receptors maintain homing of adaptive immune cells but also drive pro-atherosclerotic leukocyte responses. Recently, specific targeting, e.g., by applying cell specific knock out models have shed new light on their functions in chronic vascular inflammation. This article reviews recent findings on the role of immunomodulatory chemokines in the development of atherosclerosis and their potential for targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Gencer
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany; (S.G.); (E.P.C.v.d.V.); (Y.D.)
| | - Bryce R. Evans
- Department of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (B.R.E.)
| | - Emiel P.C. van der Vorst
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany; (S.G.); (E.P.C.v.d.V.); (Y.D.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Döring
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany; (S.G.); (E.P.C.v.d.V.); (Y.D.)
- Department of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (B.R.E.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany; (S.G.); (E.P.C.v.d.V.); (Y.D.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 80336 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence:
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16
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Vishnyakova P, Poltavets A, Nikitina M, Muminova K, Potapova A, Vtorushina V, Loginova N, Midiber K, Mikhaleva L, Lokhonina A, Khodzhaeva Z, Pyregov A, Elchaninov A, Fatkhudinov T, Sukhikh G. Preeclampsia: inflammatory signature of decidual cells in early manifestation of disease. Placenta 2021; 104:277-283. [PMID: 33472135 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific complication characterized by hypertension in combination with proteinuria and/or various manifestations of multiple organ failure. It is believed that etiology of preeclampsia lies in dysfunction of the placenta and disorder of the maternal-fetal interactions. In preeclampsia decidual membrane, the maternal part of the placenta which normally supports immunological tolerance of the maternal organism to the semi-allogeneic fetus, becomes a site of inflammation. METHODS The aim of our study was to characterize the phenotype of decidual macrophages and plasma profiles in patients with late- and early-onset preeclampsia as compared with controls (n = 43). Decidual cells were obtained by enzymatic digestion method and characterized by flow cytometry analysis, real-time PCR, bioinformatics analysis, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot. Plasma samples were analyzed by multiplex assay. RESULTS The number of inflammation-associated CD86+ and CX3CR1+ cells was significantly higher in the early-onset preeclampsia while the portion of CD163+ cells was significantly higher among studied groups. We observed significant increase of endothelin-1 gene expression and a significant decrease in eNOS and GNB3 expression and TGFβ relative protein level in decidual cells of the early-onset preeclampsia samples. We also revealed elevation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in plasma of preeclampsia groups. DISCUSSION Our findings reflect profound early-onset preeclampsia-associated alterations in the decidua and emphasize the importance of the decidua as a link in the development of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vishnyakova
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997, Moscow, Russia; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198, Moscow, Russia.
| | - A Poltavets
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Nikitina
- Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418, Moscow, Russia
| | - K Muminova
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Potapova
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - V Vtorushina
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - N Loginova
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - K Midiber
- Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418, Moscow, Russia
| | - L Mikhaleva
- Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Lokhonina
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997, Moscow, Russia; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198, Moscow, Russia
| | - Z Khodzhaeva
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Pyregov
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Elchaninov
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - T Fatkhudinov
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198, Moscow, Russia; Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418, Moscow, Russia
| | - G Sukhikh
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997, Moscow, Russia
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17
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Li H, Zhang HM, Fan LJ, Li HH, Peng ZT, Li JP, Zhang XY, Xiang Y, Gu CJ, Liao XH, Wang L, Zhang TC. STAT3/miR-15a-5p/CX3CL1 Loop Regulates Proliferation and Migration of Vascular Endothelial Cells in Atherosclerosis. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:964-974. [PMID: 33456354 PMCID: PMC7807201 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.49460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell proliferation disorder caused by vascular injury seems to be one of the causes of atherosclerosis, which is the pathological basis of coronary heart disease. The role of STAT3 in the regulation of microRNAs and endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis is unclear. STAT3 can be activated by cytokine IL-6 and up regulate the expression of CX3CL1. In addition, microRNA-15a-5p (miR-15a-5p) inhibited the transcription of CX3CL1, the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells and the proliferation of STAT3 regulated vascular endothelial cells. STAT3 positively regulates the expression of CX3CL1, and then down-regulates the inhibition of CX3CL1 by over-expression of miR-15a-5p, thus forming an elimination feedback loop to control the proliferation of HUVECs and affect the progression of atherosclerosis. In conclusion, miR-15a-5p may be the therapeutic target of the pathological basis of coronary atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- College of Life Sciences and Health, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, P.R.China
| | - Hui-Min Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, P.R.China
| | - Li-Juan Fan
- Tianyou Hospital Affiliated To Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430000, P.R.China
| | - Han-Han Li
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, P.R.China
| | - Zi-Tan Peng
- Huangshi Central Hospital, Hubei, 435000, P.R.China
| | - Jia-Peng Li
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, P.R.China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, P.R.China
| | - Yuan Xiang
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, P.R.China
| | - Chao-Jiang Gu
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, P.R.China
| | - Xing-Hua Liao
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, P.R.China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, P.R.China
| | - Tong-Cun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, P.R.China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P.R.China
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Lichota A, Szewczyk EM, Gwozdzinski K. Factors Affecting the Formation and Treatment of Thrombosis by Natural and Synthetic Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7975. [PMID: 33121005 PMCID: PMC7663413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) refers to deep vein thrombosis (DVT), whose consequence may be a pulmonary embolism (PE). Thrombosis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and is the third most common cardiovascular disease after myocardial infarction and stroke. DVT is associated with the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein in the body. Thrombosis promotes slowed blood flow, hypoxia, cell activation, and the associated release of many active substances involved in blood clot formation. All thrombi which adhere to endothelium consist of fibrin, platelets, and trapped red and white blood cells. In this review, we summarise the impact of various factors affecting haemostatic disorders leading to blood clot formation. The paper discusses the causes of thrombosis, the mechanism of blood clot formation, and factors such as hypoxia, the involvement of endothelial cells (ECs), and the activation of platelets and neutrophils along with the effects of bacteria and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mechanisms related to the action of anticoagulants affecting coagulation factors including antiplatelet drugs have also been discussed. However, many aspects related to the pathogenesis of thrombosis still need to be clarified. A review of the drugs used to treat and prevent thrombosis and natural anticoagulants that occur in the plant world and are traditionally used in Far Eastern medicine has also been carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lichota
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostic, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 90-235 Lodz, Poland; (A.L.); (E.M.S.)
| | - Eligia M. Szewczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostic, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 90-235 Lodz, Poland; (A.L.); (E.M.S.)
| | - Krzysztof Gwozdzinski
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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Salazar AM, Leisgang AM, Ortiz AA, Murtishaw AS, Kinney JW. Alterations of GABA B receptors in the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 97:129-143. [PMID: 33232936 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive decline of memory and cognitive function. The disease is characterized by the presence of amyloid plaques, tau tangles, altered inflammatory signaling, and alterations in numerous neurotransmitter signaling systems, including γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Given the extensive role of GABA in regulating neuronal activity, a careful investigation of GABA-related changes is needed. Further, given persistent inflammation has been demonstrated to drive AD pathology, the presence of GABA B receptor expressed on glia that serve a role regulation of the immune response adds to potential implications of altered GABA in AD. There has not previously been a systematic evaluation of GABA-related changes in an amyloid model of AD that specifically focuses on examining changes in GABA B receptors. In the present study, we examined alterations in several GABA-specific targets in the APP/PS1 mouse model at different ages. In the 4-month-old cohort, no significant deficits in spatial learning and memory or alterations in any of the GABAergic targets were observed compared with wild-type controls. However, we identified significant alterations in several GABA-related targets in the 6-month-old cohort that exhibited spatial learning deficits that include changes in glutamic acid decarboxylase 65, GABA transporter type 3, and GABA B receptors protein and mRNA levels. This was the same cohort at which learning and memory deficits and significant amyloid pathology was observed. Overall, our study provides evidence of altered GABAergic signaling in an amyloid model of AD at a time point consistent with AD-related deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold M Salazar
- Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Amanda M Leisgang
- Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Andrew A Ortiz
- Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Andrew S Murtishaw
- Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Jefferson W Kinney
- Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
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20
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Yang T, Guo L, Chen L, Li J, Li Q, Pi Y, Zhu J, Zhang L. A novel role of FKN/CX3CR1 in promoting osteogenic transformation of VSMCs and atherosclerotic calcification. Cell Calcium 2020; 91:102265. [PMID: 32814243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fractalkine (FKN) and its specific receptor CX3CR1 play a critical role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis including recruitment of vascular cells and the development of inflammation. However, its contribution to regulating the development of atherosclerotic calcification has not been well documented. Osteogenic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is critical in the development of calcification in atherosclerotic lesions. In this study, for the first time, we evaluated the effect of FKN/CX3CR1 on the progression of VSMCs calcification and defined molecular signaling that is operative in the FKN/CX3CR1-induced osteogenic transformation of VSMCs. We found that high-fat diet induced atherosclerotic calcification in vivo was markedly inhibited in the Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and CX3CR1 deficient (ApoE-/-/CX3CR1-/-) mice compared with their control littermates. FKN and CX3CR1 were both expressed in VSMCs and up-regulated by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). FKN/CX3CR1 promoted the expression of osteogenic markers, including osteopontin (OPN), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and decreased VSMCs markers, including smooth muscle (SM) α-actin and SM22-α in a dose-dependent manner. The essential role of FKN/CX3CR1 in VSMCs calcification was further confirmed by lentivirus-mediated knockdown or overexpression of CX3CR1 blocked or accelerated osteogenic transformation of VSMCs. This response was associated with reciprocal up- and down-regulation of osteogenic factor, runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), transcription factors in osteoclast differentiation, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK), RANK ligand (RNAKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG), respectively. Inhibition of FKN/CX3CR1-activated Jak2/Stat3 signaling by the Jak/Stat inhibitor AG490 blocked osteogenic transformation of VSMCs and RUNX2 induction concurrently. Taken together, our data uncovered novel roles of FKN/CX3CR1 in promoting VSMC osteogenic transformation and atherosclerotic calcification by activating RUNX2 through Jak2/Stat3 signaling pathway and suppressing OPG. Our findings suggest that targeting FKN/CX3CR1 may provide new strategies for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yang
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Lu Guo
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Lizhao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jingcheng Li
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Qiong Li
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yan Pi
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Kassam HA, Gillis DC, Dandurand BR, Karver MR, Tsihlis ND, Stupp SI, Kibbe MR. Development of Fractalkine-Targeted Nanofibers that Localize to Sites of Arterial Injury. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030420. [PMID: 32121105 PMCID: PMC7152859 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death and disability around the world, with current treatments limited by neointimal hyperplasia. Our goal was to synthesize, characterize, and evaluate an injectable, targeted nanomaterial that will specifically bind to the site of arterial injury. Our target protein is fractalkine, a chemokine involved in both neointimal hyperplasia and atherosclerosis. We showed increased fractalkine staining in rat carotid arteries 24 h following arterial injury and in the aorta of low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR-/-) mice fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks. Three peptide amphiphiles (PAs) were synthesized: fractalkine-targeted, scrambled, and a backbone PA. PAs were ≥90% pure on liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LCMS) and showed nanofiber formation on transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Rats systemically injected with fractalkine-targeted nanofibers 24 h after carotid artery balloon injury exhibited a 4.2-fold increase in fluorescence in the injured artery compared to the scrambled nanofiber (p < 0.001). No localization was observed in the non-injured artery or with the backbone nanofiber. Fluorescence of the fractalkine-targeted nanofiber increased in a dose dependent manner and was observed for up to 48 h. These data demonstrate the presence of fractalkine after arterial injury and the localization of our fractalkine-targeted nanofiber to the site of injury and serve as the foundation to develop this technology further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein A. Kassam
- Department of Surgery, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (H.A.K.); (D.C.G.); (B.R.D.); (N.D.T.)
| | - David C. Gillis
- Department of Surgery, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (H.A.K.); (D.C.G.); (B.R.D.); (N.D.T.)
| | - Brooke R. Dandurand
- Department of Surgery, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (H.A.K.); (D.C.G.); (B.R.D.); (N.D.T.)
| | - Mark R. Karver
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (M.R.K.); (S.I.S.)
| | - Nick D. Tsihlis
- Department of Surgery, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (H.A.K.); (D.C.G.); (B.R.D.); (N.D.T.)
| | - Samuel I. Stupp
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (M.R.K.); (S.I.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Melina R. Kibbe
- Department of Surgery, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (H.A.K.); (D.C.G.); (B.R.D.); (N.D.T.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +001-919-445-0369
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22
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Munjal A, Khandia R. Atherosclerosis: orchestrating cells and biomolecules involved in its activation and inhibition. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 120:85-122. [PMID: 32085889 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The term atherosclerosis refers to the condition of deposition of lipids and other substances in and on the artery walls, called as plaque that restricts the normal blood flow. The plaque may be stable or unstable in nature. Unstable plaque can burst and trigger clot formation adding further adversities. The process of plaque formation involves various stages including fatty streak, intermediate or fibro-fatty lesion and advanced lesion. The cells participating in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque include endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), monocytes, monocytes derived macrophages, macrophages and dendritic cells and regulatory T cells (TREG). The role of a variety of cytokines and chemokines have been studied which either help in progression of atherosclerotic plaque or vice versa. The cytokines involved in atherosclerotic plaque formation include IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, IL-20, IL-25, IL-27, IL-33, IL-37, TNF-α, TGF-β and IFN-γ; whereas amongst the chemokines (family of small cytokines) are CCL2, CCL3, CXCL4, CCL5, CXCL1, CX3CL1, CCL17, CXCL8, CXCL10, CCL20, CCL19 and CCL21 and macrophage migration-inhibitory factor. These are involved in the atherosclerosis advancements, whereas the chemokine CXCL12 is play atheroprotective roles. Apart this, contradictory functions have been documented for few other chemokines such as CXCL16. Since the cytokines and chemokines are amongst the key molecules involved in orchestrating the atherosclerosis advancements, targeting them might be an effective strategy to encumber the atherosclerotic progression. Blockage of cytokines and chemokines via the means of broad-spectrum inhibitors, neutralizing antibodies, usage of decoy receptors or RNA interference have been proved to be useful intervention against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Munjal
- Department of Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, MP, India
| | - Rekha Khandia
- Department of Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, MP, India
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23
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Aspirin in stroke patients modifies the immunomodulatory interactions of marrow stromal cells and monocytes. Brain Res 2019; 1720:146298. [PMID: 31220426 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Most stroke patients are prescribed aspirin (ASA) to adjust blood coagulability. Marrow stromal cells (MSCs) are being tested in clinical trials for stroke patients who likely are prescribed aspirin. One of the principal mechanisms of action of MSCs and ASA is modulation of the inflammatory response, including those mediated by monocytes (Mo). Thus, here we tested if aspirin can modify anti-inflammatory properties of MSCs or Mo alone, and in combination. METHODS Mo were isolated at 24 h of stroke onset from ischemic stroke patients with NIHSS ranging from 11 to 20 or from healthy controls. Human bone marrow-derived MSCs from healthy subjects were used at passage 3. Mo, MSCs, and MSCs-Mo co-cultures were exposed to ASA at clinically relevant doses. The secretome profile of inflammatory mediators was measured using Magpix multiplex cytokine array. Viability was measured using MTT assay. Linear mixed effect model was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Overall Mo from control subjects exposed to ASA showed increased secretion of IL-1RA, IL-8, MCP-1, and TNF-α and Mo from stroke patients showed greater release of IL-1RA and MCP-1. In MSCs-Mo co-cultures, ASA added to co-cultures of control Mo reduced fractalkine secretion while it increased the fractalkine secretion when added to Mo from stroke patients. In addition, in co-cultures independent of Mo origin, ASA reduced IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS Aspirin in acute stroke patients may modulate the secretome profile of Mo and MSCs, thus potentially modulating immune and inflammatory responses associated with stroke. Our results suggest that stroke trials involving the use of intravenous MSCs should consider the effect of aspirin as a confounding factor.
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24
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Riopel M, Vassallo M, Ehinger E, Pattison J, Bowden K, Winkels H, Wilson M, de Jong R, Patel S, Balakrishna D, Bilakovics J, Fanjul A, Plonowski A, Larson CJ, Ley K, Cabrales P, Witztum JL, Olefsky JM, Lee YS. CX3CL1-Fc treatment prevents atherosclerosis in Ldlr KO mice. Mol Metab 2019; 20:89-101. [PMID: 30553772 PMCID: PMC6358552 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis is a major cause of cardiovascular disease. Monocyte-endothelial cell interactions are partly mediated by expression of monocyte CX3CR1 and endothelial cell fractalkine (CX3CL1). Interrupting the interaction between this ligand-receptor pair should reduce monocyte binding to the endothelial wall and reduce atherosclerosis. We sought to reduce atherosclerosis by preventing monocyte-endothelial cell interactions through use of a long-acting CX3CR1 agonist. METHODS In this study, the chemokine domain of CX3CL1 was fused to the mouse Fc region to generate a long-acting soluble form of CX3CL1 suitable for chronic studies. CX3CL1-Fc or saline was injected twice a week (30 mg/kg) for 4 months into Ldlr knockout (KO) mice on an atherogenic western diet. RESULTS CX3CL1-Fc-treated Ldlr KO mice showed decreased en face aortic lesion surface area and reduced aortic root lesion size with decreased necrotic core area. Flow cytometry analyses of CX3CL1-Fc-treated aortic wall cell digests revealed a decrease in M1-like polarized macrophages and T cells. Moreover, CX3CL1-Fc administration reduced diet-induced atherosclerosis after switching from an atherogenic to a normal chow diet. In vitro monocyte adhesion studies revealed that CX3CL1-Fc treatment caused fewer monocytes to adhere to a human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayer. Furthermore, a dorsal window chamber model demonstrated that CX3CL1-Fc treatment decreased in vivo leukocyte adhesion and rolling in live capillaries after short-term ischemia-reperfusion. CONCLUSION These results indicate that CX3CL1-Fc can inhibit monocyte/endothelial cell adhesion as well as reduce atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Riopel
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Melanie Vassallo
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erik Ehinger
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Pattison
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karen Bowden
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Holger Winkels
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maria Wilson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ron de Jong
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sanjay Patel
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Deepika Balakrishna
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - James Bilakovics
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Fanjul
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Artur Plonowski
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Larson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pedro Cabrales
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jerrold M Olefsky
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Yun Sok Lee
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Almén MS, Björk J, Nyman U, Lindström V, Jonsson M, Abrahamson M, Vestergren AS, Lindhe Ö, Franklin G, Christensson A, Grubb A. Shrunken Pore Syndrome Is Associated With Increased Levels of Atherosclerosis-Promoting Proteins. Kidney Int Rep 2019; 4:67-79. [PMID: 30596170 PMCID: PMC6308389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Shrunken pore syndrome (SPS), originally defined by cystatin C-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFRcystatin C) being less than 60% of creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFRcreatinine) in the absence of extrarenal influences on the plasma levels of cystatin C or creatinine, is associated with a high increase in mortality, even in the absence of reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The objective of the present study was to determine whether the proteome of patients with SPS shows differences from that of patients with normal or reduced measured GFR (mGFR) without SPS. METHODS Four patient cohorts were included: 1 cohort with normal mGFR without SPS, 1 with normal mGFR with SPS, 1 with reduced mGFR without SPS, and 1 with reduced mGFR with SPS. The plasma levels of 177 selected proteins were analyzed. RESULTS Differences in the levels of 30 proteins were specific for SPS; 31 differences were specific for patients with both SPS and reduced mGFR; and 27 were specific for reduced mGFR. Eighteen of the differences specific for SPS concerned proteins described as promoting, or being associated with, atherosclerosis. Twelve of the differences specific for patients with both SPS and reduced mGFR and 10 of the differences specific for reduced mGFR also concerned proteins described as promoting, or being associated with, atherosclerosis. Almost all (82 of 88) of the concentration differences represented increased levels. For SPS, but not for reduced mGFR, a correlation between protein size and increase in level was observed, with smaller proteins being associated with higher levels. CONCLUSION The high mortality in shrunken pore syndrome might be caused by the accumulation of atherosclerosis-promoting proteins in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf Nyman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Veronica Lindström
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Magnus Jonsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Anders Christensson
- Department of Nephrology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Anders Grubb
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Lund University, Sweden
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Cardoso AL, Fernandes A, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, de Angelis MH, Guedes JR, Brito MA, Ortolano S, Pani G, Athanasopoulou S, Gonos ES, Schosserer M, Grillari J, Peterson P, Tuna BG, Dogan S, Meyer A, van Os R, Trendelenburg AU. Towards frailty biomarkers: Candidates from genes and pathways regulated in aging and age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 47:214-277. [PMID: 30071357 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Use of the frailty index to measure an accumulation of deficits has been proven a valuable method for identifying elderly people at risk for increased vulnerability, disease, injury, and mortality. However, complementary molecular frailty biomarkers or ideally biomarker panels have not yet been identified. We conducted a systematic search to identify biomarker candidates for a frailty biomarker panel. METHODS Gene expression databases were searched (http://genomics.senescence.info/genes including GenAge, AnAge, LongevityMap, CellAge, DrugAge, Digital Aging Atlas) to identify genes regulated in aging, longevity, and age-related diseases with a focus on secreted factors or molecules detectable in body fluids as potential frailty biomarkers. Factors broadly expressed, related to several "hallmark of aging" pathways as well as used or predicted as biomarkers in other disease settings, particularly age-related pathologies, were identified. This set of biomarkers was further expanded according to the expertise and experience of the authors. In the next step, biomarkers were assigned to six "hallmark of aging" pathways, namely (1) inflammation, (2) mitochondria and apoptosis, (3) calcium homeostasis, (4) fibrosis, (5) NMJ (neuromuscular junction) and neurons, (6) cytoskeleton and hormones, or (7) other principles and an extensive literature search was performed for each candidate to explore their potential and priority as frailty biomarkers. RESULTS A total of 44 markers were evaluated in the seven categories listed above, and 19 were awarded a high priority score, 22 identified as medium priority and three were low priority. In each category high and medium priority markers were identified. CONCLUSION Biomarker panels for frailty would be of high value and better than single markers. Based on our search we would propose a core panel of frailty biomarkers consisting of (1) CXCL10 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10), IL-6 (interleukin 6), CX3CL1 (C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1), (2) GDF15 (growth differentiation factor 15), FNDC5 (fibronectin type III domain containing 5), vimentin (VIM), (3) regucalcin (RGN/SMP30), calreticulin, (4) PLAU (plasminogen activator, urokinase), AGT (angiotensinogen), (5) BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor), progranulin (PGRN), (6) α-klotho (KL), FGF23 (fibroblast growth factor 23), FGF21, leptin (LEP), (7) miRNA (micro Ribonucleic acid) panel (to be further defined), AHCY (adenosylhomocysteinase) and KRT18 (keratin 18). An expanded panel would also include (1) pentraxin (PTX3), sVCAM/ICAM (soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1/Intercellular adhesion molecule 1), defensin α, (2) APP (amyloid beta precursor protein), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), (3) S100B (S100 calcium binding protein B), (4) TGFβ (transforming growth factor beta), PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor 1), TGM2 (transglutaminase 2), (5) sRAGE (soluble receptor for advanced glycosylation end products), HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1), C3/C1Q (complement factor 3/1Q), ST2 (Interleukin 1 receptor like 1), agrin (AGRN), (6) IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1), resistin (RETN), adiponectin (ADIPOQ), ghrelin (GHRL), growth hormone (GH), (7) microparticle panel (to be further defined), GpnmB (glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B) and lactoferrin (LTF). We believe that these predicted panels need to be experimentally explored in animal models and frail cohorts in order to ascertain their diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential.
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Li W, Huang H, Li L, Wang L, Li Y, Wang Y, Guo S, Li L, Wang D, He Y, Chen L. The Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis Based on Human Signaling Networks and Stem Cell Expression Data. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1678-1685. [PMID: 30416382 PMCID: PMC6216023 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.27896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a common and complex disease, whose morbidity increased significantly. Here, an integrated approach was proposed to elucidate systematically the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis from a systems biology point of view. Two weighted human signaling networks were constructed based on atherosclerosis related gene expression data of stem cells. Then, 37 candidate Atherosclerosis-risk Modules were detected using four kinds of permutation tests. Five Atherosclerosis-risk Modules (three Absent Modules and two Emerging Modules) enriched in functions significantly associated with disease genes were identified and verified to be associated with the maintenance of normal biological process and the pathogenesis and development of atherosclerosis. Especially for Atherosclerosis-risk Emerging Module P96, it could distinguish between normal and disease samples by Supporting Vector Machine with the average expression value of the module as classification feature. These identified modules and their genes may act as potential atherosclerosis biomarkers. Our study would shed light on the signal transduction of atherosclerosis, and provide new insights to its pathogenesis from the perspective of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hao Huang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yong Li
- Dean's Office, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yahui Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shanshan Guo
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Liansheng Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Donghua Wang
- Department of general surgery, General Hospital of Heilongjiang Province Land Reclamation Bureau, 150088, Harbin, China
| | - Yuehan He
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lina Chen
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Zhou JJ, Wang YM, Lee VWS, Zhang GY, Medbury H, Williams H, Wang Y, Tan TK, Harris DCH, Alexander SI, Durkan AM. DEC205-DC targeted DNA vaccine against CX3CR1 protects against atherogenesis in mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195657. [PMID: 29641559 PMCID: PMC5895033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies disrupting the chemokine pathway CX3CL1 (fractalkine)/ CX3CR1 have shown decreased atherosclerosis in animal models but the techniques used to interrupt the pathway have not been easily translatable into human trials. DNA vaccination potentially overcomes the translational difficulties. We evaluated the effect of a DNA vaccine, targeted to CX3CR1, on atherosclerosis in a murine model and examined possible mechanisms of action. DNA vaccination against CX3CR1, enhanced by dendritic cell targeting using DEC-205 single chain variable region fragment (scFv), was performed in 8 week old ApoE-/- mice, fed a normal chow diet. High levels of anti-CX3CR1 antibodies were induced in vaccinated mice. There were no apparent adverse reactions to the vaccine. Arterial vessels of 34 week old mice were examined histologically for atherosclerotic plaque size, macrophage infiltration, smooth muscle cell infiltration and lipid deposition. Vaccinated mice had significantly reduced atherosclerotic plaque in the brachiocephalic artery. There was less macrophage infiltration but no significant change to the macrophage phenotype in the plaques. There was less lipid deposition in the lesions, but there was no effect on smooth muscle cell migration. Targeted DNA vaccination to CX3CR1 was well tolerated, induced a strong immune response and resulted in attenuated atherosclerotic lesions with reduced macrophage infiltration. DNA vaccination against chemokine pathways potentially offers a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Jianheng Zhou
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuan Min Wang
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Vincent W. S. Lee
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Institute of Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Geoff Yu Zhang
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Heather Medbury
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Surgery, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Helen Williams
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Surgery, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Ya Wang
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Institute of Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Thian Kui Tan
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Institute of Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - David C. H. Harris
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Institute of Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen I. Alexander
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne M. Durkan
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Yolk sac macrophage progenitors traffic to the embryo during defined stages of development. Nat Commun 2018; 9:75. [PMID: 29311541 PMCID: PMC5758709 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02492-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue macrophages in many adult organs originate from yolk sac (YS) progenitors, which invade the developing embryo and persist by means of local self-renewal. However, the route and characteristics of YS macrophage trafficking during embryogenesis are incompletely understood. Here we show the early migration dynamics of YS-derived macrophage progenitors in vivo using fate mapping and intravital microscopy. From embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5) CX3CR1+ pre-macrophages are present in the mouse YS where they rapidly proliferate and gain access to the bloodstream to migrate towards the embryo. Trafficking of pre-macrophages and their progenitors from the YS to tissues peaks around E10.5, dramatically decreases towards E12.5 and is no longer evident from E14.5 onwards. Thus, YS progenitors use the vascular system during a restricted time window of embryogenesis to invade the growing fetus. These findings close an important gap in our understanding of the development of the innate immune system.
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Shear Stress Counteracts Endothelial CX3CL1 Induction and Monocytic Cell Adhesion. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:1515389. [PMID: 28522896 PMCID: PMC5385254 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1515389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow conditions critically regulate endothelial cell functions in the vasculature. Reduced shear stress resulting from disturbed blood flow can drive the development of vascular inflammatory lesions. On endothelial cells, the transmembrane chemokine CX3CL1/fractalkine promotes vascular inflammation by functioning as a surface-expressed adhesion molecule and by becoming released as soluble chemoattractant for monocytic cells expressing the receptor CX3CR1. Here, we report that endothelial cells from human artery, vein, or microvasculature constitutively express CX3CL1 when cultured under static conditions. Stimulation with TNFα under static or very low shear stress conditions strongly upregulates CX3CL1 expression. By contrast, CX3CL1 induction is profoundly reduced when cells are exposed to higher shear stress. When endothelial cells were grown and subsequently stimulated with TNFα under low shear stress, strong adhesion of monocytic THP-1 cells to endothelial cells was observed. This adhesion was in part mediated by transmembrane CX3CL1 as demonstrated with a neutralizing antibody. By contrast, no CX3CL1-dependent adhesion to stimulated endothelium was observed at high shear stress. Thus, during early stages of vascular inflammation, low shear stress typically seen at atherosclerosis-prone regions promotes the induction of endothelial CX3CL1 and monocytic cell recruitment, whereas physiological shear stress counteracts this inflammatory activation of endothelial cells.
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Fenn AM, Swirski FK. Monocytosis, Hypercholesterolemia, and the Kinase That Binds Them. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:173-175. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M. Fenn
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Filip K. Swirski
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
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Afsar GC, Oruc O, Sarac S, Topçuoğlu ÖB, Salturk C, Tepetam FM, Bulut I. Fractalkine in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Sleep Breath 2016; 21:355-359. [PMID: 27752937 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-016-1421-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common sleep disorder affecting 2-4 % of the adult population. In addition to several potential mechanisms, inflammation is one of the suggested etiological factors in OSA. Fractalkine/CX3CL1 which is detected in activated or stressed endothelium, smooth muscle cells, skeletal muscle cells, macrophages, neurons, and hepatocytes is an inflammatory marker and attracts attention of sleep specialists in OSA pathogenesis. In this study, we had two goals. The first one was to investigate the role of fractalkine in OSA pathogenesis while the second one was to detect the impact of OSA treatment with positive airway pressure (PAP) on serum fractalkine levels. METHOD This study included 34 patients (6 females, 28 males) diagnosed as OSA and 20 healthy controls (4 females, 16 males). Initial serum fractalkine levels of both groups were first evaluated in order to demonstrate any potential relation of OSA with fractalkine. Subsequently, serum fractalkine levels of the OSA patients were evaluated following 1 week of PAP treatment to demonstrate the impact of PAP treatment on serum fractalkine levels. RESULTS Although there was no significant difference between OSA patients and healthy controls by means of plasma fractalkine levels (p, 0.67) statistically, plasma fractalkine levels significantly decreased in OSA patients after 1 week of PAP treatment (p, 0.001). CONCLUSION This study showed that fractalkine, a potential mediator of chronic inflammation, was not sensitive in diagnosing OSA but might be an indicator of the success of OSA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulgun Cetintas Afsar
- Department of Pulmonology, Süreyyapaşa Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ozlem Oruc
- Department of Pulmonology, Süreyyapaşa Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sema Sarac
- Department of Pulmonology, Süreyyapaşa Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özgür Bilgin Topçuoğlu
- Department of Neurology, Süreyyapaşa Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cuneyt Salturk
- Department of Pulmonology, Süreyyapaşa Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Merve Tepetam
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Süreyyapaşa Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismet Bulut
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Süreyyapaşa Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Lan L, Han F, Lang X, Chen J. Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1, Fractalkine, and Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products in Different Pathological Types of Lupus Nephritis and Their Value in Different Treatment Prognoses. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159964. [PMID: 27458981 PMCID: PMC4961285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early diagnosis is important for the outcome of lupus nephritis (LN). However, the pathological type of lupus nephritis closely related to the clinical manifestations; therefore, the treatment of lupus nephritis depends on the different pathological types. Objective To assess the level of monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1), fractalkine (Fkn), and receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE) in different pathological types of lupus nephritis and to explore the value of these biomarkers for predicting the prognosis of lupus nephritis. Methods Patients included in this study were assessed using renal biopsy. Class III and class IV were defined as the proliferative group, class V as non-proliferative group, and class V+III and class V+IV as the mixed group. During the follow-up, 40 of 178 enrolled patients had a poor response to the standard immunosuppressant therapy. The level of markers in the different response groups was tested. Results The levels of urine and serum MCP-1, urine and serum fractalkine, and serum RAGE were higher in the proliferative group, and lower in the non-proliferative group, and this difference was significant. The levels of urine and serum MCP-1 and serum RAGE were lower in the poor response group, and these differences were also significant. The relationship between urine MCP-1 and urine and serum fractalkine with the systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index was evaluated. Conclusion The concentration of cytokines MCP-1, fractalkine, and RAGE may be correlated with different pathology type of lupus nephtitis. Urine and serum MCP-1 and serum RAGE may help in predicting the prognosis prior to standard immunosuppressant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lan
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, P.R. China
| | - Fei Han
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xiabing Lang
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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Tucureanu MM, Butoi E, Gan AM, Stan D, Constantinescu CA, Calin M, Simionescu M, Manduteanu I. Amendment of the cytokine profile in macrophages subsequent to their interaction with smooth muscle cells: Differential modulation by fractalkine and resistin. Cytokine 2016; 83:250-261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Aspirin Action in Endothelial Cells: Different Patterns of Response Between Chemokine CX3CL1/CX3CR1 and TNF-α/TNFR1 Signaling Pathways. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2016; 29:219-29. [PMID: 25959742 PMCID: PMC4522030 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-015-6589-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose TNF-α induces fractalkine (CX3CL1) and its receptor CX3CR1 in endothelial cells through NF-қB activation. NF-қB inhibitors may reduce the expression of CX3CL1, and modulation of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling was proposed as a new target for aspirin. We examined the effects of aspirin on CX3CL1 and TNF-α production, as well as CX3CR1 and TNFR1 expression. Methods HUVECs isolated after term pregnancies (N = 28) were cultured in vitro. Lipopolysaccharide (1 μg/ml) was used as CX3CL1 inducer. HUVECs were exposed to six different concentrations of aspirin (between 1.0 and 6.0 mM) during 7 days. The levels of CX3CL1 and TNF-α in the culture media were measured using ELISA. After termination of the cultures, mean expressions of CX3CR1 and TNFR1 were examined in the immunostained paraffin sections using quantitative immunohistochemistry. Results Aspirin significantly (p < 0.05) decreased CX3CL1 production, and the mean decrease in CX3CL1 production was inversely proportional to increased (p < 0.05) expression of CX3CR1. The combined mean CX3CL1 concentrations, including all time points, equaled 782.18 ± 74.4 pg/ml in aspirin treated HUVECs compared to a total concentration of 2467.53 ± 127.5 pg/ml combined from the respective time points in the controls. An inhibition of TNF-α production in HUVECs after pretreatment with aspirin was observed. Unlike in the case of CX3CR1 expression, there were no signs of TNFR1 upregulation. Conclusions Autoregulation between CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 may explain overexpression of CX3CR1 as the compensatory effect in aspirin-treated HUVECs. Inhibition of CX3CR1 could prevent thrombotic complications in the early period after discontinuation of aspirin.
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Liu W, Jiang L, Bian C, Liang Y, Xing R, Yishakea M, Dong J. Role of CX3CL1 in Diseases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 64:371-83. [PMID: 27098399 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are a family of small 8-10 kDa inducible cytokines. Initially characterized as chemotactic factors, they are now considered to affect not just cellular recruitment. CX3CL1 is a unique chemokine that can exist in a soluble form, as a chemotactic cytokine, or in a membrane-attached form that acts as a binding molecule. Recently, the effects of CX3CL1 on diseases, such as inflammation and cancer, have been supported and confirmed by numerous publications. However, due to its dual effects, CX3CL1 exerts numerous effects on pathophysiological conditions that have both negative and positive consequences on pathogenesis and outcome. This review article summarizes the important scientific and clinical data that now point to a critical role for CX3CL1 in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- WangMi Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Libo Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chong Bian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yun Liang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Rong Xing
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mumingjiang Yishakea
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jian Dong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Qi X, Zhao L, Chen S, Meng S, Wu Y. [Effects of Porphyromnonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide on the expression of RANTES and fractalkine in human urnbilical vein endothelial cells]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2016. [PMID: 27337932 PMCID: PMC7029968 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A study was conducted to investigate the effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (Pg-LPS) on the expression of regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and fractalkine in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). METHODS HUVECs were incubated with different concentrations of Pg-LPS (200, 500, and 1000 ng x mL(-1)) for 1, 6, 12, and 24 h, respectively. Then real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent method (ELISA) were adopted to detect the protein levels and mRNA levels of RANTES and fractalkine. RESULTS The RANTES protein levels and mRNA levels, as well as fractalkine mRNA levels, were significantly higher in all experimental groups of 1, 6, and 12 h than in the control group (P<0.05), except the expression of RANTES mRNA in 200 ng x mL(-1) group of 12 h and RANTES protein in 200 ng x mL(-1) group of 1 h. The expression levels of RANTES mRNA and fractalkine mRNA were highest in 1000 ng x mL(-1) group of 6 h and were 4.88- and 6.20-fold higher, respectively, than those in the control group. The expression levels of RANTES protein, mRNA, and fractalkine mRNA decreased 6 h after stimulation, and were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05) in the RANTES and fractalkine in HUVEC, and such expression is important in the development of atherosclerosis 500 ng x mL(-1) group of 24 h. There was a significant difference between the expression of fractalkine mRNA in 1000 ng x mL(-1) group of 6 and 12 h than in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Pg-LPS infection might up-regulate the expression of RANTES and fractalkine in HUVEC, and such expression is important in the development of atherosclerosis.
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Grosse GM, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ, Teebken OE, Schuppner R, Dirks M, Worthmann H, Lichtinghagen R, Maye G, Limbourg FP, Weissenborn K. Monocyte Subsets and Related Chemokines in Carotid Artery Stenosis and Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:433. [PMID: 27023515 PMCID: PMC4848889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotid stenosis (CS) is an important cause of ischemic stroke. However, reliable markers for the purpose of identification of high-risk, so-called vulnerable carotid plaques, are still lacking. Monocyte subsets are crucial players in atherosclerosis and might also contribute to plaque rupture. In this study we, therefore, aimed to investigate the potential role of monocyte subsets and associated chemokines as clinical biomarkers for vulnerability of CS. Patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic CS (n = 21), patients with cardioembolic ischemic strokes (n = 11), and controls without any cardiovascular disorder (n = 11) were examined. Cardiovascular risk was quantified using the Essen Stroke Risk Score (ESRS). Monocyte subsets in peripheral blood were measured by quantitative flow cytometry. Plaque specimens were histologically analyzed. Furthermore, plasma levels of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) and fractalkine were measured. Intermediate monocytes (Mon2) were significantly elevated in symptomatic and asymptomatic CS-patients compared to controls. Mon2 counts positively correlated with the ESRS. Moreover, stroke patients showed an elevation of Mon2 compared to controls, independent of the ESRS. MCP-1 levels were significantly higher in patients with symptomatic than in those with asymptomatic CS. Several histological criteria significantly differed between symptomatic and asymptomatic plaques. However, there was no association of monocyte subsets or chemokines with histological features of plaque vulnerability. Due to the multifactorial influence on monocyte subsets, the usability as clinical markers for plaque vulnerability seems to be limited. However, monocyte subsets may be critically involved in the pathology of CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit M Grosse
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Omke E Teebken
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Klinikum Peine, 31226 Peine, Germany.
| | - Ramona Schuppner
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Meike Dirks
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Hans Worthmann
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ralf Lichtinghagen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Gerrit Maye
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Florian P Limbourg
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Karin Weissenborn
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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Hoogendijk AJ, Wiewel MA, van Vught LA, Scicluna BP, Belkasim-Bohoudi H, Horn J, Zwinderman AH, Klein Klouwenberg PMC, Cremer OL, Bonten MJ, Schultz MJ, van der Poll T. Plasma fractalkine is a sustained marker of disease severity and outcome in sepsis patients. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2015; 19:412. [PMID: 26603530 PMCID: PMC4658804 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-015-1125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Fractalkine is a chemokine implicated as a mediator in a variety of inflammatory conditions. Knowledge of fractalkine release in patients presenting with infection to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is highly limited. The primary objective of this study was to establish whether plasma fractalkine levels are elevated in sepsis and associate with outcome. The secondary objective was to determine whether fractalkine can assist in the diagnosis of infection upon ICU admission. Methods Fractalkine was measured in 1103 consecutive sepsis patients (including 271 patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)) upon ICU admission and at days 2 and 4 thereafter; in 73 ICU patients treated for suspected CAP in whom this diagnosis was refuted in retrospect; and in 5 healthy humans intravenously injected with endotoxin. Results Compared to healthy volunteers, sepsis patients had strongly elevated fractalkine levels. Fractalkine levels increased with the number of organs failing, were higher in patients presenting with shock, but did not vary by site of infection. Non-survivors had sustained elevated fractalkine levels when compared to survivors. Fractalkine was equally elevated in CAP patients and patients treated for CAP but in whom the diagnosis was retrospectively refuted. Fractalkine release induced by intravenous endotoxin followed highly similar kinetics as the endothelial cell marker E-selectin. Conclusions Plasma fractalkine is an endothelial cell derived biomarker that, while not specific for infection, correlates with disease severity in sepsis patients admitted to the ICU. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13054-015-1125-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie J Hoogendijk
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, G2-130, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Maryse A Wiewel
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, G2-130, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Lonneke A van Vught
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, G2-130, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Brendon P Scicluna
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, G2-130, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Hakima Belkasim-Bohoudi
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, G2-130, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Janneke Horn
- Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Aeilko H Zwinderman
- Clinical Epidemiology Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter M C Klein Klouwenberg
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Olaf L Cremer
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marc J Bonten
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marcus J Schultz
- Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, G2-130, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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40
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Flierl U, Bauersachs J, Schäfer A. Modulation of platelet and monocyte function by the chemokine fractalkine (CX3 CL1) in cardiovascular disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:624-33. [PMID: 25832902 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemokine fractalkine, CX3CL1, bears unique features within the chemokine family: it exists in a membrane bound form acting as an adhesion molecule and surface receptor; however, when cleaved by ADAM 10, it functions as a soluble chemokine. Fractalkine and its chemokine receptor CX3CR1 are known to have multiple roles in diverse human diseases, for example inflammatory diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, renal diseases and atherosclerosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS This review is based on the material obtained via PubMed up to November 2014. The key search terms used were 'fractalkine', 'CX3CL1', 'CX3CR1', 'cardiovascular disease', 'platelets', 'monocytes' and 'platelet-monocyte complexes'. RESULTS Atherosclerosis is recognized as a highly inflammatory disease, and it has become increasingly evident that the immune system plays an important role in atherogenesis and atheroprogression. Two blood cell populations are crucially involved in the early development of atherosclerotic lesions: monocytes and platelets. They are detected at vascular sites of endothelial dysfunction and are involved in inflammatory immune responses. These cells directly interact with each other, forming platelet-monocyte complexes that are increased in cardiovascular diseases. During the development of atherosclerosis, fractalkine mediates leukocyte recruitment to the inflamed endothelium, which promotes early formation of lesions. This process only effectively works in the presence of activated platelets. It has been suggested that fractalkine and its receptor contribute to platelet-monocyte aggregate formation underlining the two important impacts of this chemokine for platelets as well as monocytes. CONCLUSION Interesting data hint at a role of fractalkine for platelet activation, adhesion and subsequent monocyte recruitment to activated endothelial cells in cardiovascular diseases. However, the exact mechanisms remain to become unravelled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Flierl
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johann Bauersachs
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäfer
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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41
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Zheng L, Cao Y, Liu S, Peng Z, Zhang S. Neferine inhibits angiotensin II-induced rat aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation predominantly by downregulating fractalkine gene expression. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:1545-1550. [PMID: 25289057 PMCID: PMC4186444 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neferine inhibits the angiotensin II (AngII)-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), but the underlying mechanism is unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanism underlying the effect of neferine on the proliferation of vascular SMCs. Rat aortic SMCs (RASMCs) were used and fractalkine (Fkn) gene expression was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. The proliferation of RASMCs was analyzed by MTT assay and flow cytometry. It was revealed that AngII induced Fkn expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Fkn-knockdown with small interfering RNA attenuated the AngII-induced RASMC proliferation. Furthermore, neferine inhibited Fkn expression and attenuated the AngII-induced RASMC proliferation. These findings suggest that the Fkn gene may play an important role in AngII-induced RASMC proliferation and that neferine acts to attenuate AngII-induced RASMC proliferation by inhibiting Fkn expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yongwen Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Shao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyu Peng
- Department of Emergency, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Saidan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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42
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Gan AM, Butoi E, Manea A, Pirvulescu MM, Stan D, Simion V, Calin M, Simionescu M, Manduteanu I. Functional analysis of the fractalkine gene promoter in human aortic smooth muscle cells exposed to proinflammatory conditions. FEBS J 2014; 281:3869-81. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Gan
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology ‘Nicolae Simionescu’ of the Romanian Academy; Bucharest Romania
| | - Elena Butoi
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology ‘Nicolae Simionescu’ of the Romanian Academy; Bucharest Romania
| | - Adrian Manea
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology ‘Nicolae Simionescu’ of the Romanian Academy; Bucharest Romania
| | - Monica Madalina Pirvulescu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology ‘Nicolae Simionescu’ of the Romanian Academy; Bucharest Romania
| | - Daniela Stan
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology ‘Nicolae Simionescu’ of the Romanian Academy; Bucharest Romania
| | - Viorel Simion
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology ‘Nicolae Simionescu’ of the Romanian Academy; Bucharest Romania
| | - Manuela Calin
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology ‘Nicolae Simionescu’ of the Romanian Academy; Bucharest Romania
| | - Maya Simionescu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology ‘Nicolae Simionescu’ of the Romanian Academy; Bucharest Romania
| | - Ileana Manduteanu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology ‘Nicolae Simionescu’ of the Romanian Academy; Bucharest Romania
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43
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Bergmann K, Sypniewska G. Secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (SFRP4) and fractalkine (CX3CL1) — Potential new biomarkers for β-cell dysfunction and diabetes. Clin Biochem 2014; 47:529-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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44
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Grosse GM, Tryc AB, Dirks M, Schuppner R, Pflugrad H, Lichtinghagen R, Weissenborn K, Worthmann H. The temporal dynamics of plasma fractalkine levels in ischemic stroke: association with clinical severity and outcome. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:74. [PMID: 24722201 PMCID: PMC4022085 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The chemokine fractalkine (CX3CL1, FKN) is involved in neural-microglial interactions and is regarded as neuroprotective according to several in vivo studies of inflammatory and degenerative states of the brain. Recently, an association with outcome in human ischemic stroke has been proposed. In this study, we aimed to investigate the temporal pattern of FKN levels in acute ischemic stroke in relation to stroke severity and outcome. Methods FKN levels were measured in plasma specimens of fifty-five patients with acute ischemic stroke. Blood was available for time points 6 hours (h), 12 h, 3 days (d), 7 d and 90 d after stroke onset. Clinical outcome was evaluated using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 7 d and 90 d. Results The time course of FKN significantly differs depending on stroke severity, with higher FKN levels linked to a lower severity. FKN levels in patients with moderate to severe strokes differ significantly from controls. In outcome analysis, we found an association of dynamics of FKN with clinical outcome. Decrease of FKN is pronounced in patients with worse outcome. Multivariate analysis including stroke severity and stroke etiology revealed that deltaFKN between 6 h and 3 d is independently associated with mRS at 90 d. In addition deltaFKN is inversely correlated with the extent of brain damage, as measured by S100B. Conclusions FKN dynamics are independently associated with stroke outcome. Further studies might give insight on whether FKN is actively involved in the inflammatory cascade after acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hans Worthmann
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str, 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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45
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Koenen RR. CX3CL1, a special deputy at the intersection of platelets and the vessel wall. Thromb Haemost 2014; 111:567. [PMID: 24633475 DOI: 10.1160/th14-02-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rory R Koenen
- Rory Koenen, PhD, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands, Tel.: +31 43 3881674, Fax: +31 43 3884159, E-mail:
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46
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Chang CC, Chu CF, Wang CN, Wu HT, Bi KW, Pang JHS, Huang ST. The anti-atherosclerotic effect of tanshinone IIA is associated with the inhibition of TNF-α-induced VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and CX3CL1 expression. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:207-216. [PMID: 24157079 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA is one of the major diterpenes in Salvia miltiorrhiza. The inhibitory effect of Tanshinone IIA on atherosclerosis has been reported, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. The present study aimed to study the anti-atherosclerosis effect of Tanshinone IIA on the adhesion of monocytes to vascular endothelial cells and related mechanism. Results showed that Tanshinone IIA, at the concentrations without cytotoxic effect, dose-dependently inhibited the adhesion of THP-1 monocytes to the TNF-α-stimulated human vascular endothelial cells. The expressions of cell adhesion molecules including VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and E-selectin were induced by TNF-α in HUVECs at both the mRNA and protein levels. The mRNA and protein expressions of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, but not E-selectin, were both significantly suppressed by Tanshinone IIA in a dose dependent manner. In addition, the TNF-α-induced mRNA expression of fractalkine/CX3CL1 and the level of soluble fractalkine were both reduced by Tanshinone IIA. We also found that Tanshinone IIA significantly inhibited TNF-α-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB which was resulted from the inhibitory effect of Tanshinone IIA on the TNF-α-activated phosphorylation of IKKα, IKKβ, IκB and NF-κB. As one of the major components of Salvia miltiorrhiza, Tanshinone IIA alone exerted more potent effect on inhibiting the adhesion of monocytes to vascular endothelial cells when compared with Salvia miltiorrhiza. All together, these results demonstrate a novel underlying mechanism for the anti-inflammatory effect of Tanshinone IIA by modulating TNF-α-induced expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and fractalkine through inhibition of TNF-α-induced activation of IKK/NF-κB signaling pathway in human vascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chieh Chang
- Department of Chinese Medicine and Mitochondrial Research Unit, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital - Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chen-Fu Chu
- Department of Chinese Medicine and Mitochondrial Research Unit, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital - Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chao-Nin Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiao-Ting Wu
- Department of Chinese Medicine and Mitochondrial Research Unit, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital - Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuo-Wei Bi
- Department of Chinese Medicine and Mitochondrial Research Unit, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital - Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jong-Hwei S Pang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Sheng-Teng Huang
- Department of Chinese Medicine and Mitochondrial Research Unit, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital - Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
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47
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Pirvulescu MM, Gan AM, Stan D, Simion V, Calin M, Butoi E, Manduteanu I. Subendothelial resistin enhances monocyte transmigration in a co-culture of human endothelial and smooth muscle cells by mechanisms involving fractalkine, MCP-1 and activation of TLR4 and Gi/o proteins signaling. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 50:29-37. [PMID: 24508784 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine resistin and the chemokine fractalkine (FKN) were found at increased levels in human atherosclerotic plaque, in the subendothelium, but their role in this location still needs to be characterized. Recently, high local resistin in the arterial vessel wall was shown to contribute to an enhanced accumulation of macrophages by mechanisms that need to be clarified. Our recent data showed that resistin activated smooth muscle cells (SMC) by up-regulating FKN and MCP-1 expression and monocyte chemotaxis by activating toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and Gi/o proteins. Since in the vessel wall both endothelial cells (EC) and SMC respond to cytokines and promote atherosclerosis, we questioned whether subendothelial resistin (sR) has a role in vascular cells cross-talk leading to enhanced monocyte transmigration and we investigated the mechanisms involved. To this purpose we used an in vitro system of co-cultured SMC and EC activated by sR and we analyzed monocyte transmigration. Our results indicated that: (1) sR enhanced monocyte transmigration in EC/SMC system compared to EC cultured alone; (2) sR activated TLR4 and Gi/o signaling in EC/SMC system and induced the secretion of more FKN and MCP-1 compared to EC cultured alone and used both chemokines to specifically recruit monocytes by CX3CR1 and CCR2 receptors. Moreover, FKN produced by resistin in EC/SMC system, by acting on CX3CR1 on EC/SMC specifically contributes to MCP-1 secretion in the system and to the enhanced monocyte transmigration. Our study indicates new possible targets for therapy to reduce resistin-dependent enhanced macrophage infiltration in the atherosclerotic arterial wall.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Maria Gan
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest 050568, Romania
| | - Daniela Stan
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest 050568, Romania
| | - Viorel Simion
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest 050568, Romania
| | - Manuela Calin
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest 050568, Romania
| | - Elena Butoi
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest 050568, Romania
| | - Ileana Manduteanu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest 050568, Romania
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48
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Hildemann SK, Schulz C, Fraccarollo D, Schöpp C, Flierl U, Wissel K, Pelisek J, Massberg S, Bauersachs J, Schäfer A. Fractalkine promotes platelet activation and vascular dysfunction in congestive heart failure. Thromb Haemost 2013; 111:725-35. [PMID: 24336891 DOI: 10.1160/th13-08-0640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Endothelial dysfunction and enhanced platelet reactivity in congestive heart failure (CHF) contribute to poor prognosis. CHF patients display an impaired responsiveness to clopidogrel. Fractalkine activates platelets and elevated plasma levels of this chemokine are a feature of CHF. We here addressed the interrelation of fractalkine, platelet reactivity and clopidogrel efficacy in humans and rats with CHF. Fractalkine serum levels determined by ELISA were increased in CHF patients (CHF: 1548 ± 650 pg/ml; CONTROL 968 ± 575 pg/ml, p<0.01) and following CHF induction in rats (CHF: 1509 ± 753 pg/ml; Sham: 1181 ± 275 pg/ml, p<0.05). Expression of fractalkine and its receptor CX3CR1 was enhanced in aortas of CHF rats as determined by immunofluorescence microscopy and molecular analysis. Fractalkine significantly aggravated endothelial dysfunction and augmented P-selectin expression on platelets from CHF rats. Platelet surface expression of CX3CR1 was increased in CHF rats, who displayed an impaired response to clopidogrel (platelet reactivity to ADP: CHF 30 ± 22%; Sham: 8 ± 5%, p<0.05). Similarly in humans with CHF, elevated fractalkine levels were accompanied by reduced clopidogrel responsiveness. Patients with high on-clopidogrel treatment platelet P2Y12 reactivity displayed higher fractalkine levels (1525 ± 487 pg/ml) than those with sufficient clopidogrel response (684 ± 315 pg/ml, p<0.01). In conclusion, in CHF fractalkine was increased on the endothelium and in blood serum, and platelet surface-expression of CX3CR1 was enhanced. Fractalkine diminished endothelial function beyond the impairment already observed in CHF and was associated with a reduced responsiveness to the platelet inhibitor clopidogrel. These findings may indicate a novel pathophysiological mechanism contributing to impaired clopidogrel responsiveness in CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andreas Schäfer
- Prof. Dr. Andreas Schäfer, Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany, Tel.: +49 511 532 5240, Fax: +49 511 532 8244, E-mail:
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49
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CX3CR1 receptor polymorphisms, Th1 cell recruitment, and acute myocardial infarction outcome: looking for a link. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:451349. [PMID: 24307998 PMCID: PMC3838839 DOI: 10.1155/2013/451349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fractalkine is a proinflammatory chemokine that participates in atherosclerotic process
mediating the interactions of vascular cells and leukocytes and selective recruitment of
Th1 lymphocytes, through interaction with CX3CR1 receptor. The polymorphism of the
fractalkine receptor 280M-containing haplotype, which codifies for a receptor with minor
expression and with a reduced binding capability, represents a novel protective factor of
atherosclerotic disease. We investigated the association among CX3CR1 genotype, the
inflammatory infiltrate subpopulations recruited in the plaque, and the in situ expression of
fractalkine and its receptor, in patients who died of myocardial infarction (AMI) compared with
subjects who died of noncardiac causes. Patients with nonlethal AMI (AMI survivors)
were also investigated to correlate the CX3CR1 polymorphisms and the incidence of lethal AMI.
A strong T cells infiltrate was found in infarct related artery (IRA) plaques of AMI patients
presenting the V249 T280 haplotype (84%). Conversely, a decreased T cell recruitment was
associated with I249T280 haplotype in the controls (64%). The significant higher presence of
the variant allele I249 in homo- and heterozygosis, found in controls (91%) and in AMI survivors
(94%), with respect to the patients who died of AMI (48%), showed the relevance of this polymorphism
both in the onset and outcome of acute myocardial infarction. The presence of CX3CR1
polymorphisms could influence the incidence and the outcome of acute myocardial infarction,
altering the inflammation of the whole coronary tree by the impaired recruitment of Th1 polarized subpopulation in the coronary plaque.
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50
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Apostolakis S, Spandidos D. Chemokines and atherosclerosis: focus on the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:1251-6. [PMID: 23974513 PMCID: PMC4002164 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is currently considered an inflammatory disease. Much attention has been focused on the potential role of inflammatory mediators as prognostic/diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. CX3CL1 (or fractalkine) is a structurally and functionally unique chemokine with a well documented role in atherosclerosis. In its membrane bound form it promotes the firm adhesion of rolling leucocytes onto the vessel wall, while in its soluble form it serves as a potent chemoattractant for CX3CR1-expressing cells. Additionally, CX3CL1 exerts cytotoxic effects on the endothelium as well as anti-apoptotic and proliferative effects on vascular cells, affecting the context and stability of the atherosclerotic plaque. Studies on animal models have shown that the blockade of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 pathway ameliorates the severity of atherosclerosis, while genetic epidemiology has confirmed that a genetically-defined less active CX3CL1/CX3CR1 pathway is associated with a reduced risk of atherosclerotic disease in humans. Although several studies support an important pathogenic role of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 in atherogenesis and plaque destabilization, this does not necessarily suggest that this pathway is a suitable therapeutic target or that CX3CL1 can serve as a prognostic/diagnostic biomarker. Further studies on the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 chemokine pathway are clearly warranted to justify the clinical relevance of its role in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Apostolakis
- Department of Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Demetrios Spandidos
- Department of Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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