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Mihiretu BD, Usui T, Kiyama M, Soda K, Yamaguchi T. Novel Genotype of HA Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 Subtype High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Emerged at a Wintering Site of Migratory Birds in Japan, 2021/22 Winter. Pathogens 2024; 13:380. [PMID: 38787232 PMCID: PMC11124138 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of avian influenza virus (AIV) was conducted in the 2021-2022 winter season at a wintering site of migratory Anatidae in Japan. An H5N8 subtype high pathogenicity AIV (HPAIV) with a unique gene constellation and four low pathogenicity AIVs (LPAIVs) were isolated from environmental samples. The genetic origin of the HPAIV (NK1201) was determined with whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. Six of NK1201's eight genes were closely related to HA clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 subtype HPAIVs, belonging to the G2a group, which was responsible for outbreaks in poultry farms in November 2021 in Japan. However, the remaining two genes, PB1 and NP, most closely matched those of the LPAIVs H7N7 and H1N8, which were isolated at the same place in the same 2021-2022 winter. No virus of the NK1201 genotype had been detected prior to the 2021-2022 winter, indicating that it emerged via genetic reassortment among HPAIV and LPAIVs, which were prevalent at the same wintering site. In addition, experimental infection in chickens indicated that NK1201 had slightly different infectivity compared to the reported infectivity of the representative G2a group H5N8 HPAIV, suggesting that the PB1 and NP genes derived from LPAIVs might have affected the pathogenicity of the virus in chickens. Our results directly demonstrate the emergence of a novel genotype of H5N8 HPAIV through gene reassortment at a wintering site. Analyses of AIVs at wintering sites can help to identify the emergence of novel HPAIVs, which pose risks to poultry, livestock, and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berihun Dires Mihiretu
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; (B.D.M.); (K.S.); (T.Y.)
| | - Tatsufumi Usui
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; (B.D.M.); (K.S.); (T.Y.)
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kiyama
- Natural Green Resources Division, Department of the Environment and Consumer Affairs, Tottori Prefecture, 1-220 Higashi-machi, Tottori 680-8570, Japan
| | - Kosuke Soda
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; (B.D.M.); (K.S.); (T.Y.)
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; (B.D.M.); (K.S.); (T.Y.)
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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Raj S, Alizadeh M, Matsuyama-Kato A, Boodhoo N, Denis MS, Nagy É, Mubareka S, Karimi K, Behboudi S, Sharif S. Efficacy of an inactivated influenza vaccine adjuvanted with Toll-like receptor ligands against transmission of H9N2 avian influenza virus in chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 268:110715. [PMID: 38219434 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIV), including the H9N2 subtype, pose a major threat to the poultry industry as well as to human health. Although vaccination provides a protective control measure, its effect on transmission remains uncertain in chickens. The objective of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of beta-propiolactone (BPL) whole inactivated H9N2 virus (WIV) vaccine either alone or in combination with CpG ODN 2007 (CpG), poly(I:C) or AddaVax™ (ADD) to prevent H9N2 AIV transmission in chickens. The seeder chickens (trial 1) and recipient chickens (trial 2) were vaccinated twice with different vaccine formulations. Ten days after secondary vaccination, seeder chickens were infected with H9N2 AIV (trial 1) and co-housed with healthy recipient chickens. In trial 2, the recipient chickens were vaccinated and then exposed to H9N2 AIV-infected seeder chickens. Our results demonstrated that BPL+ CpG and BPL+ poly(I:C) treated chickens exhibited reduced oral and cloacal shedding in both trials post-exposure (PE). The number of H9N2 AIV+ recipient chickens in the BPL+ CpG group (trial 1) was lower than in other vaccinated groups, and the reduction was higher in BPL+ CpG recipient chickens in trial 2. BPL+ CpG vaccinated chickens demonstrated enhanced systemic antibody responses with high IgM and IgY titers with higher rates of seroprotection by day 21 post-primary vaccination (ppv). Additionally, the induction of IFN-γ expression and production was higher in the BPL+ CpG treated chickens. Interleukin (IL)- 2 expression was upregulated in both BPL+ CpG and BPL+ poly(I:C) groups at 12 and 24 hr post-stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugandha Raj
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mohammadali Alizadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ayumi Matsuyama-Kato
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nitish Boodhoo
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Myles St Denis
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Éva Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Shahriar Behboudi
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NE, United Kingdom
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Antigua KJC, Baek YH, Choi WS, Jeong JH, Kim EH, Oh S, Yoon SW, Kim C, Kim EG, Choi SY, Hong SK, Choi YK, Song MS. Multiple HA substitutions in highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx viruses contributed to the change in the NA subtype preference. Virulence 2022; 13:990-1004. [PMID: 36560870 PMCID: PMC9176248 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2082672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5Nx viruses are predominantly circulating worldwide, with an increasing potential threat of an outbreak in humans. It remains largely unknown how the stably maintained HPAI H5N1 suddenly altered its neuraminidase (NA) to other NA subtypes, which resulted in the emergence and evolution of H5Nx viruses. Here, we found that a combination of four specific amino acid (AA) substitutions (S123P-T156A-D183N- S223 R) in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein consistently observed in the H5Nx markedly altered the NA preference of H5N1 viruses. These molecular changes in H5N1 impaired its fitness, particularly viral growth and the functional activities of the HA and NA proteins. Among the AA substitutions identified, the T156A substitution, which contributed to the NA shift, also dramatically altered the antigenicity of H5N1 viruses, suggesting an occurrence of antigenic drift triggered by selective pressure. Our study shows the importance of how HA and NA complement each other and that antigenic drift in HA can potentially cause a shift in the NA protein in influenza A virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khristine Joy C. Antigua
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Changil Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Choi
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Kon Hong
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea,Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS)Center for Study of Emerging and Re-Emerging, Daejeon, Republic of Korea,Young Ki Choi
| | - Min Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea,CONTACT Min Suk Song
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Sun H, Deng G, Sun H, Song J, Zhang W, Li H, Wei X, Li F, Zhang X, Liu J, Pu J, Sun Y, Tong Q, Bi Y, Xie Y, Qi J, Chang KC, Gao GF, Liu J. N-linked glycosylation enhances hemagglutinin stability in avian H5N6 influenza virus to promote adaptation in mammals. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac085. [PMID: 36741455 PMCID: PMC9896958 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Clade 2.3.4.4 avian H5Ny viruses, namely H5N2, H5N6, and H5N8, have exhibited unprecedented intercontinental spread in poultry. Among them, only H5N6 viruses are frequently reported to infect mammals and cause serious human infections. In this study, the genetic and biological characteristics of surface hemagglutinin (HA) from clade 2.3.4.4 H5Ny avian influenza viruses (AIVs) were examined for adaptation in mammalian infection. Phylogenetic analysis identified an amino acid (AA) deletion at position 131 of HA as a distinctive feature of H5N6 virus isolated from human patients. This single AA deletion was found to enhance H5N6 virus replication and pathogenicity in vitro and in mammalian hosts (mice and ferrets) through HA protein acid and thermal stabilization that resulted in reduced pH threshold from pH 5.7 to 5.5 for viral-endosomal membrane fusion. Mass spectrometry and crystal structure revealed that the AA deletion in HA at position 131 introduced an N-linked glycosylation site at 129, which increases compactness between HA monomers, thus stabilizes the trimeric structure. Our findings provide a molecular understanding of how HA protein stabilization promotes cross-species avian H5N6 virus infection to mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Han Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaohui Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fangtao Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qi Tong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yufeng Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kin-Chow Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - George Fu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China,Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China,WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- To whom correspondence should be addressed:
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Yehia N, Erfan AM, Adel A, El-Tayeb A, Hassan WMM, Samy A, Abd El-Hack ME, El-Saadony MT, El-Tarabily KA, Ahmed KA. Pathogenicity of three genetically distinct and highly pathogenic Egyptian H5N8 avian influenza viruses in chickens. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101662. [PMID: 35093769 PMCID: PMC8808262 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In late 2016, Egypt encountered multiple cases of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of the H5N8 subtype. In a previous study, three distinct genotypes, including A/common-coot/Egypt/CA285/2016 (H5N8) (CA285), A/duck/Egypt/SS19/2017 (H5N8) (SS19), and A/duck/Egypt/F446/2017 (H5N8) (F446), were isolated from wild birds, a backyard, and a commercial farm, respectively, during the first wave of infection. In this current study, we investigated the differences in the pathogenicity, replication and transmissibility of the three genotypes and A/chicken/Egypt/15S75/2015 (H5N1) (S75) was used as the control. The intravenous pathogenicity index was between 2.68 and 2.9. The chicken lethal dose 50 values of F446, SS19 and CA285 were 103.7, 103.7, an 104 with a natural route of infection, respectively. These strains took longer than S75 to cause death when infection was carried out through the natural route (HPAI H5N1). After inoculation with the original concentration of 105 and 106 egg infective dose 50 (EID50), F446 had a higher mortality rate with short mean death times of 4, and 7 days, respectively compared with the other H5N8 viruses. Chickens inoculated with F446 and contacted exposed chickens infected with F446 showed the highest viral titer with remarkable differences in all H5N8 tested swabs at 2-4 days postinfection (dpi) compared to S75 at 2 dpi. This indicates that F446 had a more efficient transmission and spread from contact exposed birds to other birds. All H5N8 viruses were able to replicate systematically in all organs (trachea, brain, lung, and spleen) of the chicken with high viral titer with significantly different and more pathological changes observed in F446 than in other H5N8 viruses at 2 and 4 dpi. Compared with H5N1, we recorded a significantly high viral titer in the samples obtained from the lung, brain and both cloacal and tracheal swabs at 2 and 4 dpi, respectively and in the samples obtained from the spleen at 2 and 4 dpi among the experimental chicken. The comparative pathogenesis study revealed that in comparison with the other HPAI H5N8 viruses, the genotype F446 was more pathogenic, and showed more efficient viral replication and transmissibility in chickens in Egypt. The genotype F446 also showed a high viral titer than HPAI H5N1 and short mean death time at the third day after inoculation with 106 and 105 EID50, which revealed a conservation of certain H5N8 genotypes and a decrease in the incidence of H5N1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed Yehia
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Erfan
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Amany Adel
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El-Tayeb
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Wafaa M M Hassan
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Samy
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt; Immunogenetics, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates; Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, 6150, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Kawkab A Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
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Aji D, Chang N, Zhang C, Du F, Li J, Yun F, Shi W, Bi Y, Ma Z. Rapid Emergence of the Reassortant 2.3.4.4b H5N2 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in a Live Poultry Market in Xinjiang, Northwest China. Avian Dis 2021; 65:578-583. [DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilihuma Aji
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Nana Chang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Fei Du
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Emerging infections Disease in Shandong First Medical University, Tai an 271016, China
| | - Fengze Yun
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Emerging infections Disease in Shandong First Medical University, Tai an 271016, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Zhenghai Ma
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
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Survey of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in live poultry markets in Guangxi Province, Southern China, 2016-2019. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23223. [PMID: 34853356 PMCID: PMC8636610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02639-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) have been widespread in poultry and wild birds throughout the world for many decades. LPAIV infections are usually asymptomatic or cause subclinical symptoms. However, the genetic reassortment of LPAIVs may generate novel viruses with increased virulence and cross-species transmission, posing potential risks to public health. To evaluate the epidemic potential and infection landscape of LPAIVs in Guangxi Province, China, we collected and analyzed throat and cloacal swab samples from chickens, ducks and geese from the live poultry markets on a regular basis from 2016 to 2019. Among the 7,567 samples, 974 (12.87%) were LPAIVs-positive, with 890 single and 84 mixed infections. Higher yearly isolation rates were observed in 2017 and 2018. Additionally, geese had the highest isolation rate, followed by ducks and chickens. Seasonally, spring had the highest isolation rate. Subtype H3, H4, H6 and H9 viruses were detected over prolonged periods, while H1 and H11 viruses were detected transiently. The predominant subtypes in chickens, ducks and geese were H9, H3, and H6, respectively. The 84 mixed infection samples contained 22 combinations. Most mixed infections involved two subtypes, with H3 + H4 as the most common combination. Our study provides important epidemiological data regarding the isolation rates, distributions of prevalent subtypes and mixed infections of LPAIVs. These results will improve our knowledge and ability to control epidemics, guide disease management strategies and provide early awareness of newly emerged AIV reassortants with pandemic potential.
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Nguyen ATV, Hoang VT, Sung HW, Yeo SJ, Park H. Genetic Characterization and Pathogenesis of Three Novel Reassortant H5N2 Viruses in South Korea, 2018. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112192. [PMID: 34834997 PMCID: PMC8619638 DOI: 10.3390/v13112192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreaks of H5N2 avian influenza viruses have occasionally caused the death of thousands of birds in poultry farms. Surveillance during the 2018 winter season in South Korea revealed three H5N2 isolates in feces samples collected from wild birds (KNU18-28: A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-28/2018, KNU18-86: A/Bean Goose/South Korea/KNU18-86/2018, and KNU18-93: A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-93/2018). Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that these viruses arose from reassortment events among various virus subtypes circulating in South Korea and other countries in the East Asia–Australasian Flyway. The NS gene of the KNU18-28 and KNU18-86 isolates was closely related to that of China’s H10N3 strain, whereas the KNU18-93 strain originated from the H12N2 strain in Japan, showing two different reassortment events and different from a low pathogenic H5N3 (KNU18-91) virus which was isolated at the same day and same place with KNU18-86 and KNU18-93. These H5N2 isolates were characterized as low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. However, many amino acid changes in eight gene segments were identified to enhance polymerase activity and increase adaptation and virulence in mice and mammals. Experiments reveal that viral replication in MDCK cells was quite high after 12 hpi, showing the ability to replicate in mouse lungs. The hematoxylin and eosin-stained (H&E) lung sections indicated different degrees of pathogenicity of the three H5N2 isolates in mice compared with that of the control H1N1 strain. The continuing circulation of these H5N2 viruses may represent a potential threat to mammals and humans. Our findings highlight the need for intensive surveillance of avian influenza virus circulation in South Korea to prevent the risks posed by these reassortment viruses to animal and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Thi Viet Nguyen
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (A.T.V.N.); (V.T.H.)
| | - Vui Thi Hoang
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (A.T.V.N.); (V.T.H.)
| | - Haan Woo Sung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | - Seon-Ju Yeo
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-J.Y.); (H.P.)
| | - Hyun Park
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (A.T.V.N.); (V.T.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.-J.Y.); (H.P.)
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Neurovirulence of avian influenza virus is dependent on the interaction of viral NP protein with host factor FMRP in the murine brain. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01272-20. [PMID: 33408179 PMCID: PMC8092684 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01272-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are zoonotic viruses that exhibit a range infectivity and severity in the human host. Severe human cases of AIVs infection are often accompanied by neurological symptoms, however, the factors involved in the infection of the central nervous system (CNS) are not well known. In this study, we discovered that avian-like sialic acid (SA)-α2, 3 Gal receptor is highly presented in mammalian (human and mouse) brains. In the generation of a mouse-adapted neurotropic H9N2 AIV (SD16-MA virus) in BALB/c mice, we identified key adaptive mutations in its hemagglutinin (HA) and polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) genes that conferred viral replication ability in mice brain. The SD16-MA virus showed binding affinity for avian-like SA-α2, 3 Gal receptor, enhanced viral RNP polymerase activity, increased viral protein production and transport that culminated in elevated progeny virus production and severe pathogenicity. We further established that host Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP), a highly expressed protein in the brain that physically associated with viral nucleocapsid protein (NP) to facilitate RNP assembly and export, was an essential host factor for the neuronal replication of neurotropic AIVs (H9N2, H5N1 and H10N7 viruses). Our study identified a mechanistic process for AIVs to acquire neurovirulence in mice.IMPORTANCE Infection of the CNS is a serious complication of human cases of AIVs infection. The viral and host factors associated with neurovirulence of AIVs infection are not well understood. We identified and functionally characterized specific changes in the viral HA and PB2 genes of a mouse-adapted neurotropic avian H9N2 virus responsible for enhanced virus replication in neuronal cells and pathogenicity in mice. Importantly, we showed that host FMRP was a crucial host factor that was necessary for neurotropic AIVs (H9N2, H5N1 and H10N7 viruses) to replicate in neuronal cells. Our findings have provided insights into the pathogenesis of neurovirulence of AIV infection.
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10
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Verhagen JH, Fouchier RAM, Lewis N. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses at the Wild-Domestic Bird Interface in Europe: Future Directions for Research and Surveillance. Viruses 2021; 13:212. [PMID: 33573231 PMCID: PMC7912471 DOI: 10.3390/v13020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry are no longer a rare phenomenon in Europe. In the past 15 years, HPAI outbreaks-in particular those caused by H5 viruses derived from the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage that emerged in southeast Asia in 1996-have been occuring with increasing frequency in Europe. Between 2005 and 2020, at least ten HPAI H5 incursions were identified in Europe resulting in mass mortalities among poultry and wild birds. Until 2009, the HPAI H5 virus outbreaks in Europe were caused by HPAI H5N1 clade 2.2 viruses, while from 2014 onwards HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses dominated outbreaks, with abundant genetic reassortments yielding subtypes H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H5N4, H5N5, H5N6 and H5N8. The majority of HPAI H5 virus detections in wild and domestic birds within Europe coincide with southwest/westward fall migration and large local waterbird aggregations during wintering. In this review we provide an overview of HPAI H5 virus epidemiology, ecology and evolution at the interface between poultry and wild birds based on 15 years of avian influenza virus surveillance in Europe, and assess future directions for HPAI virus research and surveillance, including the integration of whole genome sequencing, host identification and avian ecology into risk-based surveillance and analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josanne H. Verhagen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands; (J.H.V.); (R.A.M.F.)
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands; (J.H.V.); (R.A.M.F.)
| | - Nicola Lewis
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, UK
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11
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Re-Invasion of H5N8 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Clade 2.3.4.4b in Hokkaido, Japan, 2020. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121439. [PMID: 33327524 PMCID: PMC7764937 DOI: 10.3390/v12121439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Global dispersion of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI), especially that caused by H5 clade 2.3.4.4, has threatened poultry industries and, potentially, human health. An HPAI virus, A/northern pintail/Hokkaido/M13/2020 (H5N8) (NP/Hok/20) belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b, was isolated from a fecal sample collected at a lake in Hokkaido, Japan where migratory birds rested, October 2020. In the phylogenetic trees of all eight gene segments, NP/Hok/20 fell into in the cluster of European isolates in 2020, but was distinct from the isolates in eastern Asia and Europe during the winter season of 2017–2018. The antigenic cartography indicates that the antigenicity of NP/Hok/20 was almost the same as that of previous isolates of H5 clade 2.3.4.4b, whereas the antigenic distances from NP/Hok/20 to the representative strains in clade 2.3.4.4e and to a strain in 2.3.4 were apparently distant. These data imply that HPAI virus clade 2.3.4.4b should have been delivered by bird migration despite the intercontinental distance, although it was not defined whether NP/Hok/20 was transported from Europe via Siberia where migratory birds nest in the summer season. Given the probability of perpetuation of transmission in the northern territory, periodic updates of intensive surveys on avian influenza at the global level are essential to prepare for future outbreaks of the HPAI virus.
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12
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Zhang X, Zhao Q, Ci X, Chen S, Chen L, Lian J, Xie Z, Ye Y, Lv H, Li H, Lin W, Zhang H, Xie Q. Effect of Baicalin on Bacterial Secondary Infection and Inflammation Caused by H9N2 AIV Infection in Chickens. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2524314. [PMID: 33294434 PMCID: PMC7691011 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2524314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (H9N2 AIV) is a low pathogenic virus that is widely prevalent all over the world. H9N2 AIV causes immunosuppression in the host and often leads to high rates of mortality due to secondary infection with Escherichia. Due to the drug resistance of bacteria, many antibiotics are not effective in the treatment of secondary bacterial infection. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to find effective nonantibiotic drugs for the treatment of H9N2 AIV infection-induced secondary bacterial infection and inflammation. This study proves, for the first time, that baicalin, a Chinese herbal medicine, can regulate Lactobacillus to replace Escherichia induced by H9N2 AIV, so as to resolve the intestinal flora disorder. In addition, baicalin can effectively prevent intestinal bacterial translocation of SPF chickens' post-H9N2 AIV infection, thus inhibiting secondary bacterial infection. Furthermore, baicalin can effectively treat H9N2 AIV-induced inflammation by inhibiting intestinal structural damage, inhibiting damage to ileal mucus layer construction and tight junctions, improving antioxidant capacity, affecting blood biochemical indexes, and inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these results provide a new theoretical basis for clinical prevention and control of H9N2 AIV infection-induced secondary bacterial infection and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinheng Zhang
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qiqi Zhao
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaotong Ci
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Liyi Chen
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiamin Lian
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zi Xie
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yaqiong Ye
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
| | - Huiyuan Lv
- Beijing Center Biology CO., LTD., Beijing 100000, China
| | - Hongxin Li
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wencheng Lin
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huanmin Zhang
- USDA, Agriculture Research Service, Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Qingmei Xie
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
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13
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Escalera-Zamudio M, Golden M, Gutiérrez B, Thézé J, Keown JR, Carrique L, Bowden TA, Pybus OG. Parallel evolution in the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5511. [PMID: 33139731 PMCID: PMC7608645 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19364-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Parallel molecular evolution and adaptation are important phenomena commonly observed in viruses. Here, we exploit parallel molecular evolution to understand virulence evolution in avian influenza viruses (AIV). Highly-pathogenic AIVs evolve independently from low-pathogenic ancestors via acquisition of polybasic cleavage sites. Why some AIV lineages but not others evolve in this way is unknown. We hypothesise that the parallel emergence of highly-pathogenic AIV may be facilitated by permissive or compensatory mutations occurring across the viral genome. We combine phylogenetic, statistical and structural approaches to discover parallel mutations in AIV genomes associated with the highly-pathogenic phenotype. Parallel mutations were screened using a statistical test of mutation-phenotype association and further evaluated in the contexts of positive selection and protein structure. Our resulting mutational panel may help to reveal new links between virulence evolution and other traits, and raises the possibility of predicting aspects of AIV evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Golden
- Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | | | - Julien Thézé
- Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Jeremy Russell Keown
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Loic Carrique
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Thomas A Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK.
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.
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14
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Sriwilaijaroen N, Suzuki Y. Host Receptors of Influenza Viruses and Coronaviruses-Molecular Mechanisms of Recognition. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E587. [PMID: 33036202 PMCID: PMC7712180 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the four genera of influenza viruses (IVs) and the four genera of coronaviruses (CoVs), zoonotic αIV and βCoV have occasionally caused airborne epidemic outbreaks in humans, who are immunologically naïve, and the outbreaks have resulted in high fatality rates as well as social and economic disruption and losses. The most devasting influenza A virus (IAV) in αIV, pandemic H1N1 in 1918, which caused at least 40 million deaths from about 500 million cases of infection, was the first recorded emergence of IAVs in humans. Usually, a novel human-adapted virus replaces the preexisting human-adapted virus. Interestingly, two IAV subtypes, A/H3N2/1968 and A/H1N1/2009 variants, and two lineages of influenza B viruses (IBV) in βIV, B/Yamagata and B/Victoria lineage-like viruses, remain seasonally detectable in humans. Both influenza C viruses (ICVs) in γIV and four human CoVs, HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63 in αCoV and HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 in βCoV, usually cause mild respiratory infections. Much attention has been given to CoVs since the global epidemic outbreaks of βSARS-CoV in 2002-2004 and βMERS-CoV from 2012 to present. βSARS-CoV-2, which is causing the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic that has resulted in 890,392 deaths from about 27 million cases of infection as of 8 September 2020, has provoked worldwide investigations of CoVs. With the aim of developing efficient strategies for controlling virus outbreaks and recurrences of seasonal virus variants, here we overview the structures, diversities, host ranges and host receptors of all IVs and CoVs and critically review current knowledge of receptor binding specificity of spike glycoproteins, which mediates infection, of IVs and of zoonotic, pandemic and seasonal CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongluk Sriwilaijaroen
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yasuo Suzuki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
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15
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Abstract
In 1918, a strain of influenza A virus caused a human pandemic resulting in the deaths of 50 million people. A century later, with the advent of sequencing technology and corresponding phylogenetic methods, we know much more about the origins, evolution and epidemiology of influenza epidemics. Here we review the history of avian influenza viruses through the lens of their genetic makeup: from their relationship to human pandemic viruses, starting with the 1918 H1N1 strain, through to the highly pathogenic epidemics in birds and zoonoses up to 2018. We describe the genesis of novel influenza A virus strains by reassortment and evolution in wild and domestic bird populations, as well as the role of wild bird migration in their long-range spread. The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, and the zoonotic incursions of avian H5 and H7 viruses into humans over the last couple of decades are also described. The threat of a new avian influenza virus causing a human pandemic is still present today, although control in domestic avian populations can minimize the risk to human health. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes’. This issue is linked with the subsequent theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control’.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Digard
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
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16
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Sha Z, Shang H, Miao Y, Huang J, Niu X, Chen R, Hu L, Huang H, Wei K, Zhu R. Recombinant Lactococcus Lactis Expressing M1-HA2 Fusion Protein Provides Protective Mucosal Immunity Against H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus in Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:153. [PMID: 32266297 PMCID: PMC7105734 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
H9N2 subtype low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) is distributed worldwide and causes enormous economic losses in the poultry industry. Despite immunization of almost all chickens with inactivated vaccines, the disease still remains widespread. We speculated that improving mucosal or cellular immune responses could contribute to improved control of H9N2 viruses. In this study, we constructed a novel Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) strain expressing a recombinant fusion protein consisting of the M1 and HA2 proteins derived from an antigenically conserved endemic H9N2 virus strain. The M1-HA2 fusion protein was cloned downstream of a gene encoding a secretory peptide, and we subsequently confirmed that the fusion protein was secreted from L. lactis by Western blotting. We assessed the immunogenicity and protective effects of this recombinant L. lactis strain. Eighty 1-day-old chickens were divided into four groups, and the experimental groups were orally vaccinated twice with the recombinant L. lactis strain. Fecal and intestinal samples, sera, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were collected at 7, 14, and 21 days post-vaccination (dpv). Chickens vaccinated with the recombinant L. lactis strain showed significantly increased levels of serum antibodies, T cell-mediated immune responses, and mucosal secretory IgA (SIgA). Following challenge with H9N2 virus at 21 dpv, chickens vaccinated with the recombinant L. lactis strain showed decreased weight loss, lower viral titers in the lung, and reduced lung pathological damage. In summary, our results demonstrated that a recombinant L. lactis strain expressing an H9N2 M1-HA2 fusion protein could induce protective mucosal and systemic immunity. This oral vaccine is H9N2 virus-specific and represents a significant design improvement compared with previous studies. Our study provides a theoretical basis for improving mucosal immune responses to prevent and control H9N2 virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Sha
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Hongqi Shang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yongqiang Miao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiangyun Niu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Ruichang Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Liping Hu
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Shandong Province, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Bureau of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - He Huang
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd, New Hope Group, Qingdao, China
| | - Kai Wei
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Ruiliang Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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17
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Host Innate Immune Response of Geese Infected with Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020224. [PMID: 32046051 PMCID: PMC7074872 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2014, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N6 viruses have circulated in waterfowls and caused human infections in China, posing significant threats to the poultry industry and the public health. However, the genetics, pathogenicity and innate immune response of H5N6 HPAIVs in geese remain largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed the genetic characteristic of the two H5N6 viruses (GS38 and DK09) isolated from apparently healthy domestic goose and duck in live poultry markets (LPMs) of Southern China in 2016. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the HA genes of the two H5N6 viruses belonged to clade 2.3.4.4 and were clustered into the MIX-like group. The MIX-like group viruses have circulated in regions such as China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. The NA genes of the two H5N6 viruses were classified into the Eurasian sublineage. The internal genes including PB2, PB1, PA, NP, M, and NS of the two H5N6 viruses derived from the MIX-like. Therefore, our results suggested that the two H5N6 viruses were reassortants of the H5N1 and H6N6 viruses and likely derived from the same ancestor. Additionally, we evaluated the pathogenicity and transmission of the two H5N6 viruses in domestic geese. Results showed that both the two viruses caused serious clinical symptoms in all inoculated geese and led to high mortality in these birds. Both the two viruses were transmitted efficiently to contact geese and caused lethal infection in these birds. Furthermore, we found that mRNA of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), interferons (IFNs), and stimulated genes (ISGs) exhibited different levels of activation in the lungs and spleens of the two H5N6 viruses-inoculated geese though did not protect these birds from H5N6 HPAIVs infection. Our results suggested that the clade 2.3.4.4 waterfowl-origin H5N6 HPAIVs isolated from LPMs of Southern China could cause high mortality in geese and innate immune-related genes were involved in the geese innate immune response to H5N6 HPAIVs infection. Therefore, we should pay more attention to the evolution, pathogenic variations of these viruses and enhance virological surveillance of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs in waterfowls in China.
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18
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Bhatta TR, Chamings A, Vibin J, Klaassen M, Alexandersen S. Detection of a Reassortant H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus with Intercontinental Gene Segments in a Resident Australian Chestnut Teal. Viruses 2020; 12:E88. [PMID: 31940999 PMCID: PMC7019556 DOI: 10.3390/v12010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study reports the genetic characterization of a low-pathogenicity H9N2 avian influenza virus, initially from a pool and subsequently from individual faecal samples collected from Chestnut teals (Anas castanea) in southeastern Australia. Phylogenetic analyses of six full gene segments and two partial gene segments obtained from next-generation sequencing showed that this avian influenza virus, A/Chestnut teal/Australia/CT08.18/12952/2018 (H9N2), was a typical, low-pathogenicity, Eurasian aquatic bird lineage H9N2 virus, albeit containing the North American lineage nucleoprotein (NP) gene segment detected previously in Australian wild birds. This is the first report of a H9N2 avian influenza virus in resident wild birds in Australia, and although not in itself a cause of concern, is a clear indication of spillover and likely reassortment of influenza viruses between migratory and resident birds, and an indication that any lineage could potentially be introduced in this way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarka Raj Bhatta
- Geelong Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Anthony Chamings
- Geelong Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Jessy Vibin
- Geelong Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Marcel Klaassen
- Geelong Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Soren Alexandersen
- Geelong Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
- Barwon Health, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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19
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Zheng Z, Teo SHC, Arularasu SC, Liu Z, Mohd-Ismail NK, Mok CK, Ong CB, Chu JJH, Tan YJ. Contribution of Fc-dependent cell-mediated activity of a vestigial esterase-targeting antibody against H5N6 virus infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:95-110. [PMID: 31906790 PMCID: PMC6968706 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1708215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N6) virus has caused sporadic human infections with a high case fatality rate. Due to the continuous evolution of this virus subtype and its ability to transmit to humans, there is an urgent need to develop effective antiviral therapeutics. In this study, a murine monoclonal antibody 9F4 was shown to display broad binding affinity against H5Nx viruses. Furthermore, 9F4 can neutralize H5N6 pseudotyped particles and prevent entry into host cells. Additionally, ADCC/ADCP deficient L234A, L235A (LALA) and CDC deficient K322A mutants were generated and displayed comparable binding affinity and neutralizing activity as wild type 9F4 (9F4-WT). Notably, 9F4-WT, 9F4-LALA and 9F4-K322A exhibit in vivo protective efficacies against H5N6 infections in that they were able to reduce viral loads in mice. However, only 9F4-WT and 9F4-K322A but not 9F4-LALA were able to reduce viral pathogenesis in H5N6 challenged mice. Furthermore, depletion of phagocytic cells in mice lungs nullifies 9F4-WT's protection against H5N6 infections, suggesting a crucial role of the host's immune cells in 9F4 antiviral activity. Collectively, these findings reveal the importance of ADCC/ADCP function for 9F4-WT protection against HPAIV H5N6 and demonstrate the potential of 9F4 to confer protection against the reassortant H5-subtype HPAIVs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
- Female
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Influenza A virus/chemistry
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Phagocytosis
- Protein Domains
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Su Hui Catherine Teo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Suganya Cheyyatraivendran Arularasu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhehao Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nur Khairiah Mohd-Ismail
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Keng Mok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Bing Ong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang-hann Chu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee-Joo Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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20
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van der Kolk JH. Role for migratory domestic poultry and/or wild birds in the global spread of avian influenza? Vet Q 2019; 39:161-167. [PMID: 31752591 PMCID: PMC6913625 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2019.1697013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H. van der Kolk
- Swiss Institute for Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty,
University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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21
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Wu S, Zhang J, Huang J, Li W, Liu Z, He Z, Chen Z, He W, Zhao B, Qin Z, Jiao P, Liao M. Immune-Related Gene Expression in Ducks Infected With Waterfowl-Origin H5N6 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1782. [PMID: 31428075 PMCID: PMC6687855 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clade 2.3.4.4 H5 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are widely prevalent and of significant concern to the poultry industry and public health in China. Nowadays, the clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 virus has become a dominant AIV subtype among domestic ducks in southern China. We found that waterfowl-origin clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses (A/goose/Guangdong/16568/2016, GS16568 and A/duck/Guangdong/16873/2016, DK16873) isolated from southern China in 2016 could replicate in multiple organs of inoculated ducks. DK16873 virus caused mild infections and killed 2/5 of inoculated ducks, and GS16568 virus did not kill inoculated ducks. In addition, the two viruses could be transmitted via direct contact between ducks. DK16873 and GS16568 viruses killed 2/5 and 1/5 of contact ducks, respectively. Furthermore, ducks inoculated with the two H5N6 viruses exhibited different expressions of immune-related genes in their lungs. The expression of RIG-I, TLR3 and IL6 was significantly upregulated at 12 h post-inoculation (HPI) and most of the tested immune-related genes were significantly upregulated at 3 days post-inoculation (DPI). Notably, the expression of RIG-I and IL-6 in response to DK16873 virus was significantly higher than for GS16568 virus at 12 HPI and 3 DPI. Our research have provided helpful information about the pathogenicity, transmission and immune-related genes expression in ducks infected with new H5N6 AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junsheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianni Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiting Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoliang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanting He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingbing Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhifeng Qin
- Shenzhen Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peirong Jiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Antigua KJC, Choi WS, Baek YH, Song MS. The Emergence and Decennary Distribution of Clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI H5Nx. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7060156. [PMID: 31146461 PMCID: PMC6616411 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7060156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reassortment events among influenza viruses occur naturally and may lead to the development of new and different subtypes which often ignite the possibility of an influenza outbreak. Between 2008 and 2010, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 of the N1 subtype from the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96-like (Gs/GD) lineage generated novel reassortants by introducing other neuraminidase (NA) subtypes reported to cause most outbreaks in poultry. With the extensive divergence of the H5 hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of documented viruses, the WHO/FAO/OIE H5 Evolutionary Working Group clustered these viruses into a systematic and unified nomenclature of clade 2.3.4.4 currently known as “H5Nx” viruses. The rapid emergence and circulation of these viruses, namely, H5N2, H5N3, H5N5, H5N6, H5N8, and the regenerated H5N1, are of great concern based on their pandemic potential. Knowing the evolution and emergence of these novel reassortants helps to better understand their complex nature. The eruption of reports of each H5Nx reassortant through time demonstrates that it could persist beyond its usual seasonal activity, intensifying the possibility of these emerging viruses’ pandemic potential. This review paper provides an overview of the emergence of each novel HPAI H5Nx virus as well as its current epidemiological distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khristine Joy C Antigua
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
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23
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Chen LH, Lee DH, Liu YP, Li WC, Swayne DE, Chang JC, Chen YP, Lee F, Tu WJ, Lin YJ. Reassortant Clade 2.3.4.4 of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus, Taiwan, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1147-1149. [PMID: 29774853 PMCID: PMC6004838 DOI: 10.3201/eid2406.172071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N6) virus of clade 2.3.4.4 was detected in a domestic duck found dead in Taiwan during February 2017. The endemic situation and continued evolution of various reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in Taiwan warrant concern about further reassortment and a fifth wave of intercontinental spread.
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24
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Isolation and characterization of H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 in Russia. Virology 2018; 525:216-223. [PMID: 30296682 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In 2016-2017, several subtypes of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus were isolated on the territory of Russia. In the autumn of 2016, during the avian influenza virus surveillance in the territory of the Kamchatka region of Russia the HPAI A(H5N5) influenza virus was isolated. Then, during 2016-2017, multiple outbreaks among wild birds and poultry caused by HPAI A(H5N8) avian influenza virus were recorded in European part of Russia. At the end of 2017, an outbreak among poultry caused by HPAI A(H5N2) influenza virus was recorded in the European part of Russia. Phylogenetic analysis of HA of the A(H5N5), A(H5N8), A(H5N2) showed the strains belong to the clade 2.3.4.4 b. All isolated strains were antigenically closely related to candidate vaccine viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 and showed high virulence in mice. Genetic analysis revealed presence of genetic markers potentially related to high virulence in mice in all studied viruses.
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25
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Suttie A, Karlsson EA, Deng YM, Horm SV, Yann S, Tok S, Sorn S, Holl D, Tum S, Hurt AC, Greenhill AR, Barr IG, Horwood PF, Dussart P. Influenza A(H5N1) viruses with A(H9N2) single gene (matrix or PB1) reassortment isolated from Cambodian live bird markets. Virology 2018; 523:22-26. [PMID: 30075357 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Live bird market surveillance for avian influenza viruses in Cambodia in 2015 has led to the detection of two 7:1 reassortant influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.2.1c viruses. These reassortant strains, designated A/duck/Cambodia/Z564W35M1/2015 and A/chicken/Cambodia/Z850W49M1/2015, both contained a single gene (PB1 and matrix gene, respectively) from concurrently circulating A(H9N2) influenza viruses. All other viral genes from both isolates clustered with A(H5N1) clade 2.3.2.1 viruses. Continued and prolonged co-circulation of influenza A(H5N1) and A(H9N2) viruses in Cambodian live bird markets may present a risk for the emergence of novel influenza reassortant viruses with negative agricultural and/or public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Suttie
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Erik A Karlsson
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Yi-Mo Deng
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Srey Viseth Horm
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sokhoun Yann
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Songha Tok
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - San Sorn
- General Directorate for Animal Health and Production, Cambodian Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Davun Holl
- General Directorate for Animal Health and Production, Cambodian Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sothyra Tum
- National Animal Health and Production Research Institute, Cambodian Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Aeron C Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew R Greenhill
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
| | - Ian G Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Paul F Horwood
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia.
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
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26
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Qin T, Zhu J, Ma R, Yin Y, Chen S, Peng D, Liu X. Compatibility between haemagglutinin and neuraminidase drives the recent emergence of novel clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx avian influenza viruses in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1757-1769. [PMID: 29999588 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic reassortments between highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 subtype viruses with different neuraminidase (NA) subtypes have increased in prevalence since 2010 in wild birds and poultry from China. The HA gene slightly evolved from clade 2.3.4 to clade 2.3.4.4, raising the question of whether novel clade 2.3.4.4 HA broke the balance with N1 but is matched well with NAx to drive viral epidemics. To clarify the role of compatibility between HA and NA on the prevalence of H5Nx subtypes, we constructed 10 recombinant viruses in which the clade 2.3.4 or clade 2.3.4.4 HA genes were matched with different NA (N1, N2 and N8) genes and evaluated viral characteristics and pathogenicity. Combinations between clade 2.3.4 HA and N1 or between clade 2.3.4.4 HA and NAx, but not between clade 2.3.4.4 HA and N1, or between clade 2.3.4 HA and NAx, promoted viral growth, NA activity, thermostability, low-pH stability and pathogenicity in chicken and mice. These findings suggest that both clade 2.3.4 HA/N1 and clade 2.3.4.4 HA/NAx displayed a better match, which could promote the increased prevalence of clade 2.3.4 H5N1 AIV (prior to 2010) and clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx AIV (since 2010) in China, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ruonan Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuncong Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, China
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27
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Świętoń E, Śmietanka K. Phylogenetic and molecular analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 and H5N5 viruses detected in Poland in 2016-2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1664-1670. [PMID: 29920971 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sixty-five poultry outbreaks and sixty-eight events in wild birds were reported during the highly pathogenic H5N8/H5N5 avian influenza epidemic in Poland in 2016-2017. The analysis of all gene segment sequences of selected strains revealed cocirculation of at least four different genome configurations (genotypes) generated through reassortment of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 viruses detected in Russia and China in mid-2016. The geographical and temporal distribution of three H5N8 genotypes indicates separate introductions. Additionally, an H5N5 virus with a different gene configuration was detected in wild birds. The compilation of the results with those from studies on the virus' diversity in Germany, Italy and the Netherlands revealed that Europe was affected by at least eight different H5N8/H5N5 reassortants. Analysis of the HA gene sequence of a larger subset of samples showed its diversification corresponding to the genotype classification. The close relationship between poultry and wild bird strains from the same locations observed in several cases points to wild birds as the primary source of the outbreaks in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Świętoń
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Śmietanka
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
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28
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High frequency of reassortment after co-infection of chickens with the H4N6 and H9N2 influenza A viruses and the biological characteristics of the reassortants. Vet Microbiol 2018; 222:11-17. [PMID: 30080665 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
H4 and H9 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are two of the most prevalent influenza viruses worldwide. The co-existence of H4 and H9 viruses in multiple avian species provides an opportunity for the generation of novel reassortants and for viral evolution. The diversity of the biological characteristics of the reassortants enhances the potential threat to the poultry industry and to public health. To evaluate the reassortment of these viruses and the potential public risk of the reassortants, we co-infected chickens with H4N6 and H9N2 viruses derived from poultry and tested the replication and virulence of the reassortant viruses in mice. A high frequency of reassortment was detected in chickens after co-infection with these two viruses and nine reassortants of six genotypes were purified from the chicken samples. Two H9N2 reassortants containing the PA of the parent H4N6 virus showed higher virulence than the parent H9N2 virus, revealing the significant role of the H4N6 wt virus PA gene in viral reassortment. Analysis of the polymerase activity of the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro suggested that the PA of H4N6 wt origin enhanced polymerase activity. Our results indicate that co-infection of an avian individual with the H4N6 and H9N2 viruses leads to a high frequency of reassortment and generates some reassortants that have higher virulence than the wild-type viruses in mammals. These results highlight the potential public risk of the avian influenza reassortants and the importance of surveillance of the co-existence of the H4N6 and H9N2 viruses in avian species and other animals.
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Sun W, Li J, Hu J, Jiang D, Xing C, Zhan T, Liu X. Genetic analysis and biological characteristics of different internal gene origin H5N6 reassortment avian influenza virus in China in 2016. Vet Microbiol 2018; 219:200-211. [PMID: 29778197 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Clade 2.3.4.4 of H5N6 subtype Avian Influenza Viruses (AIVs) has become dominant clade in South-East Asia. So far, a total of 16 cases of human infection, including 6 deaths, have been confirmed since 2014. In this study, we systematically investigated the genetic evolution and biological characteristics of these viruses. We first carried out phylogenetic and statistical analysis of all H5N6 viruses that were downloaded from Influenza Research Database, GISAID and isolates from our lab. We found that H5N6 AIVs continued to reassort with other AIVs subtypes since 2014. Among these H5N6 reassortments, four main gene types were identified: A (internal genes of H5N1-origin), B (PB2 of H6-origin, and others of H5N1-origin), C (internal genes of H9-origin) and D (PB2 of H6-origin and PB1of H3-origin, and others of H5N1). In addition, after several years of evolution, gene type D is currently the dominant gene type. To systematically compare the genetic and evolutionary characteristics and pathogenicity of these viruses, four H5N6 AIVs of different gene types were selected for further analysis. S4, XZ6, GD1602 and YZ587 virus represented gene type A, B, C and D, respectively. Their NA genes were all originated from H6 and their whole genome showed a high similarity with human isolates. All these isolates could both bind with SA-α2,3 Gal and SA-α2,6 Gal receptors. Pathogenicity test showed that these viruses were highly pathogenic in chickens, while YZ587 showed the lowest virulence. Moreover, XZ6 and S4 viruses were highly pathogenic in ducks and moderately pathogenic in mice, while GD1602 and YZ587 viruses were no-pathogenic in these animals. Interestingly, GD1602 and YZ587-like viruses were responsible for 4 and 2 human infection cases in 2016, respectively. Therefore, our study showed that the YZ587 virus which has mixed internal genes, showed lower virulence in avian species and mammals compared to other genotype viruses. Overall, our findings suggest that the H5N6 avian influenza virus is undergoing constantly evolving and reassortment. Thus, our study highlights the necessary of continued surveillance of the H5N6 AIVs in birds and paying close attention to the spread of these novel reassortment viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Sun
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daxiu Jiang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chaonan Xing
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tiansong Zhan
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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30
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van den Brand JMA, Verhagen JH, Veldhuis Kroeze EJB, van de Bildt MWG, Bodewes R, Herfst S, Richard M, Lexmond P, Bestebroer TM, Fouchier RAM, Kuiken T. Wild ducks excrete highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N8 (2014-2015) without clinical or pathological evidence of disease. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:67. [PMID: 29670093 PMCID: PMC5906613 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is essentially a poultry disease. Wild birds have traditionally not been involved in its spread, but the epidemiology of HPAI has changed in recent years. After its emergence in southeastern Asia in 1996, H5 HPAI virus of the Goose/Guangdong lineage has evolved into several sub-lineages, some of which have spread over thousands of kilometers via long-distance migration of wild waterbirds. In order to determine whether the virus is adapting to wild waterbirds, we experimentally inoculated the HPAI H5N8 virus clade 2.3.4.4 group A from 2014 into four key waterbird species—Eurasian wigeon (Anas penelope), common teal (Anas crecca), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), and common pochard (Aythya ferina)—and compared virus excretion and disease severity with historical data of the HPAI H5N1 virus infection from 2005 in the same four species. Our results showed that excretion was highest in Eurasian wigeons for the 2014 virus, whereas excretion was highest in common pochards and mallards for the 2005 virus. The 2014 virus infection was subclinical in all four waterbird species, while the 2005 virus caused clinical disease and pathological changes in over 50% of the common pochards. In chickens, the 2014 virus infection caused systemic disease and high mortality, similar to the 2005 virus. In conclusion, the evidence was strongest for Eurasian wigeons as long-distance vectors for HPAI H5N8 virus from 2014. The implications of the switch in species-specific virus excretion and decreased disease severity may be that the HPAI H5 virus more easily spreads in the wild-waterbird population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M A van den Brand
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Postbus 80163, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Josanne H Verhagen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, 391 82, Kalmar, Sweden
| | | | - Marco W G van de Bildt
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier Bodewes
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Postbus 80163, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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31
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Lee DH, Bertran K, Kwon JH, Swayne DE. Evolution, global spread, and pathogenicity of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4. J Vet Sci 2018; 18:269-280. [PMID: 28859267 PMCID: PMC5583414 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.s1.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel subtypes of Asian-origin (Goose/Guangdong lineage) H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses belonging to clade 2.3.4, such as H5N2, H5N5, H5N6, and H5N8, have been identified in China since 2008 and have since evolved into four genetically distinct clade 2.3.4.4 groups (A–D). Since 2014, HPAI clade 2.3.4.4 viruses have spread rapidly via migratory wild aquatic birds and have evolved through reassortment with prevailing local low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. Group A H5N8 viruses and its reassortant viruses caused outbreaks in wide geographic regions (Asia, Europe, and North America) during 2014–2015. Novel reassortant Group B H5N8 viruses caused outbreaks in Asia, Europe, and Africa during 2016–2017. Novel reassortant Group C H5N6 viruses caused outbreaks in Korea and Japan during the 2016–2017 winter season. Group D H5N6 viruses caused outbreaks in China and Vietnam. A wide range of avian species, including wild and domestic waterfowl, domestic poultry, and even zoo birds, seem to be permissive for infection by and/or transmission of clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses. Further, compared to previous H5N1 HPAI viruses, these reassortant viruses show altered pathogenicity in birds. In this review, we discuss the evolution, global spread, and pathogenicity of H5 clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Lee
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Kateri Bertran
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - David E Swayne
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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32
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Gao R, Gu M, Liu K, Li Q, Li J, Shi L, Li X, Wang X, Hu J, Liu X, Hu S, Chen S, Peng D, Jiao X, Liu X. T160A mutation-induced deglycosylation at site 158 in hemagglutinin is a critical determinant of the dual receptor binding properties of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtype avian influenza viruses. Vet Microbiol 2018; 217:158-166. [PMID: 29615249 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Most clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX subtype avian influenza viruses possess a T160A amino acid substitution in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein that has been shown to affect the receptor binding properties of a clade 2.3.4 H5N1 virus. However, the effect of this single site mutation on the HA backbone of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX viruses remains unclear. In this study, two H5N6 field isolates possessing HA-160A with dual α-2,3 and α-2,6 receptor binding properties (Y6 virus) and HA-160T with α-2,3 receptor binding affinity (HX virus), respectively, were selected to generate HA mutants containing all of the internal genes from A/PR8/H1N1 virus for comparative investigation. We found that the Y6-P-160A and RHX-P-160A viruses each with 160A in the HA resulting in loss of glycosylation at site 158 exhibited binding to the two receptor types, whereas the RY6-P-160T and HX-P-160T viruses each with 160T in the HA displayed selective binding to α-2,3 receptors only. In addition, differences were noted in the replication of these four H5N6 recombinants in avian and mammalian cells, as well as in their pathogenicity in mice. The contribution of deglycosylation at site 158 to the acquisition of human-like receptors was further verified in H5N2, H5N5 and H5N8 reassortants. Therefore, we conclude that the lack of glycosylation at site 158 induced by the T160A mutation in HA is a critical determinant for the dual receptor binding properties of clade 2.3.4.4 H5NX viruses. This new insight may be helpful in assessing the pandemic potential of novel H5 isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Min Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Kaituo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Qunhui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Juan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Liwei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xiuli Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
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33
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Napp S, Majó N, Sánchez-Gónzalez R, Vergara-Alert J. Emergence and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) in Europe in 2016-2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018. [PMID: 29536643 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses poses a continuous threat to animal and public health. After the 2005-2006 H5N1 and the 2014-2015 H5N8 epidemics, another H5N8 is currently affecting Europe. Up to August 2017, 1,112 outbreaks in domestic and 955 in wild birds in 30 European countries have been reported, the largest epidemic by a HPAI virus in the continent. Here, the main epidemiological findings are described. While some similarities with previous HPAI virus epidemics were observed, for example in the pattern of emergence, significant differences were also patent, in particular the size and extent of the epidemic. Even though no human infections have been reported to date, the fact that A/H5N8 has affected so far 1,112 domestic holdings, increases the risk of exposure of humans and therefore represents a concern. Understanding the epidemiology of HPAI viruses is essential for the planning future surveillance and control activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Napp
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Majó
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Sánchez-Gónzalez
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Vergara-Alert
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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34
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Jin H, Wang W, Yang X, Su H, Fan J, Zhu R, Wang S, Shi H, Liu X. Evolution of H9N2 avian influenza virus in embryonated chicken eggs with or without homologous vaccine antibodies. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:71. [PMID: 29510698 PMCID: PMC5840701 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccines constitute a unique selective pressure, different from natural selection, drives the evolution of influenza virus. In this study, A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/1998 (H9N2) was continually passaged in specific pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs with or without selective pressures from antibodies induced by homologous maternal antibodies. Genetic mutations, antigenic drift, replication, and pathogenicity of the passaged virus were evaluated. Results Antigenic drift of the passaged viruses occurred in the 47th generation (vF47) under selective pressure on antibodies and in the 52nd generation (nF52) without selective pressure from antibodies. Seven mutations were observed in the vF47 virus, with three in PB2 and four in HA, whereas 12 mutations occurred in the nF52 virus, with three in PB2, two in PB1, four in HA, one in NP, one in NA, and one in NS. Remarkably, the sequences of the HA segment from vF47 were 100% homologous with those of the nF52 virus. Both the vF47 and nF52 viruses showed enhanced replication compared to the parental virus F/98, but higher levels of replication and pathogenicity were displayed by nF52 than by vF47. An inactive vaccine derived from the parental virus F/98 did not confer protection against challenges by either the vF47 or nF52 virus, but inactive vaccines derived from the vF47 or nF52 virus were able to provide protection against a challenge using F/98. Conclusion Taken together, the passage of H9N2 viruses with or without selective pressure of the antibodies induced by homologous maternal antibodies showed genetic variation, enhanced replication, and variant antigenicity. Selective pressure of the antibody does not seem to play a key role in antigenic drift in the egg model but may impact the genetic variation and replication ability of H9N2 viruses. These results improve understanding of the evolution of the H9N2 influenza virus and may aid in selecting appropriate vaccine seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Wan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xueqin Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hailong Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jiawen Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0880, USA
| | - Huoying Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
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35
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Lee DH, Bahl J, Torchetti MK, Killian ML, Ip HS, DeLiberto TJ, Swayne DE. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses and Generation of Novel Reassortants, United States, 2014-2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:1283-5. [PMID: 27314845 PMCID: PMC4918163 DOI: 10.3201/eid2207.160048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Asian highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) viruses spread into North America
in 2014 during autumn bird migration. Complete genome sequencing and
phylogenetic analysis of 32 H5 viruses identified novel H5N1, H5N2, and H5N8
viruses that emerged in late 2014 through reassortment with North American
low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses.
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36
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Son K, Kim YK, Oem JK, Jheong WH, Sleeman JM, Jeong J. Experimental infection of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 and H5N8, in Mandarin ducks from South Korea. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:899-903. [PMID: 29266850 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) have been reported worldwide. Wild waterfowl play a major role in the maintenance and transmission of HPAI. Highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype H5N6 and H5N8 viruses simultaneously emerged in South Korea. In this study, the comparative pathogenicity and infectivity of Clade 2.3.4.4 Group B H5N8 and Group C H5N6 viruses were evaluated in Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata). None of the ducks infected with H5N6 or H5N8 viruses showed clinical signs or mortality. Serological assays revealed that the HA antigenicity of H5N8 and H5N6 viruses was similar to each other. Moreover, both the viruses did not replicate after cross-challenging with H5N8 and H5N6 viruses, respectively, as the second infection. Although both the viruses replicated in most of the internal organs of the ducks, viral replication and shedding through cloaca were higher in H5N8-infected ducks than in H5N6-infected ducks. The findings of this study provide preliminary information to help estimate the risks involved in further evolution and dissemination of Clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses among wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Son
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Seo-gu, Incheon, Korea
| | - Y-K Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Seo-gu, Incheon, Korea
| | - J-K Oem
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - W-H Jheong
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Seo-gu, Incheon, Korea
| | - J M Sleeman
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J Jeong
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Seo-gu, Incheon, Korea
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37
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PB2 and HA mutations increase the virulence of highly pathogenic H5N5 clade 2.3.4.4 avian influenza virus in mice. Arch Virol 2017; 163:401-410. [PMID: 29090366 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3631-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
H5 clade 2.3.4.4 influenza A viruses pose a potential threat to public health and are a cause of public concern. Here, we generated mouse-adapted viruses of a waterfowl-origin H5N5 virus (H5 clade 2.3.4.4) to identify adaptive changes that confer increased virulence in mammals. After two passages, we obtained a mouse-adapted H5N5 virus that contained single amino acid substitutions in the PB2 (E627K) and hemagglutinin (HA) (F430L) proteins. We then analyzed the impact of these individual amino acid substitutions on viral pathogenicity to mammals. The 50% mouse lethal dose (MLD50) of the H5N5 virus containing the PB2-E627K substitution or the HA-F430L substitution was reduced 1000-fold or 3.16-fold, respectively. Furthermore, we found that PB2-E627K enhanced viral replication kinetics in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that the PB2-E627K and HA-F430L substitutions are important for adaptation of H5N5 AIVs to mammals. These findings emphasize the importance of continued surveillance of poultry for H5N5 AIVs with these amino acid substitutions.
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38
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Sun Z, Qin T, Meng F, Chen S, Peng D, Liu X. Development of a multiplex probe combination-based one-step real-time reverse transcription-PCR for NA subtype typing of avian influenza virus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13455. [PMID: 29044197 PMCID: PMC5647442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nine influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) subtypes have been identified in poultry and wild birds. Few methods are available for rapid and simple NA subtyping. Here we developed a multiplex probe combination-based one-step real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (rRT-PCR) to detect nine avian influenza virus NA subtypes. Nine primer-probe pairs were assigned to three groups based on the different fluorescent dyes of the probes (FAM, HEX, or Texas Red). Each probe detected only one NA subtype, without cross reactivity. The detection limit was less than 100 EID50 or 100 copies of cDNA per reaction. Data obtained using this method with allantoic fluid samples isolated from live bird markets and H9N2-infected chickens correlated well with data obtained using virus isolation and sequencing, but was more sensitive. This new method provides a specific and sensitive alternative to conventional NA-subtyping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Feifei Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China. .,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China.
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
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39
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Hao X, Wang J, Hu J, Lu X, Gao Z, Liu D, Li J, Wang X, Gu M, Hu Z, Liu X, Hu S, Xu X, Peng D, Jiao X, Liu X. Internal Gene Cassette from a Genotype S H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Attenuates the Pathogenicity of H5 Viruses in Chickens and Mice. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1978. [PMID: 29075244 PMCID: PMC5641560 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) of genotype S frequently donate internal genes to facilitate the generation of novel reassortants such as H7N9, H10N8, H5N2 and H5N6 AIVs, posing an enormous threat to both human health and poultry industry. However, the pathogenicity and transmission of reassortant H5 viruses with internal gene cassette of genotype S H9N2-origin in chickens and mice remain unknown. In this study, four H5 reassortants carrying the HA and NA genes from different clades of H5 viruses and the remaining internal genes from an H9N2 virus of the predominant genotype S were generated by reverse genetics. We found that all four H5 reassortant viruses showed attenuated virulence in both chickens and mice, thus leading to increased the mean death times compared to the corresponding parental viruses. Consistently, the polymerase activity and replication ability in mammalian and avian cells, and the cytokine responses in the lungs of chickens and mice were also decreased when compared to their respective parental viruses. Moreover, these reassortants transmitted from birds to birds by direct contact but not by an airborne route. Our data indicate that the internal genes as a whole cassette from genotype S H9N2 viruses play important roles in reducing the pathogenicity of the H5 recombinants in chickens and mice, and might contribute to the circulation in avian or mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Hao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiongjiong Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Lu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhao Gao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Juan Li
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zenglei Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiulong Xu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Gu M, Xu L, Wang X, Liu X. Current situation of H9N2 subtype avian influenza in China. Vet Res 2017; 48:49. [PMID: 28915920 PMCID: PMC5603032 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0453-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, H9N2 subtype avian influenza outbreak is firstly reported in Guangdong province in 1992. Subsequently, the disease spreads into vast majority regions nationwide and has currently become endemic there. Over vicennial genetic evolution, the viral pathogenicity and transmissibility have showed an increasing trend as year goes by, posing serious threat to poultry industry. In addition, H9N2 has demonstrated significance to public health as it could not only directly infect mankind, but also donate partial or even whole cassette of internal genes to generate novel human-lethal reassortants like H5N1, H7N9, H10N8 and H5N6 viruses. In this review, we mainly focused on the epidemiological dynamics, biological characteristics, molecular phylogeny and vaccine strategy of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus in China to present an overview of the situation of H9N2 in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijun Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Yangzhou Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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41
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Surveillance for highly pathogenic influenza A viruses in California during 2014-2015 provides insights into viral evolutionary pathways and the spatiotemporal extent of viruses in the Pacific Americas Flyway. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e80. [PMID: 28874792 PMCID: PMC5625317 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We used surveillance data collected in California before, concurrent with, and subsequent to an outbreak of highly pathogenic (HP) clade 2.3.4.4 influenza A viruses (IAVs) in 2014–2015 to (i) evaluate IAV prevalence in waterfowl, (ii) assess the evidence for spill-over infections in marine mammals and (iii) genetically characterize low-pathogenic (LP) and HP IAVs to refine inference on the spatiotemporal extent of HP genome constellations and to evaluate possible evolutionary pathways. We screened samples from 1496 waterfowl and 1142 marine mammals collected from April 2014 to August 2015 and detected IAV RNA in 159 samples collected from birds (n=157) and pinnipeds (n=2). HP IAV RNA was identified in three samples originating from American wigeon (Anas americana). Genetic sequence data were generated for a clade 2.3.4.4 HP IAV-positive diagnostic sample and 57 LP IAV isolates. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the HP IAV was a reassortant H5N8 virus with gene segments closely related to LP IAVs detected in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) sampled in California and other IAVs detected in wild birds sampled within the Pacific Americas Flyway. In addition, our analysis provided support for common ancestry between LP IAVs recovered from waterfowl sampled in California and gene segments of reassortant HP H5N1 IAVs detected in British Columbia, Canada and Washington, USA. Our investigation provides evidence that waterfowl are likely to have played a role in the evolution of reassortant HP IAVs in the Pacific Americas Flyway during 2014–2015, whereas we did not find support for spill-over infections in potential pinniped hosts.
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Evolution of Influenza A Virus by Mutation and Re-Assortment. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081650. [PMID: 28783091 PMCID: PMC5578040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV), a highly infectious respiratory pathogen, has continued to be a significant threat to global public health. To complete their life cycle, influenza viruses have evolved multiple strategies to interact with a host. A large number of studies have revealed that the evolution of influenza A virus is mainly mediated through the mutation of the virus itself and the re-assortment of viral genomes derived from various strains. The evolution of influenza A virus through these mechanisms causes worldwide annual epidemics and occasional pandemics. Importantly, influenza A virus can evolve from an animal infected pathogen to a human infected pathogen. The highly pathogenic influenza virus has resulted in stupendous economic losses due to its morbidity and mortality both in human and animals. Influenza viruses fall into a category of viruses that can cause zoonotic infection with stable adaptation to human, leading to sustained horizontal transmission. The rapid mutations of influenza A virus result in the loss of vaccine optimal efficacy, and challenge the complete eradication of the virus. In this review, we highlight the current understanding of influenza A virus evolution caused by the mutation and re-assortment of viral genomes. In addition, we discuss the specific mechanisms by which the virus evolves.
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Steensels M, Rauw F, van den Berg T, Marché S, Gardin Y, Palya V, Lambrecht B. Protection Afforded by a Recombinant Turkey Herpesvirus-H5 Vaccine Against the 2014 European Highly Pathogenic H5N8 Avian Influenza Strain. Avian Dis 2017; 60:202-9. [PMID: 27309056 DOI: 10.1637/11126-050615-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 (clade 2.3.4.4) virus, circulating in Asia (South Korea, Japan, and southern China) since the beginning of 2014, reached the European continent in November 2014. Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Hungary confirmed H5N8 infection of poultry farms of different species and of several wild bird species. Unlike the Asian highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1, this HP H5N8 also went transatlantic and reached the American West Coast by the end of 2014, affecting wild birds as well as backyard and commercial poultry. This strain induces high mortality and morbidity in Galliformes, whereas wild birds seem only moderately affected. A recombinant turkey herpesvirus (rHVT) vector vaccine expressing the H5 gene of a clade 2.2 H5N1 strain (rHVT-H5) previously demonstrated a highly efficient clinical protection and reduced viral excretion against challenge with Asian HP H5N1 strains of various clades (2.2, 2.2.1, 2.2.1.1, 2.1.3, 2.1.3.2, and 2.3.2.1) and was made commercially available in various countries where the disease is endemic. To evaluate the protective efficacy of the rHVT-H5 vaccine against the first German H5N8 turkey isolate (H5N8 GE), a challenge experiment was set up in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, and the clinical and excretional protection was evaluated. SPF chickens were vaccinated subcutaneously at 1 day old and challenged oculonasally at 4 wk of age with two viral dosages, 10(5) and 10(6) 50% egg infective doses. Morbidity and mortality were monitored daily in unvaccinated and vaccinated groups, whereas viral shedding by oropharyngeal and cloacal routes was evaluated at 2, 5, 9, and 14 days postinoculation (dpi). Serologic monitoring after vaccination and challenge was also carried out. Despite its high antigenic divergence of the challenge H5N8 strain, a single rHVT-H5 vaccine administration at 1 day old resulted in a full clinical protection against challenge and a significant reduction of viral shedding in the vaccinated birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Steensels
- A Avian Virology & Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg, 99 B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - F Rauw
- A Avian Virology & Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg, 99 B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Th van den Berg
- A Avian Virology & Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg, 99 B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Marché
- A Avian Virology & Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg, 99 B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Y Gardin
- B Ceva Animal Health, Libourne, France
| | - V Palya
- C Ceva Animal Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | - B Lambrecht
- A Avian Virology & Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg, 99 B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
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Zhang Z, Liu D, Sun W, Liu J, He L, Hu J, Gu M, Wang X, Liu X, Hu S, Chen S, Peng D, Liu X. Multiplex one-step Real-time PCR by Taqman-MGB method for rapid detection of pan and H5 subtype avian influenza viruses. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178634. [PMID: 28575115 PMCID: PMC5456101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) can infect a variety of avian species and mammals, leading to severe economic losses in poultry industry and posing a substantial threat to public health. Currently, traditional virus isolation and identification is inadequate for the early diagnosis because of its labor-intensive and time-consuming features. Real-time RT-PCR (RRT-PCR) is an ideal method for the detection of AIV since it is highly specific, sensitive and rapid. In addition, as the new quencher MGB is used in RRT-PCR, it only needs shorter probe and helps the binding of target gene and probe. In this study, a pan-AIV RRT-PCR for the detection of all AIVs and H5-AIV RRT-PCR for detection of H5 AIV based on NP gene of AIV and HA gene of H5 AIV were successfully established using Taqman-MGB method. We tested 14 AIV strains in total and the results showed that the pan-AIV RRT-PCR can detect AIV of various HA subtypes and the H5-AIV RRT-PCR can detect H5 AIV circulating in poultry in China in recent three years, including H5 viruses of clade 7.2, clade 2.3.4.4 and clade 2.3.2.1. Furthermore, the multiplex detection limit for pan-AIV and H5-AIV RRT-PCR was 5 copies per reaction. When this multiplex method was applied in the detection of experimental and live poultry market samples, the detection rates of pan-AIV and H5 AIV in RRT-PCR were both higher than the routine virus isolation method with embryonated chicken eggs. The multiplex RRT-PCR method established in our study showed high sensitivity, reproducibility and specificity, suggesting the promising application of our method for surveillance of both pan AIV and prevalent H5 AIV in live poultry markets and clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhujun Zhang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University (26116120), Yangzhou, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University (26116120), Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenqiang Sun
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University (26116120), Yangzhou, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University (26116120), Yangzhou, China
| | - Lihong He
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University (26116120), Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University (26116120), Yangzhou, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University (26116120), Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University (26116120), Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University (26116120), Yangzhou, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University (26116120), Yangzhou, China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University (26116120), Yangzhou, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University (26116120), Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University (26116120), Yangzhou, China
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Ducatez M, Sonnberg S, Crumpton JC, Rubrum A, Phommachanh P, Douangngeun B, Peiris M, Guan Y, Webster R, Webby R. Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1 and clade 2.3.4 viruses do not induce a clade-specific phenotype in mallard ducks. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1232-1244. [PMID: 28631606 PMCID: PMC5825919 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the diverse clades of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses of the goose/Guangdong lineage, only a few have been able to spread across continents: clade 2.2 viruses spread from China to Europe and into Africa in 2005-2006, clade 2.3.2.1 viruses spread from China to Eastern Europe in 2009-2010 and clade 2.3.4.4 viruses of the H5Nx subtype spread from China to Europe and North America in 2014/2015. While the poultry trade and wild-bird migration have been implicated in the spread of HPAI H5N1 viruses, it has been proposed that robust virus-shedding by wild ducks in the absence of overt clinical signs may have contributed to the wider dissemination of the clade 2.2, 2.3.2.1 and 2.3.4.4 viruses. Here we determined the phenotype of two divergent viruses from clade 2.3.2.1, a clade that spread widely, and two divergent viruses from clade 2.3.4, a clade that was constrained to Southeast Asia, in young (ducklings) and adult (juvenile) mallard ducks. We found that the virus-shedding magnitude and duration, transmission pattern and pathogenicity of the viruses in young and adult mallard ducks were largely independent of the virus clade. A clade-specific pattern could only be detected in terms of cumulative virus shedding, which was higher with clade 2.3.2.1 than with clade 2.3.4 viruses in juvenile mallards, but not in ducklings. The ability of clade 2.3.2.1c A/common buzzard/Bulgaria/38 WB/2010-like viruses to spread cross-continentally may, therefore, have been strain-specific or independent of phenotype in wild ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariette Ducatez
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Stephanie Sonnberg
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeri Carol Crumpton
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Adam Rubrum
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Phouvong Phommachanh
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Vientiane, Lao PDR, Laos
| | - Bounlom Douangngeun
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Vientiane, Lao PDR, Laos
| | - Malik Peiris
- Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yi Guan
- Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Robert Webster
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard Webby
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Wu H, Lu R, Peng X, Peng X, Cheng L, Liu F, Wu N. Characterization of Novel Reassortant Influenza A (H5N2) Viruses Isolated from Poultry in Eastern China, 2015. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:741. [PMID: 28487690 PMCID: PMC5403823 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, novel variants of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been frequently isolated from poultry and wild birds in Asia, Europe and North America. Live poultry markets (LPMs) play an important role in the dissemination of influenza viruses. Four H5N2 AIVs were isolated from poultry during surveillance of AIVs in LPMs in Eastern China, in 2015. Whole-genome sequencing, combined with phylogenetic and antigenic analyses were performed to characterize these viruses. These H5N2 viruses had undergone extensive reassortment resulting in two genetic groups of viruses in poultry. These viruses exhibited slightly pathogenicity in mice, and replicated without prior adaptation. The continued circulation of these novel H5N2 viruses may represent a threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Rufeng Lu
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Xiuming Peng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Peng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Linfang Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Fumin Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
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47
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Hui KPY, Chan LLY, Kuok DIT, Mok CKP, Yang ZF, Li RF, Luk GSM, Lee EF, Lai JCC, Yen HL, Zhu H, Guan Y, Nicholls JM, Peiris JSM, Chan MCW. Tropism and innate host responses of influenza A/H5N6 virus: an analysis of ex vivo and in vitro cultures of the human respiratory tract. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/3/1601710. [PMID: 28275173 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01710-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since their first isolation in 2013, influenza A/H5N6 viruses have spread amongst poultry across multiple provinces in China and to Laos, Vietnam and Myanmar. So far, there have been 14 human H5N6 infections with 10 fatalities.We investigated the tropism, replication competence and cytokine induction of one human and two avian H5N6 isolates in ex vivo and in vitro cultures derived from the human respiratory tract. Virus tropism and replication were studied in ex vivo cultures of human nasopharynx, bronchus and lung. Induction of cytokines and chemokines was measured in vitro in virus-infected primary human alveolar epithelial cells.Human H5N6 virus replicated more efficiently than highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus and as efficiently as H1N1pdm in ex vivo human bronchus and lung and was also able to replicate in ex vivo cultures of human nasopharynx. Avian H5N6 viruses replicated less efficiently than H1N1pdm in human bronchial tissues and to similar titres as HPAI H5N1 in the lung. While the human H5N6 virus had affinity for avian-like receptors, the two avian isolates had binding affinity for both avian- and human-like receptors. All three H5N6 viruses were less potent inducers of pro-inflammatory cytokines compared with H5N1 virus.Human H5N6 virus appears better adapted to infect the human airways than H5N1 virus and may pose a significant public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenrie P Y Hui
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,These authors contributed equally to the study
| | - Louisa L Y Chan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,These authors contributed equally to the study
| | - Denise I T Kuok
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chris K P Mok
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,The HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zi-Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Run-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Geraldine S M Luk
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, The Government of Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Elaine F Lee
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, The Government of Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jimmy C C Lai
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,The HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hui-Ling Yen
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huachen Zhu
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yi Guan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - John M Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, Queen Mary Hospital, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael C W Chan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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48
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Lee DH, Sharshov K, Swayne DE, Kurskaya O, Sobolev I, Kabilov M, Alekseev A, Irza V, Shestopalov A. Novel Reassortant Clade 2.3.4.4 Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus in Wild Aquatic Birds, Russia, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:359-360. [PMID: 27875109 PMCID: PMC5324796 DOI: 10.3201/eid2302.161252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of novel avian influenza viruses in migratory birds is of concern because of the potential for virus dissemination during fall migration. We report the identification of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of subtype H5N8, clade 2.3.4.4, and their reassortment with other avian influenza viruses in waterfowl and shorebirds of Siberia.
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49
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Shchelkanov MY, Kirillov IM, Shestopalov AM, Litvin KE, Deryabin PG, Lvov DK. Evolution of influ- 245 enza A/H5N1 virus (1996-2016). Vopr Virusol 2016; 61:245-256. [PMID: 36494983 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2016-61-6-245-256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Twenty years ago in the South Chinese province of Guangdong the epizooty of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus, which has laid the foundation of the largest epizooty in the contemporary history, has flashed. Hemagglutinin of prototype A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (H5N1) changing many times and generating new genetic subgroups participated in various reassortations; it still exists today. The present review is devoted to the retrospective analysis of HPAI/H5N1evolution for the last twenty years in the territory of Eurasia, Africa and America. The basis for the discussion is ecological model according to which new genetic variants are formed in the migration pathways with close contacts between different bird populations and in the overwintering areas where the maximum values of the immune layer occur; amplification of virus variants occurs in nesting areas among juvenile populations. The updated system of designations of genetic groups introduced by WHO/OIE/FAO H5 Evolution Working Group in 2015 is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Shchelkanov
- Far Eastern Federal University.,Institute of Biology and Soil Sciences.,Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in Primorsky Krai
| | - I M Kirillov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution «Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya»
| | | | - K E Litvin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution
| | - P G Deryabin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution «Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya»
| | - D K Lvov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution «Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya»
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50
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Dhingra MS, Artois J, Robinson TP, Linard C, Chaiban C, Xenarios I, Engler R, Liechti R, Kuznetsov D, Xiao X, Dobschuetz SV, Claes F, Newman SH, Dauphin G, Gilbert M. Global mapping of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 and H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4 viruses with spatial cross-validation. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27885988 PMCID: PMC5161450 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Global disease suitability models are essential tools to inform surveillance systems and enable early detection. We present the first global suitability model of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and demonstrate that reliable predictions can be obtained at global scale. Best predictions are obtained using spatial predictor variables describing host distributions, rather than land use or eco-climatic spatial predictor variables, with a strong association with domestic duck and extensively raised chicken densities. Our results also support a more systematic use of spatial cross-validation in large-scale disease suitability modelling compared to standard random cross-validation that can lead to unreliable measure of extrapolation accuracy. A global suitability model of the H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses, a group of viruses that recently spread extensively in Asia and the US, shows in comparison a lower spatial extrapolation capacity than the HPAI H5N1 models, with a stronger association with intensively raised chicken densities and anthropogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhur S Dhingra
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Government of Haryana, Panchkula, India
| | - Jean Artois
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Timothy P Robinson
- Livestock Systems and Environment, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Catherine Linard
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Geography, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Celia Chaiban
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ioannis Xenarios
- Swiss-Prot and Vital-IT group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robin Engler
- Swiss-Prot and Vital-IT group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robin Liechti
- Swiss-Prot and Vital-IT group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dmitri Kuznetsov
- Swiss-Prot and Vital-IT group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xiangming Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, United States.,Center for Spatial Analysis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, United States.,Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sophie Von Dobschuetz
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Filip Claes
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases, FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Scott H Newman
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Gwenaëlle Dauphin
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Marius Gilbert
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, Brussels, Belgium
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