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Tollefson S, Himes ML, Kozinski KM, Lopresti BJ, Mason NS, Hibbeln J, Muldoon MF, Narendran R. Imaging the Influence of Red Blood Cell Docosahexaenoic Acid Status on the Expression of the 18 kDa Translocator Protein in the Brain: A [ 11C]PBR28 Positron Emission Tomography Study in Young Healthy Men. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:998-1006. [PMID: 34607054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) shows anti-inflammatory/proresolution effects in the brain. Higher red blood cell (RBC) DHA in humans is associated with improved cognitive performance and a lower risk for suicide. Here, we hypothesized that binding to the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO), a proxy for microglia levels, will be higher in individuals with low DHA relative to high DHA levels. We also postulated that higher TSPO would predict poor cognitive performance and impaired stress resilience. METHODS RBC DHA screening was performed in 320 healthy males. [11C]PBR28 positron emission tomography was used to measure binding to TSPO in 38 and 32 males in the lowest and highest RBC DHA quartiles. Volumes of distribution expressed relative to total plasma ligand concentration (VT) was derived using an arterial input function-based kinetic analysis in 14 brain regions. RESULTS [11C]PBR28 VT was significantly lower (by 12% and 20% in C/T and C/C rs6971 genotypes) in males with low RBC DHA than in males with high RBC DHA. Regional VT was correlated positively and negatively with RBC DHA and serum triglycerides, respectively. No relationships between VT and cognitive performance or stress resilience measures were present. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to our hypothesis, we found lower TSPO binding in low-DHA than in high-DHA subjects. It is unclear as to whether low TSPO binding reflects differences in microglia levels and/or triglyceride metabolism in this study. Future studies with specific targets are necessary to confirm the effect of DHA on microglia. These results underscore the need to consider lipid parameters as a factor when interpreting TSPO positron emission tomography clinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah Tollefson
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael L Himes
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Katelyn M Kozinski
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian J Lopresti
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - N Scott Mason
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Hibbeln
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Matthew F Muldoon
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rajesh Narendran
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Bayes J, Schloss J, Sibbritt D. The effect of a Mediterranean diet on the symptoms of depression in young males (the "AMMEND: A Mediterranean Diet in MEN with Depression" study): a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116:572-580. [PMID: 35441666 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a common mental health condition that affects 1 in 8 males each year, especially young adults. Young adulthood offers an opportunity for early dietary interventions, with research suggesting that a Mediterranean diet (MD) could be beneficial in treating depression. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine if an MD can improve depressive symptoms in young males with clinical depression. METHODS A 12-wk, parallel-group, open-label, randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the effect of an MD intervention in the treatment of moderate to severe depression in young males (18-25 y). Befriending therapy was chosen for the control group. Assessments were taken at baseline, week 6, and week 12. MD adherence was measured with the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Score (MEDAS). The primary outcome measure was the Beck Depression Inventory Scale-version II (BDI-II) and secondary outcome was quality of life (QoL). RESULTS A total of 72 participants completed the study. After 12 wk, the MEDAS scores were significantly higher in the MD group compared with the befriending group (mean difference: 7.8; 95% CI: 7.23, 8.37; P < 0.001). The mean change in BDI-II score was significantly higher in the MD group compared with the befriending group at week 12 (mean difference: 14.4; 95% CI: 11.41, 17.39; P < 0.001). The mean change in QoL score was also significantly higher in the MD group compared with the befriending group at week 12 (mean difference: 12.7; 95% CI: 7.92, 17.48; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that compared with befriending, an MD intervention leads to significant increases in MEDAS, decreases in BDI-II score, and increases in QoL scores. These results highlight the important role of nutrition for the treatment of depression and should inform advice given by clinicians to this specific demographic population.The trial was registered with Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (trial ID ACTRN12619001545156) and has also been registered with the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (Universal Trial Number U1111-1242-5215).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bayes
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Janet Schloss
- National Centre for Naturopathic Medicine, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Sibbritt
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Casquero-Veiga M, Romero-Miguel D, MacDowell KS, Torres-Sanchez S, Garcia-Partida JA, Lamanna-Rama N, Gómez-Rangel V, Romero-Miranda A, Berrocoso E, Leza JC, Arango C, Desco M, Soto-Montenegro ML. Omega-3 fatty acids during adolescence prevent schizophrenia-related behavioural deficits: Neurophysiological evidences from the prenatal viral infection with PolyI:C. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 46:14-27. [PMID: 33735708 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The likely involvement of inflammation and oxidative stress (IOS) in mental disease has led to advocate anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory drugs as therapeutic strategies in the treatment of schizophrenia. Since omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3) show anti-inflammatory/neuroprotective properties, we aim to evaluate whether ω-3 treatment during adolescence in the maternal immune stimulation (MIS) animal model of schizophrenia could prevent the brain and behavioural deficits described in adulthood. At gestational day 15, PolyI:C (4 mg/kg) or saline (VH) were injected to pregnant Wistar rats. Male offspring received ω-3 (800 mg/kg) or saline (Sal) daily from postnatal day (PND) 35-49, defining 4 groups: MIS-ω-3; MIS-Sal; VH-ω-3 and VH-Sal. At PND70, rats were submitted to prepulse inhibition test (PPI). FDG-PET and T2-weighted MRI brain studies were performed in adulthood and analyzed by means of SPM12. IOS markers were measured in selected brain areas. MIS-offspring showed a PPI deficit compared with VH-offspring and ω-3 treatment prevented this deficit. Also, ω-3 reduced the brain metabolism in the deep mesencephalic area and prevented the volumetric abnormalities in the hippocampus but not in the ventricles in MIS-offspring. Besides, ω-3 reduced the expression of iNOS and Keap1 and increased the activity/concentration of HO1, NQO1 and GPX. Our study demonstrates that administration of ω-3 during adolescence prevents PPI behavioural deficits and hippocampal volumetric abnormalities, and partially counteracts IOS deficits via iNOS and Nrf2-ARE pathways in the MIS model. This study highlights the need for novel strategies based on anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidant compounds to alter the disease course in high-risk populations at early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Casquero-Veiga
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Karina S MacDowell
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, University Complutense (UCM), IIS Imas12, IUIN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Torres-Sanchez
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Neuropsychopharmacology & Psychobiology Research Group, Psychobiology Area, Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain; Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Garcia-Partida
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain; Neuropsychopharmacology & Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Esther Berrocoso
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Neuropsychopharmacology & Psychobiology Research Group, Psychobiology Area, Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain; Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan C Leza
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, University Complutense (UCM), IIS Imas12, IUIN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Celso Arango
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Desco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Departamento of Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Luisa Soto-Montenegro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
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Coppola D, Lauritano C, Palma Esposito F, Riccio G, Rizzo C, de Pascale D. Fish Waste: From Problem to Valuable Resource. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:116. [PMID: 33669858 PMCID: PMC7923225 DOI: 10.3390/md19020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the growth of the global population and the subsequent rapid increase in urbanization and industrialization, the fisheries and aquaculture production has seen a massive increase driven mainly by the development of fishing technologies. Accordingly, a remarkable increase in the amount of fish waste has been produced around the world; it has been estimated that about two-thirds of the total amount of fish is discarded as waste, creating huge economic and environmental concerns. For this reason, the disposal and recycling of these wastes has become a key issue to be resolved. With the growing attention of the circular economy, the exploitation of underused or discarded marine material can represent a sustainable strategy for the realization of a circular bioeconomy, with the production of materials with high added value. In this study, we underline the enormous role that fish waste can have in the socio-economic sector. This review presents the different compounds with high commercial value obtained by fish byproducts, including collagen, enzymes, and bioactive peptides, and lists their possible applications in different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Coppola
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.); (F.P.E.); (G.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Chiara Lauritano
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.); (F.P.E.); (G.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Fortunato Palma Esposito
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.); (F.P.E.); (G.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Gennaro Riccio
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.); (F.P.E.); (G.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Carmen Rizzo
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.); (F.P.E.); (G.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Donatella de Pascale
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.); (F.P.E.); (G.R.); (C.R.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Dietary Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Versus Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Effects on Cognition and Inflammation. Curr Nutr Rep 2020; 9:264-277. [DOI: 10.1007/s13668-020-00329-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Darcey VL, McQuaid GA, Fishbein DH, VanMeter JW. Relationship between whole blood omega-3 fatty acid levels and dorsal cingulate gray matter volume: Sex differences and implications for impulse control. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 23:505-515. [PMID: 30264666 PMCID: PMC10483749 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1525477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
During adolescence, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) undergoes substantial structural development, including cortical thinning, a process associated with improvements in behavioral control. The cingulate cortex is among the regions recruited in response inhibition and mounting evidence suggests cingulate function may be sensitive to availability of an essential dietary nutrient, omega-3 fatty acids (N3; i.e. EPA + DHA). Our primary aim was to investigate the relationship between a biomarker of omega-3 fatty acids -- percent of whole blood fatty acids as EPA + DHA (N3 Index) -- and cingulate morphology, in typically developing adolescent males (n = 29) and females (n = 33). Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to quantify gray matter volume (GMV) in the dorsal region of the cingulate (dCC). Impulse control was assessed via caregiver report (BRIEF) and Go/No-Go task performance. We predicted that greater N3 Index in adolescents would be associated with less dCC GMV and better impulse control. Results revealed that N3 Index was inversely related to GMV in males, but not in females. Furthermore, males with less right dCC GMV exhibited better caregiver-rated impulse control. A simple mediation model revealed that, in males, N3 Index may indirectly impact impulse control through its association with right dCC GMV. Findings suggest a sex-specific link between levels of N3 and dCC structural development, with adolescent males more impacted by lower N3 levels than females. Identifying factors such as omega-3 fatty acid levels, which may modulate the neurodevelopment of response inhibition, is critical for understanding typical and atypical developmental trajectories associated with this core executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L. Darcey
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Suite LM-14, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Goldie A. McQuaid
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Suite LM-14, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Diana H. Fishbein
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, 218 HHD Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - John W. VanMeter
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Suite LM-14, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Ruhland S, Hauser J, Kaunzinger I, Nakamura Y, Stollberg E, Lange KW. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on working memory in rats with increased sugar intake. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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8
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Lewis NA, Daniels D, Calder PC, Castell LM, Pedlar CR. Are There Benefits from the Use of Fish Oil Supplements in Athletes? A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:1300-1314. [PMID: 32383739 PMCID: PMC7490155 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite almost 25 y of fish oil supplementation (FS) research in athletes and widespread use by the athletic community, no systematic reviews of FS in athletes have been conducted. The objectives of this systematic review are to: 1) provide a summary of the effect of FS on the athlete's physiology, health, and performance; 2) report on the quality of the evidence; 3) document any side effects as reported in the athlete research; 4) discuss any risks associated with FS use; and 5) provide guidance for FS use and highlight gaps for future research. Electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar) were searched up until April 2019. Only randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) in athletes, assessing the effect of FS on a health, physiological/biochemical, or performance variable were included. Of the 137 papers identified through searches, 32 met inclusion criteria for final analysis. Athletes varied in classification from recreational to elite, and from Olympic to professional sports. Mean age for participants was 24.9 ± 4.5 y, with 70% of RCTs in males. We report consistent effects for FS on reaction time, mood, cardiovascular dynamics in cyclists, skeletal muscle recovery, the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, and postexercise NO responses. No clear effects on endurance performance, lung function, muscle force, or training adaptation were evident. Methodological quality, applying the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale, ranged from 6 to a maximum of 11, with only 4 RCTs reporting effect sizes. Few negative outcomes were reported. We report various effects for FS on the athlete's physiology; the most consistent findings were on the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, proinflammatory cytokines, and skeletal muscle. We provide recommendations for future research and discuss the potential risks with FS use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Lewis
- English Institute of Sport, Sports Training Village, University of Bath, United Kingdom,Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, London, United Kingdom,Orreco, Research & Innovation Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland,Address correspondence to NAL (e-mail: )
| | - Diarmuid Daniels
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, London, United Kingdom,Orreco, Research & Innovation Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland,School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Philip C Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Lindy M Castell
- Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R Pedlar
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, London, United Kingdom,Orreco, Research & Innovation Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland,Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
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McNamara RK, Asch RH, Lindquist DM, Krikorian R. Role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in human brain structure and function across the lifespan: An update on neuroimaging findings. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 136:23-34. [PMID: 28529008 PMCID: PMC5680156 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a substantial body of evidence from animal studies implicating polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in neuroinflammatory, neurotrophic, and neuroprotective processes in brain. However, direct evidence for a role of PUFA in human brain structure and function has been lacking. Over the last decade there has been a notable increase in neuroimaging studies that have investigated the impact of PUFA intake and/or blood levels (i.e., biostatus) on brain structure, function, and pathology in human subjects. The majority of these studies specifically evaluated associations between omega-3 PUFA intake and/or biostatus and neuroimaging outcomes using a variety of experimental designs and imaging techniques. This review provides an updated overview of these studies in an effort to identify patterns to guide and inform future research. While the weight of evidence provides general support for a beneficial effect of a habitual diet consisting of higher omega-3 PUFA intake on cortical structure and function in healthy human subjects, additional research is needed to replicate and extend these findings as well as identify response mediators and clarify mechanistic pathways. Controlled intervention trials are also needed to determine whether increasing n-3 PUFA biostatus can prevent or attenuate neuropathological brain changes observed in patients with or at risk for psychiatric disorders and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, United States.
| | - Ruth H Asch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, United States
| | - Diana M Lindquist
- Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
| | - Robert Krikorian
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, United States
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Vesco AT, Young AS, Arnold LE, Fristad MA. Omega-3 supplementation associated with improved parent-rated executive function in youth with mood disorders: secondary analyses of the omega 3 and therapy (OATS) trials. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2018; 59:628-636. [PMID: 29063592 PMCID: PMC5916745 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improvements in executive functioning (EF) may lead to improved quality of life and lessened functional impairment for children with mood disorders. The aim was to assess the impact of omega-3 supplementation (Ω3) and psychoeducational psychotherapy (PEP), each alone and in combination, on EF in youth with mood disorders. We completed secondary analyses of two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of Ω3 and PEP for children with depression and bipolar disorder. METHODS Ninety-five youths with depression or bipolar disorder not otherwise specified/cyclothymic disorder were randomized in 12-week RCTs. Two capsules (Ω3 or placebo) were given twice daily (1.87 g Ω3 total daily, mostly eicosapentaenoic acid). Families randomized to PEP participated in twice-weekly 50-min sessions. Analyses assess impact of interventions on the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning (BRIEF) parent-report Global Executive Composite (GEC) and two subscales, Behavior Regulation (BRI) and Metacognition (MI) Indices. Intent-to-treat repeated measures ANOVAs, using multiple imputation for missing data, included all 95 randomized participants. Trials were registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01341925 & NCT01507753. RESULTS Participants receiving Ω3 (aggregating combined and monotherapy) improved significantly more than aggregated placebo on GEC (p = .001, d = .70), BRI (p = .004, d = .49), and MI (p = .04, d = .41). Ω3 alone (d = .49) and combined with PEP (d = .67) each surpassed placebo on GEC. Moderation by attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) comorbidity was nonsignificant although those with ADHD showed nominally greater gains. PEP monotherapy had negligible effect. CONCLUSIONS Decreased impairment in EF was associated with Ω3 supplementation in youth with mood disorders. Research examining causal associations of Ω3, EF, and mood symptoms is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T. Vesco
- Department of Psychiatry, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Andrea S. Young
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - L. Eugene Arnold
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Mary A. Fristad
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
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Pusceddu MM, Kelly P, Stanton C, Cryan JF, Dinan TG. N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids through the Lifespan: Implication for Psychopathology. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw078. [PMID: 27608809 PMCID: PMC5203760 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The impact of lifetime dietary habits and their role in physical, mental, and social well-being has been the focus of considerable recent research. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as a dietary constituent have been under the spotlight for decades. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids constitute key regulating factors of neurotransmission, neurogenesis, and neuroinflammation and are thereby fundamental for development, functioning, and aging of the CNS. Of note is the fact that these processes are altered in various psychiatric disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, and Alzheimer's disease. DESIGN Relevant literature was identified through a search of MEDLINE via PubMed using the following words, "n-3 PUFAs," "EPA," and "DHA" in combination with "stress," "cognition," "ADHD," "anxiety," "depression," "bipolar disorder," "schizophrenia," and "Alzheimer." The principal focus was on the role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids throughout the lifespan and their implication for psychopathologies. Recommendations for future investigation on the potential clinical value of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were examined. RESULTS The inconsistent and inconclusive results from randomized clinical trials limits the usage of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in clinical practice. However, a body of literature demonstrates an inverse correlation between omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels and quality of life/ psychiatric diseases. Specifically, older healthy adults showing low habitual intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids benefit most from consuming them, showing improved age-related cognitive decline. CONCLUSIONS Although further studies are required, there is an exciting and growing body of research suggesting that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may have a potential clinical value in the prevention and treatment of psychopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo M Pusceddu
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (Drs Pusceddu, Cryan, and Dinan); Teagasc, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland (Drs Kelly and Stanton); Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience (Dr Cryan), and Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science (Dr Dinan), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Philip Kelly
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (Drs Pusceddu, Cryan, and Dinan); Teagasc, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland (Drs Kelly and Stanton); Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience (Dr Cryan), and Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science (Dr Dinan), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (Drs Pusceddu, Cryan, and Dinan); Teagasc, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland (Drs Kelly and Stanton); Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience (Dr Cryan), and Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science (Dr Dinan), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (Drs Pusceddu, Cryan, and Dinan); Teagasc, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland (Drs Kelly and Stanton); Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience (Dr Cryan), and Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science (Dr Dinan), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (Drs Pusceddu, Cryan, and Dinan); Teagasc, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland (Drs Kelly and Stanton); Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience (Dr Cryan), and Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science (Dr Dinan), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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12
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Muldoon MF, Ryan CM, Yao JK, Conklin SM, Manuck SB. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and optimization of cognitive performance. Mil Med 2016; 179:95-105. [PMID: 25373092 DOI: 10.7205/milmed-d-14-00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Low consumption of the omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenonic acids, is linked to delayed brain development and, in late life, increased risk for Alzheimer's disease. The current review focuses on cognitive functioning during midlife and summarizes available scientific evidence relevant to the hypothesis that adequate dietary consumption of the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids is necessary for optimal cognitive performance. Taken together, the findings suggest that raising the currently low consumption among healthy adults may improve some aspects of cognitive performance. Nonetheless, evidence from randomized clinical trials is comparatively sparse and leaves unclear: (a) whether such effects are clinically significant, (b) whether effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and DHA differ, (c) which dimensions of cognitive function are affected, (d) the dose-response relationships, or (e) the time course of the response. Clarification of these issues through both laboratory and clinical investigations is a priority given the broad implications for public health, as well as for military personnel and other positions of high performance demand and responsibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Muldoon
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Old Engineering Hall, Room 506, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Christopher M Ryan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3500 Fifth Avenue, Suite 106, Pittsburg, PA 15213
| | - Jeffrey K Yao
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 7180 Highland Drive, Building 13, Room 131, Pittsburg, PA 15206
| | - Sarah M Conklin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Allegheny College, 520 North Main Street, Meadville, PA 16335
| | - Stephen B Manuck
- Behavioral Physiology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Sennott Square, 3rd Floor, 210 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
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13
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Dynamic Connectivity between Brain Networks Supports Working Memory: Relationships to Dopamine Release and Schizophrenia. J Neurosci 2016; 36:4377-88. [PMID: 27076432 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3296-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Connectivity between brain networks may adapt flexibly to cognitive demand, a process that could underlie adaptive behaviors and cognitive deficits, such as those observed in neuropsychiatric conditions like schizophrenia. Dopamine signaling is critical for working memory but its influence on internetwork connectivity is relatively unknown. We addressed these questions in healthy humans using functional magnetic resonance imaging (during ann-back working-memory task) and positron emission tomography using the radiotracer [(11)C]FLB457 before and after amphetamine to measure the capacity for dopamine release in extrastriatal brain regions. Brain networks were defined by spatial independent component analysis (ICA) and working-memory-load-dependent connectivity between task-relevant pairs of networks was determined via a modified psychophysiological interaction analysis. For most pairs of task-relevant networks, connectivity significantly changed as a function of working-memory load. Moreover, load-dependent changes in connectivity between left and right frontoparietal networks (Δ connectivity lFPN-rFPN) predicted interindividual differences in task performance more accurately than other fMRI and PET imaging measures. Δ Connectivity lFPN-rFPN was not related to cortical dopamine release capacity. A second study in unmedicated patients with schizophrenia showed no abnormalities in load-dependent connectivity but showed a weaker relationship between Δ connectivity lFPN-rFPN and working memory performance in patients compared with matched healthy individuals. Poor working memory performance in patients was, in contrast, related to deficient cortical dopamine release. Our findings indicate that interactions between brain networks dynamically adapt to fluctuating environmental demands. These dynamic adaptations underlie successful working memory performance in healthy individuals and are not well predicted by amphetamine-induced dopamine release capacity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT It is unclear how communication between brain networks responds to changing environmental demands during complex cognitive processes. Also, unknown in regard to these network dynamics is the role of neuromodulators, such as dopamine, and whether their dysregulation could underlie cognitive deficits in neuropsychiatric illness. We found that connectivity between brain networks changes with working-memory load and greater increases predict better working memory performance; however, it was not related to capacity for dopamine release in the cortex. Patients with schizophrenia did show dynamic internetwork connectivity; however, this was more weakly associated with successful performance in patients compared with healthy individuals. Our findings indicate that dynamic interactions between brain networks may support the type of flexible adaptations essential to goal-directed behavior.
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14
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Vesco AT, Lehmann J, Gracious BL, Arnold LE, Young AS, Fristad MA. Omega-3 Supplementation for Psychotic Mania and Comorbid Anxiety in Children. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2015; 25:526-34. [PMID: 26288263 PMCID: PMC4576937 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2013.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Therapeutic benefits of omega-3 fatty acids (Ω3) for mood disorders, psychosis, and anxiety have been reported in the literature. The purpose of the present article is to provide a literature review of Ω3 supplementation for affective disorders and to illustrate the benefits of Ω3 with a case presentation of a young girl with a history of bipolar disorder-type 1 with psychotic features and generalized anxiety disorder. METHODS Reviewed literature includes treatment studies of the impact of Ω3 on child mood disorders supplemented by review of meta-analyses within the adult mood disorders literature. The subject of this case report participated in 11 in-depth diagnostic and functional assessments over 5 years as part of an unrelated study. Three years were presupplementation and 2 years were with supplementation with no other medication changes, thus making a naturalistic multiple-baseline single-subject experiment. RESULTS Augmentation over a 2 year period was notable for clinically significant and sustained improvement in depressive, manic, and psychotic symptoms. CONCLUSION Ω3 supplementation may be a safe, adjunct intervention for treating bipolar disorder in children and adolescents, even in the presence of psychotic and anxious features. The 2 year follow-up in this case offers hope of an accumulating and enduring benefit. Further research into mechanisms of Ω3 action and of combination treatment with other well-known interventions for mood disorders would be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T. Vesco
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jennifer Lehmann
- Department of Psychology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Barbara L. Gracious
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.,Center for Innovation in Pediatric Practice, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - L. Eugene Arnold
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Andrea S. Young
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mary A. Fristad
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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15
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Haast RAM, Kiliaan AJ. Impact of fatty acids on brain circulation, structure and function. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 92:3-14. [PMID: 24485516 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of dietary intervention has evolved into a promising approach to prevent the onset and progression of brain diseases. The positive relationship between intake of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3-LCPUFAs) and decreased onset of disease- and aging-related deterioration of brain health is increasingly endorsed across epidemiological and diet-interventional studies. Promising results are found regarding to the protection of proper brain circulation, structure and functionality in healthy and diseased humans and animal models. These include enhanced cerebral blood flow (CBF), white and gray matter integrity, and improved cognitive functioning, and are possibly mediated through increased neurovascular coupling, neuroprotection and neuronal plasticity, respectively. Contrary, studies investigating diets high in saturated fats provide opposite results, which may eventually lead to irreversible damage. Studies like these are of great importance given the high incidence of obesity caused by the increased and decreased consumption of respectively saturated fats and ω3-LCPUFAs in the Western civilization. This paper will review in vivo research conducted on the effects of ω3-LCPUFAs and saturated fatty acids on integrity (circulation, structure and function) of the young, aging and diseased brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A M Haast
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda J Kiliaan
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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16
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Lipids and Health. Lipids 2014. [DOI: 10.1201/b17656-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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An evidence-based method for examining and reporting cognitive processes in nutrition research. Nutr Res Rev 2014; 27:232-41. [PMID: 25268900 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422414000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive outcomes are frequently implemented as endpoints in nutrition research. To reduce the number of statistical comparisons it is commonplace for nutrition researchers to combine cognitive test results into a smaller number of broad cognitive abilities. However, there is a clear lack of understanding and consensus as to how best execute this practice. The present paper reviews contemporary models of human cognition and proposes a standardised, evidence-based method for grouping cognitive test data into broader cognitive abilities. Both Carroll's model of human cognitive ability and the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model of intelligence provide empirically based taxonomies of human cognition. These models provide a cognitive 'map' that can be used to guide the handling and analysis of cognitive outcomes in nutrition research. Making use of a valid cognitive nomenclature can provide the field of clinical nutrition with a common cognitive language enabling efficient comparisons of cognitive outcomes across studies. This will make it easier for researchers, policymakers and readers to interpret and compare cognitive outcomes for different interventions. Using an empirically derived cognitive nomenclature to guide the creation of cognitive composite scores will ensure that cognitive endpoints are theoretically valid and meaningful. This will increase the generalisability of trial results to the general population. The present review also discusses how the CHC model of cognition can also guide the synthesis of cognitive outcomes in systematic reviews and meta-analysis.
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Erken HA, Erken G, Colak R, Genç O. Exercise and DHA prevent the negative effects of hypoxia on EEG and nerve conduction velocity. High Alt Med Biol 2014; 14:360-6. [PMID: 24377343 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2012.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that hypoxia has a negative effect on nervous system functions, but exercise and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) have positive effect. In this study, it was investigated whether exercise and/or DHA can prevent the effects of hypoxia on EEG and nerve conduction velocity (NCV). 35 adult Wistar albino male rats were divided into five groups (n=7): control (C), hypoxia (H), hypoxia and exercise (HE), hypoxia and DHA (HD), and hypoxia and exercise and DHA (HED) groups. During the 28-day hypoxia exposure, the HE and HED groups of rats were exercised (0% incline, 30 m/min speed, 20 min/day, 5 days a week). In addition, DHA (36 mg/kg/day) was given by oral gavage to rats in the HD and HED groups. While EEG records were taken before and after the experimental period, NCV records were taken after the experimental period from anesthetized rats. Data were analyzed by paired t-test, one-way ANOVA, and post hoc Tukey test. In this study, it was shown that exposure to hypoxia decreased theta activity and NCV, but exercise and DHA reduced the delta activity, while theta, alpha, beta activities, and NCV were increased. These results have shown that the effects of hypoxia exposure on EEG and NCV can be prevented by exercise and/or DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haydar Ali Erken
- 1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Balikesir University , Balikesir, Turkey
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19
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El-Ansary A, Al-Ayadhi L. Relative abundance of short chain and polyunsaturated fatty acids in propionic acid-induced autistic features in rat pups as potential markers in autism. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:140. [PMID: 25175350 PMCID: PMC4176835 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fatty acids are essential dietary nutrients, and one of their important roles is providing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for the growth and function of nervous tissue. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are a group of compounds derived from the host microbiome that were recently linked to effects on the gut, the brain, and behavior. They are therefore linked to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism. Reduced levels of PUFAs are associated with impairments in cognitive and behavioral performance, which are particularly important during brain development. Recent studies suggest that omega -3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are involved in neurogenesis, neurotransmission, and protection from oxidative stress. Omega-3 PUFAs mediate some of these effects by antagonizing Omega-6 PUFA (arachidonic acid, AA)-induced proinflammatory prostaglandin E2; (PGE2) formation. Methods In this work, the absolute and relative concentrations of propionic (PPA), butyric and acetic acids, as well as PUFAs and their precursors (α-Linolenic and linoleic), were measured in the brain tissue of PPA-neurointoxicated rat pups (receiving 250 mg PPA/Kg body weight for 3 consecutive days) as a rodent model with persistent autistic features compared with healthy controls. Results The data revealed remarkably lower levels of omega6/omega3, α-Linolenic/Linoleic, α-Linolenic/EPA, α-Linolenic/DHA, EPA/DHA, and AA/Linoleic acid ratios in PPA-intoxicated rats. The role of these impaired ratios is discussed in relation to the activity of desaturases and elongases, which are the two enzymatic groups involved in the synthesis of PUFAs from their precursors. The relationship between the abnormal relative concentrations of the studied fatty acids and oxidative stress, neurotransmission, and neuroinflammation is also discussed in detail. Conclusions This study demonstrates that fatty acid ratios are useful for understanding the mechanism of PPA neurotoxicity in a rodent model of autism. Therefore, it is possible to use these ratios for predictions in patients with this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf El-Ansary
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, P,O box 22452, Zip code 11495 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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20
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Stonehouse W. Does consumption of LC omega-3 PUFA enhance cognitive performance in healthy school-aged children and throughout adulthood? Evidence from clinical trials. Nutrients 2014; 6:2730-58. [PMID: 25054550 PMCID: PMC4113767 DOI: 10.3390/nu6072730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain (LC) omega-3 PUFA derived from marine sources may play an important role in cognitive performance throughout all life stages. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the dominant omega-3 in the brain, is a major component of neuronal cell membranes and affects various neurological pathways and processess. Despite its critical role in brain function, human’s capacity to synthesize DHA de novo is limited and its consumption through the diet is important. However, many individuals do not or rarely consume seafood. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate the current evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCT) in healthy school-aged children, younger and older adults to determine whether consumption of LC omega-3 PUFA improves cognitive performance and to make recommendations for future research. Current evidence suggests that consumption of LC omega-3 PUFA, particularly DHA, may enhance cognitive performance relating to learning, cognitive development, memory and speed of performing cognitive tasks. Those who habitually consume diets low in DHA, children with low literacy ability and malnourished and older adults with age-related cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment seem to benefit most. However, study design limitations in many RCTs hamper firm conclusions. The measurement of a uniform biomarker, e.g., % DHA in red blood cells, is essential to establish baseline DHA-status, to determine targets for cognitive performance and to facilitate dosage recommendations. It is recommended that future studies be at least 16 weeks in duration, account for potential interaction effects of gender, age and apolipoprotein E genotype, include vegan/vegetarian populations, include measures of speed of cognitive performance and include brain imaging technologies as supportive information on working mechanisms of LC omega-3 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welma Stonehouse
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, P.O. Box 10041, Adelaide BC, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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21
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Sun LJ, Hou XH, Xue SH, Yan F, Dai YJ, Zhao CH, Wang F, Yang RH. Fish oil modulates glycogen synthase kinase-3 signaling pathway in diabetes-induced hippocampal neurons apoptosis. Brain Res 2014; 1574:37-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Widenhorn-Müller K, Schwanda S, Scholz E, Spitzer M, Bode H. Effect of supplementation with long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on behavior and cognition in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a randomized placebo-controlled intervention trial. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 91:49-60. [PMID: 24958525 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether supplementation with the long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) affects behavioral symptoms and cognitive impairments in children 6-12 years of age diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). STUDY DESIGN The randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled 16 weeks trial was conducted with 95 children diagnosed with ADHD according to DSM-IV criteria. Behavior was assessed by parents, teachers and investigators using standardized rating scales and questionnaires. Further outcome variables were working memory, speed of information processing and various measures of attention. For a subgroup of 81 participants, erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition was analyzed before and after the intervention. RESULTS Supplementation with the omega-3 fatty acid mix increased EPA and DHA concentrations in erythrocyte membranes and improved working memory function, but had no effect on other cognitive measures and parent- and teacher-rated behavior in the study population. Improved working memory correlated significantly with increased EPA, DHA and decreased AA (arachidonic acid).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Widenhorn-Müller
- Transfer Center for Neuroscience and Learning, University Hospital, Ulm, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Simone Schwanda
- SPZ, University Children׳s Hospital, Division of Social Pediatrics and Child Neurology, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elke Scholz
- Transfer Center for Neuroscience and Learning, University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Manfred Spitzer
- Transfer Center for Neuroscience and Learning, University Hospital, Ulm, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Harald Bode
- SPZ, University Children׳s Hospital, Division of Social Pediatrics and Child Neurology, Ulm, Germany
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23
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Jia D, Heng LJ, Yang RH, Gao GD. Fish oil improves learning impairments of diabetic rats by blocking PI3K/AKT/nuclear factor-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways. Neuroscience 2013; 258:228-37. [PMID: 24252320 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that diabetes induces learning and memory deficits. However, the mechanism of memory impairment induced by diabetes is poorly understood. Dietary fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, have been shown to enhance learning and memory and prevent memory deficits in various experimental conditions. The present study investigated the effects of fish oil supplementation on the lipid peroxidation, inflammation and neuron apoptosis in the hippocampus of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes rats. The effects of diabetes and fish oil treatment on the spatial learning and memory were also evaluated using the Morris Water Maze. STZ-induced diabetes impaired spatial learning and memory of rats, which was associated with the inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. Fish oil administration ameliorated cognitive deficit, reduced oxidative stress and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), protected the hippocampal neurons by increasing Protein Kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation and decreasing caspase-9 expression. These results suggested that the principle mechanisms involved in the antidiabetic and neuroprotective effect of fish oil were its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis potential, supporting a potential role for fish oil as an adjuvant therapy for the prevention and treatment of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, PR China
| | - L-J Heng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, PR China
| | - R-H Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
| | - G-D Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, PR China.
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Das UN. Autism as a disorder of deficiency of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and altered metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Nutrition 2013; 29:1175-85. [PMID: 23911220 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autism has a strong genetic and environmental basis in which inflammatory markers and factors concerned with synapse formation, nerve transmission, and information processing such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs): arachidonic (AA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) and their products and neurotransmitters: dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and catecholamines and cytokines are altered. Antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements are needed for the normal metabolism of neurotrophic factors, eicosanoids, and neurotransmitters, supporting reports of their alterations in autism. But, the exact relationship among these factors and their interaction with genes and proteins concerned with brain development and growth is not clear. It is suggested that maternal infections and inflammation and adverse events during intrauterine growth of the fetus could lead to alterations in the gene expression profile and proteomics that results in dysfunction of the neuronal function and neurotransmitters, alteration(s) in the metabolism of PUFAs and their metabolites resulting in excess production of proinflammatory eicosanoids and cytokines and a deficiency of anti-inflammatory cytokines and bioactive lipids that ultimately results in the development of autism. Based on these evidences, it is proposed that selective delivery of BDNF and methods designed to augment the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and eicosanoids and PUFAs may prevent, arrest, or reverse the autism disease process.
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