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Bergman ME, Kortbeek RWJ, Gutensohn M, Dudareva N. Plant terpenoid biosynthetic network and its multiple layers of regulation. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 95:101287. [PMID: 38906423 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Terpenoids constitute one of the largest and most chemically diverse classes of primary and secondary metabolites in nature with an exceptional breadth of functional roles in plants. Biosynthesis of all terpenoids begins with the universal five‑carbon building blocks, isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and its allylic isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), which in plants are derived from two compartmentally separated but metabolically crosstalking routes, the mevalonic acid (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways. Here, we review the current knowledge on the terpenoid precursor pathways and highlight the critical hidden constraints as well as multiple regulatory mechanisms that coordinate and homeostatically govern carbon flux through the terpenoid biosynthetic network in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Bergman
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Ruy W J Kortbeek
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Michael Gutensohn
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
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Liu M, Wang Z, Qin C, Cao H, Kong L, Liu T, Jiang S, Ma L, Liu X, Ren W, Ma W. Cloning, Expression Characteristics of Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase Gene from Platycodon grandiflorus and Functional Identification in Triterpenoid Synthesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:11429-11437. [PMID: 38738769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorus is a medicinal plant whose main component is platycodins, which have a variety of pharmacological effects and nutritional values. The farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPS) is a key enzyme in the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway, which catalyzes the synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP). In this study, we cloned the FPS gene from P. grandiflorus (PgFPS) with an ORF of 1260 bp, encoding 419 amino acids with a deduced molecular weight and theoretical pI of 46,200.98 Da and 6.52, respectively. The squalene content of overexpressed PgFPS in tobacco leaves and yeast cells extract was 1.88-fold and 1.21-fold higher than that of the control group, respectively, and the total saponin content was also increased by 1.15 times in yeast cells extract, which verified the biological function of PgFPS in terpenoid synthesis. After 48 h of MeJA treatment and 6 h of ethephon treatment, the expression of the PgFPS gene in roots and stems reached its peak, showing a 3.125-fold and 3.236-fold increase compared to the untreated group, respectively. Interestingly, the expression of the PgFPS gene in leaves showed a decreasing trend after exogenous elicitors treatment. The discovery of this enzyme will provide a novel perspective for enhancing the efficient synthesis of platycodins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chen Qin
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Huiyan Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lingyang Kong
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Tingxia Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lengleng Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiubo Liu
- College of Jiamusi, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Jiamusi 154002, China
| | - Weichao Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Wei Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
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3
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Zhang D, Tang X, Chen L, Qiu X, Song C, Wang H, Chang Y. Functional characterization and transcriptional activity analysis of Dryopteris fragrans farnesyl diphosphate synthase genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1105240. [PMID: 37035090 PMCID: PMC10079908 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1105240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS), a key enzyme of the terpene metabolic pathway, catalyzes the precursor of sesquiterpene compounds farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) synthesis, and plays an important role in regulating plant growth and development. Dryopteris fragrans is a medicinal plant rich terpenoids. In this study, the function of the gene was verified in vitro and in vivo, the promoter of the gene was amplified and its transcriptional activity was analyzed. In the present study, we report the molecular cloning and functional characterization of DfFPS1 and DfFPS2, two FPS genes from D. fragrans. We found that the two genes were evolutionarily conserved. Both DfFPS genes were highly expressed in the gametophyte and mature sporophyte leaves, and their expression levels increased in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and high temperature. Both DfFPS proteins were localized in the cytoplasm and could catalyze FPP synthesis in vitro. We also found that the overexpression of DfFPS genes in tobacco plants promoted secondary metabolite accumulation but exhibited negligible effect on plant growth and development. However, the transgenic plants exhibited tolerance to high temperature and drought. The promoters of the two genes were amplified using fusion primer and nested integrated polymerase chain reaction (FPNI-PCR). The promoter sequences were truncated and their activity was examined using the β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene reporter system in tobacco leaves, and we found that both genes were expressed in the stomata. The transcriptional activity of the promoters was found to be similar to the expression pattern of the genes, and the transcriptional core regions of the two genes were mainly between -943 bp and -740 bp of proDfFPS1. Therefore, we present a preliminary study on the function and transcriptional activity of the FPS genes of D. fragrans and provide a basis for the regulation of terpene metabolism in D. fragrans. The results also provide a novel basis for the elucidation of terpene metabolic pathways in ferns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongrui Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xun Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lingling Chen
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science & Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaojie Qiu
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chunhua Song
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hemeng Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ying Chang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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4
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Gong D, Wu B, Qin H, Fu D, Guo S, Wang B, Li B. Functional characterization of a farnesyl diphosphate synthase from Dendrobium nobile Lindl. AMB Express 2022; 12:129. [PMID: 36202944 PMCID: PMC9537409 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01470-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrobium nobile Lindl. has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for a long time, in which the most important compound is dendrobine functioning in a variety of pharmacological activities. Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) is one of the key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of dendrobine. In this work, we found the expression profiles of DnFPPS were correlated with the contents of dendrobine under the methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatments at different time. Then, the cloning and functional identification of a novel FPPS from D. nobile. The full length of DnFPPS is 1231 bp with an open reading frame of 1047 bp encoding 348 amino acids. The sequence similarity analysis demonstrated that DnFPPS was in the high homology with Dendrobium huoshanense and Dendrobium catenatum and contained four conserved domains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that DnFPPS was the close to the DhFPPS. Then, DnFPPS was induced to express in Escherichia coli, purified, and identified by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis indicated that DnFPPS could catalyze dimethylallyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate to produce farnesyl diphosphate. Taken together, a novel DnFPPS was cloned and functionally identified, which supplied a candidate gene for the biosynthetic pathway of dendrobine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyong Gong
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.,College of Bioengineering of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongting Qin
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dezhao Fu
- Beijing Asia-East Bio-pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Beijing, 102200, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunxing Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bochu Wang
- College of Bioengineering of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Wang X, Tang Y, Huang H, Wu D, Chen X, Li J, Zheng H, Zhan R, Chen L. Functional analysis of Pogostemon cablin farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase gene and its binding transcription factor PcWRKY44 in regulating biosynthesis of patchouli alcohol. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:946629. [PMID: 36092423 PMCID: PMC9458891 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.946629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) plays an important role in the synthesis of plant secondary metabolites, but its function and molecular regulation mechanism remain unclear in Pogostemon cablin. In this study, the full-length cDNA of the FPP synthase gene from P. cablin (PcFPPS) was cloned and characterized. The expressions of PcFPPS are different among different tissues (highly in P. cablin flowers). Subcellular localization analysis in protoplasts indicated that PcFPPS was located in the cytoplasm. PcFPPS functionally complemented the lethal FPPS deletion mutation in yeast CC25. Transient overexpression of PcFPPS in P. cablin leaves accelerated terpene biosynthesis, with an ~47% increase in patchouli alcohol. Heterologous overexpression of PcFPPS in tobacco plants was achieved, and it was found that the FPP enzyme activity was significantly up-regulated in transgenic tobacco by ELISA analysis. In addition, more terpenoid metabolites, including stigmasterol, phytol, and neophytadiene were detected compared with control by GC-MS analysis. Furthermore, with dual-LUC assay and yeast one-hybrid screening, we found 220 bp promoter of PcFPPS can be bound by the nuclear-localized transcription factor PcWRKY44. Overexpression of PcWRKY44 in P. cablin upregulated the expression levels of PcFPPS and patchoulol synthase gene (PcPTS), and then promote the biosynthesis of patchouli alcohol. Taken together, these results strongly suggest the PcFPPS and its binding transcription factor PcWRKY44 play an essential role in regulating the biosynthesis of patchouli alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Wang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource From Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource From Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiling Huang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource From Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daidi Wu
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource From Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuzhen Chen
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource From Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junren Li
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource From Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hai Zheng
- Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruoting Zhan
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource From Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, Guangdong, China
| | - Likai Chen
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource From Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, Guangdong, China
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Wang F, Park YL, Gutensohn M. Epidermis-Specific Metabolic Engineering of Sesquiterpene Formation in Tomato Affects the Performance of Potato Aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:793313. [PMID: 35003184 PMCID: PMC8727598 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.793313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tomato produces a number of terpenes in their glandular trichomes that contribute to host plant resistance against pests. While glandular trichomes of cultivated tomato Solanum lycopersicum primarily accumulate a blend of monoterpenes, those of the wild tomato species Solanum habrochaites produce various sesquiterpenes. Recently, we have identified two groups of sesquiterpenes in S. habrochaites accessions that negatively affect the performance and choice behavior of the potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae). Aphids are piercing-sucking herbivores that use their mouthpart to penetrate and probe plant tissues in order to ultimately access vascular tissue and ingest phloem sap. Because secondary metabolites produced in glandular trichomes can affect the initial steps of the aphid feeding behavior, introducing the formation of defensive terpenes into additional plant tissues via metabolic engineering has the potential to reduce tissue penetration by aphids and in consequence virus transmission. Here, we have developed two multicistronic expression constructs based on the two sesquiterpene traits with activity toward M. euphorbiae previously identified in S. habrochaites. Both constructs are composed of sequences encoding a prenyl transferase and a respective S. habrochaites terpene synthase, as well as enhanced green fluorescent protein as a visible marker. All three coding sequences were linked by short nucleotide sequences encoding the foot-and-mouth disease virus 2A self-processing oligopeptide which allows their co-expression under the control of one promoter. Transient expression of both constructs under the epidermis-specific Arabidopsis CER5-promoter in tomato leaves demonstrated that formation of the two sets of defensive sesquiterpenes, β-caryophyllene/α-humulene and (-)-endo-α-bergamotene/(+)-α-santalene/(+)-endo-β-bergamotene, can be introduced into new tissues in tomato. The epidermis-specific transgene expression and terpene formation were verified by fluorescence microscopy and tissue fractionation with subsequent analysis of terpene profiles, respectively. In addition, the longevity and fecundity of M. euphorbiae feeding on these engineered tomato leaves were significantly reduced, demonstrating the efficacy of this novel aphid control strategy.
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Kajiura H, Yoshizawa T, Tokumoto Y, Suzuki N, Takeno S, Takeno KJ, Yamashita T, Tanaka SI, Kaneko Y, Fujiyama K, Matsumura H, Nakazawa Y. Structure-function studies of ultrahigh molecular weight isoprenes provide key insights into their biosynthesis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:215. [PMID: 33594248 PMCID: PMC7887238 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01739-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Some plant trans-1,4-prenyltransferases (TPTs) produce ultrahigh molecular weight trans-1,4-polyisoprene (TPI) with a molecular weight of over 1.0 million. Although plant-derived TPI has been utilized in various industries, its biosynthesis and physiological function(s) are unclear. Here, we identified three novel Eucommia ulmoides TPT isoforms—EuTPT1, 3, and 5, which synthesized TPI in vitro without other components. Crystal structure analysis of EuTPT3 revealed a dimeric architecture with a central hydrophobic tunnel. Mutation of Cys94 and Ala95 on the central hydrophobic tunnel no longer synthesizd TPI, indicating that Cys94 and Ala95 were essential for forming the dimeric architecture of ultralong-chain TPTs and TPI biosynthesis. A spatiotemporal analysis of the physiological function of TPI in E. ulmoides suggested that it is involved in seed development and maturation. Thus, our analysis provides functional and mechanistic insights into TPI biosynthesis and uncovers biological roles of TPI in plants. Kajiura and Yoshizawa et al. identify three new prenyltransferases in the tree Eucommia ulmoides that synthesize exceptionally high molecular weight trans-1,4-polyisoprene (TPI). Through crystal structure and mutational analyses, they identify key residues required for TPI synthesis and reveal its functional importance in seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kajiura
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takuya Yoshizawa
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yuji Tokumoto
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nobuaki Suzuki
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan
| | - Shinya Takeno
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan
| | - Kanokwan Jumtee Takeno
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamashita
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Tanaka
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kaneko
- Yeast Genetic Resources Lab, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Matsumura
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Yoshihisa Nakazawa
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan. .,Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-josanjima, Tokushima, 770-8513, Japan.
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Functional Gene Network of Prenyltransferases in Arabidopsis thaliana. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244556. [PMID: 31842481 PMCID: PMC6943727 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenyltransferases (PTs) are enzymes that catalyze prenyl chain elongation. Some are highly similar to each other at the amino acid level. Therefore, it is difficult to assign their function based solely on their sequence homology to functional orthologs. Other experiments, such as in vitro enzymatic assay, mutant analysis, and mutant complementation are necessary to assign their precise function. Moreover, subcellular localization can also influence the functionality of the enzymes within the pathway network, because different isoprenoid end products are synthesized in the cytosol, mitochondria, or plastids from prenyl diphosphate (prenyl-PP) substrates. In addition to in vivo functional experiments, in silico approaches, such as co-expression analysis, can provide information about the topology of PTs within the isoprenoid pathway network. There has been huge progress in the last few years in the characterization of individual Arabidopsis PTs, resulting in better understanding of their function and their topology within the isoprenoid pathway. Here, we summarize these findings and present the updated topological model of PTs in the Arabidopsis thaliana isoprenoid pathway.
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Johnson SR, Bhat WW, Sadre R, Miller GP, Garcia AS, Hamberger B. Promiscuous terpene synthases from Prunella vulgaris highlight the importance of substrate and compartment switching in terpene synthase evolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:323-335. [PMID: 30843212 PMCID: PMC6593445 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The mint family (Lamiaceae) is well documented as a rich source of terpene natural products. More than 200 diterpene skeletons have been reported from mints, but biosynthetic pathways are known for just a few of these. We crossreferenced chemotaxonomic data with publicly available transcriptomes to select common selfheal (Prunella vulgaris) and its highly unusual vulgarisin diterpenoids as a case study for exploring the origins of diterpene skeletal diversity in Lamiaceae. Four terpene synthases (TPS) from the TPS-a subfamily, including two localised to the plastid, were cloned and functionally characterised. Previous examples of TPS-a enzymes from Lamiaceae were cytosolic and reported to act on the 15-carbon farnesyl diphosphate. Plastidial TPS-a enzymes using the 20-carbon geranylgeranyl diphosphate are known from other plant families, having apparently arisen independently in each family. All four new enzymes were found to be active on multiple prenyl-diphosphate substrates with different chain lengths and stereochemistries. One of the new enzymes catalysed the cyclisation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate into 11-hydroxy vulgarisane, the likely biosynthetic precursor of the vulgarisins. We uncovered the pathway to a rare diterpene skeleton. Our results support an emerging paradigm of substrate and compartment switching as important aspects of TPS evolution and diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R. Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Wajid Waheed Bhat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Radin Sadre
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Garret P. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Alekzander Sky Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Björn Hamberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
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10
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Sadre R, Kuo P, Chen J, Yang Y, Banerjee A, Benning C, Hamberger B. Cytosolic lipid droplets as engineered organelles for production and accumulation of terpenoid biomaterials in leaves. Nat Commun 2019; 10:853. [PMID: 30787273 PMCID: PMC6382807 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08515-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic lipid droplets are endoplasmic reticulum-derived organelles typically found in seeds as reservoirs for physiological energy and carbon to fuel germination. Here, we report synthetic biology approaches to co-produce high-value sesqui- or diterpenoids together with lipid droplets in plant leaves. The formation of cytosolic lipid droplets is enhanced in the transient Nicotiana benthamiana system through ectopic production of WRINKLED1, a key regulator of plastid fatty acid biosynthesis, and a microalgal lipid droplet surface protein. Engineering of the pathways providing the universal C5-building blocks for terpenoids and installation of terpenoid biosynthetic pathways through direction of the enzymes to native and non-native compartments boost the production of target terpenoids. We show that anchoring of distinct biosynthetic steps onto the surface of lipid droplets leads to efficient production of terpenoid scaffolds and functionalized terpenoids. The co-produced lipid droplets "trap" the terpenoids in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radin Sadre
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Peiyen Kuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jiaxing Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Aparajita Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Christoph Benning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Bjoern Hamberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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11
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Nagel R, Schmidt A, Peters RJ. Isoprenyl diphosphate synthases: the chain length determining step in terpene biosynthesis. PLANTA 2019; 249:9-20. [PMID: 30467632 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent developments in the study of isoprenyl diphosphate synthases with an emphasis on analytical techniques, product length determination, and the physiological consequences of manipulating expression in planta. The highly diverse structures of all terpenes are synthesized from the five carbon precursors dimethylallyl diphosphate and a varying number of isopentenyl diphosphate units through 1'-4 alkylation reactions. These elongation reactions are catalyzed by isoprenyl diphosphate synthases (IDS). IDS are classified depending on the configuration of the ensuing double bond as trans- and cis-IDS. In addition, IDS are further stratified by the length of their prenyl diphosphate product. This review discusses analytical techniques for the determination of product length and the factors that control product length, with an emphasis on alternative mechanisms. With recent advances in analytics, multiple IDS of Arabidopsis thaliana have been recently reinvestigated and demonstrated to yield products of different lengths than originally reported, which is summarized here. As IDS dictate prenyl diphosphate length and thereby which class of terpenes is ultimately produced, another focus of this review is the impact that altering IDS expression has on terpenoid natural product accumulation. Finally, recent findings regarding the ability of a few IDS to not catalyze 1'-4 alkylation reactions, but instead produce irregular products, with unusual connectivity, or act as terpene synthases, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Nagel
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Reuben J Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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12
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Upadhyay S, Jeena GS, Shukla RK. Recent advances in steroidal saponins biosynthesis and in vitro production. PLANTA 2018; 248:519-544. [PMID: 29748819 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2911-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal saponins exhibited numerous pharmacological activities due to the modification of their backbone by different cytochrome P450s (P450) and UDP glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Plant-derived steroidal saponins are not sufficient for utilizing them for commercial purpose so in vitro production of saponin by tissue culture, root culture, embryo culture, etc, is necessary for its large-scale production. Saponin glycosides are the important class of plant secondary metabolites, which consists of either steroidal or terpenoidal backbone. Due to the existence of a wide range of medicinal properties, saponin glycosides are pharmacologically very important. This review is focused on important medicinal properties of steroidal saponin, its occurrence, and biosynthesis. In addition to this, some recently identified plants containing steroidal saponins in different parts were summarized. The high throughput transcriptome sequencing approach elaborates our understanding related to the secondary metabolic pathway and its regulation even in the absence of adequate genomic information of non-model plants. The aim of this review is to encapsulate the information related to applications of steroidal saponin and its biosynthetic enzymes specially P450s and UGTs that are involved at later stage modifications of saponin backbone. Lastly, we discussed the in vitro production of steroidal saponin as the plant-based production of saponin is time-consuming and yield a limited amount of saponins. A large amount of plant material has been used to increase the production of steroidal saponin by employing in vitro culture technique, which has received a lot of attention in past two decades and provides a way to conserve medicinal plants as well as to escape them for being endangered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Upadhyay
- Biotechnology Division (CSIR-CIMAP), Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, (CSIR-CIMAP) P.O. CIMAP (a laboratory under Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India), Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Gajendra Singh Jeena
- Biotechnology Division (CSIR-CIMAP), Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, (CSIR-CIMAP) P.O. CIMAP (a laboratory under Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India), Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Shukla
- Biotechnology Division (CSIR-CIMAP), Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, (CSIR-CIMAP) P.O. CIMAP (a laboratory under Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India), Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow, 226015, India.
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13
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Andrade P, Manzano D, Ramirez-Estrada K, Caudepon D, Arro M, Ferrer A, Phillips MA. Nerolidol production in agroinfiltrated tobacco: Impact of protein stability and membrane targeting of strawberry (Fragraria ananassa) NEROLIDOL SYNTHASE1. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 267:112-123. [PMID: 29362090 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The sesquiterpene alcohol nerolidol, synthesized from farnesyl diphosphate (FDP), mediates plant-insect interactions across multiple trophic levels with major implications for pest management in agriculture. We compared nerolidol engineering strategies in tobacco using agroinfiltration to transiently express strawberry (Fragraria ananassa) linalool/nerolidol synthase (FaNES1) either at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or in the cytosol as a soluble protein. Using solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GCMS), we have determined that FaNES1 directed to the ER via fusion to the transmembrane domain of squalene synthase or hydroxymethylglutaryl - CoA reductase displayed significant improvements in terms of transcript levels, protein accumulation, and volatile production when compared to its cytosolic form. However, the highest levels of nerolidol production were observed when FaNES1 was fused to GFP and expressed in the cytosol. This SPME-GCMS method afforded a limit of detection and quantification of 1.54 and 5.13 pg, respectively. Nerolidol production levels, which ranged from 0.5 to 3.0 μg/g F.W., correlated more strongly to the accumulation of recombinant protein than transcript level, the former being highest in FaNES-GFP transfected plants. These results indicate that while the ER may represent an enriched source of FDP that can be exploited in metabolic engineering, protein accumulation is a better predictor of sesquiterpene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Andrade
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics, (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Manzano
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics, (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Karla Ramirez-Estrada
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics, (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Caudepon
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics, (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Montserrat Arro
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics, (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics, (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Michael A Phillips
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto - Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6, Canada; Department of Cellular and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada.
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14
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Kajiura H, Suzuki N, Tokumoto Y, Yoshizawa T, Takeno S, Fujiyama K, Kaneko Y, Matsumura H, Nakazawa Y. Two Eucommia farnesyl diphosphate synthases exhibit distinct enzymatic properties leading to end product preferences. Biochimie 2017; 139:95-106. [PMID: 28478108 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) is an essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of prenyl precursors for the production of primary and secondary metabolites, including sterols, dolichols, carotenoids and ubiquinones, and for the modification of proteins. Here we identified and characterized two FPSs (EuFPS1 and EuFPS2) from the plant Eucommia ulmoides. The EuFPSs had seven highly conserved prenyltransferase-specific domains that are critical for activity. Complementation and biochemical analyses using bacterially produced recombinant EuFPS isoforms showed that the EuFPSs had FPP synthesis activities both in vivo and in vitro. In addition to the typical reaction mechanisms of FPS, EuFPSs utilized farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) as an allylic substrate and participated in further elongation of the isoprenyl chain, resulting in the synthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate. However, despite the high amino acid similarities between the two EuFPS isozymes, their specific activities, substrate preferences, and final reaction products were different. The use of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) as an allylic substrate highlighted the differences between the two enzymes: depending on the pH, the metal ion cofactor, and the cofactor concentration, EuFPS2 accumulated geranyl diphosphate as an intermediate product at a constant rate, whereas EuFPS1 synthesized little geranyl diphosphate. The reaction kinetics of the EuFPSs demonstrated that isopentenyl diphosphate and DMAPP were used both as substrates and as inhibitors of EuFPS activity. Taken together, the results indicate that the biosynthesis of FPP is highly regulated by various factors indispensable for EuFPS reactions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kajiura
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Suzuki
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan
| | - Yuji Tokumoto
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan; Laboratory of Forest Ecology & Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, E1-1 (300), Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takuya Yoshizawa
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shinya Takeno
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kaneko
- Yeast Genetic Resources Lab, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Matsumura
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Nakazawa
- Technical Research Institute, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, 2-2-11 Funamachi, Taisyo, Osaka, 551-0022, Japan.
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15
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Ruiz-Sola MÁ, Barja MV, Manzano D, Llorente B, Schipper B, Beekwilder J, Rodriguez-Concepcion M. A Single Arabidopsis Gene Encodes Two Differentially Targeted Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase Isoforms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:1393-1402. [PMID: 27707890 PMCID: PMC5100792 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A wide diversity of isoprenoids is produced in different plant compartments. Most groups of isoprenoids synthesized in plastids, and some produced elsewhere in the plant cell derive from geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) synthesized by GGPP synthase (GGPPS) enzymes. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), five genes appear to encode GGPPS isoforms localized in plastids (two), the endoplasmic reticulum (two), and mitochondria (one). However, the loss of function of the plastid-targeted GGPPS11 isoform (referred to as G11) is sufficient to cause lethality. Here, we show that the absence of a strong transcription initiation site in the G11 gene results in the production of transcripts of different lengths. The longer transcripts encode an isoform with a functional plastid import sequence that produces GGPP for the major groups of photosynthesis-related plastidial isoprenoids. However, shorter transcripts are also produced that lack the first translation initiation codon and rely on a second in-frame ATG codon to produce an enzymatically active isoform lacking this N-terminal domain. This short enzyme localizes in the cytosol and is essential for embryo development. Our results confirm that the production of differentially targeted enzyme isoforms from the same gene is a central mechanism to control the biosynthesis of isoprenoid precursors in different plant cell compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Águila Ruiz-Sola
- Program of Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (M.A.R.-S., M.V.B., D.M., B.L., M.R.-C.); and
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.S., J.B.)
| | - M Victoria Barja
- Program of Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (M.A.R.-S., M.V.B., D.M., B.L., M.R.-C.); and
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.S., J.B.)
| | - David Manzano
- Program of Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (M.A.R.-S., M.V.B., D.M., B.L., M.R.-C.); and
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.S., J.B.)
| | - Briardo Llorente
- Program of Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (M.A.R.-S., M.V.B., D.M., B.L., M.R.-C.); and
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.S., J.B.)
| | - Bert Schipper
- Program of Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (M.A.R.-S., M.V.B., D.M., B.L., M.R.-C.); and
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.S., J.B.)
| | - Jules Beekwilder
- Program of Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (M.A.R.-S., M.V.B., D.M., B.L., M.R.-C.); and
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.S., J.B.)
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Program of Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (M.A.R.-S., M.V.B., D.M., B.L., M.R.-C.); and
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.S., J.B.)
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16
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Molecular cloning and characterization of an intronless farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDP) gene from Indian rubber clone (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg. RRII105): A gene involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis. GENE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Manzano D, Andrade P, Caudepón D, Altabella T, Arró M, Ferrer A. Suppressing Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase Alters Chloroplast Development and Triggers Sterol-Dependent Induction of Jasmonate- and Fe-Related Responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:93-117. [PMID: 27382138 PMCID: PMC5074618 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) catalyzes the synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate from isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) contains two genes (FPS1 and FPS2) encoding FPS. Single fps1 and fps2 knockout mutants are phenotypically indistinguishable from wild-type plants, while fps1/fps2 double mutants are embryo lethal. To assess the effect of FPS down-regulation at postembryonic developmental stages, we generated Arabidopsis conditional knockdown mutants expressing artificial microRNAs devised to simultaneously silence both FPS genes. Induction of silencing from germination rapidly caused chlorosis and a strong developmental phenotype that led to seedling lethality. However, silencing of FPS after seed germination resulted in a slight developmental delay only, although leaves and cotyledons continued to show chlorosis and altered chloroplasts. Metabolomic analyses also revealed drastic changes in the profile of sterols, ubiquinones, and plastidial isoprenoids. RNA sequencing and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction transcriptomic analysis showed that a reduction in FPS activity levels triggers the misregulation of genes involved in biotic and abiotic stress responses, the most prominent one being the rapid induction of a set of genes related to the jasmonic acid pathway. Down-regulation of FPS also triggered an iron-deficiency transcriptional response that is consistent with the iron-deficient phenotype observed in FPS-silenced plants. The specific inhibition of the sterol biosynthesis pathway by chemical and genetic blockage mimicked these transcriptional responses, indicating that sterol depletion is the primary cause of the observed alterations. Our results highlight the importance of sterol homeostasis for normal chloroplast development and function and reveal important clues about how isoprenoid and sterol metabolism is integrated within plant physiology and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Manzano
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain (D.M., P.A., D.C., T.A., M.A., A.F.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M., P.A., D.C., M.A., A.F.) and Plant Physiology Unit (T.A.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paola Andrade
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain (D.M., P.A., D.C., T.A., M.A., A.F.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M., P.A., D.C., M.A., A.F.) and Plant Physiology Unit (T.A.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Caudepón
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain (D.M., P.A., D.C., T.A., M.A., A.F.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M., P.A., D.C., M.A., A.F.) and Plant Physiology Unit (T.A.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Altabella
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain (D.M., P.A., D.C., T.A., M.A., A.F.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M., P.A., D.C., M.A., A.F.) and Plant Physiology Unit (T.A.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Arró
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain (D.M., P.A., D.C., T.A., M.A., A.F.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M., P.A., D.C., M.A., A.F.) and Plant Physiology Unit (T.A.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain (D.M., P.A., D.C., T.A., M.A., A.F.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M., P.A., D.C., M.A., A.F.) and Plant Physiology Unit (T.A.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Liu Y, Wang L, Liu H, Zhao R, Liu B, Fu Q, Zhang Y. The antioxidative defense system is involved in the premature senescence in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum NC89). Biol Res 2016; 49:30. [PMID: 27370650 PMCID: PMC4930573 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-016-0088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND α-Farnesene is a volatile sesquiterpene synthesized by the plant mevalonate (MVA) pathway through the action of α-farnesene synthase. The α-farnesene synthase 1 (MdAFS1) gene was isolated from apple peel (var. white winter pearmain), and transformed into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum NC89). The transgenic plants had faster stem elongation during vegetative growth and earlier flowering than wild type (WT). Our studies focused on the transgenic tobacco phenotype. RESULTS The levels of chlorophyll and soluble protein decreased and a lower seed biomass and reduced net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in transgenic plants. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide radicals (O 2 (·-) ) had higher levels in transgenics compared to controls. Transgenic plants also had enhanced sensitivity to oxidative stress. The transcriptome of 8-week-old plants was studied to detect molecular changes. Differentially expressed unigene analysis showed that ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, cell growth, and death unigenes were upregulated. Unigenes related to photosynthesis, antioxidant activity, and nitrogen metabolism were downregulated. Combined with the expression analysis of senescence marker genes, these results indicate that senescence started in the leaves of the transgenic plants at the vegetative growth stage. CONCLUSIONS The antioxidative defense system was compromised and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) played an important role in the premature aging of transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- />State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Dai Zong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- />State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Dai Zong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Heng Liu
- />State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Dai Zong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Zhao
- />State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Dai Zong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- />State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Dai Zong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Quanjuan Fu
- />Shandong Institute of Pomology, 66 Long Tan Road, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanhu Zhang
- />State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Dai Zong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong People’s Republic of China
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19
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Xiao Y, Ji Q, Gao S, Tan H, Chen R, Li Q, Chen J, Yang Y, Zhang L, Wang Z, Chen W, Hu Z. Combined transcriptome and metabolite profiling reveals that IiPLR1 plays an important role in lariciresinol accumulation in Isatis indigotica. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6259-71. [PMID: 26163698 PMCID: PMC7107596 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A lignan, lariciresinol, is an important efficacious compound for the antiviral effect of Isatis indigotica, a widely used herb for the treatment of colds, fever, and influenza. Although some rate-limiting steps of the lariciresinol biosynthetic pathway are well known, the specific roles of gene family members in I. indigotica in regulating lariciresinol production are poorly understood. In the present study, a correlation analysis between the RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) expression profile and lignan content by using I. indigotica hairy roots treated with methyl jamonate (0.5 μM) at different time points as a source implicated that I. indigotica pinoresinol/lariciresinol reductase 1 (IiPLR1), but not IiPLR2 or IiPLR3, contributed greatly to lariciresinol accumulation. Gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) demonstrated that IiPLR1 indeed influenced lariciresinol biosynthesis, whereas suppression of IiPLR2 or IiPLR3 did not change lariciresinol abundance significantly. IiPLR1 was thus further characterized; IiPLR1 was constitutively expressed in roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of I. indigotica, with the highest expression in roots, and it responds to different stress treatments to various degrees. Recombinant IiPLR1 reduces both (±)-pinoresinol and (±)-lariciresinol efficiently, with comparative K cat/K m values. Furthermore, overexpression of IiPLR1 significantly enhanced lariciresinol accumulation in I. indigotica hairy roots, and the best line (ovx-2) produced 353.9 μg g(-1) lariciresinol, which was ~6.3-fold more than the wild type. This study sheds light on how to increase desired metabolites effectively by more accurate or appropriate genetic engineering strategies, and also provides an effective approach for the large-scale commercial production of pharmaceutically valuable lariciresinol by using hairy root culture systems as bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiao
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Qian Ji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shouhong Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Hexin Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ruibing Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Yingbo Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Zhibi Hu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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20
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Guo D, Li HL, Peng SQ. Structure Conservation and Differential Expression of Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase Genes in Euphorbiaceous Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22402-14. [PMID: 26389894 PMCID: PMC4613314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) is a key enzyme of isoprenoids biosynthesis. However, knowledge of the FPSs of euphorbiaceous species is limited. In this study, ten FPSs were identified in four euphorbiaceous plants. These FPSs exhibited similar exon/intron structure. The deduced FPS proteins showed close identities and exhibited the typical structure of plant FPS. The members of the FPS family exhibit tissue expression patterns that vary among several euphorbiaceous plant species under normal growth conditions. The expression profiles reveal spatial and temporal variations in the expression of FPSs of different tissues from Euphorbiaceous plants. Our results revealed wide conservation of FPSs and diverse expression in euphorbiaceous plants during growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Hui-Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Shi-Qing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
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21
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Laranjeira S, Amorim-Silva V, Esteban A, Arró M, Ferrer A, Tavares RM, Botella MA, Rosado A, Azevedo H. Arabidopsis Squalene Epoxidase 3 (SQE3) Complements SQE1 and Is Important for Embryo Development and Bulk Squalene Epoxidase Activity. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:1090-102. [PMID: 25707755 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The existence of multigenic families in the mevalonate pathway suggests divergent functional roles for pathway components involved in the biosynthesis of plant sterols. Squalene epoxidases (SQEs) are key components of this pathway, and Squalene Epoxidase 1 (SQE1) has been identified as a fundamental enzyme in this biosynthetic step. In the present work, we extended the characterization of the remaining SQE family members, phylogenetically resolving between true SQEs and a subfamily of SQE-like proteins that is exclusive to Brassicaceae. Functional characterization of true SQE family members, Squalene Epoxidase 2 (SQE2) and Squalene Epoxidase 3 (SQE3), indicates that SQE3, but not SQE2, contributes to the bulk SQE activity in Arabidopsis, with sqe3-1 mutants accumulating squalene and displaying sensitivity to terbinafine. We genetically demonstrated that SQE3 seems to play a particularly significant role in embryo development. Also, SQE1 and SQE3 both localize in the endoplasmic reticulum, and SQE3 can functionally complement SQE1. Thus, SQE1 and SQE3 seem to be two functionally unequal redundant genes in the promotion of plant SQE activity in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Laranjeira
- Center for Biodiversity, Functional & Integrative Genomics (BioFIG), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Vitor Amorim-Silva
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departmento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Alicia Esteban
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departmento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Monserrat Arró
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rui Manuel Tavares
- Center for Biodiversity, Functional & Integrative Genomics (BioFIG), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Miguel Angel Botella
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departmento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Abel Rosado
- Canada Research Chair in Plant Physiology and Cellular Dynamics, Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Herlânder Azevedo
- CIBIO, InBIO - Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal.
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22
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Bhatia V, Maisnam J, Jain A, Sharma KK, Bhattacharya R. Aphid-repellent pheromone E-β-farnesene is generated in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana over-expressing farnesyl diphosphate synthase2. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:581-91. [PMID: 25538111 PMCID: PMC4343287 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant-synthesized sesquiterpenes play a pivotal role in chemotactic interactions with insects. Biosynthesis of functionally diverse sesquiterpenes is dependent on the availability of a pool of the precursor farnesyldiphosphate (FDP). In Arabidopsis thaliana, FPS2, encoding cytosolic farnesyldiphosphate synthase, is implicated in the synthesis of cytosolic FDP, but it is not known whether enhanced levels of FDP have a commensurate effect on sesquiterpene-mediated defence responses. This study examined transgenic arabidopsis plants generated to over-express FPS2 in order to determine if any effects could be observed in the response of aphids, Myzus persicae. METHODS Transgenic arabidopsis plants were generated to over-express FPS2 to produce FPS2 in either the cytosol or the chloroplasts. Morphochemical analyses of the transgenic plants were carried out to detremine growth responses of roots and shoots, and for GC-MS profiling of sesquiterpenes. Aphid response to hyrdo-distillate extracts and head-space volatiles from transgenic plants was assessed using a bioassay. KEY RESULTS Either over-expression of FPS2 in the cytosol or targetting of its translated product to chlorplasts resulted in stimulatory growth responses of transgenic arabidopsis at early and late developmental stages. GC-MS analysis of hydro-distillate extracts from aerial parts of the plants revealed biosynthesis of several novel sesquiterpenes, including E-β-farnesene, an alarm pheromone of aphids. Both entrapped volatiles and hydro-distillate extracts of the transgenic leaves triggered agitation in aphids, which was related to both time and dose of exposure. CONCLUSIONS Over-expression of FPS2 in the cytosol and targeting of its translated product to chloroplasts in arabidopsis led to synthesis of several novel sesquiterpenes, including E-β-farnesene, and induced alarm responses in M. persicae. The results suggest a potential for engineering aphid-resistant strains of arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varnika Bhatia
- National Research Center on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi-110012, India and All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Jaya Maisnam
- National Research Center on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi-110012, India and All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Ajay Jain
- National Research Center on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi-110012, India and All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Krishan Kumar Sharma
- National Research Center on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi-110012, India and All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Ramcharan Bhattacharya
- National Research Center on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi-110012, India and All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India
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23
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Tholl D. Biosynthesis and biological functions of terpenoids in plants. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 148:63-106. [PMID: 25583224 DOI: 10.1007/10_2014_295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoids (isoprenoids) represent the largest and most diverse class of chemicals among the myriad compounds produced by plants. Plants employ terpenoid metabolites for a variety of basic functions in growth and development but use the majority of terpenoids for more specialized chemical interactions and protection in the abiotic and biotic environment. Traditionally, plant-based terpenoids have been used by humans in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries, and more recently have been exploited in the development of biofuel products. Genomic resources and emerging tools in synthetic biology facilitate the metabolic engineering of high-value terpenoid products in plants and microbes. Moreover, the ecological importance of terpenoids has gained increased attention to develop strategies for sustainable pest control and abiotic stress protection. Together, these efforts require a continuous growth in knowledge of the complex metabolic and molecular regulatory networks in terpenoid biosynthesis. This chapter gives an overview and highlights recent advances in our understanding of the organization, regulation, and diversification of core and specialized terpenoid metabolic pathways, and addresses the most important functions of volatile and nonvolatile terpenoid specialized metabolites in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 409 Latham Hall, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA,
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24
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Wang J, Li Y, Liu D. Cloning and characterization of farnesyl diphosphate synthase gene involved in triterpenoids biosynthesis from Poria cocos. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:22188-202. [PMID: 25474088 PMCID: PMC4284702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151222188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poria cocos (P. cocos) has long been used as traditional Chinese medicine and triterpenoids are the most important pharmacologically active constituents of this fungus. Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPS) is a key enzyme of triterpenoids biosynthesis. The gene encoding FPS was cloned from P. cocos by degenerate PCR, inverse PCR and cassette PCR. The open reading frame of the gene is 1086 bp in length, corresponding to a predicted polypeptide of 361 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 41.2 kDa. Comparison of the P. cocos FPS deduced amino acid sequence with other species showed the highest identity with Ganoderma lucidum (74%). The predicted P. cocos FPS shares at least four conserved regions involved in the enzymatic activity with the FPSs of varied species. The recombinant protein was expressed in Pichia pastoris and purified. Gas chromatography analysis showed that the recombinant FPS could catalyze the formation of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) from geranyl diphosphate (GPP) and isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP). Furthermore, the expression profile of the FPS gene and content of total triterpenoids under different stages of development and methyl jasmonate treatments were determined. The results indicated that there is a positive correlation between the activity of FPS and the amount of total triterpenoids produced in P. cocos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Wang
- Guangdong VTR Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519060, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yangyuan Li
- Guangdong VTR Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519060, Guangdong, China.
| | - Danni Liu
- Guangdong VTR Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519060, Guangdong, China.
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25
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Nagel R, Berasategui A, Paetz C, Gershenzon J, Schmidt A. Overexpression of an isoprenyl diphosphate synthase in spruce leads to unexpected terpene diversion products that function in plant defense. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:555-69. [PMID: 24346420 PMCID: PMC3912089 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.228940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Spruce (Picea spp.) and other conifers employ terpenoid-based oleoresin as part of their defense against herbivores and pathogens. The short-chain isoprenyl diphosphate synthases (IDS) are situated at critical branch points in terpene biosynthesis, producing the precursors of the different terpenoid classes. To determine the role of IDS and to create altered terpene phenotypes for assessing the defensive role of terpenoids, we overexpressed a bifunctional spruce IDS, a geranyl diphosphate and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase in white spruce (Picea glauca) saplings. While transcript level (350-fold), enzyme activity level (7-fold), and in planta geranyl diphosphate and geranylgeranyl diphosphate levels (4- to 8-fold) were significantly increased in the needles of transgenic plants, there was no increase in the major monoterpenes and diterpene acids of the resin and no change in primary isoprenoids, such as sterols, chlorophylls, and carotenoids. Instead, large amounts of geranylgeranyl fatty acid esters, known from various gymnosperm and angiosperm plant species, accumulated in needles and were shown to act defensively in reducing the performance of larvae of the nun moth (Lymantria monacha), a conifer pest in Eurasia. These results show the impact of overexpression of an IDS and the defensive role of an unexpected accumulation product of terpenoid biosynthesis with the potential for a broader function in plant protection.
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Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) catalyzes the sequential head-to-tail condensation of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP, C5) with dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP, C5) and geranyl diphosphate (GPP, C10) to produce farnesyl diphosphate (FPP, C15). This short-chain prenyl diphosphate constitutes a key branch-point of the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway from which a variety of bioactive isoprenoids that are vital for normal plant growth and survival are produced. Here we describe a protocol to obtain highly purified preparations of recombinant FPS and a radiochemical assay method for measuring FPS activity in purified enzyme preparations and plant tissue extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Arró
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Uthup TK, Saha T, Ravindran M, Bini K. Impact of an intragenic retrotransposon on the structural integrity and evolution of a major isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway gene in Hevea brasiliensis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 73:176-88. [PMID: 24128694 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids belong to a large family of structurally and functionally different natural compounds found universally from prokaryotes to higher animals and plants. In Hevea brasiliensis, the commercially important cis-polyisoprene (rubber) is synthesised as part of its defence mechanism in addition to other common isoprenoids like phytosterols, growth hormones etc. Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS) is a key enzyme in this process which catalyses the conversion of isoprene units into polyisoprene. Although prior sequence information is available, the structural variants of the FDPS gene presently existing in Hevea population are largely unknown. Since gene structure has a major role in gene regulation, extensive sequence analysis of this gene from different genotypes was carried out to identify the prevailing structural variants. We identified several SNPs and large indels which were associated with a partial transposable element (TE). Modification of key regulatory motifs and splice sites induced by the retroelement was also identified in the first intron. Screening of popular rubber clones, wild germplasm accessions and Hevea species revealed that the retroelement is responsible for the generation of new alleles with varying degrees of sequence homology. Segregation analysis of a progeny population confirmed that the alleles are not paralogs and are inherited in a Mendelian mode. Our findings suggest that the first intron of the FDPS gene has been subjected to various chromosomal rearrangements due to the interaction of a retrotransposon, resulting in novel alleles which may substantially contribute towards the evolution of this major gene in rubber. Moreover, the results indicate the possible existence of a retrotransposon-mediated epigenetic gene regulatory mechanism in Hevea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kadampanattu Uthup
- Genome Analysis Laboratory, Rubber Research Institute of India, Rubber Board, P O, Kottayam, Kerala Pin-686009, India.
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