1
|
Kaminski VL, Borges BM, Santos BV, Preite NW, Calich VLG, Loures FV. MDSCs use a complex molecular network to suppress T-cell immunity in a pulmonary model of fungal infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1392744. [PMID: 39035356 PMCID: PMC11257977 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1392744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic endemic fungal disease prevalent in Latin America. Previous studies revealed that host immunity against PCM is tightly regulated by several suppressive mechanisms mediated by tolerogenic plasmacytoid dendritic cells, the enzyme 2,3 indoleamine dioxygenase (IDO-1), regulatory T-cells (Tregs), and through the recruitment and activation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). We have recently shown that Dectin-1, TLR2, and TLR4 signaling influence the IDO-1-mediated suppression caused by MDSCs. However, the contribution of these receptors in the production of important immunosuppressive molecules used by MDSCs has not yet been explored in pulmonary PCM. Methods We evaluated the expression of PD-L1, IL-10, as well as nitrotyrosine by MDSCs after anti-Dectin-1, anti-TLR2, and anti-TLR4 antibody treatment followed by P. brasiliensis yeasts challenge in vitro. We also investigated the influence of PD-L1, IL-10, and nitrotyrosine in the suppressive activity of lung-infiltrating MDSCs of C57BL/6-WT, Dectin-1KO, TLR2KO, and TLR4KO mice after in vivo fungal infection. The suppressive activity of MDSCs was evaluated in cocultures of isolated MDSCs with activated T-cells. Results A reduced expression of IL-10 and nitrotyrosine was observed after in vitro anti-Dectin-1 treatment of MDSCs challenged with fungal cells. This finding was further confirmed in vitro and in vivo by using Dectin-1KO mice. Furthermore, MDSCs derived from Dectin-1KO mice showed a significantly reduced immunosuppressive activity on the proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Blocking of TLR2 and TLR4 by mAbs and using MDSCs from TLR2KO and TLR4KO mice also reduced the production of suppressive molecules induced by fungal challenge. In vitro, MDSCs from TLR4KO mice presented a reduced suppressive capacity over the proliferation of CD4+ T-cells. Conclusion We showed that the pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) Dectin-1, TLR2, and TLR4 contribute to the suppressive activity of MDSCs by inducing the expression of several immunosuppressive molecules such as PD-L1, IL-10, and nitrotyrosine. This is the first demonstration of a complex network of PRRs signaling in the induction of several suppressive molecules by MDSCs and its contribution to the immunosuppressive mechanisms that control immunity and severity of pulmonary PCM.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Mice
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/immunology
- Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells/immunology
- Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism
- B7-H1 Antigen/genetics
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Paracoccidioidomycosis/immunology
- Paracoccidioides/immunology
- Tyrosine/analogs & derivatives
- Tyrosine/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/microbiology
- Signal Transduction
- Male
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics
- Mice, Knockout
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Lima Kaminski
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo – UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Montanari Borges
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo – UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca Vieira Santos
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo – UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nycolas Willian Preite
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo – UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Garcia Calich
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo – USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio Vieira Loures
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo – UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pamart G, Gosset P, Le Rouzic O, Pichavant M, Poulain-Godefroy O. Kynurenine Pathway in Respiratory Diseases. Int J Tryptophan Res 2024; 17:11786469241232871. [PMID: 38495475 PMCID: PMC10943758 DOI: 10.1177/11786469241232871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway is the primary route for tryptophan catabolism and has received increasing attention as its association with inflammation and the immune system has become more apparent. This review provides a broad overview of the kynurenine pathway in respiratory diseases, from the initial observations to the characterization of the different cell types involved in the synthesis of kynurenine metabolites and the underlying immunoregulatory mechanisms. With a focus on respiratory infections, the various attempts to characterize the kynurenine/tryptophan (K/T) ratio as an inflammatory marker are reviewed. Its implication in chronic lung inflammation and its exacerbation by respiratory pathogens is also discussed. The emergence of preclinical interventional studies targeting the kynurenine pathway opens the way for the future development of new therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Pamart
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 -CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Gosset
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 -CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Le Rouzic
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 -CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Muriel Pichavant
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 -CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Odile Poulain-Godefroy
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 -CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Preite NW, Borges BM, Kaminski VDL, Ayupe MC, Gonçalves LM, dos Santos BV, Fonseca DLM, Filgueiras IS, Salgado CL, Muxel SM, Cabral-Marques O, da Fonseca DM, Loures FV, Calich VLG. Blocking the CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways during pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis improves immunity, reduces disease severity, and increases the survival of infected mice. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1347318. [PMID: 38500881 PMCID: PMC10945025 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1347318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint pathways, i.e., coinhibitory pathways expressed as feedback following immune activation, are crucial for controlling an excessive immune response. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) are the central classical checkpoint inhibitory (CPI) molecules used for the control of neoplasms and some infectious diseases, including some fungal infections. As the immunosuppression of severe paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a chronic granulomatous fungal disease, was shown to be associated with the expression of coinhibitory molecules, we hypothesized that the inhibition of CTLA-4 and PD-1 could have a beneficial effect on pulmonary PCM. To this end, C57BL/6 mice were infected with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeasts and treated with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) α-CTLA-4, α-PD-1, control IgG, or PBS. We verified that blockade of CTLA-4 and PD-1 reduced the fungal load in the lungs and fungal dissemination to the liver and spleen and decreased the size of pulmonary lesions, resulting in increased survival of mice. Compared with PBS-treated infected mice, significantly increased levels of many pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were observed in the lungs of α-CTLA-4-treated mice, but a drastic reduction in the liver was observed following PD-1 blockade. In the lungs of α-CPI and IgG-treated mice, there were no changes in the frequency of inflammatory leukocytes, but a significant reduction in the total number of these cells was observed. Compared with PBS-treated controls, α-CPI- and IgG-treated mice exhibited reduced pulmonary infiltration of several myeloid cell subpopulations and decreased expression of costimulatory molecules. In addition, a decreased number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells but sustained numbers of Th1, Th2, and Th17 T cells were detected. An expressive reduction in several Treg subpopulations and their maturation and suppressive molecules, in addition to reduced numbers of Treg, TCD4+, and TCD8+ cells expressing costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules of immunity, were also detected. The novel cellular and humoral profiles established in the lungs of α-CTLA-4 and α-PD-1-treated mice but not in control IgG-treated mice were more efficient at controlling fungal growth and dissemination without causing increased tissue pathology due to excessive inflammation. This is the first study demonstrating the efficacy of CPI blockade in the treatment of pulmonary PCM, and further studies combining the use of immunotherapy with antifungal drugs are encouraged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marina Caçador Ayupe
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Mandu Gonçalves
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Igor Salerno Filgueiras
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Loureiro Salgado
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Marcia Muxel
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Otavio Cabral-Marques
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise Morais da Fonseca
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio Vieira Loures
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia Garcia Calich
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kaminski VDL, Preite NW, Borges BM, Dos Santos BV, Calich VLG, Loures FV. The immunosuppressive activity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in murine Paracoccidioidomycosis relies on Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity and Dectin-1 and TLRs signaling. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12391. [PMID: 37524886 PMCID: PMC10390561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis with a high incidence in Latin America. Prior studies have demonstrated the significance of the enzyme Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1) in the immune regulation of PCM as well as the vital role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in moderating PCM severity. Additionally, Dectin-1 and Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) signaling in cancer, infection, and autoimmune diseases have been shown to impact MDSC-IDO-1+ activity. To expand our understanding of MDSCs and the role of IDO-1 and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) signaling in PCM, we generated MDSCs in vitro and administered an IDO-1 inhibitor before challenging the cells with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeasts. By co-culturing MDSCs with lymphocytes, we assessed T-cell proliferation to examine the influence of IDO-1 on MDSC activity. Moreover, we utilized specific antibodies and MDSCs from Dectin-1, TLR4, and TLR2 knockout mice to evaluate the effect of these PRRs on IDO-1 production by MDSCs. We confirmed the importance of these in vitro findings by assessing MDSC-IDO-1+ in the lungs of mice following the fungal infection. Taken together, our data show that IDO-1 expression by MDSCs is crucial for the control of T-cell proliferation, and the production of this enzyme is partially dependent on Dectin-1, TLR2, and TLR4 signaling during murine PCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valéria de Lima Kaminski
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Nycolas Willian Preite
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Montanari Borges
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Bianca Vieira Dos Santos
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Garcia Calich
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio Vieira Loures
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Batista-Duharte A, Téllez-Martínez D, Portuondo DL, Carlos IZ. Selective depletion of regulatory T cells enhances the immunogenicity of a recombinant-based vaccine against Sporothrix spp. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1084526. [PMID: 36846549 PMCID: PMC9951613 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1084526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to limit the protective immune response against pathogenic species of the fungus Sporothrix spp, the causal agent of sporotrichosis. However, the specific function of Tregs during vaccination against these fungi is known. Methods We evaluated the effect of Tregs depletion on the immunogenicity of an experimental recombinant anti-Sporothrix vaccine, using the DEREG mice. In this model, only Foxp3(+) Tregs express eGFP and diphtheria toxin (DT) receptors, and transient Tregs depletion is achieved by DT administration. Results Tregs depletion enhanced the frequency of specific IFNγ+ T cells (Th1 lymphocytes) and cytokine production after either the first or second vaccine dose. However, depletion of Tregs during the second dose caused greater stimulation of specific Th1 lymphocytes than depletion during the first dose. Similarly, the highest production of IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a anti rSsEno antibody was detected after Tregs depletion during boost immunization compared to the other immunized groups. Importantly, vaccine immunogenicity improvement after Tregs depletion also had an impact on the more efficient reduction of fungal load in the skin and liver after the challenge with S. brasiliensis in an experimental infection model. Interestingly, the reduction in fungal load was greatest in the Tregs depleted group during boosting. Discussion Our results illustrate that Tregs restrict vaccine-induced immune response and their transient depletion could enhance anti-Sporothrix vaccine immunogenicity. Further studies are required to elucidate whether Tregs depletion may be a way to improve the efficacy of vaccination against Sporothrix spp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Preite NW, Kaminski VDL, Borges BM, Calich VLG, Loures FV. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells are associated with impaired Th1 and Th17 responses and severe pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis which is reversed by anti-Gr1 therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1039244. [PMID: 36776848 PMCID: PMC9909482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1039244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), the most prevalent systemic mycosis in Latin America, revealed that host immunity is tightly regulated by several suppressive mechanisms mediated by tolerogenic plasmacytoid dendritic cells, the enzyme 2,3 indoleamine dioxygenase (IDO-1), and regulatory T-cells (Tregs). IDO-1 orchestrates local and systemic immunosuppressive effects through the recruitment and activation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), a heterogeneous population of myeloid cells possessing a potent ability to suppress T-cell responses. However, the involvement of MDSCs in PCM remains uninvestigated. The presence, phenotype, and immunosuppressive activity of MDSCs were evaluated at 96 h, 2 weeks, and 8 weeks of pulmonary infection in C57BL/6 mice. Disease severity and immune responses were assessed in MDSC-depleted and nondepleted mice using an anti-Gr1 antibody. Both monocytic-like MDSCs (M-MDSCs) and polymorphonuclear-like MDSCs (PMN-MDSCs) massively infiltrated the lungs during Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection. Partial reduction of MDSC frequency led to a robust Th1/Th17 lymphocyte response, resulting in regressive disease with a reduced fungal burden on target organs, diminishing lung pathology, and reducing mortality ratio compared with control IgG2b-treated mice. The suppressive activity of MDSCs on CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocytes and Th1/Th17 cells was also demonstrated in vitro using coculture experiments. Conversely, adoptive transfer of MDSCs to recipient P. brasiliensis-infected mice resulted in a more severe disease. Taken together, our data showed that the increased influx of MDSCs into the lungs was linked to more severe disease and impaired Th1 and Th17 protective responses. However, protective immunity was rescued by anti-Gr1 treatment, resulting in a less severe disease and controlled tissue pathology. In conclusion, MDSCs have emerged as potential target cells for the adjuvant therapy of PCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nycolas Willian Preite
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Lima Kaminski
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Montanari Borges
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia Garcia Calich
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio Vieira Loures
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil,*Correspondence: Flávio Vieira Loures,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hahn RC, Hagen F, Mendes RP, Burger E, Nery AF, Siqueira NP, Guevara A, Rodrigues AM, de Camargo ZP. Paracoccidioidomycosis: Current Status and Future Trends. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0023321. [PMID: 36074014 PMCID: PMC9769695 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00233-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), initially reported in 1908 in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, by Adolpho Lutz, is primarily a systemic and neglected tropical mycosis that may affect individuals with certain risk factors around Latin America, especially Brazil. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis sensu stricto, a classical thermodimorphic fungus associated with PCM, was long considered to represent a monotypic taxon. However, advances in molecular taxonomy revealed several cryptic species, including Paracoccidioides americana, P. restrepiensis, P. venezuelensis, and P. lutzii, that show a preference for skin and mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and respiratory organs but can also affect many other organs. The classical diagnosis of PCM benefits from direct microscopy culture-based, biochemical, and immunological assays in a general microbiology laboratory practice providing a generic identification of the agents. However, molecular assays should be employed to identify Paracoccidioides isolates to the species level, data that would be complemented by epidemiological investigations. From a clinical perspective, all probable and confirmed cases should be treated. The choice of treatment and its duration must be considered, along with the affected organs, process severity, history of previous treatment failure, possibility of administering oral medication, associated diseases, pregnancy, and patient compliance with the proposed treatment regimen. Nevertheless, even after appropriate treatment, there may be relapses, which generally occur 5 years after the apparent cure following treatment, and also, the mycosis may be confused with other diseases. This review provides a comprehensive and critical overview of the immunopathology, laboratory diagnosis, clinical aspects, and current treatment of PCM, highlighting current issues in the identification, treatment, and patient follow-up in light of recent Paracoccidioides species taxonomic developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosane Christine Hahn
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Júlio Muller Hospital, EBSERH, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rinaldo Poncio Mendes
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eva Burger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Alfenasgrid.411180.d (UNIFAL), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andreia Ferreira Nery
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Júlio Muller Hospital, EBSERH, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Nathan Pereira Siqueira
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Armando Guevara
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
de Araújo EF, Loures FV, Preite NW, Feriotti C, Galdino NA, Costa TA, Calich VLG. AhR Ligands Modulate the Differentiation of Innate Lymphoid Cells and T Helper Cell Subsets That Control the Severity of a Pulmonary Fungal Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:630938. [PMID: 33936043 PMCID: PMC8085362 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.630938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In agreement with other fungal infections, immunoprotection in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is mediated by Th1/Th17 cells whereas disease progression by prevalent Th2/Th9 immunity. Treg cells play a dual role, suppressing immunity but also controlling excessive tissue inflammation. Our recent studies have demonstrated that the enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) and the transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) play an important role in the immunoregulation of PCM. To further evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of AhR in this fungal infection, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infected mice were treated with two different AhR agonists, L-Kynurenin (L-Kyn) or 6-formylindole [3,2-b] carbazole (FICZ), and one AhR specific antagonist (CH223191). The disease severity and immune response of treated and untreated mice were assessed 96 hours and 2 weeks after infection. Some similar effects on host response were shared by FICZ and L-Kyn, such as the reduced fungal loads, decreased numbers of CD11c+ lung myeloid cells expressing activation markers (IA, CD40, CD80, CD86), and early increased expression of IDO and AhR. In contrast, the AhR antagonist CH223191 induced increased fungal loads, increased number of pulmonary CD11c+ leukocytes expressing activation markers, and a reduction in AhR and IDO production. While FICZ treatment promoted large increases in ILC3, L-Kyn and CH223191 significantly reduced this cell population. Each of these AhR ligands induced a characteristic adaptive immunity. The large expansion of FICZ-induced myeloid, lymphoid, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) led to the increased expansion of all CD4+ T cell subpopulations (Th1, Th2, Th17, Th22, and Treg), but with a clear predominance of Th17 and Th22 subsets. On the other hand, L-Kyn, that preferentially activated plasmacytoid DCs, reduced Th1/Th22 development but caused a robust expansion of Treg cells. The AhR antagonist CH223191 induced a preferential expansion of myeloid DCs, reduced the number of Th1, Th22, and Treg cells, but increased Th17 differentiation. In conclusion, the present study showed that the pathogen loads and the immune response in pulmonary PCM can be modulated by AhR ligands. However, further studies are needed to define the possible use of these compounds as adjuvant therapy for this fungal infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliseu F de Araújo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio V Loures
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nycolas W Preite
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Feriotti
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nayane Al Galdino
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tânia A Costa
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera L G Calich
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Batista-Duharte A, Sendra L, Herrero MJ, Portuondo DL, Téllez-Martínez D, Olivera G, Fernández-Delgado M, Javega B, Herrera G, Martínez A, Costa PI, Zeppone Carlos I, Aliño SF. Foxp3 Silencing with Antisense Oligonucleotide Improves Immunogenicity of an Adjuvanted Recombinant Vaccine against Sporothrix schenckii. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3470. [PMID: 33801683 PMCID: PMC8037512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, there has been great interest in developing molecular adjuvants based on antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) targeting immunosuppressor pathways with inhibitory effects on regulatory T cells (Tregs) to improve immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy. We aim to evaluate the immunostimulating effect of 2'OMe phosphorothioated Foxp3-targeted ASO in an antifungal adjuvanted recombinant vaccine. METHODS The uptake kinetics of Foxp3 ASO, its cytotoxicity and its ability to deplete Tregs were evaluated in murine splenocytes in vitro. Groups of mice were vaccinated with recombinant enolase (Eno) of Sporothix schenckii in Montanide Gel 01 adjuvant alone or in combination with either 1 µg or 8 µg of Foxp3 ASO. The titers of antigen-specific antibody in serum samples from vaccinated mice (male C57BL/6) were determined by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Cultured splenocytes from each group were activated in vitro with Eno and the levels of IFN-γ and IL-12 were also measured by ELISA. The results showed that the anti-Eno antibody titer was significantly higher upon addition of 8 µM Foxp3 ASO in the vaccine formulation compared to the standard vaccine without ASO. In vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that Foxp3 ASO enhances specific immune responses by means of Treg depletion during vaccination. CONCLUSION Foxp3 ASO significantly enhances immune responses against co-delivered adjuvanted recombinant Eno vaccine and it has the potential to improve vaccine immunogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Batista-Duharte
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, São Paulo, Brazil; (D.L.P.); (D.T.-M.); (P.I.C.); (I.Z.C.)
| | - Luis Sendra
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.J.H.); (G.H.); (S.F.A.)
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Maria José Herrero
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.J.H.); (G.H.); (S.F.A.)
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, São Paulo, Brazil; (D.L.P.); (D.T.-M.); (P.I.C.); (I.Z.C.)
| | - Damiana Téllez-Martínez
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, São Paulo, Brazil; (D.L.P.); (D.T.-M.); (P.I.C.); (I.Z.C.)
| | - Gladys Olivera
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Manuel Fernández-Delgado
- Service of Hematology and Hemotherapy, Hospital General Universitario de Castellón, 12004 Castelló de la Plana, Spain;
| | - Beatriz Javega
- Cytometry Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Guadalupe Herrera
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.J.H.); (G.H.); (S.F.A.)
| | - Alicia Martínez
- Cytomics Unit, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Paulo Inacio Costa
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, São Paulo, Brazil; (D.L.P.); (D.T.-M.); (P.I.C.); (I.Z.C.)
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, São Paulo, Brazil; (D.L.P.); (D.T.-M.); (P.I.C.); (I.Z.C.)
| | - Salvador Francisco Aliño
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.J.H.); (G.H.); (S.F.A.)
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Medicine Clinical Area, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Burger E. Paracoccidioidomycosis Protective Immunity. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020137. [PMID: 33668671 PMCID: PMC7918802 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective immunity against Paracoccidioides consists of a stepwise activation of numerous effector mechanisms that comprise many cellular and soluble components. At the initial phase of non-specific innate immunity, resistance against Paracoccidioides comes from phagocytic polymorphonuclear neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells and monocytes, supplemented by soluble factors such as cytokines and complement system components. Invariant receptors (Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Dectins) which are present in cells of the immune system, detect patterns present in Paracoccidioides (but not in the host) informing the hosts cells that there is an infection in progress, and that the acquired immunity must be activated. The role of components involved in the innate immunity of paracoccidioidomycosis is herein presented. Humoral immunity, represented by specific antibodies which control the fungi in the blood and body fluids, and its role in paracoccidioidomycosis (which was previously considered controversial) is also discussed. The protective mechanisms (involving various components) of cellular immunity are also discussed, covering topics such as: lysis by activated macrophages and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, the participation of lytic products, and the role of cytokines secreted by T helper lymphocytes in increasing the efficiency of Paracoccidioides, lysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Burger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Diep AL, Hoyer KK. Host Response to Coccidioides Infection: Fungal Immunity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:581101. [PMID: 33262956 PMCID: PMC7686801 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.581101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal, respiratory disease caused by Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii. This emerging infectious disease ranges from asymptomatic to pulmonary disease and disseminated infection. Most infections are cleared with little to no medical intervention whereas chronic disease often requires life-long medication with severe impairment in quality of life. It is unclear what differentiates hosts immunity resulting in disease resolution versus chronic infection. Current understanding in mycology-immunology suggests that chronic infection could be due to maladaptive immune responses. Immunosuppressed patients develop more severe disease and mouse studies show adaptive Th1 and Th17 responses are required for clearance. This is supported by heightened immunosuppressive regulatory responses and lowered anti-fungal T helper responses in chronic Coccidioides patients. Diagnosis and prognosis is difficult as symptoms are broad and overlapping with community acquired pneumonia, often resulting in misdiagnosis and delayed treatment. Furthermore, we lack clear biomarkers of disease severity which could aid prognosis for more effective healthcare. As the endemic region grows and population increases in endemic areas, the need to understand Coccidioides infection is becoming urgent. There is a growing effort to identify fungal virulence factors and host immune components that influence fungal immunity and relate these to patient disease outcome and treatment. This review compiles the known immune responses to Coccidioides spp. infection and various related fungal pathogens to provide speculation on Coccidioides immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anh L. Diep
- Quantitative and Systems Biology, Graduate Program, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Katrina K. Hoyer
- Quantitative and Systems Biology, Graduate Program, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, United States
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Unraveling the susceptibility of paracoccidioidomycosis: Insights towards the pathogen-immune interplay and immunogenetics. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 86:104586. [PMID: 33039601 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a life-threatening systemic mycosis caused by Paracoccidioides spp. This disease comprises three clinical forms: symptomatic acute and chronic forms (PCM disease) and PCM infection, a latent form without clinical symptoms. PCM disease differs markedly according to severity, clinical manifestations, and host immune response. Fungal virulence factors and adhesion molecules are determinants for entry, latency, immune escape and invasion, and dissemination in the host. Neutrophils and macrophages play a paramount role in first-line defense against the fungus through the recognition of antigens by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), activating their microbicidal machinery. Furthermore, the clinical outcome of the PCM is strongly associated with the variability of cytokines and immunoglobulins produced by T and B cells. While the mechanisms that mediate susceptibility or resistance to infection are dictated by the immune system, some genetic factors may alter gene expression and its final products and, hence, modulate how the organism responds to infection and injury. This review outlines the main findings relative to this topic, addressing the complexity of the immune response triggered by Paracoccidioides spp. infection from preclinical investigations to studies in humans. Here, we focus on mechanisms of fungal pathogenesis, the patterns of innate and adaptive immunity, and the genetic and molecular basis related to immune response and susceptibility to the development of the PCM and its clinical forms. Immunogenetic features such as HLA system, cytokines/cytokines receptors genes and other immune-related genes, and miRNAs are likewise discussed. Finally, we point out the occurrence of PCM in patients with primary immunodeficiencies and call attention to the research gaps and challenges faced by the PCM field.
Collapse
|
13
|
Corrêa-Moreira D, De Luca PM, Romeo O, C Menezes R, Paes RA, Oliveira RZ, de Moraes AM, de L Neto RG, Moraes Borba CD, E de Oliveira MM. Tregs in the immune response of BALB/c mice experimentally infected with species of the Sporothrix genus. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:1217-1225. [PMID: 33026880 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sporotrichosis occurs through contact with contaminated soil and plant. However, the incidence of sporotrichosis as a zoonotic epidemic has increased, particularly in Rio de Janeiro. Aim: In this work, we decided to evaluate some T-cell phenotypes involved in the immune response. Materials & methods: We used flow cytometry to quantify TCD4+ and TCD8+ and Treg from immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice infected with Sporothrix species with different levels of virulence and pathogenicity. Results: It was demonstrated the predominance of TCD4+ over the TCD8+ cells in both groups, inoculated with all the species, and percentages of Treg observed in infected immunocompetent mice. Conclusion: This regulatory phenotype can be associated with a protective immunity in the initial periods of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielly Corrêa-Moreira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Dermatozoonosis in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry & Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula M De Luca
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Orazio Romeo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical & Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rodrigo C Menezes
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Dermatozoonosis in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Paes
- Laboratory of Mycology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosely Z Oliveira
- Laboratory of Mycology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aurea Ml de Moraes
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry & Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Reginaldo G de L Neto
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Cintia de Moraes Borba
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry & Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Manoel Marques E de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Dermatozoonosis in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Batista-Duharte A, Téllez-Martínez D, de Andrade CR, Polesi MC, Portuondo DL, Carlos IZ. Transient Foxp3(+) regulatory T-cell depletion enhances protective Th1/Th17 immune response in murine sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151993. [PMID: 32962813 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) on protective immunity in fungal infections, is controversial. Sporotrichosis is an emerging and worldwide-distributed subcutaneous mycosis caused by various related thermodimorphic fungi of the genus Sporothrix. Previously, we showed an elevated percent of Tregs around 21 days post-infection (dpi) in C57BL/6 mice infected with either Sporothrix schenckii or Sporothrix brasiliensis, but the effect of these cells in the ongoing infection was not evaluated. Here, we aim to characterize the role of Foxp3+ Tregs in a subcutaneous S. schenckii infection model. The flow cytometric analyses showed that S. schenckii infection elicited an expansion of a splenic CD4+Foxp3+ population, including a subset of Helioslow+ after ex vivo stimulation with S. schenckii-heat killed yeast. Depletion of Tregs in DEREG mice revealed a reduction of fungal burden in the skin and systemically in liver and kidneys, associated with enhanced Th1 and Th17 responses. Altogether, our results reveal for the first time that Tregs depletion in ongoing S. schenckii infection improves the protective antifungal immunity and these data suggest that Tregs modulation could be explored as a potential therapeutic strategy in sporotrichosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Batista-Duharte
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Damiana Téllez-Martínez
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Cleverton Roberto de Andrade
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Department of Physiology & Pathology, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Marisa Campos Polesi
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis in AhR deficient hosts is severe and associated with defective Treg and Th22 responses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11312. [PMID: 32647342 PMCID: PMC7347857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AhR is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays an important role in the innate and adaptive immune responses. In infection models, it has been associated with host responses that promote or inhibit disease progression. In pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis, a primary fungal infection endemic in Latin America, immune protection is mediated by Th1/Th17 cells and disease severity with predominant Th2/Th9/Treg responses. Because of its important role at epithelial barriers, we evaluate the role of AhR in the outcome of a pulmonary model of paracoccidioidomycosis. AhR−/− mice show increased fungal burdens, enhanced tissue pathology and mortality. During the infection, AhR−/− mice have more pulmonary myeloid cells with activated phenotype and reduced numbers expressing indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1. AhR-deficient lungs have altered production of cytokines and reduced numbers of innate lymphoid cells (NK, ILC3 and NCR IL-22). The lungs of AhR−/− mice showed increased presence Th17 cells concomitant with reduced numbers of Th1, Th22 and Foxp3+ Treg cells. Furthermore, treatment of infected WT mice with an AhR-specific antagonist (CH223191) reproduced the main findings obtained in AhR−/− mice. Collectively our data demonstrate that in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis AhR controls fungal burden and excessive tissue inflammation and is a possible target for antifungal therapy.
Collapse
|
16
|
Calich VLG, Mamoni RL, Loures FV. Regulatory T cells in paracoccidioidomycosis. Virulence 2019; 10:810-821. [PMID: 30067137 PMCID: PMC6779406 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1483674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This review addresses the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs), which are essential for maintaining peripheral tolerance and controlling pathogen immunity, in the host response against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a primary fungal pathogen. A brief introduction on the general features of Treg cells summarizes their main functions, subpopulations, mechanisms of suppression and plasticity. The main aspects of immunity in the diverse forms of the P. brasiliensis infection are presented, as are the few extant studies on the relevance of Treg cells in the control of severity of the human disease. Finally, the influence of Toll-like receptors, Dectin-1, NOD-like receptor P3 (NLRP3), Myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88), as well as the enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) on the expansion and function of Treg cells in a murine model of pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is also discussed. It is demonstrated that some of these components are involved in the negative control of Treg cell expansion, whereas others positively trigger the proliferation and activity of these cells. Finally, the studies here summarized highlight the dual role of Treg cells in PCM, which can be protective by controlling excessive immunity and tissue pathology but also deleterious by inhibiting the anti-fungal immunity necessary to control fungal growth and dissemination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera L. G. Calich
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronei L. Mamoni
- Department of Morphology and Basic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Jundiai (FMJ), Jundiai, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio V. Loures
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) at São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Souza IEL, Fernandes FF, Schiavoni MCL, Silva CL, Panunto-Castelo A. Therapeutic effect of DNA vaccine encoding the 60-kDa-heat shock protein from Paracoccidoides brasiliensis on experimental paracoccidioidomycosis in mice. Vaccine 2019; 37:5607-5613. [PMID: 31399276 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis autochthonous to Latin America and endemic to Brazil, which has the majority of the PCM cases. PCM is acquired through the inhalation of propagules of fungi from genus Paracoccidioides spp. and mainly affects the lungs. We have previously shown that P. brasiliensis-infected mice treated with single-dose of recombinant 60-kDa-heat shock protein from P. brasiliensis (rPbHsp60) had a worsening infection in comparison to animals only infected. In this study, we investigate whether the treatment of infected mice with PB_HSP60 gene cloned into a plasmid (pVAX1-PB_HSP60) would result in efficient immune response and better control of the disease. The harmful impact of single-dose therapy with protein was not seen with plasmid preparations. Most importantly, three doses of pVAX1-PB_HSP60 and protein induced a beneficial effect in experimental PCM with a reduction in fungal load and lung injury when compared with infected mice treated with pVAX1 or PBS. The increase of the cytokines IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-17 and the decrease of IL-10 observed after treatment with three doses of pVAX1-PB_HSP60 appears to be responsible for the control of infection. These results open perspectives of the therapeutic use of Hsp60 in PCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Emiliano L Souza
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Célio L Silva
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ademilson Panunto-Castelo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences, and Letters at Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jannuzzi GP, de Almeida JRF, Amarante-Mendes GP, Romera LMD, Kaihami GH, Vasconcelos JR, Ferreira CP, de Almeida SR, Ferreira KS. TLR3 Is a Negative Regulator of Immune Responses Against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 8:426. [PMID: 30687643 PMCID: PMC6335947 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) comprise the best-characterized pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) family able to activate distinct immune responses depending on the receptor/adaptor set assembled. TLRs, such as TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9, and their signaling were shown to be important in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infections. However, the role of the endosomal TLR3 in experimental paracoccidioidomycosys remains obscure. In vitro assays, macrophages of the bone marrow of WT or TLR3−/− mice were differentiated for evaluation of their microbicidal activity. In vivo assays, WT or TLR3−/− mice were infected intratracheally with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeasts for investigation of the lung response type induced. The cytotoxic activity of CD8+ T cells was assessed by cytotoxicity assay. To confirm the importance of CD8+ T cells in the control of infection in the absence of tlr3, a depletion assay of these cells was performed. Here, we show for the first time that TLR3 modulate the infection against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis by dampening pro-inflammatory response, NO production, IFN+CD8+T, and IL-17+CD8+T cell activation and cytotoxic function, associated with granzyme B and perforin down regulation. As conclusion, we suggest that TLR3 could be used as an escape mechanism of the fungus in an experimental paracoccidioidomycosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grasielle Pereira Jannuzzi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo P Amarante-Mendes
- Departamento de Imunologia, do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lavínia Maria Dal'Mas Romera
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Hideo Kaihami
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Pontes Ferreira
- Centro de Terapia Molecular e Celular do Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro Rogério de Almeida
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen Spadari Ferreira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Imunologia, do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Biociências da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centro de Terapia Molecular e Celular do Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Galdino NAL, Loures FV, de Araújo EF, da Costa TA, Preite NW, Calich VLG. Depletion of regulatory T cells in ongoing paracoccidioidomycosis rescues protective Th1/Th17 immunity and prevents fatal disease outcome. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16544. [PMID: 30410119 PMCID: PMC6224548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In human paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a primary fungal infection typically diagnosed when the disease is already established, regulatory T cells (Treg) cells are associated with disease severity. Experimental studies in pulmonary PCM confirmed the detrimental role of these cells, but in most studies, Tregs were depleted prior to or early during infection. These facts led us to study the effects of Treg cell depletion using a model of ongoing PCM. Therefore, Treg cell depletion was achieved by treatment of transgenic C57BL/6DTR/eGFP (DEREG) mice with diphtheria toxin (DT) after 3 weeks of intratracheal infection with 1 × 106 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeasts. At weeks 6 and 10 post-infection, DT-treated DEREG mice showed a reduced number of Treg cells associated with decreased fungal burdens in the lungs, liver and spleen, reduced tissue pathology and mortality. Additionally, an increased influx of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into the lungs and elevated production of Th1/Th17 cytokines was observed in DT-treated mice. Altogether, our data demonstrate for the first time that Treg cell depletion in ongoing PCM rescues infected hosts from progressive and potentially fatal PCM; furthermore, our data indicate that controlling Treg cells could be explored as a novel immunotherapeutic procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nayane A L Galdino
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio V Loures
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliseu F de Araújo
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tania A da Costa
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nycolas W Preite
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia G Calich
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Batista-Duharte A, Téllez-Martínez D, Roberto de Andrade C, Portuondo DL, Jellmayer JA, Polesi MC, Carlos IZ. Sporothrix brasiliensis induces a more severe disease associated with sustained Th17 and regulatory T cells responses than Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto in mice. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:1163-1170. [PMID: 30449354 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the differences in the CD4+ T-cell response induced by Sporothrix schenckii and Sporothrix brasiliensis, the most virulent species that cause sporotrichosis. Here, the helper (Th) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) responses were evaluated comparatively in a murine model of sporotrichosis on days 7, 21 and 35 after subcutaneous infection with either S. schenckii or S. brasiliensis conidia. The fungal load was measured at the site of infection, as well as in the liver and spleen. The Th1/Th17/Tregs responses were analyzed in the spleen, while the level of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IFN-ɣ, IL-17A and IL-10 cytokines were measured at the local site of infection on 24 h postinfections and in sera on the indicated days. S. brasiliensis caused a longer-lasting infection in the skin and chronic systemic dissemination associated to more severe granulomatous lesions. Similar Th1/Th1-Th17/Tregs responses were induced by both S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii on 7th and 21st d.p.i but on 35 d.p.i a reduction of Th1 and Th1-Th17 cells, associated to higher values of Th17/Tregs cells was observed only in S. brasiliensis-infected mice. In summary, S. brasiliensis caused a more severe disease associated with sustained Th17/Tregs responses than S. schenckii in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Batista-Duharte
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Damiana Téllez-Martínez
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Cleverton Roberto de Andrade
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Department of Physiology & Pathology, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Aparecida Jellmayer
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Marisa Campos Polesi
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Update on the Protective Role of Regulatory T Cells in Myocardial Infarction: A Promising Therapy to Repair the Heart. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2017; 68:401-413. [PMID: 27941502 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) remains one of the leading causes of heart failure development and death worldwide. To date, interventional and pharmacological therapies are effective in reducing the onset of heart failure and promoting survival. However, progressive maladaptive remodeling post-MI persists in a large fraction of patients resulting in poor prognosis. Immune cell responses and an inflammatory environment largely contribute to adverse cardiac remodeling post-MI. CD4FOXP3 regulatory T cells (Tregs) are known for their immunosuppressive capacity and have been successfully implemented in multiple preclinical studies of permanent and ischemia-reperfusion MI. In this review, we highlight the important cardioprotective role of Tregs at the cardiac tissue, cellular, and molecular level, as well as the most prominent pharmacological venues that could be used to exploit Tregs as a novel therapeutic intervention to lessen myocardial injury post-MI.
Collapse
|
22
|
de Araújo EF, Loures FV, Feriotti C, Costa T, Vacca C, Puccetti P, Romani L, Calich VLG. Disease Tolerance Mediated by Phosphorylated Indoleamine-2,3 Dioxygenase Confers Resistance to a Primary Fungal Pathogen. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1522. [PMID: 29181001 PMCID: PMC5693877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to primary fungal pathogens is usually attributed to the proinflammatory mechanisms of immunity conferred by interferon-γ activation of phagocytes that control microbial growth, whereas susceptibility is attributed to anti-inflammatory responses that deactivate immunity. This study challenges this paradigm by demonstrating that resistance to a primary fungal pathogen such as Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis can be mediated by disease tolerance, a mechanism that preserves host fitness instead of pathogen clearance. Among the mechanisms of disease tolerance described, a crucial role has been ascribed to the enzyme indoleamine-2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) that concomitantly controls pathogen growth by limiting tryptophan availability and reduces tissue damage by decreasing the inflammatory process. Here, we demonstrated in a pulmonary model of paracoccidioidomycosis that IDO exerts a dual function depending on the resistant pattern of hosts. IDO activity is predominantly enzymatic and induced by IFN-γ signaling in the pulmonary dendritic cells (DCs) from infected susceptible (B10.A) mice, whereas phosphorylated IDO (pIDO) triggered by TGF-β activation of DCs functions as a signaling molecule in resistant mice. IFN-γ signaling activates the canonical pathway of NF-κB that promotes a proinflammatory phenotype in B10.A DCs that control fungal growth but ultimately suppress T cell responses. In contrast, in A/J DCs IDO promotes a tolerogenic phenotype that conditions a sustained synthesis of TGF-β and expansion of regulatory T cells that avoid excessive inflammation and tissue damage contributing to host fitness. Therefore, susceptibility is unexpectedly mediated by mechanisms of proinflammatory immunity that are usually associated with resistance, whereas genetic resistance is based on mechanisms of disease tolerance mediated by pIDO, a phenomenon never described in the protective immunity against primary fungal pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliseu Frank de Araújo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio Vieira Loures
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Feriotti
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tania Costa
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carmine Vacca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Puccetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Vera Lúcia Garcia Calich
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Holanda RA, Muñoz JE, Dias LS, Silva LBR, Santos JRA, Pagliari S, Vieira ÉLM, Paixão TA, Taborda CP, Santos DA, Bruña-Romero O. Recombinant vaccines of a CD4+ T-cell epitope promote efficient control of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis burden by restraining primary organ infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005927. [PMID: 28938005 PMCID: PMC5627964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is an infectious disease endemic to South America, caused by the thermally dimorphic fungi Paracoccidioides. Currently, there is no effective human vaccine that can be used in prophylactic or therapeutic regimes. We tested the hypothesis that the immunogenicity of the immunodominant CD4+ T-cell epitope (P10) of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis gp43 antigen might be significantly enhanced by using a hepatitis B virus-derived particle (VLP) as an antigen carrier. This chimera was administered to mice as a (His)6-purified protein (rPbT) or a replication-deficient human type 5 adenoviral vector (rAdPbT) in an immunoprophylaxis assay. The highly virulent Pb18 yeast strain was used to challenge our vaccine candidates. Fungal challenge evoked robust P10-specific memory CD4+ T cells secreting protective Th-1 cytokines in most groups of immunized mice. Furthermore, the highest level of fungal burden control was achieved when rAdPbT was inoculated in a homologous prime-boost regimen, with 10-fold less CFU recovering than in non-vaccinated mice. Systemic Pb18 spreading was only prevented when rAdPbT was previously inoculated. In summary, we present here VLP/P10 formulations as vaccine candidates against PCM, some of which have demonstrated for the first time their ability to prevent progression of this pernicious fungal disease, which represents a significant social burden in developing countries.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Fungal/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Fungal Proteins/immunology
- Fungal Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Fungal Vaccines/immunology
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Hepatitis B virus/genetics
- Immunization
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Immunologic Memory
- Liver/microbiology
- Lung/microbiology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Paracoccidioides/growth & development
- Paracoccidioides/immunology
- Paracoccidioidomycosis/immunology
- Paracoccidioidomycosis/microbiology
- Paracoccidioidomycosis/prevention & control
- Spleen/microbiology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/genetics
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Assunção Holanda
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Parasitária, Universidade CEUMA, Maranhão, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Julián Esteban Muñoz
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lucas Santos Dias
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Julliana Ribeiro Alves Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental, Universidade CEUMA, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Sthefany Pagliari
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiane Alves Paixão
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Assis Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Oscar Bruña-Romero
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Feriotti C, de Araújo EF, Loures FV, da Costa TA, Galdino NADL, Zamboni DS, Calich VLG. NOD-Like Receptor P3 Inflammasome Controls Protective Th1/Th17 Immunity against Pulmonary Paracoccidioidomycosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:786. [PMID: 28740491 PMCID: PMC5502381 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The NOD-like receptor P3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is an intracellular multimeric complex that triggers the activation of inflammatory caspases and the maturation of IL-1β and IL-18, important cytokines for the innate immune response against pathogens. The functional NLRP3 inflammasome complex consists of NLRP3, the adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein, and caspase-1. Various molecular mechanisms were associated with NLRP3 activation including the presence of extracellular ATP, recognized by the cell surface P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). Several pattern recognition receptors on innate immune cells recognize Paracoccidioides brasiliensis components resulting in diverse responses that influence adaptive immunity and disease outcome. However, the role of NLRP3 inflammasome was scantily investigated in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), leading us to use an intratracheal (i.t.) model of infection to study the influence of this receptor in anti-fungal immunity and severity of infection. For in vivo studies, C57BL/6 mice deficient for several NLRP3 inflammasome components (Nlrp3−/−, Casp1/11−/−, Asc−/−) as well as deficient for ATP receptor (P2x7r−/−) were infected via i.t. with P. brasiliensis and several parameters of immunity and disease severity analyzed at the acute and chronic periods of infection. Pulmonary PCM was more severe in Nlrp3−/−, Casp1/11−/−, Asc−/−, and P2x7r−/− mice as demonstrated by the increased fungal burdens, mortality rates and tissue pathology developed. The more severe disease developed by NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1/11 deficient mice was associated with decreased production of IL-1β and IL-18 and reduced inflammatory reactions mediated by PMN leukocytes and activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The decreased T cell immunity was concomitant with increased expansion of CD4+CD25+Foxp3 regulatory T (Treg) cells. Characterization of intracellular cytokines showed a persistent reduction of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing IFN-γ and IL-17 whereas those producing IL-4 and TGF-β appeared in increased frequencies. Histopathological studies showed that all deficient mouse strains developed more severe lesions containing elevated numbers of budding yeast cells resulting in increased mortality rates. Altogether, these findings led us to conclude that the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome has a crucial role in the immunoprotection against pulmonary PCM by promoting the expansion of Th1/Th17 immunity and reducing the suppressive control mediated by Treg cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Feriotti
- Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Dario Simões Zamboni
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pereira LMS, Gomes STM, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. Regulatory T Cell and Forkhead Box Protein 3 as Modulators of Immune Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:605. [PMID: 28603524 PMCID: PMC5445144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) is an essential molecular marker of regulatory T cell (Treg) development in different microenvironments. Tregs are cells specialized in the suppression of inadequate immune responses and the maintenance of homeostatic tolerance. Studies have addressed and elucidated the role played by FOXP3 and Treg in countless autoimmune and infectious diseases as well as in more specific cases, such as cancer. Within this context, the present article reviews aspects of the immunoregulatory profile of FOXP3 and Treg in the management of immune homeostasis, including issues relating to pathology as well as immune tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonn Mendes Soares Pereira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Samara Tatielle Monteiro Gomes
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
de Araújo EF, Medeiros DH, Galdino NADL, Condino-Neto A, Calich VLG, Loures FV. Tolerogenic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Control Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Infection by Inducting Regulatory T Cells in an IDO-Dependent Manner. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006115. [PMID: 27992577 PMCID: PMC5215616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), considered critical for immunity against viruses, were recently associated with defense mechanisms against fungal infections. However, the immunomodulatory function of pDCs in pulmonary paracoccidiodomycosis (PCM), an endemic fungal infection of Latin America, has been poorly defined. Here, we investigated the role of pDCs in the pathogenesis of PCM caused by the infection of 129Sv mice with 1 x 106P. brasiliensis-yeasts. In vitro experiments showed that P. brasiliensis infection induces the maturation of pDCs and elevated synthesis of TNF-α and IFN-β. The in vivo infection caused a significant influx of pDCs to the lungs and increased levels of pulmonary type I IFN. Depletion of pDCs by a specific monoclonal antibody resulted in a less severe infection, reduced tissue pathology and increased survival time of infected mice. An increased influx of macrophages and neutrophils and elevated presence of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes expressing IFN-γ and IL-17 in the lungs of pDC-depleted mice were also observed. These findings were concomitant with decreased frequency of Treg cells and reduced levels of immunoregulatory cytokines such as IL-10, TGF-β, IL-27 and IL-35. Importantly, P. brasilienis infection increased the numbers of pulmonary pDCs expressing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO), an enzyme with immunoregulatory properties, that were reduced following pDC depletion. In agreement, an increased immunogenic activity of infected pDCs was observed when IDO-deficient or IDO-inhibited pDCs were employed in co-cultures with lymphocytes Altogether, our results suggest that in pulmonary PCM pDCs exert a tolerogenic function by an IDO-mediated mechanism that increases Treg activity. The fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis causes paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), the most relevant deep mycosis in Latin America. The plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are important immune cells involved in protection against viral infections, but their role in fungal infections remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of pDCs in the pathogenesis of pulmonary PCM using a monoclonal antibody to deplete this DC subset. pDCs depletion leads to a less severe PCM associated with increased T cell response mainly mediated by Th1 and Th17 cells. The lung homogenates of depleted mice showed diminished levels of type I IFN and anti-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, a reduced number of regulatory T cells (Treg) paralleled a diminished number pDCs expressing IDO, a potent immunoregulatory enzyme. In agreement, pDCs of IDO-/- mice or IDO-inhibited pDCs stimulated by P. brasiliensis yeasts expanded elevated numbers of T cells concomitant with a reduced expansion of Treg cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate a tolerogenic activity of pDCs that enhances the severity of a pulmonary mycosis mediated by the concerted action of IDO and Treg cells. These results reveal a new function for pDCs in primary fungal infections and open new perspectives for immunotherapeutic procedures of PCM involving the control of IDO and Treg activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliseu Frank de Araújo
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniella Helena Medeiros
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Antônio Condino-Neto
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia Garcia Calich
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio Vieira Loures
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Breser ML, Lino AC, Motrich RD, Godoy GJ, Demengeot J, Rivero VE. Regulatory T cells control strain specific resistance to Experimental Autoimmune Prostatitis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33097. [PMID: 27624792 PMCID: PMC5022010 DOI: 10.1038/srep33097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to autoimmune diseases results from the encounter of a complex and long evolved genetic context with a no less complex and changing environment. Major actors in maintaining health are regulatory T cells (Treg) that primarily dampen a large subset of autoreactive lymphocytes escaping thymic negative selection. Here, we directly asked whether Treg participate in defining susceptibility and resistance to Experimental Autoimmune Prostatitis (EAP). We analyzed three common laboratory strains of mice presenting with different susceptibility to autoimmune prostatitis upon immunization with prostate proteins. The NOD, the C57BL/6 and the BALB/c mice that can be classified along a disease score ranging from severe, mild and to undetectable, respectively. Upon mild and transient depletion of Treg at the induction phase of EAP, each model showed an increment along this score, most remarkably with the BALB/c mice switching from a resistant to a susceptible phenotype. We further show that disease associates with the upregulation of CXCR3 expression on effector T cells, a process requiring IFNγ. Together with recent advances on environmental factors affecting Treg, these findings provide a likely cellular and molecular explanation to the recent rise in autoimmune diseases incidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Breser
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Ruben D Motrich
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gloria J Godoy
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Virginia E Rivero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Fungal organisms are ubiquitous in the environment. Pathogenic fungi, although relatively few in the whole gamut of microbial pathogens, are able to cause disease with varying degrees of severity in individuals with normal or impaired immunity. The disease state is an outcome of the fungal pathogen's interactions with the host immunity, and therefore, it stands to reason that deep/invasive fungal diseases be amenable to immunotherapy. Therefore, antifungal immunotherapy continues to be attractive as an adjunct to the currently available antifungal chemotherapy options for a number of reasons, including the fact that existing antifungal drugs, albeit largely effective, are not without limitations, and that morbidity and mortality associated with invasive mycoses are still unacceptably high. For several decades, intense basic research efforts have been directed at development of fungal immunotherapies. Nevertheless, this approach suffers from a severe bench-bedside disconnect owing to several reasons: the chemical and biological peculiarities of the fungal antigens, the complexities of host-pathogen interactions, an under-appreciation of the fungal disease landscape, the requirement of considerable financial investment to bring these therapies to clinical use, as well as practical problems associated with immunizations. In this general, non-exhaustive review, we summarize the features of ongoing research efforts directed towards devising safe and effective immunotherapeutic options for mycotic diseases, encompassing work on antifungal vaccines, adoptive cell transfers, cytokines, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and other agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kausik Datta
- a Division of Infectious Diseases , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA , and
| | - Mawieh Hamad
- b Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and the Sharjah Institute for Medical Research , University of Sharjah , Sharjah , UAE
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Infection with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis induces B-1 cell migration and activation of regulatory T cells. Microbes Infect 2016; 18:798-803. [PMID: 27521490 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis endemic to Latin America. The infection is initiated by inhalation of conidia into the lung and may develop as localized or disseminated disease depending on the depression of cellular immunity. In the present study, we observed that intratracheal infection with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis caused the percentage of resident B-1 cells to decrease. Using xid mice reconstituted with B-1 cells, we observed that B-1 cells migrate to the spleen and stimulate increases in the regulatory T cell subpopulation in response to P. brasiliensis infection. Collectively, these data demonstrate an active role for B-1 cells in susceptibility to paracoccidioidomycosis.
Collapse
|
30
|
Long CM, Marshall NB, Lukomska E, Kashon ML, Meade BJ, Shane H, Anderson SE. A Role for Regulatory T Cells in a Murine Model of Epicutaneous Toluene Diisocyanate Sensitization. Toxicol Sci 2016; 152:85-98. [PMID: 27103660 PMCID: PMC4987710 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is a leading cause of chemical-induced occupational asthma which impacts workers in a variety of industries worldwide. Recently, the robust regulatory potential of regulatory T cells (Tregs) has become apparent, including their functional role in the regulation of allergic disease; however, their function in TDI-induced sensitization has not been explored. To elucidate the kinetics, phenotype, and function of Tregs during TDI sensitization, BALB/c mice were dermally exposed (on each ear) to a single application of TDI (0.5-4% v/v) or acetone vehicle and endpoints were evaluated via RT-PCR and flow cytometry. The draining lymph node (dLN) Treg population expanded significantly 4, 7, and 9 days after single 4% TDI exposure. This population was identified using a variety of surface and intracellular markers and was found to be phenotypically heterogeneous based on increased expression of markers including CD103, CCR6, CTLA4, ICOS, and Neuropilin-1 during TDI sensitization. Tregs isolated from TDI-sensitized mice were significantly more suppressive compared with their control counterparts, further supporting a functional role for Tregs during TDI sensitization. Last, Tregs were depleted prior to TDI sensitization and an intensified sensitization response was observed. Collectively, these data indicate that Tregs exhibit a functional role during TDI sensitization. Because the role of Tregs in TDI sensitization has not been previously elucidated, these data contribute to the understanding of the immunologic mechanisms of chemical induced allergic disease.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- CTLA-4 Antigen/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/immunology
- Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein/immunology
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein/metabolism
- Integrin alpha Chains/immunology
- Integrin alpha Chains/metabolism
- Kinetics
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neuropilin-1/immunology
- Neuropilin-1/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Receptors, CCR6/immunology
- Receptors, CCR6/metabolism
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Mae Long
- *Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505 Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Graduate Program, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Nikki B Marshall
- *Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- *Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Michael L Kashon
- Biostatics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - B Jean Meade
- *Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Hillary Shane
- *Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Stacey E Anderson
- *Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gonzalez A, Hernandez O. New insights into a complex fungal pathogen: the case of Paracoccidioides spp. Yeast 2016; 33:113-28. [PMID: 26683539 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis endemic to Latin America, with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and P. lutzii being the causal agents of this disorder. Several issues have been raised in the 100 years since its discovery and in this article we discuss features of this fascinating fungal pathogen, including its biology, eco-epidemiology and aspects of its pathogenicity. We also consider some of its virulence determinants, the most recent advances in the study of its metabolic pathways and the molecular and genetic research tools developed for this research. We also review the animal models used to study host-fungal interactions and how the host defence mechanisms against this pathogen work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Gonzalez
- Basic and Applied Microbiology Research Group (MICROBA), School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Orville Hernandez
- Basic and Applied Microbiology Research Group (MICROBA), School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Azevedo MDCS, Rosa PS, Soares CT, Fachin LRV, Baptista IMFD, Woods WJ, Garlet GP, Trombone APF, Belone ADFF. Analysis of Immune Response Markers in Jorge Lobo's Disease Lesions Suggests the Occurrence of Mixed T Helper Responses with the Dominance of Regulatory T Cell Activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145814. [PMID: 26700881 PMCID: PMC4689386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Jorge Lobo's disease (JLD) is a chronic infection that affects the skin and subcutaneous tissues. Its etiologic agent is the fungus Lacazia loboi. Lesions are classified as localized, multifocal, or disseminated, depending on their location. Early diagnosis and the surgical removal of lesions are the best therapeutic options currently available for JLD. The few studies that evaluate the immunological response of JLD patients show a predominance of Th2 response, as well as a high frequency of TGF-β and IL-10 positive cells in the lesions; however, the overall immunological status of the lesions in terms of their T cell phenotype has yet to be determined. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the pattern of Th1, Th2, Th17 and regulatory T cell (Treg) markers mRNA in JLD patients by means of real-time PCR. Biopsies of JLD lesions (N = 102) were classified according to their clinical and histopathological features and then analyzed using real-time PCR in order to determine the expression levels of TGF-β1, FoxP3, CTLA4, IKZF2, IL-10, T-bet, IFN-γ, GATA3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-33, RORC, IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22 and to compare these levels to those of healthy control skin (N = 12). The results showed an increased expression of FoxP3, CTLA4, TGF-β1, IL-10, T-bet, IL-17F, and IL-17A in lesions, while GATA3 and IL-4 levels were found to be lower in diseased skin than in the control group. When the clinical forms were compared, TGF-β1 was found to be highly expressed in patients with a single localized lesion while IL-5 and IL-17A levels were higher in patients with multiple/disseminated lesions. These results demonstrate the occurrence of mixed T helper responses and suggest the dominance of regulatory T cell activity, which could inhibit Th-dependent protective responses to intracellular fungi such as L. loboi. Therefore, Tregs may play a key role in JLD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle de C. S. Azevedo
- Departamento de Doenças Tropicais, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia, Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia S. Rosa
- Departamento de Patologia, Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleverson T. Soares
- Departamento de Patologia, Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana R. V. Fachin
- Departamento de Patologia, Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - William J. Woods
- Serviço Especializado em Dermatologia, Hospital das Clínicas do Acre, Rio Branco, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo P. Garlet
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula F. Trombone
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Sagrado Coração, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bazan SB, Costa TA, de Araújo EF, Feriotti C, Loures FV, Pretel FD, Calich VLG. Loss- and Gain-of-Function Approaches Indicate a Dual Role Exerted by Regulatory T Cells in Pulmonary Paracoccidioidomycosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004189. [PMID: 26512987 PMCID: PMC4626087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), is a pulmonary fungal disease whose severity depends on the adequate development of T cell immunity. Although regulatory T (Treg) cells were shown to control immunity against PCM, deleterious or protective effects were described in different experimental settings. To clarify the function of Treg cells in pulmonary PCM, loss-and gain-of-function approaches were performed with Foxp3GFP knock-in mice and immunodeficient Rag1-/- mice, respectively, which were intratracheally infected with 106 yeast cells. The activity of Foxp3-expressing Treg cells in pulmonary PCM was determined in Foxp3GFP transgenic mice. First, it was verified that natural Treg cells migrate to the lungs of infected mice, where they become activated. Depletion of Treg cells led to reduced fungal load, diminished pathogen dissemination and increased Th1/Th2/Th17 immunity. Further, adoptive transfer of diverse T cell subsets to Rag1-/- mice subsequently infected by the pulmonary route demonstrated that isolated CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells were able to confer some degree of immunoprotection and that CD4+Foxp3- T cells alone reduced fungal growth and enhanced T cell immunity, but induced vigorous inflammatory reactions in the lungs. Nevertheless, transfer of Treg cells combined with CD4+Foxp3- T cells generated more efficient and balanced immune Th1/Th2/Th17 responses able to limit pathogen growth and excessive tissue inflammation, leading to regressive disease and increased survival rates. Altogether, these loss- and gain-of-function approaches allow us to clearly demonstrate the dual role of Treg cells in pulmonary PCM, their deleterious effects by impairing T cell immunity and pathogen eradication, and their protective role by suppressing exacerbated tissue inflammation. Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), the most relevant deep mycosis in Latin America, is caused by the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. The involvement of regulatory T (Treg) cells in the immunity against PCM has been previously demonstrated, however its underlying mechanisms are still to be elucidated. Using Foxp3GFP transgenic mice, we found that natural Tregs migrate to the lungs of infected mice, where they become activated. Depletion of Treg cells led to reduced fungal load, diminished pathogen dissemination and increased Th1/Th2/Th17 immunity. Further, after performing adoptive transfer experiments using immunodeficient Rag1-/- mice, we demonstrated that isolated CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells were able to confer some degree of immunoprotection and that CD4+Foxp3- T cells alone contributed to fungal elimination and enhanced T cell immunity, but induced vigorous inflammatory reactions in the lungs. Nevertheless, transfer of Tregs combined with CD4+Foxp3- T cells generated more efficient and balanced immune responses able to limit pathogen growth and excessive tissue inflammation, leading to regressive disease and higher survival rates. Altogether, these loss- and gain-of-function approaches allow us to propose a dual role for Treg cells in pulmonary PCM, their deleterious effects by impairing T cell immunity and pathogen eradication, and their protective role by suppressing exacerbated tissue inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia B. Bazan
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tania A. Costa
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliseu Frank de Araújo
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Feriotti
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio V. Loures
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando D. Pretel
- Centro de Facilidades de Apoio à Pesquisa (CEFAP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera L. G. Calich
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lipoxin Inhibits Fungal Uptake by Macrophages and Reduces the Severity of Acute Pulmonary Infection Caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:852574. [PMID: 26635449 PMCID: PMC4618125 DOI: 10.1155/2015/852574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) and lipoxins (LXs) are lipid mediators that control inflammation, with the former inducing and the latter inhibiting this process. Because the role played by these mediators in paracoccidioidomycosis was not investigated, we aimed to characterize the role of CysLT in the pulmonary infection developed by resistant (A/J) and susceptible (B10.A) mice. 48 h after infection, elevated levels of pulmonary LTC4 and LXA4 were produced by both mouse strains, but higher levels were found in the lungs of susceptible mice. Blocking the CysLTs receptor by MTL reduced fungal loads in B10.A, but not in A/J mice. In susceptible mice, MLT treatment led to reduced influx of PMN leukocytes, increased recruitment of monocytes, predominant synthesis of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and augmented expression of 5- and 15-lipoxygenase mRNA, suggesting a prevalent LXA4 activity. In agreement, MTL-treated macrophages showed reduced fungal burdens associated with decreased ingestion of fungal cells. Furthermore, the addition of exogenous LX reduced, and the specific blockade of the LX receptor increased the fungal loads of B10.A macrophages. This study showed for the first time that inhibition of CysLTs signaling results in less severe pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis that occurs in parallel with elevated LX activity and reduced infection of macrophages.
Collapse
|
35
|
Feriotti C, Bazan SB, Loures FV, Araújo EF, Costa TA, Calich VLG. Expression of dectin-1 and enhanced activation of NALP3 inflammasome are associated with resistance to paracoccidioidomycosis. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:913. [PMID: 26388856 PMCID: PMC4558525 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dectin-1 is a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that recognizes β-glucans and plays a major role in the immunity against fungal pathogens. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the causative agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, has a sugar-rich cell wall mainly composed of mannans and glucans. To investigate the role of dectin-1 in the innate immunity of resistant (A/J) and susceptible (B10.A) mice to P. brasiliensis infection, we evaluated the role of curdlan (a dectin-1 agonist) and laminarin (a dectin-1 antagonist) in the activation of macrophages from both mouse strains. We verified that curdlan has a negligible role in the activation of B10.A macrophages but enhances the phagocytic and fungicidal abilities of A/J macrophages. Curdlan up-regulated the expression of costimulatory molecules and PRRs in A/J macrophages that express elevated levels of dectin-1, but not in B10.A cells. In addition, curdlan treatment inhibited arginase-1 and enhanced NO-synthase mRNA expression in infected A/J macrophages but had not effect in B10.A cells. In contrast, laminarin reinforced the respective M2/M1 profiles of infected A/J and B10.A macrophages. Following curdlan treatment, A/J macrophages showed significantly higher Syk kinase phosphorylation and expression of intracellular pro-IL-1β than B10.A cells. These findings led us to investigate if the NRLP3 inflammasome was differently activated in A/J and B10.A cells. Indeed, compared with B10.A cells A/J macrophages showed an increased expression of NALP3, ASC, and IL-1β mRNA. They also showed elevated caspase-1 activity and secreted high levels of mature IL-β and IL-18 after curdlan treatment and P. brasiliensis infection. Our data demonstrate that soluble and particulate β-glucans exert opposed modulatory activities on macrophages of diverse genetic patterns. Moreover, the synergistic action of dectin-1 and NALP3 inflammasome were for the first time associated with the innate response of resistant hosts to P. brasiliensis infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Feriotti
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia B Bazan
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio V Loures
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliseu F Araújo
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tânia A Costa
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera L G Calich
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Richert-Spuhler LE, Lund JM. The Immune Fulcrum: Regulatory T Cells Tip the Balance Between Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Outcomes upon Infection. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 136:217-43. [PMID: 26615099 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are indispensable for immune homeostasis and the prevention of autoimmunity. In the context of infectious diseases, Tregs are multidimensional. Here, we describe how they may potentiate effector responses by assisting in recruitment of T cells into the infection site to resolve infection, facilitate accelerated antigen-specific memory responses, limit pathology, and contribute to disease resolution and healing, to the great benefit of the host. We also explore the villainous functions of Tregs during infection by reviewing several diseases in which the depletion or reduction in Treg frequency allows for better generation of effector memory, and results in acute resolution of infection, as opposed to chronicity or severe long-term outcomes. We describe findings generated using mouse models of infection as well as experiments performed using human cells and tissues. We propose that Tregs represent an immunologic fulcrum, promoting both pathogen clearance and damage control by preventing excessive destruction of infected tissues though unchecked immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Richert-Spuhler
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer M Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Araújo EF, Loures FV, Bazan SB, Feriotti C, Pina A, Schanoski AS, Costa TA, Calich VLG. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase controls fungal loads and immunity in Paracoccidioidomicosis but is more important to susceptible than resistant hosts. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3330. [PMID: 25411790 PMCID: PMC4238999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paracoccidioidomycosis, a primary fungal infection restricted to Latin America, is acquired by inhalation of fungal particles. The immunoregulatory mechanisms that control the severe and mild forms of paracoccidioidomycosis are still unclear. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an IFN-γ induced enzyme that catalyzes tryptophan metabolism, can control host-pathogen interaction by inhibiting pathogen growth, T cell immunity and tissue inflammation. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we investigated the role of IDO in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis of susceptible and resistant mice. IDO was blocked by 1-methyl-dl-tryptophan (1MT), and fungal infection studied in vitro and in vivo. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection was more severe in 1MT treated than untreated macrophages of resistant and susceptible mice, concurrently with decreased production of kynurenines and IDO mRNA. Similar results were observed in the pulmonary infection. Independent of the host genetic pattern, IDO inhibition reduced fungal clearance but enhanced T cell immunity. The early IDO inhibition resulted in increased differentiation of dendritic and Th17 cells, accompanied by reduced responses of Th1 and Treg cells. Despite these equivalent biological effects, only in susceptible mice the temporary IDO blockade caused sustained fungal growth, increased tissue pathology and mortality rates. In contrast, resistant mice were able to recover the transitory IDO blockade by the late control of fungal burdens without enhanced tissue pathology. Conclusions/Significance Our studies demonstrate for the first time that in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis, IDO is an important immunoregulatory enzyme that promotes fungal clearance and inhibits T cell immunity and inflammation, with prominent importance to susceptible hosts. In fact, only in the susceptible background IDO inhibition resulted in uncontrolled tissue pathology and mortality rates. Our findings open new perspectives to understand the immunopathology of paracoccidioidomycosis, and suggest that an insufficient IDO activity could be associated with the severe cases of human PCM characterized by inefficient fungal clearance and excessive inflammation. Immunoprotection to paracoccidiodomycosis, a systemic mycosis endemic in Latin America, is mediated by T cell immunity whereas immunosuppression characterizes the severe forms of the disease. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme mainly induced by IFN-γ, catabolizes tryptophan along the kynurenines pathway. Tryptophan deficiency has been associated with reduced pathogen growth, while elevated levels of kynurenines with suppressed immune responses. In this study, the role of IDO in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis was investigated using resistant and susceptible mice. In both mouse strains, IDO blockade by 1-methyl tryptophan resulted in inefficient fungal clearance accompanied by enhanced T cell immunity. Despite these equivalent biological effects, only in susceptible mice IDO inhibition caused progressive fungal growth and tissue pathology resulting in increased mortality. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that IDO exert a yet unexplored immunoregulatory role in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis that can be particularly important in the severe cases of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliseu F. Araújo
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio V. Loures
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia B. Bazan
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Feriotti
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Pina
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra S. Schanoski
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tânia A. Costa
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera L. G. Calich
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pandey SP, Chandel HS, Srivastava S, Selvaraj S, Jha MK, Shukla D, Ebensen T, Guzman CA, Saha B. Pegylated bisacycloxypropylcysteine, a diacylated lipopeptide ligand of TLR6, plays a host-protective role against experimental Leishmania major infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3632-43. [PMID: 25194056 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
TLRs recognize pathogen-expressed Ags and elicit host-protective immune response. Although TLR2 forms heterodimers with TLR1 or TLR6, recognizing different ligands, differences in the functions of these heterodimers remain unknown. In this study, we report that in Leishmania major-infected macrophages, the expression of TLR1 and TLR2, but not TLR6, increased; TLR2-TLR2 association increased, but TLR2-TLR6 association diminished. Lentivirus-expressed TLR1-short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or TLR2-shRNA administration reduced, but TLR6-shRNA increased L. major infection in BALB/c mice. Corroboratively, Pam3CSK4 (TLR1-TLR2 ligand) and peptidoglycan (TLR2 ligand) increased L. major infection but reduced TLR9 expression, whereas pegylated bisacycloxypropylcysteine (BPPcysMPEG; TLR2-TLR6 ligand) reduced L. major number in L. major-infected macrophages, accompanied by increased TLR9 expression, higher IL-12 production, and inducible NO synthase expression. Whereas MyD88, Toll/IL-1R adaptor protein, and TNFR-α-associated factor 6 recruitments to TLR2 were not different in Pam3CSK4-, peptidoglycan-, or BPPcysMPEG-treated macrophages, only BPPcysMPEG enhanced p38MAPK and activating transcription factor 2 activation. BPPcysMPEG conferred antileishmanial functions to L. major-infected BALB/c-derived T cells in a macrophage-T cell coculture and in BALB/c mice; the protection was TLR6 dependent and IL-12 dependent, and it was accompanied by reduced regulatory T cell number. BPPcysMPEG administration during the priming with fixed L. major protected BALB/c mice against challenge L. major infection; the protection was accompanied by low IL-4 and IL-10, but high IFN-γ productions and reduced regulatory T cells. Thus, BPPcysMPEG, a novel diacylated lipopeptide ligand for TLR2-TLR6 heterodimer, induces IL-12-dependent, inducible NO synthase-dependent, T-reg-sensitive antileishmanial protection. The data reveal a novel dimerization partner-dependent duality in TLR2 function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sunit Srivastava
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India; and
| | | | - Mukesh Kumar Jha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India; and
| | - Divanshu Shukla
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India; and
| | - Thomas Ebensen
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carlos A Guzman
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India; and
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Cardoso RMN, Jham BC, do Carmo GM, Batista AC, de Oliveira FA, de Paula ÉC, Mesquita RA, da Silva TA, Duarte ECB. The relation between FoxP3+regulatory T cells and fungal density in oral paracoccidioidomycosis: a preliminary study. Mycoses 2014; 57:771-4. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Correia Jham
- College of Dental Medicine - Illinois; Midwestern University; Downers Grove IL USA
| | - Gabriela Mota do Carmo
- Department of Pathology; Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health; Federal University of Goiás; Goiânia Brazil
| | - Aline Carvalho Batista
- Department of Oral Pathology; School of Dentistry; Federal University of Goiás; Goiânia Brazil
| | - Flávia Aparecida de Oliveira
- Department of Pathology; Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health; Federal University of Goiás; Goiânia Brazil
| | - Élbio Candido de Paula
- Department of Anatomic Pathology; Araújo Jorge Hospital; Association of Cancer Combat of Goiás; Goiânia Brazil
| | - Ricardo Alves Mesquita
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology; School of Dentistry; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Tarcília Aparecida da Silva
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology; School of Dentistry; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Weirather J, Hofmann UDW, Beyersdorf N, Ramos GC, Vogel B, Frey A, Ertl G, Kerkau T, Frantz S. Foxp3+ CD4+ T cells improve healing after myocardial infarction by modulating monocyte/macrophage differentiation. Circ Res 2014; 115:55-67. [PMID: 24786398 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.303895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE An exaggerated or persistent inflammatory activation after myocardial infarction (MI) leads to maladaptive healing and subsequent remodeling of the left ventricle. Foxp3(+) CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Treg cells) contribute to inflammation resolution. Therefore, Treg cells might influence cardiac healing post-MI. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to study the functional role of Treg cells in wound healing post-MI in a mouse model of permanent left coronary artery ligation. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a model of genetic Treg-cell ablation (Foxp3(DTR) mice), we depleted the Treg-cell compartment before MI induction, resulting in aggravated cardiac inflammation and deteriorated clinical outcome. Mechanistically, Treg-cell depletion was associated with M1-like macrophage polarization, characterized by decreased expression of inflammation-resolving and healing-promoting factors. The phenotype of exacerbated cardiac inflammation and outcome in Treg-cell-ablated mice could be confirmed in a mouse model of anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody-mediated depletion. In contrast, therapeutic Treg-cell activation by superagonistic anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody administration 2 days after MI led to improved healing and survival. Compared with control animals, CD28-SA-treated mice showed increased collagen de novo expression within the scar, correlating with decreased rates of left ventricular ruptures. Therapeutic Treg-cell activation induced an M2-like macrophage differentiation within the healing myocardium, associated with myofibroblast activation and increased expression of monocyte/macrophage-derived proteins fostering wound healing. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that Treg cells beneficially influence wound healing after MI by modulating monocyte/macrophage differentiation. Moreover, therapeutic activation of Treg cells constitutes a novel approach to improve healing post-MI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Weirather
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (J.W., U.H., G.C.R., B.V, A.F., G.E., S.F.); and Department of Immunobiology (N.B., T.K.), and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (J.W., U.H., G.C.R., B.V., A.F., G.E., S.F.), University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich D W Hofmann
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (J.W., U.H., G.C.R., B.V, A.F., G.E., S.F.); and Department of Immunobiology (N.B., T.K.), and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (J.W., U.H., G.C.R., B.V., A.F., G.E., S.F.), University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (J.W., U.H., G.C.R., B.V, A.F., G.E., S.F.); and Department of Immunobiology (N.B., T.K.), and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (J.W., U.H., G.C.R., B.V., A.F., G.E., S.F.), University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Gustavo C Ramos
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (J.W., U.H., G.C.R., B.V, A.F., G.E., S.F.); and Department of Immunobiology (N.B., T.K.), and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (J.W., U.H., G.C.R., B.V., A.F., G.E., S.F.), University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Vogel
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (J.W., U.H., G.C.R., B.V, A.F., G.E., S.F.); and Department of Immunobiology (N.B., T.K.), and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (J.W., U.H., G.C.R., B.V., A.F., G.E., S.F.), University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Frey
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (J.W., U.H., G.C.R., B.V, A.F., G.E., S.F.); and Department of Immunobiology (N.B., T.K.), and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (J.W., U.H., G.C.R., B.V., A.F., G.E., S.F.), University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Georg Ertl
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (J.W., U.H., G.C.R., B.V, A.F., G.E., S.F.); and Department of Immunobiology (N.B., T.K.), and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (J.W., U.H., G.C.R., B.V., A.F., G.E., S.F.), University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kerkau
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (J.W., U.H., G.C.R., B.V, A.F., G.E., S.F.); and Department of Immunobiology (N.B., T.K.), and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (J.W., U.H., G.C.R., B.V., A.F., G.E., S.F.), University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Frantz
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (J.W., U.H., G.C.R., B.V, A.F., G.E., S.F.); and Department of Immunobiology (N.B., T.K.), and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (J.W., U.H., G.C.R., B.V., A.F., G.E., S.F.), University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Charbonneau B, Moysich KB, Kalli KR, Oberg AL, Vierkant RA, Fogarty ZC, Block MS, Maurer MJ, Goergen KM, Fridley BL, Cunningham JM, Rider DN, Preston C, Hartmann LC, Lawrenson K, Wang C, Tyrer J, Song H, deFazio A, Johnatty SE, Doherty JA, Phelan CM, Sellers TA, Ramirez SM, Vitonis AF, Terry KL, Van Den Berg D, Pike MC, Wu AH, Berchuck A, Gentry-Maharaj A, Ramus SJ, Diergaarde B, Shen H, Jensen A, Menkiszak J, Cybulski C, Lubiński J, Ziogas A, Rothstein JH, McGuire V, Sieh W, Lester J, Walsh C, Vergote I, Lambrechts S, Despierre E, Garcia-Closas M, Yang H, Brinton LA, Spiewankiewicz B, Rzepecka IK, Dansonka-Mieszkowska A, Seibold P, Rudolph A, Paddock LE, Orlow I, Lundvall L, Olson SH, Hogdall CK, Schwaab I, du Bois A, Harter P, Flanagan JM, Brown R, Paul J, Ekici AB, Beckmann MW, Hein A, Eccles D, Lurie G, Hays LE, Bean YT, Pejovic T, Goodman MT, Campbell I, Fasching PA, Konecny G, Kaye SB, Heitz F, Hogdall E, Bandera EV, Chang-Claude J, Kupryjanczyk J, Wentzensen N, Lambrechts D, Karlan BY, Whittemore AS, Culver HA, Gronwald J, Levine DA, Kjaer SK, Menon U, Schildkraut JM, Pearce CL, Cramer DW, Rossing MA, Chenevix-Trench G, Pharoah PD, Gayther SA, Ness RB, Odunsi K, Sucheston LE, Knutson KL, Goode EL. Large-scale evaluation of common variation in regulatory T cell-related genes and ovarian cancer outcome. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:332-40. [PMID: 24764580 PMCID: PMC4000890 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The presence of regulatory T cells (Treg) in solid tumors is known to play a role in patient survival in ovarian cancer and other malignancies. We assessed inherited genetic variations via 749 tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in 25 Treg-associated genes (CD28, CTLA4, FOXP3, IDO1, IL10, IL10RA, IL15, 1L17RA, IL23A, IL23R, IL2RA, IL6, IL6R, IL8, LGALS1, LGALS9, MAP3K8, STAT5A, STAT5B, TGFB1, TGFB2, TGFB3, TGFBR1, TGRBR2, and TGFBR3) in relation to ovarian cancer survival. We analyzed genotype and overall survival in 10,084 women with invasive epithelial ovarian cancer, including 5,248 high-grade serous, 1,452 endometrioid, 795 clear cell, and 661 mucinous carcinoma cases of European descent across 28 studies from the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (OCAC). The strongest associations were found for endometrioid carcinoma and IL2RA SNPs rs11256497 [HR, 1.42; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.22-1.64; P = 5.7 × 10(-6)], rs791587 (HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.17-1.57; P = 6.2 × 10(-5)), rs2476491 (HR, = 1.40; 95% CI, 1.19-1.64; P = 5.6 × 10(-5)), and rs10795763 (HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.17-1.57; P = 7.9 × 10(-5)), and for clear cell carcinoma and CTLA4 SNP rs231775 (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.54-0.82; P = 9.3 × 10(-5)) after adjustment for age, study site, population stratification, stage, grade, and oral contraceptive use. The rs231775 allele associated with improved survival in our study also results in an amino acid change in CTLA4 and previously has been reported to be associated with autoimmune conditions. Thus, we found evidence that SNPs in genes related to Tregs seem to play a role in ovarian cancer survival, particularly in patients with clear cell and endometrioid epithelial ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Charbonneau
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kirsten B. Moysich
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Ann L. Oberg
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert A. Vierkant
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Zachary C. Fogarty
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Matthew J. Maurer
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Krista M. Goergen
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brooke L. Fridley
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Julie M. Cunningham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David N. Rider
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Lynn C. Hartmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kate Lawrenson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jonathan Tyrer
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Honglin Song
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna deFazio
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Hospital and Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at the Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, Australia
| | - Sharon E. Johnatty
- Cancer Division, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Doherty
- Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Catherine M. Phelan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Division of Population Sciences, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Thomas A. Sellers
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Division of Population Sciences, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Starr M. Ramirez
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Allison F. Vitonis
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn L. Terry
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Van Den Berg
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Malcolm C. Pike
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna H. Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Berchuck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Aleksandra Gentry-Maharaj
- Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, Women’s Cancer, Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Susan J. Ramus
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brenda Diergaarde
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Howard Shen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Allan Jensen
- Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janusz Menkiszak
- Department of Surgical Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology of Adults and Adolescents, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jan Lubiński
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Argyrios Ziogas
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Cancer Genetics Research and Prevention, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Joseph H. Rothstein
- Department of Health Research and Policy - Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Valerie McGuire
- Department of Health Research and Policy - Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Weiva Sieh
- Department of Health Research and Policy - Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jenny Lester
- Women’s Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christine Walsh
- Women’s Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ignace Vergote
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandrina Lambrechts
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evelyn Despierre
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Closas
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK and Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Hannah Yang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Louise A. Brinton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Beata Spiewankiewicz
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona K. Rzepecka
- Department of Pathology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Petra Seibold
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Rudolph
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Irene Orlow
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lene Lundvall
- Department of Gynaecology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara H. Olson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claus K. Hogdall
- Department of Gynaecology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ira Schwaab
- Institut für Humangenetik Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Andreas du Bois
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Dr. Horst Schmidt Kliniken Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte/Evang. Huyssens-Stiftung/Knappschaft GmbH, Essen, Germany
| | - Philipp Harter
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Dr. Horst Schmidt Kliniken Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte/Evang. Huyssens-Stiftung/Knappschaft GmbH, Essen, Germany
| | - James M. Flanagan
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Brown
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James Paul
- The Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Arif B. Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias W. Beckmann
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Hein
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Diana Eccles
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton, UK
| | - Galina Lurie
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, HI, USA
| | - Laura E. Hays
- Department of Hematology and Oncology and the Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Yukie T. Bean
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tanja Pejovic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Marc T. Goodman
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ian Campbell
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter A. Fasching
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gottfried Konecny
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stanley B. Kaye
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research and the Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, UK
| | - Florian Heitz
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Dr. Horst Schmidt Kliniken Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte/Evang. Huyssens-Stiftung/Knappschaft GmbH, Essen, Germany
| | - Estrid Hogdall
- Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Molecular Unit, Department of Pathology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisa V. Bandera
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jolanta Kupryjanczyk
- Department of Pathology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nicolas Wentzensen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Beth Y. Karlan
- Women’s Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alice S. Whittemore
- Department of Health Research and Policy - Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Hoda Anton Culver
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Cancer Genetics Research and Prevention, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jacek Gronwald
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Douglas A. Levine
- Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susanne K. Kjaer
- Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Gynaecology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Usha Menon
- Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, Women’s Cancer, Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joellen M. Schildkraut
- Cancer Prevention, Detection and Control Research Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Celeste Leigh Pearce
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel W. Cramer
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary Anne Rossing
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - for AOCS group
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Hospital and Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at the Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, Australia
- Cancer Division, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - /ACS
- Cancer Division, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul D.P. Pharoah
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon A. Gayther
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roberta B. Ness
- The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lara E. Sucheston
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Keith L. Knutson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- The Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL, US
| | - Ellen L. Goode
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Eberhardt MK, Barry PA. Pathogen manipulation of cIL-10 signaling pathways: opportunities for vaccine development? Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 380:93-128. [PMID: 25004815 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-43492-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a tightly regulated, pleiotropic cytokine that has profound effects on all facets of the immune system, eliciting cell-type-specific responses within cells expressing the IL-10 receptor (IL-10R). It is considered a master immune regulator, and imbalances in IL-10 expression, resulting from either inherent or infectious etiologies, have far reaching clinical ramifications. Regarding infectious diseases, there has been accumulating recognition that many pathogens, particularly those that establish lifelong persistence, share a commonality of their natural histories: manipulation of IL-10-mediated signaling pathways. Multiple viral, bacterial, protozoal, and fungal pathogens appear to have evolved mechanisms to co-opt normal immune functions, including those involving IL-10R-mediated signaling, and immune effector pathways away from immune-mediated protection toward environments of immune evasion, suppression, and tolerance. As a result, pathogens can persist for the life of the infected host, many of whom possess otherwise competent immune systems. Because of pathogenic avoidance of immune clearance, persistent infections can exact incalculable physical and financial costs, and represent some of the most vexing challenges for improvements in human health. Enormous benefits could be gained by the development of efficient prevention and/or therapeutic strategies that block primary infection, or clear the infection. There are now precedents that indicate that modalities focusing on pathogen-mediated manipulation of IL-10 signaling may have clinical benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K Eberhardt
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Costa TA, Bazan SB, Feriotti C, Araújo EF, Bassi ÊJ, Loures FV, Calich VLG. In pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis IL-10 deficiency leads to increased immunity and regressive infection without enhancing tissue pathology. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2512. [PMID: 24205424 PMCID: PMC3812093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cellular immunity is the main defense mechanism in paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), the most important systemic mycosis in Latin America. Th1 immunity and IFN-γ activated macrophages are fundamental to immunoprotection that is antagonized by IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Both in human and experimental PCM, several evidences indicate that the suppressive effect of IL-10 causes detrimental effects to infected hosts. Because direct studies have not been performed, this study was aimed to characterize the function of IL-10 in pulmonary PCM. Methodology/Principal Findings Wild type (WT) and IL-10−/− C57BL/6 mice were used to characterize the role of IL-10 in the innate and adaptive immunity against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb) infection. We verified that Pb-infected peritoneal macrophages from IL-10−/− mice presented higher phagocytic and fungicidal activities than WT macrophages, and these activities were associated with elevated production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, nitric oxide (NO) and MCP-1. For in vivo studies, IL-10−/− and WT mice were i.t. infected with 1×106 Pb yeasts and studied at several post-infection periods. Compared to WT mice, IL-10−/− mice showed increased resistance to P. brasiliensis infection as determined by the progressive control of pulmonary fungal loads and total clearance of fungal cells from dissemination organs. This behavior was accompanied by enhanced delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, precocious humoral immunity and controlled tissue pathology resulting in increased survival times. In addition, IL-10−/− mice developed precocious T cell immunity mediated by increased numbers of lung infiltrating effector/memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The inflammatory reactions and the production of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines were reduced at late phases of infection, paralleling the regressive infection of IL-10−/− mice. Conclusions/Significance Our work demonstrates for the first time that IL-10 plays a detrimental effect to pulmonary PCM due to its suppressive effect on the innate and adaptive immunity resulting in progressive infection and precocious mortality of infected hosts. Paracoccidioidomycosis, the most important deep mycosis from Latin America, is acquired by inhalation of fungal spores. The pulmonary infection can remain as a quiescent infection or evolve to overt, life-threatening disease. Immunoprotection is mainly mediated by Th1 lymphocytes secreting IFN- γ, the most important macrophage activating cytokine. It is well established that the severe forms of infection are associated with elevated production of anti-inflammatory or suppressive cytokines such as IL-10. However, direct approaches investigating the role of this cytokine in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis were never employed. This led us to investigate the innate and adaptive aspects of immunity in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis using IL-10-deficient mice in comparison with their IL-10-normal counterparts. We verified that IL-10 absence leads to a regressive disease, resulting in reduced mortality rates of infected mice. This better disease outcome was associated with precocious and enhanced mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity that allow the control of fungal growth without excessive inflammatory reactions and harmful tissue pathology. These evidences on the detrimental effects of IL-10 to pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis suggest that therapeutic measures aimed to control IL-10 production or activity could exert a protective effect to this severe fungal pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tânia A. Costa
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia B. Bazan
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Feriotti
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliseu F. Araújo
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ênio J. Bassi
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio V. Loures
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera L. G. Calich
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Vaccination against a virus-encoded cytokine significantly restricts viral challenge. J Virol 2013; 87:11323-31. [PMID: 23946461 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01925-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of immune correlates of protection for viral vaccines is complicated by multiple factors, but there is general consensus on the importance of antibodies that neutralize viral attachment to susceptible cells. Development of new viral vaccines has mostly followed this neutralizing antibody paradigm, but as a recent clinical trial of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) vaccination demonstrated, this singular approach can yield limited protective efficacy. Since HCMV devotes >50% of its coding capacity to proteins that modulate host immunity, it is hypothesized that expansion of vaccine targets to include this part of the viral proteome will disrupt viral natural history. HCMV and rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) each encode an ortholog to the cellular interleukin-10 (cIL-10) cytokine: cmvIL-10 and rhcmvIL10, respectively. Despite extensive sequence divergence from their host's cIL-10, each viral IL-10 retains nearly identical functionality to cIL-10. Uninfected rhesus macaques were immunized with engineered, nonfunctional rhcmvIL-10 variants, which were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis to abolish binding to the cIL-10 receptor. Vaccinees developed antibodies that neutralized rhcmvIL-10 function with no cross-neutralization of cIL-10. Following subcutaneous RhCMV challenge, the vaccinees exhibited both reduced RhCMV replication locally at the inoculation site and systemically and significantly reduced RhCMV shedding in bodily fluids compared to controls. Attenuation of RhCMV infection by rhcmvIL-10 vaccination argues that neutralization of viral immunomodulation may be a new vaccine paradigm for HCMV by expanding potential vaccine targets.
Collapse
|
45
|
Feriotti C, Loures FV, Frank de Araújo E, da Costa TA, Calich VLG. Mannosyl-recognizing receptors induce an M1-like phenotype in macrophages of susceptible mice but an M2-like phenotype in mice resistant to a fungal infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54845. [PMID: 23382985 PMCID: PMC3559829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to alpha1,3 glucan, mannan and mannan-linked proteins are expressed in the outer layer of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeasts. The recognition of mannosyl residues by multiple pathogen recognition receptors, such as the mannose receptor (MR), complement receptor 3 (CR3) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on macrophage membranes can influence macrophage activation and the mechanisms of innate immunity against fungal pathogens. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of these receptors in the interaction between P. brasiliensis and macrophages from resistant (A/J) and susceptible (B10.A) mice. Therefore, the phagocytic, fungicidal and secretory abilities of macrophages were evaluated in the presence of mannan and antibodies against MR, CR3 and TLR4. We verified that mannan increased and anti-MR antibody decreased the killing ability and nitric oxide production of macrophages. The specific blockade of MR, CR3 and TLR4 by monoclonal antibodies impaired fungal recognition and modulated the production of cytokines. Mannan or P. brasiliensis induced decreased expression of MR and TLR2 on A/J macrophages, whereas CR3, TLR4 and TLR2 were reduced on B10.A cells. Importantly, both mannan and P. brasiliensis induced the production of IL-12 by B10.A macrophages, whereas TGF-β, TNF-α and IL-6 were produced by A/J cells. In addition, B10.A macrophages exhibited a prevalent expression of inducible NO-synthase and SOCS3 (suppressor of cytokine signaling-3), indicating a pro-inflammatory, "M1-like" differentiation. In contrast, the elevated expression of arginase-1, found in inflammatory zone-1 (FIZZ1), YM1 (CHI313, chitinase-like lectin), and SOCS1, typical markers of alternatively activated macrophages, indicates a prevalent "M2-like" differentiation of A/J macrophages. In conclusion, our data reveal that several mannosyl-recognizing receptors coordinate the apparently paradoxical innate response to paracoccidioidomycosis, in which resistance is initially mediated by alternatively activated phagocytes and tolerance to fungal growth, whereas susceptibility is linked to classically activated macrophages and the efficient control of fungal growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Feriotti
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio V. Loures
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliseu Frank de Araújo
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tania Alves da Costa
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera L. G. Calich
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) of mice susceptible to paracoccidioidomycosis suppress T cell responses whereas myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs from resistant mice induce effector and regulatory T cells. Infect Immun 2013; 81:1064-77. [PMID: 23340311 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00736-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective adaptive immune response in paracoccidioidomycosis, a mycosis endemic among humans, is mediated by T cell immunity, whereas impaired T cell responses are associated with severe, progressive disease. The early host response to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection is not known since the disease is diagnosed at later phases of infection. Our laboratory established a murine model of infection where susceptible mice reproduce the severe disease, while resistant mice develop a mild infection. This work aimed to characterize the influence of dendritic cells in the innate and adaptive immunity of susceptible and resistant mice. We verified that P. brasiliensis infection induced in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) of susceptible mice a prevalent proinflammatory myeloid phenotype that secreted high levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12), tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-β, whereas in resistant mice, a mixed population of myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs secreting proinflammatory cytokines and expressing elevated levels of secreted and membrane-bound transforming growth factor β was observed. In proliferation assays, the proinflammatory DCs from B10.A mice induced anergy of naïve T cells, whereas the mixed DC subsets from resistant mice induced the concomitant proliferation of effector and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Equivalent results were observed during pulmonary infection. The susceptible mice displayed preferential expansion of proinflammatory myeloid DCs, resulting in impaired proliferation of effector T cells. Conversely, the resistant mice developed myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs that efficiently expanded gamma interferon-, IL-4-, and IL-17-positive effector T cells associated with increased development of Tregs. Our work highlights the deleterious effect of excessive innate proinflammatory reactions and provides new evidence for the importance of immunomodulation during pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis.
Collapse
|