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Johnston CM, Olesen AS, Lohse L, le Maire Madsen A, Bøtner A, Belsham GJ, Rasmussen TB. A Deep Sequencing Strategy for Investigation of Virus Variants within African Swine Fever Virus-Infected Pigs. Pathogens 2024; 13:154. [PMID: 38392892 PMCID: PMC10893071 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of African swine fever, an economically important disease of pigs, often with a high case fatality rate. ASFV has demonstrated low genetic diversity among isolates collected within Eurasia. To explore the influence of viral variants on clinical outcomes and infection dynamics in pigs experimentally infected with ASFV, we have designed a deep sequencing strategy. The variant analysis revealed unique SNPs at <10% frequency in several infected pigs as well as some SNPs that were found in more than one pig. In addition, a deletion of 10,487 bp (resulting in the complete loss of 21 genes) was present at a nearly 100% frequency in the ASFV DNA from one pig at position 6362-16849. This deletion was also found to be present at low levels in the virus inoculum and in two other infected pigs. The current methodology can be used for the currently circulating Eurasian ASFVs and also adapted to other ASFV strains and genotypes. Comprehensive deep sequencing is critical for following ASFV molecular evolution, especially for the identification of modifications that affect virus virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Melissa Johnston
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (A.S.O.); (L.L.); (A.l.M.M.)
| | - Ann Sofie Olesen
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (A.S.O.); (L.L.); (A.l.M.M.)
| | - Louise Lohse
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (A.S.O.); (L.L.); (A.l.M.M.)
| | - Agnete le Maire Madsen
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (A.S.O.); (L.L.); (A.l.M.M.)
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, DK-1353 København, Denmark
| | - Anette Bøtner
- Section for Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (A.B.); (G.J.B.)
| | - Graham J. Belsham
- Section for Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (A.B.); (G.J.B.)
| | - Thomas Bruun Rasmussen
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (A.S.O.); (L.L.); (A.l.M.M.)
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Amenu K, McIntyre KM, Moje N, Knight-Jones T, Rushton J, Grace D. Approaches for disease prioritization and decision-making in animal health, 2000-2021: a structured scoping review. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1231711. [PMID: 37876628 PMCID: PMC10593474 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1231711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This scoping review identifies and describes the methods used to prioritize diseases for resource allocation across disease control, surveillance, and research and the methods used generally in decision-making on animal health policy. Three electronic databases (Medline/PubMed, Embase, and CAB Abstracts) were searched for articles from 2000 to 2021. Searches identified 6, 395 articles after de-duplication, with an additional 64 articles added manually. A total of 6, 460 articles were imported to online document review management software (sysrev.com) for screening. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 532 articles passed the first screening, and after a second round of screening, 336 articles were recommended for full review. A total of 40 articles were removed after data extraction. Another 11 articles were added, having been obtained from cross-citations of already identified articles, providing a total of 307 articles to be considered in the scoping review. The results show that the main methods used for disease prioritization were based on economic analysis, multi-criteria evaluation, risk assessment, simple ranking, spatial risk mapping, and simulation modeling. Disease prioritization was performed to aid in decision-making related to various categories: (1) disease control, prevention, or eradication strategies, (2) general organizational strategy, (3) identification of high-risk areas or populations, (4) assessment of risk of disease introduction or occurrence, (5) disease surveillance, and (6) research priority setting. Of the articles included in data extraction, 50.5% had a national focus, 12.3% were local, 11.9% were regional, 6.5% were sub-national, and 3.9% were global. In 15.2% of the articles, the geographic focus was not specified. The scoping review revealed the lack of comprehensive, integrated, and mutually compatible approaches to disease prioritization and decision support tools for animal health. We recommend that future studies should focus on creating comprehensive and harmonized frameworks describing methods for disease prioritization and decision-making tools in animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebede Amenu
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs) Programme, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary, Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - K. Marie McIntyre
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs) Programme, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Modelling, Evidence and Policy Group, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nebyou Moje
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Theodore Knight-Jones
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs) Programme, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs) Programme, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Delia Grace
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs) Programme, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Food and Markets Department, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
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Mozer A, Prost S. An Introduction to Illegal Wildlife Trade and its Effects on Biodiversity and Society. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL: ANIMALS AND ENVIRONMENTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsiae.2023.100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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Omelchenko H, Avramenko NO, Petrenko MO, Wojciechowski J, Pejsak Z, Woźniakowski G. Ten Years of African Swine Fever in Ukraine: An Endemic Form of the Disease in the Wild Boar Population as a Threat to Domestic Pig Production. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121459. [PMID: 36558794 PMCID: PMC9788585 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: African swine fever (ASF) has been present in Ukraine for more than ten years (2012-2022). The purpose of our study was to perform a retrospective analysis of the spread of ASF to assess the role of wild boar in the epizootic expansion in Ukraine. (2) Methods: Statistical materials were collected and the epizootic situation of ASF from 2012 to 2022 was examined. The potential sources of the African swine fever virus (ASFV) and transmission factors were analysed. The main factors exerting negative impacts on domestic pig production were also analysed. (3) Results: Consequently, from the results of the retrospective analysis of ASF outbreaks in Ukraine, the probability ratio of ASF outbreaks in the wild boar and domestic pig populations was determined. The data show a direct relationship between ASF outbreaks among wild boar and domestic pigs with the observed decay of wild boar outbreaks across the entire territory of Ukraine. At the same time, an increase in the number of wild boars has been observed in the Mykolaiv region, with a parallel spillover of outbreaks in domestic pigs. (4) Conclusions: The epidemiological situation observed for ASF in the wild boar population may suggest an endemic form of the disease. This may further complicate eradication programs and the protection of domestic pig farms from ASF outbreaks. An additional and major reason to control the ASF epizootic is the continuing military Russian offensive in Ukraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Omelchenko
- Department of Normal and Pathological Anatomy and Physiology of Animals, Poltava State Agrarian University, 36-0036 Poltava, Ukraine
| | - Natalia O. Avramenko
- Department of Normal and Pathological Anatomy and Physiology of Animals, Poltava State Agrarian University, 36-0036 Poltava, Ukraine
| | - Maksym O. Petrenko
- Department of Normal and Pathological Anatomy and Physiology of Animals, Poltava State Agrarian University, 36-0036 Poltava, Ukraine
| | | | - Zygmunt Pejsak
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, The University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-AU, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Woźniakowski
- Department of Infectious and Invasive Diseases and Veterinary Administration, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Correspondence:
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de Vos CJ, Petie R, van Klink EGM, Swanenburg M. Rapid risk assessment tool (RRAT) to prioritize emerging and re-emerging livestock diseases for risk management. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:963758. [PMID: 36157188 PMCID: PMC9490411 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.963758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing globalization and international trade contribute to rapid expansion of animal and human diseases. Hence, preparedness is warranted to prevent outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging diseases or detect outbreaks in an early stage. We developed a rapid risk assessment tool (RRAT) to inform risk managers on the incursion risk of multiple livestock diseases, about the main sources for incursion and the change of risk over time. RRAT was built as a relational database to link data on disease outbreaks worldwide, on introduction routes and on disease-specific parameters. The tool was parameterized to assess the incursion risk of 10 livestock diseases for the Netherlands by three introduction routes: legal trade in live animals, legal trade of animal products, and animal products illegally carried by air travelers. RRAT calculates a semi-quantitative risk score for the incursion risk of each disease, the results of which allow for prioritization. Results based on the years 2016-2018 indicated that the legal introduction routes had the highest incursion risk for bovine tuberculosis, whereas the illegal route posed the highest risk for classical swine fever. The overall incursion risk via the illegal route was lower than via the legal routes. The incursion risk of African swine fever increased over the period considered, whereas the risk of equine infectious anemia decreased. The variation in the incursion risk over time illustrates the need to update the risk estimates on a regular basis. RRAT has been designed such that the risk assessment can be automatically updated when new data becomes available. For diseases with high-risk scores, model results can be analyzed in more detail to see which countries and trade flows contribute most to the risk, the results of which can be used to design risk-based surveillance. RRAT thus provides a multitude of information to evaluate the incursion risk of livestock diseases at different levels of detail. To give risk managers access to all results of RRAT, an online visualization tool was built.
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O'Hara KC, Beltrán-Alcrudo D, Hovari M, Tabakovski B, Martínez-López B. Network analysis of live pig movements in North Macedonia: Pathways for disease spread. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:922412. [PMID: 36016804 PMCID: PMC9396142 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.922412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Globalization of trade, and the interconnectivity of animal production systems, continues to challenge efforts to control disease. A better understanding of trade networks supports development of more effective strategies for mitigation for transboundary diseases like African swine fever (ASF), classical swine fever (CSF), and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). North Macedonia, bordered to the north and east by countries with ongoing ASF outbreaks, recently reported its first incursion of ASF. This study aimed to describe the distribution of pigs and pig farms in North Macedonia, and to characterize the live pig movement network. Network analyses on movement data from 2017 to 2019 were performed for each year separately, and consistently described weakly connected components with a few primary hubs that most nodes shipped to. In 2019, the network demonstrated a marked decrease in betweenness and increase in communities. Most shipments occurred within 50 km, with movements <6 km being the most common (22.5%). Nodes with the highest indegree and outdegree were consistent across years, despite a large turnover among smallholder farms. Movements to slaughterhouses predominated (85.6%), with movements between farms (5.4%) and movements to market (5.8%) playing a lesser role. This description of North Macedonia's live pig movement network should enable implementation of more efficient and cost-effective mitigation efforts strategies in country, and inform targeted educational outreach, and provide data for future disease modeling, in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C. O'Hara
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Beltrán-Alcrudo
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mark Hovari
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Blagojcho Tabakovski
- Food and Veterinary Agency, Republic of North Macedonia, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Beatriz Martínez-López
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Working Safely with African Swine Fever Virus. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2503:1-13. [PMID: 35575883 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2333-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Risk assessment is the cornerstone of working safely with biological agents. The World Health Organization (WHO) Laboratory Biosafety Manual Fourth Edition Monograph on Risk Assessment provides stepwise guidance for carrying out a risk assessment, from gathering information and identifying hazards to evaluating the risks and developing and implementing controls and review.To support the development of a mature safety culture within laboratories, it is important that all staff who handle biological agents understand the process of risk assessment and receive training in identifying hazards and mitigating risk. All personnel can partake in risk assessments, and the guidance is written in such a way that it is applicable to all-not just to biosafety professionals, laboratory scientists, or facility managers.Here we take the guidance from WHO and apply the principles of risk assessment to working with ASFV, illustrating the process using an example activity-the passage of low titer ASFV in cell culture. We discuss other techniques and protocols that you may need to consider when working with ASFV.
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Shen ZJ, Jia H, Xie CD, Shagainar J, Feng Z, Zhang X, Li K, Zhou R. Bayesian Phylodynamic Analysis Reveals the Dispersal Patterns of African Swine Fever Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050889. [PMID: 35632631 PMCID: PMC9147906 DOI: 10.3390/v14050889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary and demographic history of African swine fever virus (ASFV) is potentially quite valuable for developing efficient and sustainable management strategies. In this study, we performed phylogenetic, phylodynamic, and phylogeographic analyses of worldwide ASFV based on complete ASFV genomes, B646L gene, and E183L gene sequences obtained from NCBI to understand the epidemiology of ASFV. Bayesian phylodynamic analysis and phylogenetic analysis showed highly similar results of group clustering between E183L and the complete genome. The evidence of migration and the demographic history of ASFV were also revealed by the Bayesian phylodynamic analysis. The evolutionary rate was estimated to be 1.14 × 10−5 substitution/site/year. The large out-migration from the viral population in South Africa played a crucial role in spreading the virus worldwide. Our study not only provides resources for the better utilization of genomic data but also reveals the comprehensive worldwide evolutionary history of ASFV with a broad sampling window across ~70 years. The characteristics of the virus spatiotemporal transmission are also elucidated, which could be of great importance for devising strategies to control the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Ji Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.-J.S.); (H.J.); (C.-D.X.); (J.S.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China;
| | - Hong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.-J.S.); (H.J.); (C.-D.X.); (J.S.)
| | - Chun-Di Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.-J.S.); (H.J.); (C.-D.X.); (J.S.)
| | - Jurmt Shagainar
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.-J.S.); (H.J.); (C.-D.X.); (J.S.)
| | - Zheng Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China;
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
| | - Kui Li
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
- Correspondence: (K.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Rong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.-J.S.); (H.J.); (C.-D.X.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: (K.L.); (R.Z.)
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Muñoz-Pérez C, Bosch J, Ito S, Martínez-Avilés M, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. Quantitative Risk Assessment of African Swine Fever Introduction into Spain by Legal Import of Live Pigs. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11010076. [PMID: 35056024 PMCID: PMC8779990 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating infectious disease of pigs that is threatening the global swine industry at present. The current spread of ASF in Europe and its recent incursion into Germany pose a serious risk to Spain, one of the world’s leading pig producers. A quantitative stochastic risk assessment model was developed to estimate the probability of ASF introduction into Spain via the legal import of live pigs. The results suggest a low annual probability of ASF introduction into Spain (1.07 × 10−4), the highest risk being concentrated in Central European countries (Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg) during the months of April and February. The methods and results presented herein could contribute to improving prevention and control strategies and, ultimately, would help reduce the risk of ASF introduction into Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Muñoz-Pérez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.B.); (S.I.); (J.M.S.-V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jaime Bosch
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.B.); (S.I.); (J.M.S.-V.)
| | - Satoshi Ito
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.B.); (S.I.); (J.M.S.-V.)
| | | | - José Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.B.); (S.I.); (J.M.S.-V.)
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Malakauskas A, Schulz K, Kukanauskaitė I, Masiulis M, Conraths FJ, Sauter-Louis C. African Swine Fever Outbreaks in Lithuanian Domestic Pigs in 2019. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:115. [PMID: 35011221 PMCID: PMC8749716 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While numerous risk factors of African swine fever (ASF) transmission to domestic pigs have been described, ASF virus introduction has often not been traced back to one single defined cause. The large number of ASF outbreaks that occurred in domestic pigs in Lithuania from 2014 through to 2018 raised the question regarding whether outbreak-specific risk factors and transmission routes could be identified. Therefore, a prospective matched case-control study was designed. Data from 18 outbreaks that occurred in Lithuanian in 2019 and 36 control farms were analyzed. Conditional multivariable logistic regression showed that two or more visits by veterinary inspection of a farm had a significant preventive effect on the occurrence of ASF on a farm (Odds ratio (OR) 14.21, confidence interval (CI) 1.09-185.60 for farms not inspected vs. farms inspected twice or more a year), while certain practices (e.g., mushroom picking, sharing equipment, etc.), which might facilitate the indirect introduction of ASF from fields and forests into piggeries, significantly increased the odds of an outbreak (OR 5.18, CI 1.10-24.44). The results of the study highlight the importance of veterinary inspections for increasing the biosecurity level on pig farms and the awareness of ASF. The knowledge on potential protective and risk factors may help to improve the prevention and control of ASF outbreaks in domestic pig farms in Lithuania and other affected countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvydas Malakauskas
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės 18, LT44307 Kaunas, Lithuania;
- State Food and Veterinary Service, Siesiku 19, LT07170 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Katja Schulz
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (K.S.); (F.J.C.); (C.S.-L.)
| | - Indrė Kukanauskaitė
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės 18, LT44307 Kaunas, Lithuania;
- State Food and Veterinary Service, Siesiku 19, LT07170 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Marius Masiulis
- State Food and Veterinary Service, Siesiku 19, LT07170 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute, J. Kairiūkščio 10, LT08409 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Franz Josef Conraths
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (K.S.); (F.J.C.); (C.S.-L.)
| | - Carola Sauter-Louis
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (K.S.); (F.J.C.); (C.S.-L.)
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O'Hara KC, Beltrán-Alcrudo D, Hovari M, Tabakovski B, Martínez-López B. Descriptive and Multivariate Analysis of the Pig Sector in North Macedonia and Its Implications for African Swine Fever Transmission. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:733157. [PMID: 34917667 PMCID: PMC8669509 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.733157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
North Macedonia, a country in the Balkan region of Europe, is currently bordered to the north and east by countries with active African swine fever (ASF) outbreaks. The predominantly traditional backyard pig farming sector in this country is under imminent threat of disease incursion. The characteristics and practices of such sectors have rarely been described, and thus the implications for these factors on disease introduction and spread are poorly understood. Using a semi-structured questionnaire, 457 pig producers were interviewed, providing information on 77.7% of the pig population in North Macedonia. In addition, a pilot study of 25 pig producers in Kosovo was performed. This study aimed to provide a detailed description of the North Macedonian pig sector, to make comparisons with nearby Kosovo, and to identify areas with high-risk practices for targeted mitigation. Descriptive data were summarized. Results of the questionnaire were used to identify farm-level risk factors for disease introduction. These factors were used in the calculation of a biosecurity risk score. Kernel density estimation methods were used to generate density maps highlighting areas where the risk of disease introduction was particularly concentrated. Multiple correspondence analysis with hierarchical clustering on principal components was used to explore patterns in farm practices. Results show that farms were predominantly small-scale with high rates of turnover. Pig movement was predominantly local. The highest biosecurity risk scores were localized in the eastern regions of North Macedonia, concerningly the same regions with the highest frequency of wild boar sightings. Veterinarians were highly regarded, regularly utilized, and trusted sources of information. Practices that should be targeted for improvement include isolation of new pigs, and consistent application of basic sanitary practices including washing hands, use of disinfection mats, and separation of clean and dirty areas. This study provides the most complete description of the North Macedonian pig sector currently available. It also identifies regions and practices that could be targeted to mitigate the risk of disease incursion and spread. These results represent the first steps to quantify biosecurity gaps and high-risk behaviors in North Macedonia, providing baseline information to design risk-based, more cost-effective, prevention, surveillance, and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C O'Hara
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Beltrán-Alcrudo
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mark Hovari
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Teng KTY, Chang CC, Tsai YL, Chiu CY, Yang CY, Chou CC. A stochastic assessment to quantify the risk of introduction of African swine fever virus to Taiwan via illegal pork products carried by international travellers. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e592-e604. [PMID: 34564956 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The current study quantified the risk of releasing African swine fever virus (ASFV) into Taiwan from pork products illegally carried by international travellers from 157 countries or territories through six international airports and three international seaports. The association between various factors and the number of pork products detected by the border control authorities was also examined. The risk was estimated with a stochastic process after modelling the number of undetected illegal pork products, probability of pork product detection at international airports and seaports and probability of ASFV contamination of pork products from various countries. The overall annual probability of ASFV release to Taiwan was estimated to be 1 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1-1] under no enhanced mitigation measures. All the median airport-level risks were higher than .921, and four of them reached 1. The total annual risk was .570 (95% CI: .109-.937) for international seaports. The country or territory level risk was estimated to be 1 for Vietnam, China, Hong Kong, the Philippines and South Korea, .999 (95% CI: .628-1) for Macao and .967 (95% CI: .359-1) for Indonesia. After the total number of travellers was factored in, the number of detected illegal pork products was the highest in January and February, and travellers from Vietnam [risk ratio to Japan (RR): 80.45; 95% CI: 58.68-110.3], the Philippines (RR: 37.67; 95% CI: 26.9-52.74) and Cambodia (RR: 28.39; 95% CI: 12.69-63.51) were most likely to bring pork products to Taiwan. Our study indicated a high risk of ASFV introduction through international travellers and also identified the factors associated with the risk. This information can be used as empirical evidence for cost-effective risk mitigation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendy Tzu-Yun Teng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chin Chang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lun Tsai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yao Chiu
- Animal Quarantine Division, Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yao Yang
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Cheng Chou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
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13
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Kim YJ, Park B, Kang HE. Control measures to African swine fever outbreak: active response in South Korea, preparation for the future, and cooperation. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e13. [PMID: 33522165 PMCID: PMC7850787 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most complex infectious swine diseases and the greatest concern to the pig industry owing to its high mortality and no effective vaccines available to prevent the disease. Since the first outbreak of ASF in pig farms, ASF has been identified in 14 pig farms in four cities/counties in South Korea. The outbreak was resolved in a short period because of the immediate control measures and cooperative efforts. This paper reviews the ASF outbreak and the experience of successfully stopping ASF in pig farms in South Korea through active responses to prevent the spread of ASF. In addition, suitable changes to build a sustainable pig production system and collaborative efforts to overcome the dangerous animal disease, such as ASF, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Joo Kim
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Bongkyun Park
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea.,Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hae Eun Kang
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea.
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14
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Mayer JJ, Edwards TB, Garabedian JE, Kilgo JC. Sanitary Waste Landfill Effects on an Invasive Wild Pig Population. J Wildl Manage 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John J. Mayer
- Savannah River National Laboratory Savannah River Nuclear Solutions LLC, Savannah River Site Bldg. 999‐W Aiken SC 29808 USA
| | - Thomas B. Edwards
- Savannah River National Laboratory Savannah River Nuclear Solutions LLC, Savannah River Site Bldg. 999‐W Aiken SC 29808 USA
| | - James E. Garabedian
- USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station P.O. Box 700 New Ellenton SC 29809 USA
| | - John C. Kilgo
- USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station P.O. Box 700 New Ellenton SC 29809 USA
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15
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Njau EP, Domelevo Entfellner JB, Machuka EM, Bochere EN, Cleaveland S, Shirima GM, Kusiluka LJ, Upton C, Bishop RP, Pelle R, Okoth EA. The first genotype II African swine fever virus isolated in Africa provides insight into the current Eurasian pandemic. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13081. [PMID: 34158551 PMCID: PMC8219699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92593-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV) is ranked by OIE as the most important source of mortality in domestic pigs globally and is indigenous to African wild suids and soft ticks. Despite two ASFV genotypes causing economically devastating epidemics outside the continent since 1961, there have been no genome-level analyses of virus evolution in Africa. The virus was recently transported from south-eastern Africa to Georgia in 2007 and has subsequently spread to Russia, eastern Europe, China, and south-east Asia with devastating socioeconomic consequences. To date, two of the 24 currently described ASFV genotypes defined by sequencing of the p72 gene, namely genotype I and II, have been reported outside Africa, with genotype II being responsible for the ongoing pig pandemic. Multiple complete genotype II genome sequences have been reported from European, Russian and Chinese virus isolates but no complete genome sequences have yet been reported from Africa. We report herein the complete genome of a Tanzanian genotype II isolate, Tanzania/Rukwa/2017/1, collected in 2017 and determined using an Illumina short read strategy. The Tanzania/Rukwa/2017/1 sequence is 183,186 bp in length (in a single contig) and contains 188 open reading frames. Considering only un-gapped sites in the pairwise alignments, the new sequence has 99.961% identity with the updated Georgia 2007/1 reference isolate (FR682468.2), 99.960% identity with Polish isolate Pol16_29413_o23 (MG939586) and 99.957% identity with Chinese isolate ASFV-wbBS01 (MK645909.1). This represents 73 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) relative to the Polish isolate and 78 SNPs with the Chinese genome. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Tanzania/Rukwa/2017/1 clusters most closely with Georgia 2007/1. The majority of the differences between Tanzania/Rukwa/2017/1 and Georgia 2007/1 genotype II genomes are insertions/deletions (indels) as is typical for ASFV. The indels included differences in the length and copy number of the terminal multicopy gene families, MGF 360 and 110. The Rukwa2017/1 sequence is the first complete genotype II genome from a precisely mapped locality in Africa, since the exact origin of Georgia2007/1 is unknown. It therefore provides baseline information for future analyses of the diversity and phylogeography of this globally important genetic sub-group of ASF viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma P Njau
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute Hub, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania.
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | | | - Eunice M Machuka
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edwina N Bochere
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gabriel M Shirima
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Lughano J Kusiluka
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
- Mzumbe University, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Chris Upton
- Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3P6, Canada
| | - Richard P Bishop
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Roger Pelle
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edward A Okoth
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute Hub, Nairobi, Kenya
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16
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Mauroy A, Depoorter P, Saegerman C, Cay B, De Regge N, Filippitzi ME, Fischer C, Laitat M, Maes D, Morelle K, Nauwynck H, Simons X, van den Berg T, Van Huffel X, Thiry E, Dewulf J. Semi-quantitative risk assessment by expert elicitation of potential introduction routes of African swine fever from wild reservoir to domestic pig industry and subsequent spread during the Belgian outbreak (2018-2019). Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2761-2773. [PMID: 33713549 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Since the introduction in Georgia in 2007 of an African swine fever (ASF) genotype 2 virus strain, the virus has rapidly spread to both Western European and Asian countries. It now constitutes a major threat for the global swine industry. The ongoing European transmission cycle has been related to the 'wild boar habitat' with closed transmission events between wild boar populations and incidental spillovers to commercial and non-commercial (backyard) pig holdings. During the epidemic in Belgium, only wild boar were infected and although the introduction route has not yet been elucidated, the 'human factor' is highly suspected. While ASF was successfully contained in a small region in the Southern part of Belgium without affecting domestic pigs, the risk of spillover at the wild/domestic interface remains poorly assessed. In this study, we used a semi-quantitative method, involving national and international experts, to assess the risk associated with different transmission routes for ASF introduction from wild boar to domestic pig holdings and subsequent dissemination between holdings in the Belgian epidemiological context. Qualitative responses obtained by our questionnaire were numerically transformed and statistically processed to provide a semi-quantitative assessment of the occurrence of the hazard and a ranking of all transmission routes. 'Farmer', 'bedding material', 'veterinarian' and 'professionals from the pig sector' were considered as the most important transmission routes for ASF introduction from the wild reservoir to pig holdings. 'Animal movements', 'farmer', 'veterinarian', 'iatrogenic', 'animal transport truck' and 'animal care equipment' were considered as the most important transmission routes posing a risk of ASF spread between pig holdings. Combined with specific biosecurity checks in the holdings, this assessment helps in prioritizing risk mitigation measures against ASF introduction and further spread in the domestic pig industry, particularly while the ASF situation in Western Europe is worsening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Mauroy
- Staff Direction for Risk Assessment, Directorate General Control Policy, Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Pieter Depoorter
- Staff Direction for Risk Assessment, Directorate General Control Policy, Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal Health (FARAH) Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Cay
- Service of Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Scientific Direction Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nick De Regge
- Service of Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Scientific Direction Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maria-Eleni Filippitzi
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claude Fischer
- Dept. Nature Management, University of Applied Sciences of Western Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martine Laitat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swine Clinic, Clinical Department of Production Animals, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kevin Morelle
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Xavier Simons
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Xavier Van Huffel
- Staff Direction for Risk Assessment, Directorate General Control Policy, Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Virology, FARAH Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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17
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A Review of Risk Factors of African Swine Fever Incursion in Pig Farming within the European Union Scenario. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10010084. [PMID: 33478169 PMCID: PMC7835761 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a notifiable viral disease of pigs and wild boars that could lead to serious economic losses for the entire European pork industry. As no effective treatment or vaccination is available, disease prevention and control rely on strictly enforced biosecurity measures tailored to the specific risk factors of ASF introduction within domestic pig populations. Here, we present a review addressing the risk factors associated with different European pig farming systems in the context of the actual epidemiological scenario. A list of keywords was combined into a Boolean query, “African swine fever” AND (“Risk factors” OR “Transmission” OR “Spread” OR “Pig farming” OR “Pigs” OR “Wild boars”); was run on 4 databases; and resulted in 52 documents of interest being reviewed. Based on our review, each farming system has its own peculiar risk factors: commercial farms, where best practices are already in place, may suffer from unintentional breaches in biosecurity, while backyard and outdoor farms may suffer from poor ASF awareness, sociocultural factors, and contact with wild boars. In the literature selected for our review, human-related activities and behaviours are presented as the main risks, but we also stress the need to implement biosecurity measures also tailored to risks factors that are specific for the different pig farming practices in the European Union (EU).
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18
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Luskin MS, Meijaard E, Surya S, Sheherazade, Walzer C, Linkie M. African Swine Fever threatens Southeast Asia's 11 endemic wild pig species. Conserv Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Scott Luskin
- School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Erik Meijaard
- Borneo Futures Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei Darussalam
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology University of Kent Canterbury Kent UK
| | - Selly Surya
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Indonesia Program Bogor West Java Indonesia
| | - Sheherazade
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Indonesia Program Bogor West Java Indonesia
| | - Chris Walzer
- Wildlife Conservation Society, The Bronx New York
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Austria
| | - Matthew Linkie
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Indonesia Program Bogor West Java Indonesia
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19
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Brown VR, Miller RS, McKee SC, Ernst KH, Didero NM, Maison RM, Grady MJ, Shwiff SA. Risks of introduction and economic consequences associated with African swine fever, classical swine fever and foot-and-mouth disease: A review of the literature. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1910-1965. [PMID: 33176063 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF), classical swine fever (CSF) and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) are considered to be three of the most detrimental animal diseases and are currently foreign to the U.S. Emerging and re-emerging pathogens can have tremendous impacts in terms of livestock morbidity and mortality events, production losses, forced trade restrictions, and costs associated with treatment and control. The United States is the world's top producer of beef for domestic and export use and the world's third-largest producer and consumer of pork and pork products; it has also recently been either the world's largest or second largest exporter of pork and pork products. Understanding the routes of introduction into the United States and the potential economic impact of each pathogen are crucial to (a) allocate resources to prevent routes of introduction that are believed to be more probable, (b) evaluate cost and efficacy of control methods and (c) ensure that protections are enacted to minimize impact to the most vulnerable industries. With two scoping literature reviews, pulled from global data, this study assesses the risk posed by each disease in the event of a viral introduction into the United States and illustrates what is known about the economic costs and losses associated with an outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vienna R Brown
- National Feral Swine Damage Management Program, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ryan S Miller
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sophie C McKee
- National Feral Swine Damage Management Program, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Economics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Karina H Ernst
- National Feral Swine Damage Management Program, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Economics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Nicole M Didero
- National Feral Swine Damage Management Program, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Economics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Rachel M Maison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Meredith J Grady
- Human Dimensions of Natural Resources Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie A Shwiff
- National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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20
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Adamchick J, Perez AM. Choosing awareness over fear: Risk analysis and free trade support global food security. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY 2020; 26:100445. [PMID: 33324536 PMCID: PMC7726232 DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Livestock production and global trade are key components to achieving food security, but are bedfellows with the risk for emergence and spread of infectious diseases. The World Trade Organization's Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures outlines provisions for member countries to protect animal, plant, and public health while promoting free trade. The capacity for risk analysis equips countries to increase access to export markets, improve local animal health and food safety regarding known hazards, and build the institutional capacity to respond to unexpected events. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to detect, report, and implement effective response measures to emerging challenges on a local and global scale, and it is crucial that these measures are implemented in a way that supports food production and trade. The use of risk analysis coupled with sound understanding of underlying system dynamics will contribute to resilient and enduring food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Adamchick
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Andres M. Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, USA
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21
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Gao X, Liu T, Liu Y, Xiao J, Wang H. Transmission of African swine fever in China Through Legal Trade of Live Pigs. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:355-360. [PMID: 32530109 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) was first reported in China on 3 August 2018, which subsequently triggered a severe epidemic that spreads across the country. While the ASFV has numerous underlying transmission paths in China, this study primarily assessed the possibility of ASFV transmission through the legal animal husbandry trade. The reason for this is that, historically, this transmission path is one of the critical contacts for exotic diseases to access disease-free areas. This study employed a stochastic model to assess the monthly possibility for ASFV entering respective Chinese provinces. The results of this model suggest that the risk of ASFV transmission though the legal live-pig trade is highest in the southeastern regions of China. Vulnerable regions centred around Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, especially throughout the months of January and December. Liaoning province contributes most to transmission risk with 46.7% of the overall annual risk. This study quantified the risk of ASFV spread in China related to the legal trade of pigs and provides detailed and new information for the development of ASFV monitoring and control plans in China and other countries who also face the challenge of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China.,Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Jianhua Xiao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
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22
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Salguero FJ. Comparative Pathology and Pathogenesis of African Swine Fever Infection in Swine. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:282. [PMID: 32509811 PMCID: PMC7248413 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
African Swine Fever (ASF) is a viral disease that affects animals of the Suidae family, and soft ticks from the genus Ornithodoros can also be infected by the ASF virus (ASFV). The disease was first described in Africa at the beginning of the twentieth century as an acute disease characterized by high mortality and fatal hemorrhages. ASF has caused outbreaks in numerous countries and it continues to be devastating nowadays for the porcine sector in those countries affected, and a massive threat for those free of the disease. ASF can follow clinical courses from peracute to chronic in domestic pigs (Sus scrofa) depending on a variety of factors, including the immune status of the animals and the virulence of the ASFV strain. The key features of the pathogenesis of the disease in domestic swine are a) a severe lymphoid depletion including lymphopenia and a state of immunodeficiency, and b) hemorrhages. However, African wild swine like bushpigs (Potamochoerus larvatus), red river hogs (Potamochoerus porcus), and warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) can be infected by ASFV showing no clinical signs of disease and acting as natural reservoir hosts. In this article we review the key features of the gross and microscopic pathology together with a description of the pathogenesis of ASFV infection in domestic pigs following the different clinical courses. The pathogenesis of ASF in wild and domestic swine is also described, what can provide important information for the design of control strategies, such as vaccines.
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23
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Sugiura K, Lei Z, Holley C, Haga T. Assessing the risk of ASFV entry into Japan through pork products illegally brought in by air passengers from China and fed to pigs in Japan. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232132. [PMID: 32369517 PMCID: PMC7199999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A risk assessment was conducted to assess the risk of ASFV entry into Japan through pork products illegally brought in by air passengers from China and fed to pigs in Japan. Scenario tree modelling was used with the following entry and exposure pathway considered to be the most likely route of ASF entry: an ASFV infected pork product is illegally brought into Japan by air travellers from China; this pork product is then used in a restaurant where scrap waste is recycled for animal feed and subsequently fed to pigs without being heat-treated. Input parameter values were based on surveys conducted by the authors, scientific data gathered from the literature and official data published by government agencies. The annual probability of ASFV entry into Japan via this pathway was predicted to be 0.20 (90% prediction interval: 0.00-0.90). The wide prediction interval was mainly caused by the uncertainty regarding the dose response relation of ASFV, followed by the probability of an ASF infected pig dying on affected farms, the loading of ASFV in an infected pig and the probability of an illegally imported pork product being heat-treated in China and used in restaurants. The results of scenario analysis revealed that the annual probability of ASFV entry into Japan will increase with an increase in the number of ASF affected farms in China. The probability of ASFV entry will increase substantially even if only a small proportion of Ecofeed is not heat-treated during the production process. The probability will decrease if an increased proportion of farms that feed swill apply heat-treatment before feeding swill to their pigs. These findings indicate that stringent application of heat-treatment of Ecofeed and swill is key to protecting the Japanese pig industry from the introduction of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuaki Sugiura
- Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhihao Lei
- Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Caitlin Holley
- Regional Representation for Asian and Pacific, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Haga
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Risk Assessment of African Swine Fever Virus Exposure to Sus scrofa in Japan Via Pork Products Brought in Air Passengers' Luggage. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040302. [PMID: 32326040 PMCID: PMC7238144 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, African swine fever (ASF) has become prevalent in many areas, including Asia. The repeated detection of the ASF virus (ASFV) genome in pork products brought in air passenger’s luggage (PPAP) was also reported from Japanese airports. In the present study, the risk of ASFV exposure to susceptible hosts in Japan via three different pathways was assessed. Two quantitative stochastic risk assessment models were built to estimate the annual probability of ASFV exposure to domestic pigs, which could be attributed to foreign job trainees or foreign tourists. A semi-quantitative stochastic model was built to assess the risk of ASFV exposure to wild boar caused by foreign tourists. The overall mean annual probability of ASFV exposure to domestic pigs via PPAP carried by foreign job trainees was 0.169 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.000–0.600], whereas that by foreign tourists was 0.050 [95% CI: 0.000–0.214], corresponding to approximately one introduction every 5.9 and 20 years, respectively. The risk of ASFV exposure to domestic pigs was dispersed over the country, whereas that of wild boar was generally higher in the western part of Japan, indicating that the characteristics of the potential ASF risk in each prefecture were varied.
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Zhu Z, Fan Y, Liu Y, Jiang T, Cao Y, Peng Y. Prediction of antiviral drugs against African swine fever viruses based on protein-protein interaction analysis. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8855. [PMID: 32274268 PMCID: PMC7127483 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) has severely influenced the swine industry of the world. Unfortunately, there is currently no effective antiviral drug or vaccine against the virus. Identification of new anti-ASFV drugs is urgently needed. Here, an up-to-date set of protein-protein interactions between ASFV and swine were curated by integration of protein-protein interactions from multiple sources. Thirty-eight swine proteins were observed to interact with ASFVs and were defined as ASFV-interacting swine proteins. The ASFV-interacting swine proteins were found to play a central role in the swine protein-protein interaction network, with significant larger degree, betweenness and smaller shortest path length than other swine proteins. Some of ASFV-interacting swine proteins also interacted with several other viruses and could be taken as potential targets of drugs for broad-spectrum effect, such as HSP90AB1. Finally, the antiviral drugs which targeted ASFV-interacting swine proteins and ASFV proteins were predicted. Several drugs with either broad-spectrum effect or high specificity on ASFV-interacting swine proteins were identified, such as Polaprezinc and Geldanamycin. Structural modeling and molecular dynamics simulation showed that Geldanamycin could bind with swine HSP90AB1 stably. This work could not only deepen our understanding towards the ASFV-swine interactions, but also help for the development of effective antiviral drugs against the ASFVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhong Zhu
- College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Bioinformatics Center, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunshi Fan
- College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Bioinformatics Center, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Taijiao Jiang
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yousong Peng
- College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Bioinformatics Center, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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de Vos CJ, Taylor RA, Simons RRL, Roberts H, Hultén C, de Koeijer AA, Lyytikäinen T, Napp S, Boklund A, Petie R, Sörén K, Swanenburg M, Comin A, Seppä-Lassila L, Cabral M, Snary EL. Cross-Validation of Generic Risk Assessment Tools for Animal Disease Incursion Based on a Case Study for African Swine Fever. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:56. [PMID: 32133376 PMCID: PMC7039936 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several generic risk assessment (RA) tools have been developed that can be applied to assess the incursion risk of multiple infectious animal diseases allowing for a rapid response to a variety of newly emerging or re-emerging diseases. Although these tools were originally developed for different purposes, they can be used to answer similar or even identical risk questions. To explore the opportunities for cross-validation, seven generic RA tools were used to assess the incursion risk of African swine fever (ASF) to the Netherlands and Finland for the 2017 situation and for two hypothetical scenarios in which ASF cases were reported in wild boar and/or domestic pigs in Germany. The generic tools ranged from qualitative risk assessment tools to stochastic spatial risk models but were all parameterized using the same global databases for disease occurrence and trade in live animals and animal products. A comparison of absolute results was not possible, because output parameters represented different endpoints, varied from qualitative probability levels to quantitative numbers, and were expressed in different units. Therefore, relative risks across countries and scenarios were calculated for each tool, for the three pathways most in common (trade in live animals, trade in animal products, and wild boar movements) and compared. For the 2017 situation, all tools evaluated the risk to the Netherlands to be higher than Finland for the live animal trade pathway, the risk to Finland the same or higher as the Netherlands for the wild boar pathway, while the tools were inconclusive on the animal products pathway. All tools agreed that the hypothetical presence of ASF in Germany increased the risk to the Netherlands, but not to Finland. The ultimate aim of generic RA tools is to provide risk-based evidence to support risk managers in making informed decisions to mitigate the incursion risk of infectious animal diseases. The case study illustrated that conclusions on the ASF risk were similar across the generic RA tools, despite differences observed in calculated risks. Hence, it was concluded that the cross-validation contributed to the credibility of their results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clazien J. de Vos
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Rachel A. Taylor
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robin R. L. Simons
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Roberts
- Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (Defra), London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Aline A. de Koeijer
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | | | - Sebastian Napp
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA IRTA-UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anette Boklund
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ronald Petie
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Kaisa Sörén
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Manon Swanenburg
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Arianna Comin
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Maria Cabral
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Emma L. Snary
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
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Taylor RA, Condoleo R, Simons RRL, Gale P, Kelly LA, Snary EL. The Risk of Infection by African Swine Fever Virus in European Swine Through Boar Movement and Legal Trade of Pigs and Pig Meat. Front Vet Sci 2020; 6:486. [PMID: 31998765 PMCID: PMC6962172 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is currently spreading westwards throughout Europe and eastwards into China, with cases occurring in both wild boar and domestic pigs. A generic risk assessment framework is used to determine the probability of first infection with ASF virus (ASFV) at a fine spatial scale across European Union Member States. The framework aims to assist risk managers across Europe with their ASF surveillance and intervention activities. Performing the risk assessment at a fine spatial scale allows for hot-spot surveillance, which can aid risk managers by directing surveillance or intervention resources at those areas or pathways deemed most at risk, and hence enables prioritization of limited resources. We use 2018 cases of ASF to estimate prevalence of the disease in both wild boar and pig populations and compute the risk of initial infection for 2019 at a 100 km2 cell resolution via three potential pathways: legal trade in live pigs, natural movement of wild boar, and legal trade in pig meat products. We consider the number of pigs, boar and amount of pig meat entering our area of interest, the prevalence of the disease in the origin country, the probability of exposure of susceptible pigs or boar in the area of interest to introduced infected pigs, boar, or meat from an infected pig, and the probability of transmission to susceptible animals. We provide maps across Europe indicating regions at highest risk of initial infection. Results indicate that the risk of ASF in 2019 was predominantly focused on those regions which already had numerous cases in 2018 (Poland, Lithuania, Hungary, Romania, and Latvia). The riskiest pathway for ASFV transmission to pigs was the movement of wild boar for Eastern European countries and legal trade of pigs for Western European countries. New infections are more likely to occur in wild boar rather than pigs, for both the pig meat and wild boar movement pathways. Our results provide an opportunity to focus surveillance activities and thus increase our ability to detect ASF introductions earlier, a necessary requirement if we are to successfully control the spread of this devastating disease for the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Taylor
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Condoleo
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Rome, Italy
| | - Robin R. L. Simons
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Gale
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Louise A. Kelly
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L. Snary
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
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Ito S, Jurado C, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Isoda N. Quantitative risk assessment of African swine fever virus introduction to Japan via pork products brought in air passengers' luggage. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:894-905. [PMID: 31692238 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The spread of African swine fever (ASF) has reached pandemic levels over the last decade, and outbreaks of this disease in China, Mongolia, Vietnam and Cambodia in 2018 and 2019 could accelerate its transmission to neighbouring Asian territories. Thus, the risk that the ASF virus (ASFV) will be introduced to disease-free territories increases each year. Since Japan is an island nation, the most likely way in which ASFV would be introduced is via pork products brought in air passengers' luggage (PPAP). Therefore, in the present study, we assessed the risk of ASFV introduction to Japan via PPAP. For the purposes of this analysis, we considered 214 international commercial flights travelling from 47 origin territories to 31 destination airports as potential routes of ASFV introduction via PPAP. The risk was estimated quantitatively through a stochastic model that considered the volume of air passengers' luggage, the amount of confiscated pork products that were carried in air passengers' luggage and the disease status of the origin territory. The overall mean annual probability of ASFV introduction to Japan via PPAP was found to be 0.941 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.661-1.000], which approximately corresponds to one introduction every 1.06 years. At the origin territory level, Mongolia was led as the highest risk territory, with a risk of 0.864 (95% CI, 0.434-1.000), followed by China (0.697; 0.223-0.999), Vietnam (0.662; 0.196-0.998) and the Russian Federation (0.136; 0.018-0.401). At the destination airport level, Narita International Airport had the highest risk (0.905; 0.537-1.000), followed by Kansai International Airport (0.496; 0.109-0.961), Tokyo International Airport (0.389; 0.072-0.879) and Chubu Centrair International Airport (0.338; 0.058-0.816). This information will help improve risk management activities and monitoring systems to prevent the introduction of ASFV to Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ito
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,VISAVET Center and Animal Health Department, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Jurado
- VISAVET Center and Animal Health Department, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Norikazu Isoda
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institute for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout D, Calistri P, Depner K, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Michel V, Miranda MA, Roberts H, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Boklund A, Bøtner A, Gonzales Rojas JL, More SJ, Thulke HH, Antoniou SE, Cortinas Abrahantes J, Dhollander S, Gogin A, Papanikolaou A, Gonzalez Villeta LC, Gortázar Schmidt C. Risk assessment of African swine fever in the south-eastern countries of Europe. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05861. [PMID: 32626162 PMCID: PMC7008867 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission requested EFSA to estimate the risk of spread of African swine fever (ASF) and to identify potential risk factors (indicators) for the spread of ASF, given introduction in the south-eastern countries of Europe (region of concern, ROC), namely Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia and Slovenia. Three EU Member States (MS) - Croatia, Greece and Slovenia - were included in the ROC due to their geographical location and ASF-free status. Based on collected information on potential risk factors (indicators) for each country and the relevant EU regulations in force, the estimated probability of spread of ASF within the ROC within one year after introduction into the ROC was assessed to be very high (from 66% to 100%). This estimate was determined after considering the high number of indicators present in most of the countries in the ROC and the known effect that these indicators can have on ASF spread, especially those related to the structure of the domestic pig sector, the presence of wild boar and social factors. The presence of indicators varies between countries in the ROC. Each country is at risk of ASF spread following introduction; however, some countries may have a higher probability of ASF spread following introduction. In addition, the probability of ASF spread from the ROC to EU MSs outside the ROC within one year after introduction of ASF in the ROC was estimated to be very low to low (from 0% to 15%). This estimate was based on the comparison of the indicators present in the ROC and the already affected countries in south-eastern Europe, such as Bulgaria and Romania, where there was no evidence of ASF spread to other EU MS within one year.
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Beltran-Alcrudo D, Falco JR, Raizman E, Dietze K. Transboundary spread of pig diseases: the role of international trade and travel. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:64. [PMID: 30795759 PMCID: PMC6387505 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1800-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As globalization increases the interconnectedness between nations, economies, and industries, the introduction of diseases will continue to remain a prominent threat to the livestock sector and the trade of animals and animal products, as well as the livelihoods of farmers, food security and public health. The global pig sector, with its size and dichotomy between production type and biosecurity level, is particularly vulnerable to the transmission of transboundary animal diseases such as African and classical swine fever, foot and mouth disease, or porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. All of the above pose a constant threat to swine health, mainly as a result of both formal and informal international trade.Inspired in the risk assessment methodology, this paper classifies and provides an overview of the different pig disease introduction and exposure pathways, illustrated with abundant examples. Introduction pathways are classified as formal international trade (by product), informal international trade (by product), and spread through fomites. Formal trade of pigs and pork products is regulated by legislation and measures protecting animal populations from exotic diseases. Much more difficult to control is the transboundary swine disease transmission originating through informal trade, which entails illegal smuggling, but also the informal cross-border transfer of animals and products for personal use or within informal market chains. Meat products are most commonly mentioned, although fomites have also played a role in some cases, with live pigs, being more difficult to smuggle playing a role less frequently. The main exposure pathways are also described with the oral route playing a prominent role.Risk assessments can aid in the identification of pathways of pathogen introduction and exposure. However, quantitative information on informal disease introduction pathways remains very scarce and often incomplete, making it difficult to estimate the actual magnitudes of risks. Nevertheless, this knowledge is deemed essential to set up risk based awareness, prevention and surveillance programs that correspond to reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Beltran-Alcrudo
- Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Food and Agriculture Organization, Budapest, Hungary
| | - John R. Falco
- Animal Plant Health Inspection Service - International Service (USDA-APHIS-IS), United States Department of Agriculture, Riverdale, USA
| | - Eran Raizman
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy
| | - Klaas Dietze
- Institut für Epidemiologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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Golnar AJ, Martin E, Wormington JD, Kading RC, Teel PD, Hamer SA, Hamer GL. Reviewing the Potential Vectors and Hosts of African Swine Fever Virus Transmission in the United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:512-524. [PMID: 30785371 PMCID: PMC6602103 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) continues to threaten global animal health and agricultural biosecurity. Mitigating the establishment of ASFV in the United States (U.S.) is contingent on (1) the identification of arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts that are capable of viral maintenance and transmission in the U.S. and (2) knowledge of vector-host associations that may permit transmission. We aggregated data on vector competence, host competence and tick–host associations by systematic review of published articles and collection records to identify species that may support the invasion of ASFV in the U.S. Three species of competent soft ticks occur in the U.S., Ornithodoros coriaceus, Ornithodoros turicata, and Ornithodoros puertoricensis, however, vector competence for the majority of soft ticks in the U.S. remains unknown. Three species of competent vertebrate hosts currently occur in the U.S.: domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus), feral hogs (Sus scrofa), and common warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus). Hierarchical hazard categories based on vector competence, tick–host contact rates, and vector abundance were used to semiquantitatively rank U.S. soft tick species by their relative risk for contributing to ASFV transmission to identify which soft tick species are a priority for future studies. High-risk vector and host species identified in this study can be used to focus ASFV risk assessments in the U.S., guide targeted surveillance and control strategies, and proactively prepare for an ASFV incursion event. Results indicate O. coriaceus, O. turicata, and O. puertoricensis demonstrate the highest relative risk for contributing to ASFV transmission in the U.S., however, many gaps in knowledge exist preventing the full evaluation of at least 30 soft tick species in the U.S. Further study is required to identify soft tick vectors that interact with feral swine populations, elucidate vector competence, and further understand the biology of soft tick species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Golnar
- 1 Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Estelle Martin
- 1 Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jillian D Wormington
- 2 Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Rebekah C Kading
- 3 Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Pete D Teel
- 1 Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Sarah A Hamer
- 2 Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Gabriel L Hamer
- 1 Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Survival of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in various traditional Italian dry-cured meat products. Prev Vet Med 2018; 162:126-130. [PMID: 30621891 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A number of animal diseases can be transmitted to pigs via pork meat and pork products imported from infected areas. Therefore, feeding of swill to pigs is regulated or prohibited in many swine-rearing countries. African swine fever is one of the major porcine diseases recognized as significant in this transmission pathway. Assessment of disease risks associated with pork products requires knowledge about the viral load in the original material and for how long infectious virus can be recovered from the resulting product. In this work, we present the effect of the dry curing process on the inactivation of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in three different Italian dry-cured meat products prepared from experimentally infected pigs slaughtered at the peak of viremia. The meat products were processed using commercial methods and industrial procedures currently being followed in Italy. Samples collected at predetermined intervals during processing were analyzed for virus survival by virus isolation and animal inoculation. ASFV was detected by in vivo experiments for up to 18, 60, and 83 days of curing in Italian salami, pork belly, and loin, respectively. These data provide valuable information for the pork processing industry when planning the export of these products.
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SUGIURA K, HAGA T. A rapid risk assessment of African swine fever introduction and spread in Japan based on expert opinions. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1743-1746. [PMID: 30282884 PMCID: PMC6261823 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid risk assessment was conducted using a questionnaire composed of 10 questions asking experts in African swine fever (ASF) to identify and rank the potential risk factors associated with the introduction and spread of ASF in Japan. The experts participating in this risk assessment considered illegal food import, followed by transport routes and foreign workers, to be the most relevant pathway of ASF introduction into Japan. Kanto and Kyushu were identified as the most likely regions for ASF introduction. All experts agreed that China is the most likely source of ASF introduction into Japan. Most Japanese experts were of the view that the risk of ASF spread if introduced into Japan would be low, while foreign experts considered the risk to be moderate or high. Most experts answered that wild boars would play an important role in the persistence of ASF if the disease were to spread in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuaki SUGIURA
- Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo,
113-8657
| | - Takeshi HAGA
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo,
113-8657
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Collineau L, Carmo LP, Endimiani A, Magouras I, Müntener C, Schüpbach-Regula G, Stärk KDC. Risk Ranking of Antimicrobial-Resistant Hazards Found in Meat in Switzerland. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2018; 38:1070-1084. [PMID: 28973821 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to bacteria resistant to antimicrobials and transfer of related genes is a complex issue and occurs, among other pathways, via meat consumption. In a context of limited resources, the prioritization of risk management activities is essential. Since the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) situation differs substantially between countries, prioritization should be country specific. The objective of this study was to develop a systematic and transparent framework to rank combinations of bacteria species resistant to selected antimicrobial classes found in meat, based on the risk they represent for public health in Switzerland. A risk assessment model from slaughter to consumption was developed following the Codex Alimentarius guidelines for risk analysis of foodborne AMR. Using data from the Swiss AMR monitoring program, 208 combinations of animal species/bacteria/antimicrobial classes were identified as relevant hazards. Exposure assessment and hazard characterization scores were developed and combined using multicriteria decision analysis. The effect of changing weights of scores was explored with sensitivity analysis. Attributing equal weights to each score, poultry-associated combinations represented the highest risk. In particular, contamination with extended-spectrum β-lactamase/plasmidic AmpC-producing Escherichia coli in poultry meat ranked high for both exposure and hazard characterization. Tetracycline- or macrolide-resistant Enterococcus spp., as well as fluoroquinolone- or macrolide-resistant Campylobacter jejuni, ranked among combinations with the highest risk. This study provides a basis for prioritizing future activities to mitigate the risk associated with foodborne AMR in Switzerland. A user-friendly version of the model was provided to risk managers; it can easily be adjusted to the constantly evolving knowledge on AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luís Pedro Carmo
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Endimiani
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis Magouras
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Müntener
- Institut für Veterinärpharmakologie und -toxikologie, Vetsuisse, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Katharina D C Stärk
- SAFOSO AG, Bern Liebefeld, Switzerland
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, UK
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Brown VR, Bevins SN. A Review of African Swine Fever and the Potential for Introduction into the United States and the Possibility of Subsequent Establishment in Feral Swine and Native Ticks. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:11. [PMID: 29468165 PMCID: PMC5808196 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), which can cause substantial morbidity and mortality events in swine. The virus can be transmitted via direct and indirect contacts with infected swine, their products, or competent vector species, especially Ornithodoros ticks. Africa and much of Eastern Europe are endemic for ASF; a viral introduction to countries that are currently ASF free could have severe economic consequences due to the loss of production from infected animals and the trade restrictions that would likely be imposed as a result of an outbreak. We identified vulnerabilities that could lead to ASFV introduction or persistence in the United States or other ASF-free regions. Both legal and illegal movements of live animals, as well as the importation of animal products, byproducts, and animal feed, pose a risk of virus introduction. Each route is described, and current regulations designed to prevent ASFV and other pathogens from entering the United States are outlined. Furthermore, existing ASFV research gaps are highlighted. Laboratory experiments to evaluate multiple species of Ornithodoros ticks that have yet to be characterized would be useful to understand vector competence, host preferences, and distribution of competent soft tick vectors in relation to high pig production areas as well as regions with high feral swine (wild boar or similar) densities. Knowledge relative to antigenic viral proteins that contribute to host response and determination of immune mechanisms that lead to protection are foundational in the quest for a vaccine. Finally, sampling of illegally imported and confiscated wild suid products for ASFV could shed light on the types of products being imported and provide a more informed perspective relative to the risk of ASFV importation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vienna R. Brown
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Sarah N. Bevins
- Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Delgado J, Pollard S, Pearn K, Snary EL, Black E, Prpich G, Longhurst P. U.K. Foot and Mouth Disease: A Systemic Risk Assessment of Existing Controls. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2017; 37:1768-1782. [PMID: 27862133 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This article details a systemic analysis of the controls in place and possible interventions available to further reduce the risk of a foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreak in the United Kingdom. Using a research-based network analysis tool, we identify vulnerabilities within the multibarrier control system and their corresponding critical control points (CCPs). CCPs represent opportunities for active intervention that produce the greatest improvement to United Kingdom's resilience to future FMD outbreaks. Using an adapted 'features, events, and processes' (FEPs) methodology and network analysis, our results suggest that movements of animals and goods associated with legal activities significantly influence the system's behavior due to their higher frequency and ability to combine and create scenarios of exposure similar in origin to the U.K. FMD outbreaks of 1967/8 and 2001. The systemic risk assessment highlights areas outside of disease control that are relevant to disease spread. Further, it proves to be a powerful tool for demonstrating the need for implementing disease controls that have not previously been part of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Delgado
- Cranfield University, Institute for Environment, Health, Risks and Futures, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Simon Pollard
- Cranfield University, Institute for Environment, Health, Risks and Futures, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Kerry Pearn
- Cranfield University, Institute for Environment, Health, Risks and Futures, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Emma L Snary
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Edgar Black
- Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Area 1D, Nobel House, 17 Smith Square, London, SW1P 3JR, UK
| | - George Prpich
- Cranfield University, Institute for Environment, Health, Risks and Futures, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Phil Longhurst
- Cranfield University, Institute for Environment, Health, Risks and Futures, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
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38
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Herrera-Ibatá DM, Martínez-López B, Quijada D, Burton K, Mur L. Quantitative approach for the risk assessment of African swine fever and Classical swine fever introduction into the United States through legal imports of pigs and swine products. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182850. [PMID: 28797058 PMCID: PMC5552331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The US livestock safety strongly depends on its capacity to prevent the introduction of Transboundary Animal Diseases (TADs). Therefore, accurate and updated information on the location and origin of those potential TADs risks is essential, so preventive measures as market restrictions can be put on place. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the current risk of African swine fever (ASF) and Classical swine fever (CSF) introduction into the US through the legal importations of live pigs and swine products using a quantitative approach that could be later applied to other risks. Four quantitative stochastic risk assessment models were developed to estimate the monthly probabilities of ASF and CSF release into the US, and the exposure of susceptible populations (domestic and feral swine) to these introductions at state level. The results suggest a low annual probability of either ASF or CSF introduction into the US, by any of the analyzed pathways (5.5*10-3). Being the probability of introduction through legal imports of live pigs (1.8*10-3 for ASF, and 2.5*10-3 for CSF) higher than the risk of legally imported swine products (8.90*10-4 for ASF, and 1.56*10-3 for CSF). This could be caused due to the low probability of exposure associated with this type of commodity (products). The risk of feral pigs accessing to swine products discarded in landfills was slightly higher than the potential exposure of domestic pigs through swill feeding. The identification of the months at highest risk, the origin of the higher risk imports, and the location of the US states most vulnerable to those introductions (Iowa, Minnesota and Wisconsin for live swine and California, Florida and Texas for swine products), is valuable information that would help to design prevention, risk-mitigation and early-detection strategies that would help to minimize the catastrophic consequences of potential ASF/CSF introductions into the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana María Herrera-Ibatá
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Center for Animal Disease Modelling and Surveillance (CADMS), University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Darla Quijada
- National Agricultural Biosecurity Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Burton
- National Agricultural Biosecurity Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Lina Mur
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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39
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Vergne T, Chen-Fu C, Li S, Cappelle J, Edwards J, Martin V, Pfeiffer DU, Fusheng G, Roger FL. Pig empire under infectious threat: risk of African swine fever introduction into the People's Republic of China. Vet Rec 2017; 181:117. [PMID: 28754737 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Pig production and pork consumption are very important to the People's Republic of China for both economic and cultural reasons. The incursion and spread of a disease such as African swine fever (ASF), which emerged in Eastern Europe in 2007, could have devastating socioeconomic consequences for both the Chinese and the global pig industry. The Chinese government consequently attributes a very high priority to ASF and is actively seeking to improve its preparedness. This paper discusses different drivers and pathways of potential emergence of ASF in China in light of the country's specificities, including international movements of people, pigs and pig products, swill feeding practices and wild boar populations. It suggests that effective ASF risk management in China will require a comprehensive and integrated approach linking science and policy and will need to involve all relevant stakeholders to develop realistic policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Vergne
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Cao Chen-Fu
- Shenzhen Entry Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Beijing, China.,China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Julien Cappelle
- Animal, Health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - John Edwards
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Vincent Martin
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Beijing, China
| | - Dirk Udo Pfeiffer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK.,College of Veterinary Medicine & Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Guo Fusheng
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Beijing, China
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40
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Kyyrö J, Sahlström L, Lyytikäinen T. Assessment of the risk of African swine fever introduction into Finland using NORA-a rapid tool for semiquantitative assessment of the risk. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 64:2113-2125. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Kyyrö
- Risk Assessment Research Unit; Research and Laboratory Department; Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira; Helsinki Finland
| | - L. Sahlström
- Risk Assessment Research Unit; Research and Laboratory Department; Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira; Helsinki Finland
| | - T. Lyytikäinen
- Risk Assessment Research Unit; Research and Laboratory Department; Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira; Helsinki Finland
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41
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Porphyre T, Correia-Gomes C, Chase-Topping ME, Gamado K, Auty HK, Hutchinson I, Reeves A, Gunn GJ, Woolhouse MEJ. Vulnerability of the British swine industry to classical swine fever. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42992. [PMID: 28225040 PMCID: PMC5320472 DOI: 10.1038/srep42992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a notifiable, highly contagious viral disease of swine which results in severe welfare and economic consequences in affected countries. To improve preparedness, it is critical to have some understanding of how CSF would spread should it be introduced. Based on the data recorded during the 2000 epidemic of CSF in Great Britain (GB), a spatially explicit, premises-based model was developed to explore the risk of CSF spread in GB. We found that large outbreaks of CSF would be rare and generated from a limited number of areas in GB. Despite the consistently low vulnerability of the British swine industry to large CSF outbreaks, we identified concerns with respect to the role played by the non-commercial sector of the industry. The model further revealed how various epidemiological features may influence the spread of CSF in GB, highlighting the importance of between-farm biosecurity in preventing widespread dissemination of the virus. Knowledge of factors affecting the risk of spread are key components for surveillance planning and resource allocation, and this work provides a valuable stepping stone in guiding policy on CSF surveillance and control in GB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Porphyre
- Epidemiology Research Group, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Carla Correia-Gomes
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Future Farming Systems, Scotland's Rural College, Inverness, Scotland, UK
| | - Margo E Chase-Topping
- Epidemiology Research Group, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Kokouvi Gamado
- Biomathematics &Statistics Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Harriet K Auty
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Future Farming Systems, Scotland's Rural College, Inverness, Scotland, UK
| | - Ian Hutchinson
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Future Farming Systems, Scotland's Rural College, Inverness, Scotland, UK
| | - Aaron Reeves
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Future Farming Systems, Scotland's Rural College, Inverness, Scotland, UK
| | - George J Gunn
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Future Farming Systems, Scotland's Rural College, Inverness, Scotland, UK
| | - Mark E J Woolhouse
- Epidemiology Research Group, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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42
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Guinat C, Wall B, Dixon L, Pfeiffer DU. English Pig Farmers' Knowledge and Behaviour towards African Swine Fever Suspicion and Reporting. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161431. [PMID: 27684556 PMCID: PMC5042443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a notifiable, virulent swine disease, and is a major threat to animal health and trade for many European Union (EU) countries. Early detection of the introduction of ASF virus is of paramount importance to be able to limit the potential extent of outbreaks. However, the timely and accurate reporting of ASF primary cases strongly depends on how familiar pig farmers are with the clinical signs, and their motivation to report the disease. Here, an online questionnaire survey was conducted between December 2014 and April 2015 to investigate English pig farmers' knowledge and behaviour towards ASF in terms of clinical suspicion and reporting. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors influencing the two variables of interest: 1) farmers who "would immediately suspect ASF" if they observed clinical signs of fever, lethargy, reduced eating and high mortality on their farm and 2) farmers who "would immediately report ASF" if they suspected ASF on their farm. The questionnaire was completed by 109 pig farmers. Results indicate that pig farmers having poor knowledge about ASF clinical signs and limited concern about ASF compared with other pig diseases are less likely to consider the possibility of an outbreak of ASF on their farm. In addition, pig farmers lacking awareness of outbreaks in other countries, having a perception of the negative impact on them resulting from false positive reporting and the perceived complexity of reporting procedures are less likely to report an ASF suspicion. These findings indicate important areas for educational campaigns targeted at English pig farmers to focus on in an attempt to increase the likelihood of a rapid response in the event of an ASF outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Guinat
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright laboratory, Ash road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Ben Wall
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Dixon
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright laboratory, Ash road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Udo Pfeiffer
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
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43
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Hernández-Jover M, Schembri N, Holyoake PK, Toribio JALML, Martin PAJ. A Comparative Assessment of the Risks of Introduction and Spread of Foot-and-Mouth Disease among Different Pig Sectors in Australia. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:85. [PMID: 27713881 PMCID: PMC5031773 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-scale pig producers are believed to pose higher biosecurity risks for the introduction and spread of exotic diseases than commercial pig producers. However, the magnitude of these risks is poorly understood. This study is a comparative assessment of the risk of introduction and spread of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) through different sectors of the pig industry: (1) large-scale pig producers; (2) small-scale producers (<100 sows) selling at saleyards and abattoirs; and (3) small-scale producers selling through informal means. An exposure and consequence assessments were conducted using the World Organization for Animal Health methodology for risk analysis, assuming FMD virus was introduced into Australia through illegal importation of infected meat. A quantitative assessment, using scenario trees and Monte Carlo stochastic simulation, was used to calculate the probabilities of exposure and spread. Input data for these assessments were obtained from a series of data gathering exercises among pig producers, industry statistics, and literature. Findings of this study suggest there is an Extremely low probability of exposure (8.69 × 10−6 to 3.81 × 10−5) for the three sectors of the pig industry, with exposure through direct swill feeding being 10–100 times more likely to occur than through contact with infected feral pigs. Spread of FMD from the index farm is most likely to occur through movement of contaminated fomites, pigs, and ruminants. The virus is more likely to spread from small-scale piggeries selling at saleyards and abattoirs than from other piggeries. The most influential factors on the spread of FMD from the index farm is the ability of the farmer to detect FMD, the probability of FMD spread through contaminated fomites and the presence of ruminants on the farm. Although small-scale producers selling informally move animals less frequently and do not use external staff, movement of pigs to non-commercial pathways could jeopardize animal traceability in the event of a disease outbreak. This study suggests that producers’ awareness on and engagement with legislative and industry requirements in relation to biosecurity and emergency animal disease management needs to be improved. Results from this study could be used by decision-makers to prioritize resource allocation for improving animal biosecurity in the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Hernández-Jover
- The University of Sydney, Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, Camden, NSW, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicole Schembri
- The University of Sydney, Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health , Camden, NSW , Australia
| | | | - Jenny-Ann L M L Toribio
- The University of Sydney, Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health , Camden, NSW , Australia
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44
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Bosch J, Iglesias I, Muñoz MJ, de la Torre A. A Cartographic Tool for Managing African Swine Fever in Eurasia: Mapping Wild Boar Distribution Based on the Quality of Available Habitats. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1720-1733. [PMID: 27596983 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The current African swine fever (ASF) epidemic in Eurasia represents a risk for the swine industry with devastating socio-economic and political consequences. Wild boar appears to be a key factor in maintaining the disease in endemic areas (mainly the Russian Federation) and spreading the disease across borders, including within the European Union. To help predict and interpret the dynamics of ASF infection, we developed a standardized distribution map based on global land cover vegetation (GLOBCOVER) that quantifies the quality of available habitats (QAH) for wild boar across Eurasia as an indirect index for quantifying numbers of wild boar. QAHs were estimated using a seven-level scale based on expert opinion and found to correlate closely with georeferenced presence of wild boar (n = 22 362): the highest wild boar densities (74.47%) were found in areas at the two highest QAH levels, while the lowest densities (5.66%) were found in areas at the lowest QAH levels. Mapping notifications from 2007 to 2016 onto the QAH map showed that in endemic areas, 60% of ASF notifications occurred in domestic pigs, mostly in agricultural landscapes (QAHs 1.75 and 1) containing low-biosecurity domestic pig farms. In the EU, in contrast, 95% of ASF notifications occurred in wild boar, within natural landscapes (QAH 2). These results suggest that the QAH map can be a useful epi-tool for defining risk scenarios and identifying potential travel corridors for ASF. This tool will help inform resource allocation decisions and improve prevention, control and surveillance of ASF and potentially of other diseases affecting swine and wild boar in Eurasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bosch
- Animal Health Research Center, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Iglesias
- Animal Health Research Center, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - M J Muñoz
- Animal Health Research Center, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - A de la Torre
- Animal Health Research Center, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
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45
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Bosch J, Rodríguez A, Iglesias I, Muñoz MJ, Jurado C, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, de la Torre A. Update on the Risk of Introduction of African Swine Fever by Wild Boar into Disease-Free European Union Countries. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1424-1432. [PMID: 27354186 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite efforts to prevent the appearance and spread of African swine fever (ASF) in the European Union, several Member States are now affected (Lithuania, Poland, Latvia and Estonia). Disease appearance in 2014 was associated with multiple entrances linked to wild boar movement from endemic areas (EFSA Journal, 8, 2015, 1556), but the risk of new introductions remains high (Gallardo et al., Porcine Health Management, 1, and 21) as ASF continues to be active in endemic countries (Russian Federation, Belarus and Ukraine). Since 2014, the number of ASF notifications has increased substantially, particularly in wild boar (WB), in parallel with slow but constant geographical advance of the disease. This situation suggests a real risk of further disease spread into other Member States, posing a great threat to pig production in the EU. Following the principles of the risk-based veterinary surveillance, this article applies a methodology developed by De la Torre et al. (Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 62, and 272) to assess the relative risk of new introductions of ASF by natural movements of WB according to the current epidemiological situation. This update incorporates the most recent available data and an improved version of the most important risk estimator: an optimized cartographic tool of WB distribution to analyse wild boar suitable habitat. The highest relative risk values were estimated for Slovakia (5) and Romania (5), followed by Finland (4), Czech Republic (3) and Germany (3). Relative risk for Romania and Finland is associated mainly with disease entrance from endemic areas such as the Russian Federation and Ukraine, where the disease is currently spreading; relative risk for Germany and Czech Republic is associated mainly with the potential progress of the disease through the EU, and relative risk for Slovakia is associated with both pathways. WB habitat is the most important risk estimator, whereas WB density is the least significant, suggesting that WB presence is more relevant than density. These results can provide actionable advice for dealing with risk. They can be directly used to inform risk-based national strategies and identify countries that may need to pay greater attention to surveillance or conduct additional evaluations at the subnational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bosch
- Animal Health Research Center, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain
| | - A Rodríguez
- Animal Health Research Center, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain
| | - I Iglesias
- Animal Health Research Center, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain
| | - M J Muñoz
- Animal Health Research Center, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain
| | - C Jurado
- Center VISAVET and Animal Health Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- Center VISAVET and Animal Health Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A de la Torre
- Animal Health Research Center, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain
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46
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Jansen W, Merkle M, Daun A, Flor M, Grabowski NT, Klein G. The Quantity and Quality of Illegally Imported Products of Animal Origin in Personal Consignments into the European Union Seized at Two German Airports between 2010 And 2014. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150023. [PMID: 26901158 PMCID: PMC4762665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The import of products of animal origin (POAO) in travellers’ personal consignments presents a considerable risk of introducing animal diseases and emerging zoonoses into the European Union. The current regulation (EU) 206/2009 implements strict measures for illegally imported POAO, whereupon non-complying products have to be seized and destroyed regardless. Especially airports serve as global bottlenecks for illegally imported POAO where passenger controls of non-European flights are performed by customs and veterinary services in collaboration. Results of these control measures have to be submitted in the form of annual reports to the European Commission. However, few data on qualities and quantities of seizures have been published so far. In this study, POAO seized at two German airports between 2010 and 2014 were analysed in terms of quantities, qualitative categories and region of origin. In most years considered, more than 20 tonnes POAO were seized at each airport. However, reported amounts of seizures seem to be only the tip of the iceberg as an all-passenger control is not feasible and therefore travellers are only spot-checked. The analysis suggests that the organisational structures of both customs and official veterinary services and their different risk perceptions interfere in completing an effective ban on the illegal import of POAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Jansen
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Majella Merkle
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Daun
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Flor
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Th. Grabowski
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Günter Klein
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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47
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Porphyre T, Boden LA, Correia-Gomes C, Auty HK, Gunn GJ, Woolhouse MEJ. Using national movement databases to help inform responses to swine disease outbreaks in Scotland: the impact of uncertainty around incursion time. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20258. [PMID: 26833241 PMCID: PMC4735280 DOI: 10.1038/srep20258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Modelling is an important component of contingency planning and control of disease outbreaks. Dynamic network models are considered more useful than static models because they capture important dynamic patterns of farm behaviour as evidenced through animal movements. This study evaluates the usefulness of a dynamic network model of swine fever to predict pre-detection spread via movements of pigs, when there may be considerable uncertainty surrounding the time of incursion of infection. It explores the utility and limitations of animal movement data to inform such models and as such, provides some insight into the impact of improving traceability through real-time animal movement reporting and the use of electronic animal movement databases. The study concludes that the type of premises and uncertainty of the time of disease incursion will affect model accuracy and highlights the need for improvements in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Porphyre
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lisa A Boden
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Carla Correia-Gomes
- Epidemiology Research Unit, SRUC, Drummondhill, Stratherrick Road, Inverness, UK
| | - Harriet K Auty
- Epidemiology Research Unit, SRUC, Drummondhill, Stratherrick Road, Inverness, UK
| | - George J Gunn
- Epidemiology Research Unit, SRUC, Drummondhill, Stratherrick Road, Inverness, UK
| | - Mark E J Woolhouse
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
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48
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Ciolacu L, Stessl B, Bolocan AS, Oniciuc EA, Wagner M, Rychli K, Nicolau AI. Tracking Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria in Raw and Ready-to-Eat Food Illegally Sold at the Eastern EU Border. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:148-55. [PMID: 26741503 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Food illegally brought into the European Union, mainly in the personal luggage of travelers, represents a potential threat to consumers' health. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of five pathogens in food brought into the European Union by Moldavian citizens as personal goods and illegally sold in Romania in the vicinity of the border. The occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes was 7.5% and 8%, while Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella spp. were absent in all samples. L. monocytogenes sequence type 2, 9, 121, and 155, highly prevalent among foodstuffs worldwide, was also present among isolates from ready-to-eat food illegally sold in Romania, even at the same date of sampling, indicating cross-contamination during food handling. S. aureus spa types t449, t304, and t524 were most often isolated from raw-milk cheeses contaminated with 10(3)-10(5) colony-forming units per gram, evidencing a contamination at herd level or unhygienic conditions during processing. S. aureus t011 and t3625, both included in the livestock-associated CC398, were isolated from pork lard and poultry meat. This study shows that cross-border trade from nonmember states represents a neglected route of transmission of foodborne pathogens into the European Union that could lead to sporadic or family-associated cases of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luminita Ciolacu
- 1 Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati , Galati, Romania .,2 Institute for Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Beatrix Stessl
- 2 Institute for Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrei Sorin Bolocan
- 1 Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati , Galati, Romania
| | - Elena Alexandra Oniciuc
- 1 Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati , Galati, Romania
| | - Martin Wagner
- 2 Institute for Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Rychli
- 2 Institute for Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Anca Ioana Nicolau
- 1 Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati , Galati, Romania
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49
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Lacasta A, Monteagudo PL, Jiménez-Marín Á, Accensi F, Ballester M, Argilaguet J, Galindo-Cardiel I, Segalés J, Salas ML, Domínguez J, Moreno Á, Garrido JJ, Rodríguez F. Live attenuated African swine fever viruses as ideal tools to dissect the mechanisms involved in viral pathogenesis and immune protection. Vet Res 2015; 46:135. [PMID: 26589145 PMCID: PMC4654842 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0275-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causal agent of African swine fever, a hemorrhagic and often lethal porcine disease causing enormous economical losses in affected countries. Endemic for decades in most of the sub-Saharan countries and Sardinia, the risk of ASFV-endemicity in Europe has increased since its last introduction into Europe in 2007. Live attenuated viruses have been demonstrated to induce very efficient protective immune responses, albeit most of the time protection was circumscribed to homologous ASFV challenges. However, their use in the field is still far from a reality, mainly due to safety concerns. In this study we compared the course of the in vivo infection caused by two homologous ASFV strains: the virulent E75 and the cell cultured adapted strain E75CV1, obtained from adapting E75 to grow in the CV1 cell-line. Interestingly, the kinetics of both viruses not only differed on the clinical signs that they caused and in the virus loads found, but also in the immunological pathways activated throughout the infections. Furthermore, E75CV1 confirmed its protective potential against the homologous E75 virus challenge and allowed the demonstration of poor cross-protection against BA71, thus defining it as heterologous. The in vitro specificity of the CD8(+) T-cells present at the time of lethal challenge showed a clear activation against the homologous virus (E75) but not against BA71. These findings will be of utility for a better understanding of ASFV pathogenesis and for the rational designing of safe and efficient vaccines against this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lacasta
- Centre de Recerca En Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain. .,International Livestock Research Intitute (ILRI), 00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Paula L Monteagudo
- Centre de Recerca En Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ángeles Jiménez-Marín
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Campus Alameda del Obispo, 14080 CSIC, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Francesc Accensi
- Centre de Recerca En Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain. .,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - María Ballester
- Centre de Recerca En Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain. .,INRA, UMR, 1313, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, 78352, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | | | - Iván Galindo-Cardiel
- Centre de Recerca En Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain. .,WorldPathol Ltd. Co., 50005, Saragossa, Spain.
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Centre de Recerca En Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain. .,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - María L Salas
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Ángela Moreno
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Campus Alameda del Obispo, 14080 CSIC, Córdoba, Spain. .,Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Ed. C-5, 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Juan J Garrido
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Campus Alameda del Obispo, 14080 CSIC, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Fernando Rodríguez
- Centre de Recerca En Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
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50
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Roelandt S, Van der Stede Y, D'hondt B, Koenen F. The Assessment of African Swine Fever Virus Risk to Belgium Early 2014, using the Quick and Semiquantitative Pandora Screening Protocol. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:237-249. [PMID: 25939453 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A risk assessment was organized during the early EU ASF outbreaks of early 2014 (February-April) and performed in cooperation with 15 Belgian and European experts on ASFV and its epidemiology in pigs/wild boar. African swine fever (ASF) is considered as one of the most dangerous infectious pig diseases, causing many outbreaks. Since the end of 2013 - early 2014, several outbreaks within the European Union (Lithuania, Poland, Estonia and Latvia) were reported to OIE, which prompted several risk assessments by (inter)national bodies and scientists. In this study, the open source, semiquantitative Pandora risk assessment tool was used for a quick overall screening of the risk posed by ASF to Belgium early 2014. A set of integrated risk scores was calculated within the Pandora framework. Experts scored the questions and uncertainty levels in the Pandora modules individually, after which the calculations were performed and averaged scores were used within pre-defined risk scales to define and visualize the ASF risk to Belgium. Emergence risk was considered low (Pandora score 0.29), while disease consequences were deemed high (0.93); the resulting multiplicative overall risk of ASFV for Belgium was low (0.27). The Belgian experts tended to give lower risk scores than the European experts, especially for entry risk and trade/public opinion consequences. These risk scores are further interpreted with a due consideration of the qualitative data in the expert remarks and of other ASF risk assessments. The results are similar to more extensive and elaborate risk assessment models/procedures which may require more time and resources. The Pandora tool allows sequential updates to monitor (rates of) increasing risk and provides information for risk managers to organize targeted control.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Roelandt
- Unit of Coordination of Veterinary Diagnosis, Epidemiology and Risk analysis (CVD-ERA), Operational Directorate of Interactions and Surveillance, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Y Van der Stede
- Unit of Coordination of Veterinary Diagnosis, Epidemiology and Risk analysis (CVD-ERA), Operational Directorate of Interactions and Surveillance, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B D'hondt
- Biology Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - F Koenen
- Unit of Coordination of Veterinary Diagnosis, Epidemiology and Risk analysis (CVD-ERA), Operational Directorate of Interactions and Surveillance, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Brussels, Belgium
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