1
|
Middleton LYM, Nguyen VK, Dou J, Wang H, Patel CJ, Park SK, Colacino JA, Bakulski KM. Environmental chemical-wide associations with immune biomarkers in US adults: A cross-sectional analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118956. [PMID: 38640990 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Environmental chemical exposures influence immune system functions, and humans are exposed to a wide range of chemicals, termed the chemical "exposome". A comprehensive, discovery analysis of the associations of multiple chemical families with immune biomarkers is needed. In this study, we tested the associations between environmental chemical concentrations and immune biomarkers. We analyzed the United States cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 1999-2018). Chemical biomarker concentrations were measured in blood or urine (196 chemicals, 17 chemical families). Immune biomarkers included counts of lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils, red blood cells, white blood cells, and mean corpuscular volume. We conducted separate survey-weighted, multivariable linear regressions of each log2-transformed chemical and immune measure, adjusted for relevant covariates. We accounted for multiple comparisons using a false discovery rate (FDR). Among 45,528 adult participants, the mean age was 45.7 years, 51.4% were female, and 69.3% were Non-Hispanic White. 71 (36.2%) chemicals were associated with at least one of the eight immune biomarkers. The most chemical associations (FDR<0.05) were observed with mean corpuscular volume (36 chemicals) and red blood cell counts (35 chemicals). For example, a doubling in the concentration of cotinine was associated with 0.16 fL (95% CI: 0.15, 0.17; FDR<0.001) increased mean corpuscular volume, and a doubling in the concentration of blood lead was associated with 61,736 increased red blood cells per μL (95% CI: 54,335, 69,138; FDR<0.001). A wide variety of chemicals, such as metals and smoking-related compounds, were highly associated with immune system biomarkers. This environmental chemical-wide association study identified chemicals from multiple families for further toxicological, immunologic, and epidemiological investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Y M Middleton
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vy K Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Dou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Herong Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chirag J Patel
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sung Kyun Park
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Justin A Colacino
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Program in the Environment, College of Literature, Sciences, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kelly M Bakulski
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sapbamrer R, Sittitoon N, Thongtip S, Chaipin E, Sutalangka C, Chaiut W, La-up A, Thirarattanasunthon P, Thammachai A, Suwannakul B, Sangkarit N, Kitro A, Panumasvivat J. Acute health symptoms related to perception and practice of pesticides use among farmers from all regions of Thailand. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1296082. [PMID: 38259756 PMCID: PMC10800609 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1296082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Occupational exposure to pesticides may cause acute health effects for farmers and agricultural workers. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the prevalence of poisoning symptoms related pesticide exposure among farmers from all regions of Thailand, as well as factors linked to poisoning symptoms of neurological and neuromuscular systems, the respiratory system, and eye and skin disorders. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted in 4,035 farmers who lived in four regions of Thailand. The samples were chosen using stratified random sampling, with 746 for the Central region, 2,065 for the North-East, 586 for the North, and 638 for the South. Results The results found that the highest prevalence of poisoning symptoms was found in association with neurological and neuromuscular systems (75%), followed by the respiratory system (60.4%), the eyes (41.2%), and skin (14.8%). The most prevalent symptoms were muscle pain (49%) for neurological and neuromuscular symptoms, burning nose (37.6%) for respiratory symptoms, itchy eyes (26.3%) for eye symptoms, and rashes (14.4%) for skin symptoms. The remarkable findings were that types of pesticide use, task on the farm, types of pesticide sprayers, and perception are the crucial factors affecting all poisoning symptoms. Discussion The findings are also beneficial to the Thai government and other relevant organizations for launching measures, campaigns, or interventions to lower modifiable risk factors, resulting in reducing health risks associated with pesticide exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ratana Sapbamrer
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nalin Sittitoon
- School of Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Sakesun Thongtip
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Eakasit Chaipin
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Science, Rajabhat Lampang University, Lampang, Thailand
| | - Chatchada Sutalangka
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Integrative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Wilawan Chaiut
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Integrative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Aroon La-up
- Nakhonsawan Campus, Mahidol University, Nakhon Sawan, Thailand
| | | | - Ajchamon Thammachai
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Boonsita Suwannakul
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Noppharath Sangkarit
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Amornphat Kitro
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jinjuta Panumasvivat
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lari S, Vanka J, Jee B, Pandiyan A, Yamagani P, Kumar SB, Naidu M, Jonnalagadda P. Mitigation of pesticide residue levels in the exposed dermal regions of occupationally exposed farmworkers by use of personal protective equipment. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1232149. [PMID: 37719736 PMCID: PMC10502222 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1232149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Unsafe pesticide handling practices with the limited use of personal protective equipment (PPE) by the Indian farming groups lead to an increased risk of exposure to pesticides. Therefore, a community-based follow-up study based on dosimeters, wipes, and hand-wash technique was carried out to evaluate the dermal exposure to pesticides and to analyze the impact of the usage of PPE on minimizing the exposure among the farmworkers of Rangareddy district, Telangana, India. Risk in terms of hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and safety analysis as margins of safety was assessed. Farmworkers averaged 18 years of farming experience and showed resistance to adopting good agricultural practices. Ten pesticide residues were detected in concentrations ranging from 0.000 to 246 mg ml-1 in hand-wash, 0.000 to 198.33 ng cm-2 in patch dosimeter, and 0.000 to 1,740 ng cm-2 in wipe samples collected from farmworkers not using PPE. The second phase includes the intervention study results that revealed a significant reduction both in the concentrations and the number of pesticide residues detected in the hand-wash, patch, and wipe samples of the farmworkers who have used the PPE provided to them (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the probabilistic health risk assessment in terms of the HQ values ranged from 0.02 to 1029.82, and HI was >1, suggesting the non-carcinogenic risks associated with dermal exposure to pesticides among them. Additionally, the safety risk assessment in terms of the margin of safety suggests that they follow risky handling practices. The study confirms that farmworkers are exposed to pesticides and emphasizes the significance of using PPE in reducing the risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Summaiya Lari
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Tarnaka, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India
| | - Janardhan Vanka
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Tarnaka, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Babban Jee
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Arun Pandiyan
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Tarnaka, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Praveen Yamagani
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Tarnaka, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Mohan Naidu
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Tarnaka, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Padmaja Jonnalagadda
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Tarnaka, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lari S, Yamagani P, Pandiyan A, Vanka J, Naidu M, Senthil Kumar B, Jee B, Jonnalagadda PR. The impact of the use of personal-protective-equipment on the minimization of effects of exposure to pesticides among farm-workers in India. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1075448. [PMID: 37026139 PMCID: PMC10072124 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1075448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although excessive use of pesticides and unsafe agricultural practices may contribute to numerous intoxications, the role of PPE (personal-protective-equipment) in the minimization of toxicological effects due to pesticide exposure has not been addressed so far. The present study aimed to assess the impact of the use of PPE on the minimization of effects of exposure to pesticides among farm-workers. Methods A community-based follow-up study with questionnaire-based survey and field observations was undertaken among farm-workers (n = 180) of Rangareddy district, Telangana, India. Biomarkers of exposure such as cholinesterase activity, inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, cortisol, and hs-C reactive protein), nutrients (vitamins A, E), liver function (total protein and A/G ratio, AST and ALT levels) were investigated in the laboratory by following the standard protocols. Results Farm-workers who had a mean farming exposure of 18 years of and who neither followed safe pesticide handling practices nor used PPE and also showed reluctance to obey good agricultural practices (GAPs). Inhibition of AChE (acetylcholine esterase) with increased inflammation was found among farm-workers as compared to their respective normal values when they have not used PPE. Linear regression statistical analysis revealed a profound effect on inhibition in the AChE activity and various inflammatory markers with the increase in the duration of pesticide exposure. Further, there was no effect of the duration of pesticide exposure on the levels of vitamins A, E, ALT, AST, total protein, and A/G ratio. Further, intervention studies carried out on the use of PPE provided (commercially available and cost-effective) for 90 days showed a significant reduction in the biomarker levels (p < 0.01). Conclusion This study demonstrated the importance of the use of PPE during pesticide applications and other agricultural tasks to minimize pesticide-associated adverse health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Summaiya Lari
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Praveen Yamagani
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Arun Pandiyan
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Janardhan Vanka
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Mohan Naidu
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Babban Jee
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Padmaja R. Jonnalagadda
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- *Correspondence: Padmaja R. Jonnalagadda
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rashidi MA, Mahabadi HA, Khavanin A, Tajik L. The association between blood, urine, respiratory, neurobehavioral parameters and occupational exposure to organophosphorus pesticides: a cross-sectional study among formulators. Afr Health Sci 2022; 22:681-696. [PMID: 36910361 PMCID: PMC9993281 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v22i3.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are one of the most extensively used chemical compounds all over the world. Objective The aim of this study is to determine whether occupational exposure of the formulators to the OP pesticides, under normal working conditions, is associated with any hematotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, neurotoxic, and respirotoxic responses among them. Methods 28 OP formulation plant workers and 17 office workers participated in this cross-sectional study as the exposed and control groups, respectively. Blood and urine samples were collected to measure hematological, biochemical, and urinalysis parameters. American thoracic society questionnaire and spirometry tests were employed to assess the function of their respiratory system. Q16 questionnaire was also used to investigate the prevalence of neurobehavioral symptoms. The data were analyzed by SPSS v.22 software using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, T-test, Mann-Whitney U, Chi-square, Fisher, Pearson, and Spearman tests. Results No statistically significant difference was found in hematological, biochemical, urinalysis (except in specific gravity), spirometry parameters, as well as respiratory and neurobehavioral symptoms between the exposed and the control groups. For the exposed group, however, the means of spirometry parameters were significantly lower among the smokers. Conclusions In this study, the expected adverse health effects due to exposure to OP pesticides were not observed among the formulators; however, the risk of developing respiratory dysfunction was found to be more considerable among smoker subjects than the non-smoker ones. Further investigations are required to determine whether formulators' occupational exposures to OP pesticides result in certain adverse health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Rashidi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Occupational Health and Safety, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Asilian Mahabadi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khavanin
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Tajik
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety at Work Engineering, School of Health and Nutrition, Nutritional Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sidthilaw S, Sapbamrer R, Pothirat C, Wunnapuk K, Khacha-ananda S. Effects of exposure to glyphosate on oxidative stress, inflammation, and lung function in maize farmers, Northern Thailand. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1343. [PMID: 35836163 PMCID: PMC9281059 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13696-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glyphosate is a herbicide which is commonly used in agricultural areas. However, previous studies on glyphosate exposure in farmers and their health are still scarce. METHODS A longitudinal pre-post study was performed among maize farmers. Information from questionnaires, urine and blood samples, and lung function were collected a day before and a day after glyphosate application in the morning. The urine samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to detect glyphosate levels. Serum samples were analyzed to detect malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GHS), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels using thiobarbituric acid, dithiobisnitrobenzoic acid, and nephelometry, respectively. Lung function performances were measured using a spirometer. RESULTS A total of 180 maize farmers met the study inclusion criteria. After glyphosate application, it was found that increased urinary glyphosate levels contributed to increased serum MDA (β = 0.024, 95% CI = 0.000, 0.0047) and decreased serum GHS (β = -0.022, 95% CI = -0.037, -0.007), FEV1 (β = -0.134, 95% CI = -0.168, -0.100), FEV1/FVC (β = -0.062, 95% CI = -0.082, -0.042) and PEF (β = -0.952, 95% CI = -1.169, -0.735). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to glyphosate during glyphosate application had significant effects on oxidative stress and lung function in maize farmers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sutthinee Sidthilaw
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Ratana Sapbamrer
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Chaicharn Pothirat
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Klintean Wunnapuk
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Supakit Khacha-ananda
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Leili M, Ghafiuri-Khosroshahi A, Poorolajal J, Samiee F, Smadi MT, Bahrami A. Pesticide residues levels as hematological biomarkers-a case study, blood serum of greenhouse workers in the city of Hamadan, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:38450-38463. [PMID: 35080720 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The cultivation of greenhouse crops is the most severe form of crop production in Iran, and vast quantities of unreasonable pesticides are being utilized to control the pests. The residual level of blood pesticides and their correlation with multibiomarkers were determined to evaluate the adverse health consequences on greenhouse workers in the Hamadan, west of Iran. Participants were 180 adult males, including 90 greenhouse workers exposed to pesticides and 90 control individuals. Blood samples were taken from all subjects for pesticide residues analysis, and hematological and biochemical parameters. The blood pesticide residues were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) with a flame ionization detector. Hematological and biochemical parameters were determined using hematology cell counter and auto analyze, respectively. Statistical analyses were done with STATA version 14.2 software. The multivariate regression was used for relationship between various pesticide concentrations in blood and changes in biomarkers in pesticide exposed group. The analyses revealed that 64 out of the 90 workers had residues of dichlorvos, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos in their blood serum, and 56.25% out of these workers were exposed for >15-year period. The residues of all three pesticides were higher than the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) in all the exposure duration categories. Comparisons of hematological parameters showed that mean monocyte (0.76±0.41, P < 0.001), lymphocyte (3.52±1.20, P < 0.001) and platelet counts (278.18±66.05, P=0.001), mean platelet volume (10.18±0.59, P=0.002), and plateletcrit (PCT) (0.275±0.05, P<0.001) were significantly higher in workers than the controls, whereas hemoglobin (HB) (14.61±1.28, P=0.028), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations (MCHC) (32.44±0.90, P<0.001) were lower in workers than controls. These results indicate that the exposed individuals have experienced significant hemotoxic effects during the pesticide exposure. The study also predicts the risk to exposed individuals in developing countries like Iran and demands realization of safety measures to prevent such dangerous effects of pesticide exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Leili
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Ghafiuri-Khosroshahi
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Jalal Poorolajal
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fateme Samiee
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shaheed Fahmideh Ave, Hamadan, 6517838695, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Taghi Smadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abdulrahman Bahrami
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Center of Excellence for Occupational Health, Occupational Health and Safety Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dhansoia V, Majumdar V, Manjunath NK, Singh Gaharwar U, Singh D. Breathing-Focused Yoga Intervention on Respiratory Decline in Chronically Pesticide-Exposed Farmers: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:807612. [PMID: 35372380 PMCID: PMC8965718 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.807612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Occupational exposure to pesticides has been associated with lung and cognitive function exacerbations. In the present study, we tested the effectiveness of breathing focused yoga intervention on alleviation of adverse respiratory and cognitive effects associated with chronic pesticide exposure in farmers. Methods We undertook a parallel, two-armed randomized controlled trial with blinded outcome assessors on a chronically pesticide-exposed farming population. The study was conducted at district Panipat, State Haryana located in the Northern part of India from November 2019 to August 2020. A total of 634 farmers were screened, and 140 farmers were randomized to breathing-focused yoga intervention (BFY, n = 70) and waitlist control arms (n = 65). BFY was delivered weekly in 45-min group sessions over 12 weeks followed by home-based practice. The primary outcome was the change in spirometry-based markers of pulmonary function from baseline expressed as raw values, Global Lung Initiative (GLI) percent predicted (pp), and GLI z-scores after 24 weeks of intervention. Secondary variables were Trail making tests (TMT A and B), Digit symbol substitution (DSST), and WHO Quality of life-BREF (WHOQOL-Bref). Analysis was by intention-to-treat. Mediation analysis was done considering oxidative stress markers as potential mediators. Results At the end of 6 months of intervention, the overall follow-up in the participants was 87.85% (n = 123); 90% (n = 63) in the control group, and 85.71% in the yoga group (n = 60). The mean age of the study cohort (n = 140) was 38.75 (SD = 7.50) years. Compared with the control group, at 24 weeks post-intervention, the BFY group had significantly improved status of the raw sand z scores markers of airway obstruction, after adjusting for confounders, FEV1, FVC, FEF25-75 [z score-adjusted mean differences (95% CI); 1.66 (1.10-2.21) 1.88 (1.21-2.55), and 6.85 (5.12-8.57), respectively. A fraction of FEF25-75 change (mediation percentage 23.95%) was explained by glutathione augmentation. There were also significant improvements in cognitive scores of DSST, TMT-A and TMT-B, and WHOQOL-Bref. Conclusion In conclusion, regular practice of BFY could improve the exacerbations in the markers of airway obstruction in chronically pesticide-exposed farmers and cognitive variables. A significant mediating effect of glutathione augmentation was also observed concerning the effect of the intervention on FEF25-75. These findings provide an important piece of beneficial evidence of the breathing-based yoga intervention that needs validation across different farming ethnicities.Clinical Trial Registration:www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: CTRI/2019/11/021989.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Dhansoia
- Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, India
| | - Vijaya Majumdar
- Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, India
| | - N. K. Manjunath
- Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, India
| | - Usha Singh Gaharwar
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, Alipur, Delhi
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mohamed YA, Meabed MH, Abougaba KM, Sayed FA, Welson NN, Ibrahim RE. A comparative study: rural versus urban children as regard exposure to organophosphorus pesticides using cholinesterase enzyme activity. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-021-00190-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The uncontrolled long-term exposure to organophosphorus (OP) pesticides is hazardous to health especially in children. The present study aimed to determine the acetyl cholinesterase enzyme serum level in exposure and non-exposure children groups, to explore other clinical and laboratory outcomes of organophosphorus pesticides exposure on children living in rural versus urban areas, and to establish the hemotoxic alterations as a result of the exposure. A ninety clinically free children—forty-five from rural areas and forty-five children from urban areas—were assessed, and the clinical and laboratory effects of their exposure to organophosphorus pesticides were evaluated via measuring acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity.
Results
Significant differences between the two areas of residence were found in weight %, visits to the field, eating vegetables without washing, presence of insecticides at home, and previous organophosphorus pesticides toxicity of the patients and their families. Eye, respiratory, cardiac, nervous, muscle, gastrointestinal, and urinary symptoms were more common in the rural residence group which shows more exposure to pesticides. The mean level of the AChE enzyme was less in the rural residence group than the other one, and it showed significant correlations with the anemia indicating parameters. A weak positive correlation was found with platelets count.
Conclusions
Chronic organophosphorus toxicity that is more prevalent in rural areas may result in many transient neglected symptoms, unrevealed acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) enzyme deficiency, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Acetyl cholinesterase enzyme serum level can be used as a screening test for organophosphorus pesticides exposure.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kannan R, Ramesh N. Morbidity Profile and Cholinesterase Levels among Sprayers in Selected Tea Plantations in South India. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2022; 26:100-104. [PMID: 35991194 PMCID: PMC9384884 DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_183_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tea plantation industry is composed of a complex chain of workers whose functions often overlap. There has been an extensive use of pesticides in this sector, and in the long term, these can have detrimental effects on the chemical sprayers working in the tea plantations. AIMS To assess the morbidities related to pesticide toxicity and document the most recent plasma cholinesterase levels among the pesticide sprayers working in selected tea plantations in South India. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 290 chemical sprayers in selected tea plantations in South India after approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee and permission from the plantations. A structured interview schedule was administered by face-to-face interview with the selected sample. The blood cholinesterase detection done at the Estate Hospital was documented by the interviewer. RESULTS The mean age of the participants was 45.6 ± 8.5 years and all of them were males. About 35.2% of the participants had reported at least one symptom of organophosphorus toxicity. The most common symptom was headache (21.7%) followed by itching of the eyes (20%) and watering of the eyes (16.2%). The blood cholinesterase values were normal in most of the sprayers in the study and only four (1.4%) sprayers had values less than the reference range. There was a significant association between the duration of work, method of spraying, and the blood cholinesterase levels indicating that greater duration of exposure and more direct contact with the chemical raise the cholinesterase levels significantly. CONCLUSION The symptoms of pesticide toxicity were reported among the sprayers. The blood cholinesterase levels were normal for most of them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Kannan
- Department of Community Medicine, PK DAS Institute of Medical Sciences, Palakkad, Kerala, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Radhika Kannan, Department of Community Medicine, PK DAS Institute of Medical Sciences, Vaniyamkulam, Palakkad, Kerala - 679 522, India. E-mail:
| | - Naveen Ramesh
- Department of Community Medicine, St John's Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kapeleka JA, Sauli E, Ndakidemi PA. Pesticide exposure and genotoxic effects as measured by DNA damage and human monitoring biomarkers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2021; 31:805-822. [PMID: 31736325 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1690132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Occupational pesticides exposure rises health concern due to genotoxicity and accumulation of pesticides in human biological matrices. Continuous and sublethal exposure to pesticides had been associated with oxidative stress, mutagenic and cell death. Exposure to pesticides exhibits increased level of DNA damage even if no detectable amounts of pesticides are seen in biological matrices by binding specific areas in the DNA. This interferes normal body systems and mutation in gene encoding specific activities which may lead to a wide range of cancer. Presence of pesticides compounds in human biological matrices had been evident from various studies. However, detection methods are complex and inconsistent, making it difficult to compare and generalize findings. This article provides insight into genotoxic effects, presence of pesticides and their metabolites in human biological matrices and the resultant health effects as measured by DNA damage, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity inhibition and other biomarkers of pesticides exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jones A Kapeleka
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
- Tropical Pesticides Research Institute (TPRI)
| | - Elingarami Sauli
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Patrick A Ndakidemi
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Çelik S, Akbaba M, Nazlıcan E, Gören İE, Yavuz Güzel E, Daglioglu N. Association between occupational and environmental pesticide exposure in Cukurova region by hair and blood biomonitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:63191-63201. [PMID: 34226998 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses association between occupational and environmental pesticide exposure on pesticide applicators directly exposed to pesticides and inhabitants of the Cukurova region by analyzing blood and hair samples. Hair and blood samples were collected from 132 volunteers, 66 of whom are pesticide applicators, and the rest are non-farmer residents, in 10 villages nearby the Ceyhan River between March and June in 2017. Samples were then analyzed via the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer. As the analysis result, a total number of 31 pesticides were detected in hair samples, whereas a total number of 15 pesticides were observed in blood samples. Twenty of the pesticides (64.5%) detected in the hair and 3 (20%) detected in the blood were significantly higher in the applicators than the non-farm residents. Also, 5 pesticides (16.1%) observed in the hair and 7 observed (46.6%) in the blood were banned pesticides. This study investigated the pesticide exposures on people living in the region via hair and blood samples. Our study revealed that, in addition to individuals who are occupationally exposed to pesticides, individuals from all parts of the society, especially those living in the agricultural region, have a certain level of pesticide exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Çelik
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Muhsin Akbaba
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ersin Nazlıcan
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - İsmail Ethem Gören
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330, Adana, Turkey.
| | - Evsen Yavuz Güzel
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, 01330, Adana, Turkey
| | - Nebile Daglioglu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330, Adana, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Suwannarin N, Prapamontol T, Isobe T, Nishihama Y, Mangklabruks A, Pantasri T, Chantara S, Naksen W, Nakayama SF. Association between Haematological Parameters and Exposure to a Mixture of Organophosphate and Neonicotinoid Insecticides among Male Farmworkers in Northern Thailand. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10849. [PMID: 34682593 PMCID: PMC8535230 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to insecticides may result in various health problems. This study investigated the association between haematological parameters and exposure to a mixture of organophosphate (OP) and neonicotinoid (NEO) insecticides among male farmworkers in Fang district, Chiang Mai province, northern Thailand. Concentrations of urinary dialkylphosphates, non-specific metabolites of OPs, and NEOs and their metabolites and haematological parameters were measured in 143 male farmworkers. The Bayesian kernel machine regression model was employed to evaluate the associations. Exposure to a mixture of insecticides was significantly associated with the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) when the concentrations of all the compounds and their metabolites were at the 60th percentile or higher compared with the 50th percentile. Furthermore, exposure to clothianidin (CLO) showed a decreasing association with MCHC when all the other insecticides were at their mean concentrations. CLO was the most likely compound to reduce MCHC, and this was confirmed by sensitivity analysis. These findings suggest that exposure to NEO insecticides, especially CLO, affects the haematological status relating to haemoglobin parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neeranuch Suwannarin
- Ph.D. Degree Program in Environmental Science, Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences and Non-Communicable Diseases Center of Excellence, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; (T.I.); (Y.N.)
| | - Tippawan Prapamontol
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences and Non-Communicable Diseases Center of Excellence, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Tomohiko Isobe
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; (T.I.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yukiko Nishihama
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; (T.I.); (Y.N.)
| | - Ampica Mangklabruks
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Tawiwan Pantasri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Somporn Chantara
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Warangkana Naksen
- Faculty of Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Shoji F. Nakayama
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; (T.I.); (Y.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Clarke K, Manrique A, Sabo-Attwood T, Coker ES. A Narrative Review of Occupational Air Pollution and Respiratory Health in Farmworkers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4097. [PMID: 33924663 PMCID: PMC8070429 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The agricultural crop sector in the United States depends on migrant, seasonal, and immigrant farmworkers. As an ethnic minority group in the U.S. with little access to health care and a high level of poverty, farmworkers face a combination of adverse living and workplace conditions, such as exposure to high levels of air pollution, that can place them at a higher risk for adverse health outcomes including respiratory infections. This narrative review summarizes peer-reviewed original epidemiology research articles (2000-2020) focused on respirable dust exposures in the workplace and respiratory illnesses among farmworkers. We found studies (n = 12) that assessed both air pollution and respiratory illnesses in farmworkers. Results showed that various air pollutants and respiratory illnesses have been assessed using appropriate methods (e.g., personal filter samplers and spirometry) and a consistent pattern of increased respiratory illness in relation to agricultural dust exposure. There were several gaps in the literature; most notably, no study coupled occupational air exposure and respiratory infection among migrant, seasonal and immigrant farmworkers in the United States. This review provides an important update to the literature regarding recent epidemiological findings on the links between occupational air pollution exposures and respiratory health among vulnerable farmworker populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eric S. Coker
- Environmental and Global Health Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA; (K.C.); (A.M.); (T.S.-A.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sidthilaw S, Sapbamrer R, Pothirat C, Wunnapuk K, Khacha-Ananda S. Factors associated with respiratory symptoms among herbicide applicators and assistant applicators in maize field. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2021; 77:320-327. [PMID: 33663354 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2021.1893628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted with 3,291 maize farmers enrolled whose main roles were herbicide applicators and assistant applicators. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) between herbicide applicators and assistant applicators, and determine factors associated with respiratory symptoms. Our results suggest that wheeze and dyspnea were associated with the task on the farm (adj. OR = 10.33 for wheeze and 24.13 for dyspnea), amount of herbicide use (adj. OR = 1.95 for wheeze and 1.41 for dyspnea), frequency of herbicide use (adj. OR = 2.87 for wheeze and 4.08 for dyspnea), not always wearing a mask (adj. OR = 1.49 for wheeze and 3.17 for dyspnea), not always wearing gloves (adj. OR = 2.63 for wheeze and 2.44 for dyspnea), and not always wearing goggles (adj.OR = 2.01 for dyspnea) after adjusting for confounding factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sutthinee Sidthilaw
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Ratana Sapbamrer
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chaicharn Pothirat
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Klintean Wunnapuk
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Supakit Khacha-Ananda
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hansen MRH, Jørs E, Sandbæk A, Sekabojja D, Ssempebwa JC, Mubeezi R, Staudacher P, Fuhrimann S, Sigsgaard T, Burdorf A, Bibby BM, Schlünssen V. Organophosphate and carbamate insecticide exposure is related to lung function change among smallholder farmers: a prospective study. Thorax 2021; 76:thoraxjnl-2020-214609. [PMID: 33479045 PMCID: PMC8311090 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-214609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIM Exposure to some insecticides may cause airway obstruction, but existing evidence is limited by cross-sectional designs and inadequate confounder control. We investigated the relation between organophosphate and carbamate insecticides and pulmonary function in a prospective study accounting for important confounders. METHODS In a cohort of 364 smallholder farmers in Uganda (69% women), participants underwent pre-bronchodilator spirometry at baseline (September/October 2018) and at two follow-up visits (November/December 2018 and January/February 2019). Exposure to carbamate and organophosphate insecticides was assessed using haemoglobin-adjusted erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE/Hb). Less than 3% of participants were lost to follow-up. We calculated Z-scores for FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC using the Global Lung Function Initiative equations. Data were analysed in linear mixed and fixed effect models accounting for family relationships and repeated measures of exposure and outcome. RESULTS Low AChE/Hb was significantly associated with low FEV1 Z-score in both unadjusted and adjusted analyses. Compared with individuals with AChE/Hb 25.90 U/g (50th percentile, reference), those with lower AChE/Hb 24.50 U/g (35th percentile) had mean FEV1 Z-score 0.045 (0.003 to 0.087) lower, and persons with higher AChE/Hb 27.30 U/g (65th percentile) had a mean FEV1 Z-score 0.043 (-0.002 to 0.087) higher compared with the reference. Similar, but numerically smaller and statistically non-significant effects were seen for Z-scores of FVC and FEV1/FVC. CONCLUSION Exposure to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides may lead to lung function decline. Our results add to the growing evidence of health effects in relation to exposure to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, underlining the importance of minimising exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rune Hassan Hansen
- Environment, Work and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Jørs
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Annelli Sandbæk
- General Practice, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Daniel Sekabojja
- Uganda National Association of Community and Occupational Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Ruth Mubeezi
- School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Philipp Staudacher
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dubendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Fuhrimann
- Institute for Risk Assesment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Environment, Work and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alex Burdorf
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Bo Martin Bibby
- Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vivi Schlünssen
- Environment, Work and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Maheshwari N, Mahmood R. 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde attenuates pentachlorophenol-induced cytotoxicity, DNA damage and collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential in isolated human blood cells. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:1225-1242. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1811722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Maheshwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Riaz Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Simas JMM, Yamauchi LY, Alencar MDCBD. Risk factors associated among respiratory health and banana farming. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2020; 76:181-187. [PMID: 32720583 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2020.1794773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides cause risks to the respiratory health of banana farming workers. To investigate the prevalence of ventilatory dysfunction in workers and characteristics of work in banana production in a region of the Ribeira Valley, Brazil. A questionnaire containing sociodemographic, work and health data was applied, as well as spirometry. The data were statistically analyzed with participants divided into two groups (presence or absence of ventilatory dysfunction). The majority were males, low schooling, mean age 39.6 years and 13.8 years of working time in banana farming. The prevalence of moderate obstructive disorder (10.0%), mild obstructive disorder (13.3%) and mild mixed disorder (3.3%) were observed. Obstructive disorders predominated, with decreased FEV1 and FEV1/FVC, in addition to being correlated with working time in banana farming. It was concluded that one-third of the workers had some type of ventilatory dysfunction and there was a relationship with work in banana farming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Líria Yuri Yamauchi
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Buralli RJ, Dultra AF, Ribeiro H. Respiratory and Allergic Effects in Children Exposed to Pesticides-A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082740. [PMID: 32316194 PMCID: PMC7254369 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pesticide exposure may affect children’s respiratory and allergic health, although results from epidemiological studies have not reached consensus. This review aims to analyze the scientific evidence on respiratory and allergic effects of exposure to agricultural pesticides in children aged up to 12 years old. The databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scielo, and Lilacs were screened to select articles published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese, and 21 articles were included in this review. Most investigations were conducted in North America (mostly in the United States), while no studies conducted in Latin America or Africa were found, despite their intensive use of pesticides. Children are exposed to pesticides through multiple pathways from the prenatal period throughout later developmental stages and may experience several respiratory effects. Most studies (79%) found positive associations with pesticide exposure and children’s respiratory and allergic effects such as asthma, wheezing, coughs, acute respiratory infections, hay fever, rhinitis, eczema, chronic phlegm, and lung function impairments. Contrastingly, 21% of the studies found no associations between pesticide exposure and children’s respiratory health. The vast differences among the characteristics of the studies hamper any comparison of the results. Exposure to pesticides may have several impacts on childhood respiratory health. More studies must be conducted, especially in low- and middle-income countries, preferably with comparable research protocols adapted to local realities. Efforts should be made to develop comprehensive risk mitigation strategies and behavioral interventions to reduce children’s exposure to pesticides used in agriculture and respiratory health effects, and to ensure healthy childhood growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Junqueira Buralli
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo-SP 01246-904, Brazil; (A.F.D.); (H.R.)
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Public Health Emergency Surveillance, Brazilian Ministry of Health (DSASTE/SVS/MS), Brasília-DF 70723-040, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3061-7894
| | - Amana Freitas Dultra
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo-SP 01246-904, Brazil; (A.F.D.); (H.R.)
| | - Helena Ribeiro
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo-SP 01246-904, Brazil; (A.F.D.); (H.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sibomana I, Mattie DR. Sub-chronic dermal exposure to aircraft engine oils impacts the reproductive organ weights and alters hematological profiles of Sprague Dawley rats. Curr Res Toxicol 2020; 1:12-24. [PMID: 34345833 PMCID: PMC8320628 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is little data available for the toxicity of used aircraft engine oils relative to their unused (new) versions. This study was conducted to determine if grade 3 (G3) and 4 (G4) aircraft engine oils in their new states (G3-N and G4-N) and their used versions (G3-U and G4-U) have the potential to induce toxicity via dermal application. Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were dermally exposed to water (control), new and used versions of G3 and G4 oils to determine the oil sub-chronic toxicity potentials. A volume of 300 μL of undiluted oil was applied to the pad of the Hill Top Chamber System©. Then the chamber was attached to a fur-free test site located at the back of the rat for 6 h/day for 5 consecutive days/week for 21 days (15 total exposures). Recovery rats also received similar treatments and were kept for 14 days post-exposure to screen for reversibility, persistence, or delayed occurrence of toxic effects. Both G3 and G4 oils had a significant impact on the weight of male and female reproductive organs: testes weights for recovery rats exposed to G3-N significantly decreased (12%) relative to controls; G3-N and G3-U decreased uterus weights by 23% and 29%, respectively; G4-N decreased uterus weights by 32% but were resolved at the end of the recovery period; G4-N increased the weight of the adrenals and spleen for females by 34% and 27%, respectively, during the recovery period. G3 and G4 induced more changes in female blood indices than in those for males. Of all versions of oils, G4-N induced the most changes in profiles of female blood. G4-N significantly decreased the white blood cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and increased the mean platelet volumes. Interestingly, males were not affected by exposure to G4-N oil. While G3-N decreased the white blood cells and lymphocytes for females it slightly increased those for males. In summary, G3 and G4 oils impacted the weights for male and reproductive organs. This study highlights the health risks that aircraft maintenance workers may be exposed to if precautions are not taken to minimize exposure to these oils. Grade 3 and grade 4 aircraft engine oils contain organophosphate compounds. Dermal exposure to these oils impacted organ weights of female and male rats. Unused versions of these oils had more effects on blood indices than used versions. Females may be more susceptible to exposure to these oils than males.
Collapse
Key Words
- Aircraft engine oils
- BA, basophils
- Dermal exposure
- EO, eosinophils
- G3, grade 3
- G3-N, grade 3 in an unused state
- G3-U, grade 3 in a used state
- G4, grade 4
- G4-N, grade 4 in an unused state
- G4-U, grade 4 in a used state
- HCT, hematocrit
- Hematological parameters
- Hgb, hemoglobin
- IACUC, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
- LY, lymphocytes
- MCH, mean corpuscular hemoglobin
- MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
- MCV, mean corpuscular volume
- MO, monocytes
- MPV, mean platelet volume
- NE, neutrophils
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- PLT, platelets
- RBC, red blood cells
- RDW, red blood cell distribution width
- Reproductive organs
- SDS, safety data sheet
- Sprague Dawley rats
- TCP, tricresyl phosphate
- TIPP, phenol isopropylated phosphate (3:1)
- TOCP, tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate
- TPP, triphenyl phosphate
- WBC, white blood cells
- WPAFB, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaie Sibomana
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 HPW/RHBB, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate (AFRL/711 HPW/RHBB), Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA
- Corresponding author at: Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate (AFRL/711 HPW/RHBB), Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA.
| | - David R. Mattie
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate (AFRL/711 HPW/RHBB), Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Thetkathuek A, Sa-ngiamsak T, Choedkiattikool P. Association of Respiratory Impairment with Use of Anti-cholinesterase Pesticides in Migrant Fruit Farm Workers in Eastern Thailand. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.18178/ijesd.2020.11.5.1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
22
|
Arévalo-Jaramillo P, Idrobo A, Salcedo L, Cabrera A, Vintimilla A, Carrión M, Bailon-Moscoso N. Biochemical and genotoxic effects in women exposed to pesticides in Southern Ecuador. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:24911-24921. [PMID: 31243655 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05725-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity refers to the potential of a substance such as a pesticide to cause damage to the structure or functions of an exposed organism. Pesticides can lead to harmful biological effects in exposed animals and their offspring over the medium and long term. They can affect the immunological, nervous, endocrine, and reproductive systems. DNA damage has also been linked to exposure to pesticides, and this damage can cause abortions, degenerative diseases, and cancer. The aim of this work was to establish whether women who are indirectly exposed to pesticides exhibit a compromised health status, including genotoxic effect. Women exposed indirectly to pesticides in Chimchanga and Colaisaca in the south of Ecuador underwent hematological and biochemical tests and micronucleus assay in buccal cells. The subjects were also genotyped for GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1, and PON1 polymorphisms, which can modify an individual's capacity to metabolize pesticides and relation with damage of DNA. The study revealed hepatic toxicity in Colaisaca women (AST and ALT) and an increase in the rate of micronucleus (MN) in Colaisaca individuals. In addition, genetic polymorphisms in PON1 and GSTP1 showed effects of modulating the frequency of karyolytic cells, karyorrhectic cells, and condensed chromatin cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Arévalo-Jaramillo
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano alto s/n, CP: 1101608, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Alicia Idrobo
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano alto s/n, CP: 1101608, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Lorena Salcedo
- Instituto de Ruralidades del Sur del Ecuador, Juan Jose Peña y Colon., Loja, Ecuador
| | - Andrea Cabrera
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano alto s/n, CP: 1101608, Loja, Ecuador
- Maestría en Análisis Biológico y Diagnóstico de Laboratorio, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano alto s/n, CP :1101608, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Andrea Vintimilla
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano alto s/n, CP: 1101608, Loja, Ecuador
- Maestría en Análisis Biológico y Diagnóstico de Laboratorio, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano alto s/n, CP :1101608, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Mayra Carrión
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano alto s/n, CP: 1101608, Loja, Ecuador
- Maestría en Análisis Biológico y Diagnóstico de Laboratorio, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano alto s/n, CP :1101608, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Natalia Bailon-Moscoso
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano alto s/n, CP: 1101608, Loja, Ecuador.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kori RK, Hasan W, Jain AK, Yadav RS. Cholinesterase inhibition and its association with hematological, biochemical and oxidative stress markers in chronic pesticide exposed agriculture workers. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 33:e22367. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Kori
- Department of Criminology and Forensic Science, School of Applied SciencesDr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University) Sagar Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Whidul Hasan
- Department of Zoology, School of Life ScienceDr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University) Sagar Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Jain
- Division of General Surgery and Medicine, University Health CentreDr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University) Sagar Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Rajesh Singh Yadav
- Department of Criminology and Forensic Science, School of Applied SciencesDr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University) Sagar Madhya Pradesh India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Piccoli C, Cremonese C, Koifman R, Koifman S, Freire C. Occupational exposure to pesticides and hematological alterations: A survey of farm residents in the South of Brazil. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2019; 24:2325-2340. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232018246.13142017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract This study sought to investigate the association of exposure to organochlorine (OC) and non-persistent pesticides with hematological parameters in an agricultural population in Southern Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a random sample of 275 farm workers and their families in Farroupilha-RS. A questionnaire was used to collect information on sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, duration, frequency and type of pesticide used, among others. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for serum concentration of 24 OC pesticides and hematological parameters. Associations were explored through linear regression, controlling for confounders. Lifetime use of chemical classes other than organophosphates and dithiocarbamates were associated with decreased number of lymphocytes, while subjects sampled in the high pesticide use season showed higher number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin level. Detectable serum levels of many OC pesticides were associated with lower counts of white blood cells, particularly eosinophils. Although mostly null associations were observed between pesticide use and hematological parameters, findings may suggest that OC pesticides could lead to hematological alterations among agricultural workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carmen Freire
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Granada, Espanha
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Maheshwari N, Khan FH, Mahmood R. Pentachlorophenol-induced cytotoxicity in human erythrocytes: enhanced generation of ROS and RNS, lowered antioxidant power, inhibition of glucose metabolism, and morphological changes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:12985-13001. [PMID: 30895543 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04736-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a class 2B human carcinogen that is used as an insecticide, herbicide, and wood preservative. PCP is rapidly absorbed and enters the blood where it can interact with erythrocytes. We have examined the effect of PCP on human erythrocytes. Treatment of erythrocytes with PCP increased the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. It also increased lipid and protein oxidation accompanied by decrease in glutathione levels and total sulfhydryl content. The activities of all major antioxidant enzymes were altered. The antioxidant power was significantly impaired resulting in lower free radical quenching and metal reducing ability of the PCP-treated cells. PCP exposure also inhibited the activities of enzymes of glycolysis and pentose phosphate shunt, the two pathways of glucose metabolism in erythrocytes. Heme degradation was enhanced leading to the release of free iron. Incubation of erythrocytes with PCP caused significant cell lysis suggesting plasma membrane damage which was also evident from inhibition of bound enzymes. Scanning electron microscopy of erythrocytes confirmed these biochemical results and showed that PCP treatment converted the normal biconcave discoids to echinocytes and other irregularly shaped cells. Thus, PCP induces oxidative and nitrosative stress in erythrocytes, alters the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense systems, inhibits glucose metabolism, and causes significant modifications in cellular morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Maheshwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India
| | - Fahim Halim Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India
| | - Riaz Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sapbamrer R, Thongtip S, Khacha-Ananda S, Sittitoon N, Wunnapuk K. Changes in lung function and respiratory symptoms during pesticide spraying season among male sprayers. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2019; 75:88-97. [PMID: 30896376 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2019.1577208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to pesticides via inhalation might impair lung function and develop further severe respiratory symptoms and diseases. Thus, the purpose of the study was to compare lung function between pre- and post-pesticide spraying seasons among male sprayers. The study also evaluated the association of lung function changes and other factors with respiratory symptoms. The follow-up study was conducted on 58 male sprayers. The subjects were interviewed and measured lung function before and after pesticide spraying season. The results found that forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate in the post-spraying season were significantly lower than in the pre-spraying season. With regard to respiratory symptoms, cough symptoms were associated with changes in FEV1/FVC [odd ratio (OR) = 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01-1.67)] and smoking status (OR = 12.95, 95%CI = 1.35-124.34). Phlegm symptoms were also associated with changes in FVC (OR = 2.07, 95%CI = 1.01-4.25) and FEV1 (OR = 0.41, 95%CI = 0.18-0.91). The study provides evidence that pesticide spraying may increase risks for significant alteration of lung function and respiratory symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ratana Sapbamrer
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Supakit Khacha-Ananda
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nalin Sittitoon
- School of Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Klintean Wunnapuk
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dutta S, Bahadur M. Effect of pesticide exposure on the cholinesterase activity of the occupationally exposed tea garden workers of northern part of West Bengal, India. Biomarkers 2019; 24:317-324. [PMID: 30512980 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2018.1556342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Context: Pesticide poisoning and related deaths are a global concern, but there is little information about its effect on the occupationally exposed tea garden workers of North Bengal. Objective: This study investigates the level of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in the blood of the tea garden workers at risk of exposure to a mixture of pesticides. Materials and methods: The study sample consisted of pesticide exposed workers, non-exposed (control), smokers and alcoholics. AChE and BuChE activity was measured and tested for significance. Results: Results showed that AChE activity was half in the pesticide exposed individuals than controls (p≤ 0.001). BuChE activity was also significantly decreased in the pesticide exposed individuals than controls (p≤ 0.001), while AChE and BuChE activity in smokers and alcoholics were not different from that of controls. However, significantly decreased AChE and BuChE activities were recorded in pesticide exposed workers compared to smokers and alcoholics. Conclusions: The results indicated that the decrease in enzyme activities in tea garden workers was due to mixed pesticides (containing organophosphates) exposure. Age was not found to influence the enzyme activities. However, the gender had little effect on the enzyme activities but the effect was not so prominent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Dutta
- a Department of Zoology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory , University of North Bengal , Darjeeling , India
| | - Min Bahadur
- a Department of Zoology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory , University of North Bengal , Darjeeling , India
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Watai K, Fukutomi Y, Hayashi H, Kamide Y, Sekiya K, Taniguchi M. Epidemiological association between multiple chemical sensitivity and birth by caesarean section: a nationwide case-control study. Environ Health 2018; 17:89. [PMID: 30547814 PMCID: PMC6295056 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-018-0438-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is characterized by recurrent nonspecific symptoms that are attributed to exposure to trace levels of environmental agents. Although the clinical symptoms of MCS have been described in several studies, the risk factors for this condition remain unclear. Our aim was to clarify the risk factors for MCS and the association between MCS and birth by caesarean section. METHODS We conducted a nationwide case-control study of Japanese individuals (aged 20-65 years) with physician-diagnosed MCS (183 cases) and without MCS (345 controls). The study participants were selected from among 150,000 people in a web-based research panel with approximately 1,000,000 registrants. They completed an online survey including questions on their sociodemographic characteristics, birth history (i.e., birth by caesarean section), and other potential risk factors for MCS. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to determine the association between sociodemographic characteristics and the risk of MCS. RESULTS The proportions of case and control subjects who were born by caesarean section were 39.9 and 7.0%, respectively. The association between birth by caesarean section and MCS was significant even after adjusting for potential confounders (adjusted odds ratio: 6.15; 95% confidence interval: 3.13-12.1). A history of agricultural work, mouth breathing, ≥11 vaccinations in the past 10 years, and residing in a new home (< 1 year-old) ≥3 times were also significantly associated with MCS. CONCLUSION Our data indicate an epidemiological link between MCS and birth by caesarean section. Moreover, we show that factors other than chemical exposure may be associated with the development of MCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Watai
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0392, Japan.
- Course of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuma Fukutomi
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0392, Japan
- Course of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hayashi
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0392, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kamide
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0392, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Sekiya
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0392, Japan
| | - Masami Taniguchi
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0392, Japan
- Course of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hayat K, Afzal M, Aqueel MA, Ali S, Khan QM, Ashfaq U. Determination of insecticide residues and their adverse effects on blood profile of occupationally exposed individuals. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 163:382-390. [PMID: 30059883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Insecticides, essential for crop protection measures, leave behind several toxic residues that can result in a series of human health disorders. Therefore, this study was planned for the determination of residues and adverse effects of insecticides in blood samples of sprayers, pesticide-industry workers and controls by using blood parameters of these individuals as biomarkers. Optimized analytical methods using GC-MS and HPLC for the simultaneous detection of 22 currently used insecticides were adopted. Eight of twenty-seven (22.22%) sprayers' blood samples were found positive for five different insecticides. Eleven of twenty-seven (40.74%) pesticide-industry workers were found positive for eight different insecticides. The blood samples of both the exposed groups, sprayers and industry workers had significantly (P < 0.001; Mann-Whitney U-tests) low hemoglobin-Hb concentrations (12.17 ± 2.13 and 12.22 ± 2.37 g/dl respectively) than the average value of the control group with 14.23 ± 2.37 g/dl. The erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESRs) in sprayers and insecticide industry workers (28.78 ± 20.72 and 28.17 ± 25.14 mm/1st h respectively) were greater significantly (P < 0.001; Mann-Whitney U test) than the control blood samples (9.53 ± 3.34 mm/1st h). These results indicate that the exposed individuals have experienced significant hemotoxic effects during insecticide exposure. The study also predicts the risk to exposed individuals in developing countries like Pakistan and demands realization of safety measures to prevent such dangerous effects of pesticide exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khizar Hayat
- Department of Entomology, University of Sargodha, 40100 Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Department of Entomology, University of Sargodha, 40100 Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - Sajjad Ali
- Department of Entomology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100 Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
| | - Qaiser M Khan
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), 38040 Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Umair Ashfaq
- King Edward Medical College, Lahore, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Iida M, Takemoto K. A network biology-based approach to evaluating the effect of environmental contaminants on human interactome and diseases. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 160:316-327. [PMID: 29857236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contaminant exposure can pose significant risks to human health. Therefore, evaluating the impact of this exposure is of great importance; however, it is often difficult because both the molecular mechanism of disease and the mode of action of the contaminants are complex. We used network biology techniques to quantitatively assess the impact of environmental contaminants on the human interactome and diseases with a particular focus on seven major contaminant categories: persistent organic pollutants (POPs), dioxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, perfluorochemicals (PFCs), metals, and pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs). We integrated publicly available data on toxicogenomics, the diseasome, protein-protein interactions (PPIs), and gene essentiality and found that a few contaminants were targeted to many genes, and a few genes were targeted by many contaminants. The contaminant targets were hub proteins in the human PPI network, whereas the target proteins in most categories did not contain abundant essential proteins. Generally, contaminant targets and disease-associated proteins were closely associated with the PPI network, and the closeness of the associations depended on the disease type and chemical category. Network biology techniques were used to identify environmental contaminants with broad effects on the human interactome and contaminant-sensitive biomarkers. Moreover, this method enabled us to quantify the relationship between environmental contaminants and human diseases, which was supported by epidemiological and experimental evidence. These methods and findings have facilitated the elucidation of the complex relationship between environmental exposure and adverse health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Iida
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan; Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
| | - K Takemoto
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hutter HP, Kundi M, Lemmerer K, Poteser M, Weitensfelder L, Wallner P, Moshammer H. Subjective Symptoms of Male Workers Linked to Occupational Pesticide Exposure on Coffee Plantations in the Jarabacoa Region, Dominican Republic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E2099. [PMID: 30257443 PMCID: PMC6209871 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Acute and sub-acute effects of pesticide use in coffee farmers have rarely been investigated. In the present field study, self-reported health symptoms from 38 male pesticide users were compared to those of 33 organic farmers. Results of cytological findings have been reported in an accompanying paper in this issue. The present second part of the study comprises a questionnaire based survey for various, potentially pesticide related symptoms among the coffee farmers. Symptom rates were generally higher in exposed workers, reaching significance in nine out of 19 assessed symptoms. Significantly increased symptom frequencies were related to neurotoxicity, parasympathic effects and acetylcholine esterase inhibition, with the highest differences found for excessive salivation, dizziness and stomach ache. We revealed a lack of precautionary measures in the majority of farmers. Better education, regulations, and safety equipment are urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Hutter
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria.
| | - Michael Kundi
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria.
| | - Kathrin Lemmerer
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria.
| | - Michael Poteser
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria.
| | - Lisbeth Weitensfelder
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria.
| | - Peter Wallner
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria.
| | - Hanns Moshammer
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Long-term exposures to ethion and endotoxin cause lung inflammation and induce genotoxicity in mice. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:493-505. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2912-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
33
|
Buralli RJ, Ribeiro H, Mauad T, Amato-Lourenço LF, Salge JM, Diaz-Quijano FA, Leão RS, Marques RC, Silva DS, Guimarães JRD. Respiratory Condition of Family Farmers Exposed to Pesticides in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15061203. [PMID: 29890615 PMCID: PMC6025513 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pesticide exposure is a growing public health concern. Although Brazil is the world’s largest consumer of pesticides, only a few studies have addressed the health effects among farmers. This study aimed to evaluate whether pesticide exposure is associated with respiratory outcomes among rural workers and relatives in Brazil during the crop and off-seasons. Family farmers (82) were interviewed about occupational history and respiratory symptoms, and cholinesterase tests were conducted in the crop-season. Spirometry was performed during the crop and off-season. Respiratory outcomes were compared between seasons and multiple regressions analysis were conducted to search for associations with exposure indicators. Participants were occupationally and environmentally exposed to multiple pesticides from an early age. During the crop and off-season, respectively, they presented a prevalence of 40% and 30.7% for cough, 30.7% and 24% for nasal allergies, and 24% and 17.3% for chest tightness. Significant associations between spirometry impairments and exposure indicators were found both during the crop and off-season. These findings provide complementary evidence about the association of pesticide exposure with adverse respiratory effects among family farmers in Brazil. This situation requires special attention as it may increase the risk of pulmonary dysfunctions, and the morbidity and mortality burden associated with these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael J Buralli
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Helena Ribeiro
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Thais Mauad
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 455, sala 1155, São Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - Luís F Amato-Lourenço
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 455, sala 1155, São Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - João M Salge
- Pneumologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44-Bloco II, 5 andar, São Paulo, SP 05403000, Brazil.
| | - Fredi A Diaz-Quijano
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Renata S Leão
- Centro de Tecnologia em Nanomateriais-CTNANO, Rua Prof. José Vieira de Mendonça, 1000, Belo Horizonte, MG 31310-260, Brazil.
| | - Rejane C Marques
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Campus Macaé, Av. Aloísio da Silva Gomes, 50, Macaé, RJ 27930-560, Brazil.
| | - Daniele S Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373-Bloco G-CCS, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Jean Remy Davée Guimarães
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373-Bloco G-CCS, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hematological Abnormality, Oxidative Stress, and Genotoxicity Induction in the Greenhouse Pesticide Sprayers; Investigating the Role of NQO1 Gene Polymorphism. TOXICS 2018; 6:toxics6010013. [PMID: 29414880 PMCID: PMC5874786 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of pesticides in agriculture represents a threat to the human populations exposed to them. In this cross-sectional study, the hematological and biochemical parameters, plasma cholinesterase (PChE) activity, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) C609T polymorphism were measured in 100 greenhouse workers occupationally exposed to pesticide mixture and 104 normal healthy controls. There was a decrease in erythrocytes (5.45%, p = 0.026) and hemoglobin (3.26%, p = 0.025), and an increase in mean corpuscular hemoglobin (3.54%, p = 0.013) in the exposed workers. Sprayers showed a reduction in PChE (23%) and GSH (50%) levels, and an increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) (55%), protein carbonyl (145%), Superoxide dismutase activity (61%), and total antioxidant capacity (35%) (p < 0.001 for all parameters but LPO: p = 0.009). Genotoxicity parameters were significantly high in the exposed cases (for all parameters: p < 0.001 but tail length: p = 0.002). There was a significant correlation between oxidative stress and genotoxicity parameters, and also between these biomarkers and PChE activity. The NQO1 C609T polymorphism was not significantly associated with studied biomarkers. The findings indicate that occupational exposure to a mixture of pesticides can induce hematotoxicity, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity in greenhouse workers.
Collapse
|
35
|
Priyadharshini UK, Latha R, Kavitha U, Nirmala N. Effects of Organophosphorus Pesticides on Cardiorespiratory Parameters among the Farmers. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:CC01-CC04. [PMID: 29207697 PMCID: PMC5713719 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/26724.10590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Indiscriminate use and improper handling of synthetic pesticides in agriculture have resulted in serious problems such as asthma, wheeze and chronic bronchitis among the farmers. Though number of studies have been done on pesticide exposure and its effect on cardiorespiratory parameters in Northern India, only few studies were done in Southern India, thus this study was chosen. AIM To find the cardiorespiratory changes in farm workers exposed to organophosphorus pesticides. MATERIALS AND METHODS Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR), blood pressure, pulse rate were measured among 35 farm workers of Palayam and Naduveerpattu village of Cuddalore district and 35 age, sex, BMI matched controls were taken from urban area and the same parameters were measured in both groups from 10 am-12 am in the morning. History of use of personal protective equipments like face mask, eye mask, special clothes, shoes, hat, history of respiratory symptoms and hygienic work practices was also obtained from the farmers. Chi-square test was used to analyse the qualitative data. All values were expressed as Mean±SD. Students unpaired t-test was used to compare PEFR between two groups and to compare the duration of exposure and PEFR using GRAPH PAD PRISM. The p<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in PEFR among the farmers (p<0.001) compared to the controls. On comparing the duration of exposure of pesticide and the PEFR values by unpaired Students t-test, there was a significant difference with p-value of 0.03. Blood Pressure did not show any significant difference between the two groups. But the pulse rate was significantly decreased among the farmers (p<0.001) which could be due to their regular physical activity. About 71% of the farmers used personal protective equipments. CONCLUSION Thus, chronic exposure to organophosphorus pesticides has an impact on PEFR among the farmers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Radhakrishnan Latha
- Professor, Department of Physiology, Sri Venkateshwaraa Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - Ukkirapandian Kavitha
- Tutor, Department of Physiology, Saveetha Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natarajan Nirmala
- Professor, Department of Physiology, Sri Venkateshwaraa Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cortés-Iza SC, Rodríguez AI, Prieto-Suarez E. Evaluación de parámetros hematológicos en trabajadores expuestos a pesticidas organofosforados, carbamatos y piretroides, Cundinamarca 2016-2017. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota) 2017; 19:468-474. [PMID: 30183850 DOI: 10.15446/rsap.v19n4.68092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivo Determinar las alteraciones hematotóxicas a través de una exploración clínica y paraclínica, en trabajadores que por su oficio se exponen a pesticidas organofosforados, carbamatos y piretroides (POCP), en procesos de producción, envase, distribución y fumigación, en el departamento de Cundinamarca Colombia.Metodología Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico descriptivo de corte transversal. Se realizó un análisis univariado, bivariado y multivariado. La muestra se conforma por 92 trabajadores de seis empresas, la mayoría entre los 18 y 30 años, de los cuales el 61 % son hombres y el 39 % mujeres, 71 % se desempeñan en el área operativa y 29 % en el área administrativa.Resultados Es de resaltar que se tienen hallazgos en la exploración clínica en el 17 % del grupo participante, solo el 2 % presenta la colinesterasa eritrocitaria por fuera del rango de referencia. Los parámetros hematológicos como el frotis de sangre periférica (FSP) presentan valores por fuera de los rangos en el 15 % y el cuadro hemático (CH) tiene valores por fuera de los rangos en el 47 % de las personas.Discusión Los resultados sugieren que existen alteraciones hematológicas en este grupo y que posiblemente podrían estar asociadas con la exposición crónica a POCP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Cortés-Iza
- SC: MD. Specialist in Occupational Medicine. M. Sc. Toxicology. Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Alba I Rodríguez
- AR: MD. Specialist in Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine. M. Sc. Clinical Toxicology. Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Edgar Prieto-Suarez
- EP: MD. Electronic Engineer. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Riaz S, Manzoor F, Mahmood N, Shahid S. Molecular detection of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis and hematological and biochemical analyses in agricultural sprayers exposed to pesticides: A cross-sectional study in Punjab, Pakistan during 2014-2016. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2017; 27:434-443. [PMID: 28145400 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We determined the correlation between a pesticide exposure, physical health and susceptibility toward tuberculosis along with hematological indices and liver enzymes' alterations in sprayers exposed to pesticides. Molecular detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis was detected by targeting histone-like protein (hupB) gene. The WBC (white blood cells) and RBC (red blood cells) levels of male sprayers and non-sprayers were significantly different (P<0.05). In female spray workers, the WBC and neutrophils levels were significantly different as compared with non-sprayers. Overall, in both male and female pesticide-exposed sprayers, mean values of alanine amino transferase and aspartate amino transferase were higher as compared with unexposed workers. M. Tuberculosis were detected in 15% male sprayers and 36% female sprayers while, M. bovis was detected in 5% male sprayers and 10% female sprayers. A χ2-test indicated that there existed a significant different (P<0.05) between positive and negative M. tuberculosis and M. bovis in both male/female spray workers out of total. The susceptibility of pesticide-exposed sprayers to tuberculosis and alterations in hematology and liver enzymes is crucial for health. Toxic effects of pesticides may lead to a weak immune system and increased tuberculosis susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saffora Riaz
- Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Farkhanda Manzoor
- Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saman Shahid
- Department of Sciences and Humanities, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences Foundation for Advancement of Science and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Thetkathuek A, Jaidee W. Factors that contribute to insecticide poisoning among immigrant agricultural workers in Thailand. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2017; 23:60-70. [PMID: 29308720 PMCID: PMC6060840 DOI: 10.1080/10773525.2017.1421301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a strong increase in the international movement of workers during the last few decades. As Thailand's economy has rapidly developed during the past 20 years, it has attracted growing numbers of laborers from the bordering countries of Myanmar, Lao PDR, and Cambodia. Numbers of migrant workers in Thai agriculture have risen to the extent that the sector's continued growth has become increasingly dependent on migrant workers. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to explore the factors that contribute to the development of symptoms of insecticide poisoning among immigrant agricultural workers in the eastern region of Thailand. METHODS Data were collected via interviews (N = 891), and the levels of cholinesterase activity in the workers' blood were tested using reactive test strips. RESULTS Only 4.4% of the workers had normal levels of cholinesterase activity and 75.1% had levels that were abnormal. Regarding factors that affect gastrointestinal symptoms of poisoning, being aged 45 to 50 increased the risk of developing gastrointestinal symptoms (odds ratio (OR): 2.51; 95% CI: 1.41-4.46), as did using a backpack spraying technique (OR: 3.74; 95% CI: 2.16-6.49) and having only moderate levels of self-protection behavior while spraying the insecticides (OR: 2.23; 95% CI: 1.16-4.29). Having an at risk level of cholinesterase activity increased the risk of gastrointestinal symptoms (OR: 3.25; 95% CI: 1.05-10.04) and the risk of respiratory symptoms (OR: 2.75; 95% CI: 1.17-6.44). CONCLUSION It is recommended that insecticide self-protection measures should be promoted and health monitoring should be implemented for migrant workers affected by high-risk insecticide use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anamai Thetkathuek
- Department of Industrial Hygiene and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Wanlop Jaidee
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Public Health Foundation, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Swaminathan K, Veerasekar G, Kuppusamy S, Sundaresan M, Velmurugan G, Palaniswami NG. Noncommunicable disease in rural India: Are we seriously underestimating the risk? The Nallampatti noncommunicable disease study. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2017; 21:90-95. [PMID: 28217505 PMCID: PMC5240088 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.196001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases in a true rural farming population in South India and compare the data with the landmark contemporary Indian Council of Medical Research-India Diabetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study. METHODS Local Ethics Committee approval and informed consent was obtained from all participants. Inclusion criteria were participants, aged ≥20 and ≤85 years, from Nallampatti, a classical farming village from Tamil Nadu state, India. All participants were administered a detailed questionnaire, had anthropometric measurements including height, weight, and waist circumference. Bloods were drawn for random blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), nonfasting lipid profile, Cystatin C, uric acid, and hemoglobin. All participants had carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) done by high-resolution B-mode carotid ultrasound. RESULTS More than 50% of the population had either diabetes or prediabetes based on HbA1c. Nearly, 40% of the population had hypertension with suboptimal control in those with known hypertension. Nearly, a third of the population had dyslipidemia, elevated cystatin C levels, and abnormal CIMT. The burden was higher than the comparable ICMR-INDIAB study in rural Tamil Nadu. CONCLUSION One-third to one-half of this rural farming population is at risk of cardiovascular disease, with poor control of preexisting cardiovascular risk factors. Current Indian data may underestimate the risk in different ethnic populations and regions of India. Long-term follow-up of this cohort for the incident cardiovascular disease will shed light on the true cardiovascular risk in a typical South Indian rural farming population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Swaminathan
- Kovai Medical Center and Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
- KMCH Research Foundation, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ganesh Veerasekar
- Kovai Medical Center and Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
- KMCH Research Foundation, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sujatha Kuppusamy
- Social and Preventive Medicine, Coimbatore Medical College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Ganesan Velmurugan
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience, IIT Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nalla G. Palaniswami
- Kovai Medical Center and Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
- KMCH Research Foundation, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Porreca I, D’Angelo F, De Franceschi L, Mattè A, Ceccarelli M, Iolascon A, Zamò A, Russo F, Ravo M, Tarallo R, Scarfò M, Weisz A, De Felice M, Mallardo M, Ambrosino C. Pesticide toxicogenomics across scales: in vitro transcriptome predicts mechanisms and outcomes of exposure in vivo. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38131. [PMID: 27905518 PMCID: PMC5131489 DOI: 10.1038/srep38131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro Omics analysis (i.e. transcriptome) is suggested to predict in vivo toxicity and adverse effects in humans, although the causal link between high-throughput data and effects in vivo is not easily established. Indeed, the chemical-organism interaction can involve processes, such as adaptation, not established in cell cultures. Starting from this consideration we investigate the transcriptomic response of immortalized thyrocytes to ethylenthiourea and chlorpyrifos. In vitro data revealed specific and common genes/mechanisms of toxicity, controlling the proliferation/survival of the thyrocytes and unrelated hematopoietic cell lineages. These results were phenotypically confirmed in vivo by the reduction of circulating T4 hormone and the development of pancytopenia after long exposure. Our data imply that in vitro toxicogenomics is a powerful tool in predicting adverse effects in vivo, experimentally confirming the vision described as Tox21c (Toxicity Testing in the 21st century) although not fully recapitulating the biocomplexity of a living animal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fulvio D’Angelo
- IRGS, Biogem, Via Camporeale, 83031, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
| | - Lucia De Franceschi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona-AOUI Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, P.Le L. Scuro, 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mattè
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona-AOUI Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, P.Le L. Scuro, 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Ceccarelli
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Via Port’Arsa 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Achille Iolascon
- Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II Napoli, Italy
| | - Alberto Zamò
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona-AOUI Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, P.Le L. Scuro, 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Filomena Russo
- IRGS, Biogem, Via Camporeale, 83031, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
| | - Maria Ravo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Schola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Roberta Tarallo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Schola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Marzia Scarfò
- IRGS, Biogem, Via Camporeale, 83031, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Weisz
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Schola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Mallardo
- Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II Napoli, Italy
| | - Concetta Ambrosino
- IRGS, Biogem, Via Camporeale, 83031, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Via Port’Arsa 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Negatu B, Kromhout H, Mekonnen Y, Vermeulen R. Occupational pesticide exposure and respiratory health: a large-scale cross-sectional study in three commercial farming systems in Ethiopia. Thorax 2016; 72:498-499. [PMID: 27879416 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-208924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE In the last decade, due to expansion of greenhouses and irrigated farms, the use of pesticides in Ethiopia has increased 6-13-fold leading to potential health risks. OBJECTIVE To investigate if occupational exposure to pesticides is associated with respiratory health effects in farmers and farm workers from commercial farming systems. METHODS We performed two cross-sectional surveys comprising different farming systems. In the first survey we studied respiratory symptoms among 1104 subjects of which 601 were occupationally exposed to pesticides (ie, 256 pesticide applicators, 345 re-entry workers) and 503 unexposed individuals. The second survey, carried out 2 years later in the same farming regions, additionally included lung function measurement and comprised a total of 387 study subjects of which 206 were occupationally exposed to pesticides (142 applicators and 64 re-entry workers) and 180 unexposed individuals. RESULTS We observed increased risks for chronic cough and shortness of breath (OR=3.15, 95% CI 1.56 to 6.36 and OR=6.67, 95% CI 2.60 to 17.58) among the exposed subjects as compared with unexposed individuals in the first survey. These results were corroborated in the second survey where we also observed reductions in FEV1 (140 mL), forced expiratory flow 25%-75% (550 mL/s) and risk of FEV1/FVC ratio <0.8 (OR=4.31, 95% CI 2.11 to 8.81) among pesticide exposed workers. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate an increased risk of adverse respiratory health among workers exposed to pesticides. As those effects occurred in young workers (mean age 27 years) and within a relative short duration of exposure (4 years) implementation of stringent occupational health measures are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beyene Negatu
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Pesticide Risk Reduction Project-Ethiopia, Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yalemtshay Mekonnen
- Collage of Natural & Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Perumalla Venkata R, Rahman MF, Mahboob M, Indu Kumari S, Chinde S, M. B, Dumala N, Grover P. Assessment of genotoxicity in female agricultural workers exposed to pesticides. Biomarkers 2016; 22:446-454. [DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2016.1252954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. F. Rahman
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - M. Mahboob
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - S. Indu Kumari
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Srinivas Chinde
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Bhanuramya M.
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Naresh Dumala
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Paramjit Grover
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Association of Long-Term Pesticide Exposure and Biologic Parameters in Female Farm Workers in Tanzania: A Cross Sectional Study. TOXICS 2016; 4:toxics4040025. [PMID: 29051428 PMCID: PMC5606649 DOI: 10.3390/toxics4040025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the association of long-term pesticide exposure (≥5 years) with hematological, serum biochemical parameters and acetylcholinesterase activity in farm workers. These pesticides included organophosphorus pesticides, carbamates, pyrethroids, dithiocarbamates, and other pesticides such as endosulfan. Applying a cross-sectional study design, 69 females from a pesticide-exposed farm population and 30 females from a district not using pesticides (reference group) were studied. The mean red cell corpuscular volume and hematocrit values were significantly lower (74.7 ± 9.1 fl; 95% CI 72.5-76.9 and 32.0% ± 4.6%; 95% CI 30.9-33.1, respectively) in the exposed compared to the reference group, whereas mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and platelets were significantly higher (37.4 ± 3.8 g/dL; 95% CI 36.5-38.3 and 374.1 ± 95.3/L; 95% CI 351.2-396.9, respectively) in the exposed compared to the reference group. Mean serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase (20.7 ± 8.9 U/L; 95% CI 18.5-22.9) and creatinine (83.9 ± 6.6 μmol/L; 95% CI 82.3-85.5) were significantly higher in the exposed compared to the reference group. A higher mean esterase activity (AChE 0.6 ± 0.2 mM/min/mg protein; 95% CI 0.56-0.7; BChE 0.9 ± 0.4 mM/min/mg protein; 95% CI 0.9-1.1) was noted in the exposed group. Regression models suggest that occupational exposure (p < 0.001) could be a predictor of esterase (AChE and BChE) activity and biochemical changes (β = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.3-0.5; β = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.6-0.9, respectively). Long-term pesticide exposure affects the hemato-biochemical and esterase responses, establishing the need for further studies.
Collapse
|
44
|
Chao LL, Abadjian LR, Esparza IL, Reeb R. Insomnia Severity, Subjective Sleep Quality, and Risk for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Veterans With Gulf War Illness. Mil Med 2016; 181:1127-34. [PMID: 27612364 PMCID: PMC5459361 DOI: 10.7205/milmed-d-15-00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that sleep disturbances are common in veterans with Gulf War Illness (GWI), there has been a paucity of published sleep studies in this veteran population to date. Therefore, the present study examined subjective sleep quality (assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), insomnia severity (assessed with the Insomnia Severity Index), and risk for obstructive sleep apnea (assessed with the STOP questionnaire) in 98 Gulf War veterans. Veterans with GWI, defined either by the Kansas or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria, had greater risk for obstructive sleep apnea (i.e., higher STOP scores) than veterans without GWI. This difference persisted even after accounting for potentially confounding demographic (e.g., age, gender) and clinical variables. Veterans with GWI, defined by either the Kansas or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria, also had significantly greater insomnia severity and poorer sleep quality than veterans without GWI (p < 0.05), even after accounting for potentially confounding variables. Furthermore, there were significant, positive correlations between insomnia severity, subjective sleep quality, and GWI symptom severity (p ≤ 0.01). In stepwise linear regression models, insomnia severity significantly predicted GWI status over and above demographic and clinical variables. Together these findings provide good rationale for treating sleep disturbances in the management of GWI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Chao
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco VA Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street (114M), San Francisco, CA 94121
| | - Linda R Abadjian
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco VA Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street (114M), San Francisco, CA 94121
| | - Iva L Esparza
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco VA Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street (114M), San Francisco, CA 94121
| | - Rosemary Reeb
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco VA Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street (114M), San Francisco, CA 94121
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Schenk G, Mateen I, Ng TK, Pedroso MM, Mitić N, Jafelicci M, Marques RF, Gahan LR, Ollis DL. Organophosphate-degrading metallohydrolases: Structure and function of potent catalysts for applications in bioremediation. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
46
|
Ye M, Beach J, Martin JW, Senthilselvan A. Urinary Dialkyl Phosphate Concentrations and Lung Function Parameters in Adolescents and Adults: Results from the Canadian Health Measures Survey. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:491-7. [PMID: 26372667 PMCID: PMC4829996 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1509745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have reported associations between lung function parameters and organophosphate (OP) pesticide exposures in agricultural occupations, but to our knowledge associations have not been evaluated in general populations. OBJECTIVES We examined associations between OP metabolite dialkyl phosphates (DAPs) and lung function using data from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) Cycle 1. METHODS Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), FEV1/FVC ratio, and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC (FEF25%-75%) were measured for 4,446 CHMS participants. Urinary concentrations of six DAP metabolites (DMP, DMTP, DMDTP, DEP, DETP, and DEDTP), smoking status, and other predictors of lung function were also measured in the CHMS-Cycle 1. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between total DAP concentrations (ΣDAPs) and lung function in adolescents (12-19 years) and adults (20-79 years). RESULTS In adults, estimates from multiple regression analyses suggested that a 1-unit increase on natural logarithmic scale (171% increase on the original scale) in the creatinine-corrected urinary concentration (nanomoles per gram creatinine) of ΣDAP was associated with a 32.6-mL (95% CI: -57.2, -8.1) reduction in FVC, 32.6-mL (95% CI: -59.0, -6.3) reduction in FEV1, 0.2% (95% CI: -0.6, 0.2) reduction in FEV1/FVC ratio, and 53.1-mL/sec (95% CI: -113.9, 7.7) reduction in FEF25%-75%. In adolescents, associations between ΣDAP and FEV1 were closer to the null and positive for FVC, whereas associations with FEV1/FVC and FEF25%-75% were negative, as in adults. However, none of the associations were significant in adolescents. CONCLUSIONS The negative association between ΣDAP and lung function in adult participants suggests a detrimental effect of OP pesticides on lung function in the adult general population. Further studies using prospective designs are warranted to confirm the findings reported in this study. CITATION Ye M, Beach J, Martin JW, Senthilselvan A. 2016. Urinary dialkyl phosphate concentrations and lung function parameters in adolescents and adults: results from the Canadian Health Measures Survey. Environ Health Perspect 124:491-497; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1509745.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ye
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeremy Beach
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan W. Martin
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ambikaipakan Senthilselvan
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Address correspondence to A. Senthilselvan, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-276 Edmonton Heath Clinic Academy, 11405–87 Ave., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9 Canada. Telephone: (780) 492 6505. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Proskocil BJ, Bruun DA, Garg JA, Villagomez CC, Jacoby DB, Lein PJ, Fryer AD. The influence of sensitization on mechanisms of organophosphorus pesticide-induced airway hyperreactivity. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 53:738-47. [PMID: 25897622 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0444oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that antigen sensitization increases vulnerability to airway hyperreactivity induced by the organophosphorus pesticide (OP) parathion. Sensitization also changes the mechanism of parathion-induced airway hyperreactivity to one that is dependent on IL-5. To determine whether this effect can be generalized to other OPs, and to other classes of pesticides, we measured airway responsiveness to vagal stimulation or intravenous acetylcholine in nonsensitized and ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs 24 hours after a single subcutaneous injection of the OPs diazinon or chlorpyrifos, or the pyrethroid permethrin. Sensitization exacerbated the effects of chlorpyrifos on bronchoconstriction in response to vagal stimulation or intravenous acetylcholine. Pretreatment with function-blocking IL-5 antibody prevented chlorpyrifos-induced airway hyperreactivity in sensitized, but not in nonsensitized, guinea pigs. In sensitized guinea pigs, blocking IL-5 decreased eosinophil activation, as measured by decreased eosinophil major basic protein in the trachea. In contrast, sensitization did not alter diazinon-induced airway hyperreactivity, and permethrin did not cause airway hyperreactivity in either nonsensitized or sensitized guinea pigs. None of the pesticides affected inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or blood. We have previously shown that three different OPs cause airway hyperreactivity via loss of neuronal M2 muscarinic receptor function. Similar to parathion, but unlike diazinon, the mechanism of chlorpyrifos-induced airway hyperreactivity is changed by sensitization. Thus, OP-induced airway hyperreactivity is dependent on sensitization status and on the OP used, which may influence therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Becky J Proskocil
- 1 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - Donald A Bruun
- 2 Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Jasmine A Garg
- 1 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - Chloe C Villagomez
- 1 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - David B Jacoby
- 1 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - Pamela J Lein
- 2 Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Allison D Fryer
- 1 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Mathew P, Jose A, Alex RG, Mohan VR. Chronic pesticide exposure: Health effects among pesticide sprayers in Southern India. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2015; 19:95-101. [PMID: 26500412 PMCID: PMC4596078 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5278.165334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Occupational health has never been a priority for policy makers in India, despite 63% of the Indian population being in the economically productive age group. Objectives: The study was designed to find out the morbidity as a result of long-term exposure to pesticides among professional pesticide sprayers in a rural block in Tamil Nadu. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done in Kaniyambadi block of Vellore district, Tamil Nadu, during July to October 2013. A total of 70 professional pesticide sprayers and 66 people engaged in other occupations were enrolled into the study. The participants were administered a standardized questionnaire apart from measuring pulmonary function and peripheral sensations. Venous blood samples were collected for measuring serum cholinesterase. Results: The pesticide sprayers had higher prevalence of breathlessness on activities of daily living (odds ratio [OR]: 3.14, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.22–8.07), chronic cough/phlegm (OR: 3.53, 95% CI: 1.09–11.46), symptoms of peripheral sensory neuropathy (OR: 6.66, 95% CI: 2.53–17.51) and recurrent abdominal pain (OR: 3.05, 95% CI: 1.03–9.01), when compared to people engaged in other occupations. Pesticide sprayers also had significantly lower mean peak expiratory low rates and poor peripheral sensations. The serum cholinesterase levels were not statistically different between the groups. Conclusion: The pesticide sprayers had a higher morbidity when compared to people engaged in other occupations, and further research is needed to find out methods to prevent the same. Serum cholinesterase may not be a good marker for quantifying exposure to pesticide among sprayers, during a spraying season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Mathew
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arun Jose
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Reginald George Alex
- Department of Accident and Emergency Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkata Raghava Mohan
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
García-García CR, Parrón T, Requena M, Alarcón R, Tsatsakis AM, Hernández AF. Occupational pesticide exposure and adverse health effects at the clinical, hematological and biochemical level. Life Sci 2015; 145:274-83. [PMID: 26475762 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Although epidemiological studies have investigated associations between occupational pesticide exposures and different adverse health outcomes, they have rarely assessed individuals at two time-points of a same crop season with different pesticide use. MATERIAL AND METHODS Clinical symptoms, physical examination signs, hematological and clinical chemistry parameters were measured in 189 intensive agriculture workers and 91 healthy control subjects from Almeria coastline (Southeastern Spain) to evaluate potential effects of pesticide exposure. KEY FINDINGS Greenhouse workers showed an increased risk of ocular and skin signs relative to controls at the period of high pesticide exposure (OR: 4.80 and 2.87, respectively); however, no differences were observed for clinical symptoms. A greater risk for ECG changes (OR: 3.35) and altered spirometry (OR: 5.02) was found at the period of low exposure. Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase was significantly decreased in greenhouse workers relative to controls in both periods. Assessment of hematological parameters revealed increased counts of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets and hemoglobin in greenhouse workers relative to controls, and also in the period of high versus low pesticide exposure. Changes in clinical chemistry parameters included decreased levels of glucose, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglyceride and alkaline phosphatase in greenhouse workers relative to controls; however, these parameters were raised in the period of high versus low pesticide exposure. SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that chronic occupational exposure to pesticides of lower toxicity than former compounds under integrated production systems elicit mild toxic effects, particularly targeting the skin and eyes, as well as subtle subclinical (biochemical) changes of unknown long-term consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tesifón Parrón
- Council of Health at Almeria Province, Almeria, Spain; Department of Neuroscience and Health Sciences, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Mar Requena
- Department of Neuroscience and Health Sciences, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Raquel Alarcón
- Department of Neuroscience and Health Sciences, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Antonio F Hernández
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Granada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hu R, Huang X, Huang J, Li Y, Zhang C, Yin Y, Chen Z, Jin Y, Cai J, Cui F. Long- and short-term health effects of pesticide exposure: a cohort study from China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128766. [PMID: 26042669 PMCID: PMC4456378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are extensively used by farmers in China. However, the effects of pesticides on farmers’ health have not yet been systematically studied. This study evaluated the effects of pesticides exposure on hematological and neurological indicators over 3 years and 10 days respectively. A cohort of 246 farmers was randomly selected from 3 provinces (Guangdong, Jiangxi, and Hebei) in China. Two rounds of health investigations, including blood tests and neurological examinations, were conducted by medical doctors before and after the crop season in 2012. The data on pesticide use in 2009–2011 were collected retrospectively via face-to-face interviews and the 2012 data were collected from personal records maintained by participants prospectively. Ordinary least square (OLS), Probit, and fixed effect models were used to evaluate the relationship between pesticides exposure frequency and the health indicators. Long-term pesticide exposure was found to be associated with increased abnormality of nerve conductions, especially in sensory nerves. It also affected a wide spectrum of health indicators based on blood tests and decreased the tibial nerve compound muscle action potential amplitudes. Short-term health effects included alterations in complete blood count, hepatic and renal functions, and nerve conduction velocities and amplitudes. However, these effects could not be detected after 3 days following pesticide exposure. Overall, our results demonstrate that pesticide exposure adversely affects blood cells, the liver, and the peripheral nervous system. Future studies are needed to elucidate the specific effects of each pesticide and the mechanisms of these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruifa Hu
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (RH); (XH); (JH)
| | - Xusheng Huang
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (RH); (XH); (JH)
| | - Jikun Huang
- Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (RH); (XH); (JH)
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Yin
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Jin
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jinyang Cai
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Cui
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|