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Wunderlich M, Miller M, Ritter B, Le Gleut R, Marchi H, Majzoub-Altweck M, Knerr PJ, Douros JD, Müller TD, Brielmeier M. Experimental colonization with H. hepaticus, S. aureus and R. pneumotropicus does not influence the metabolic response to high-fat diet or incretin-analogues in wildtype SOPF mice. Mol Metab 2024:101992. [PMID: 39019114 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We here assessed whether typical pathogens of laboratory mice affect the development of diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance, and whether colonization affects the efficacy of the GLP-1R agonist liraglutide and of the GLP-1/GIP co-agonist MAR709 to treat obesity and diabetes. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were experimentally infected with Helicobacter hepaticus, Rodentibacter pneumotropicus and Staphylococcus aureus and compared to a group of uninfected specific and opportunistic pathogen free (SOPF) mice. The development of diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance was monitored over a period of 26 weeks. To study the influence of pathogens on drug treatment, mice were then subjected for 6 days daily treatment with either the GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide or the GLP-1/GIP co-agonist MAR709. RESULTS Colonized mice did not differ from SOPF controls regarding HFD-induced body weight gain, food intake, body composition, glycemic control, or responsiveness to treatment with liraglutide or the GLP-1/GIP co-agonist MAR709. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the occurrence of H. hepaticus, R. pneumotropicus and S. aureus does neither affect the development of diet-induced obesity or type 2 diabetes, nor the efficacy of GLP-1-based drugs to decrease body weight and to improve glucose control in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Miller
- Core Facility Laboratory Animal Services, Helmholtz Munich, Germany.
| | - Bärbel Ritter
- Core Facility Laboratory Animal Services, Helmholtz Munich, Germany
| | - Ronan Le Gleut
- Core Facility Statistical Consulting, Helmholtz Munich, Germany
| | - Hannah Marchi
- Core Facility Statistical Consulting, Helmholtz Munich, Germany; Faculty of Business Administration and Economics, Bielefeld University, Germany
| | - Monir Majzoub-Altweck
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Germany
| | - Patrick J Knerr
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Munich, Germany, and German Center for Diabetes Research, DZD, and Walther-Straub Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Germany
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2
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Yu H, Xu Y, Imani S, Zhao Z, Ullah S, Wang Q. Navigating ESKAPE Pathogens: Considerations and Caveats for Animal Infection Models Development. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:2336-2355. [PMID: 38866389 PMCID: PMC11249778 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The misuse of antibiotics has led to the global spread of drug-resistant bacteria, especially multi-drug-resistant (MDR) ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species). These opportunistic bacteria pose a significant threat, in particular within hospitals, where they cause nosocomial infections, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality. To comprehensively explore ESKAPE pathogenesis, virulence, host immune response, diagnostics, and therapeutics, researchers increasingly rely on necessitate suitable animal infection models. However, no single model can fully replicate all aspects of infectious diseases. Notably when studying opportunistic pathogens in immunocompetent hosts, rapid clearance by the host immune system can limit the expression of characteristic disease symptoms. In this study, we examine the critical role of animal infection models in understanding ESKAPE pathogens, addressing limitations and research gaps. We discuss applications and highlight key considerations for effective models. Thoughtful decisions on disease replication, parameter monitoring, and data collection are crucial for model reliability. By meticulously replicating human diseases and addressing limitations, researchers maximize the potential of animal infection models. This aids in targeted therapeutic development, bridges knowledge gaps, and helps combat MDR ESKAPE pathogens, safeguarding public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Yu
- Key
Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang
Province, Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention
of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang China
- Stomatology
Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine,
Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key
Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yongchang Xu
- Key
Laboratory of Aging and Cancer Biology of Zhejiang Province, School
of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal
University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Saber Imani
- Shulan
International Medical College, Zhejiang
Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang China
| | - Zhuo Zhao
- Department
of Computer Science and Engineering, University
of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Saif Ullah
- Department
of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Qingjing Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang
Province, Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention
of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang China
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3
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Tuffs SW, Dufresne K, Rishi A, Walton NR, McCormick JK. Novel insights into the immune response to bacterial T cell superantigens. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:417-434. [PMID: 38225276 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00979-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial T cell superantigens (SAgs) are a family of microbial exotoxins that function to activate large numbers of T cells simultaneously. SAgs activate T cells by direct binding and crosslinking of the lateral regions of MHC class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells with T cell receptors (TCRs) on T cells; these interactions alter the normal TCR-peptide-MHC class II architecture to activate T cells in a manner that is independent of the antigen specificity of the TCR. SAgs have well-recognized, central roles in human diseases such as toxic shock syndrome and scarlet fever through their quantitative effects on the T cell response; in addition, numerous other consequences of SAg-driven T cell activation are now being recognized, including direct roles in the pathogenesis of endocarditis, bloodstream infections, skin disease and pharyngitis. In this Review, we summarize the expanding family of bacterial SAgs and how these toxins can engage highly diverse adaptive immune receptors. We highlight recent findings regarding how SAg-driven manipulation of the adaptive immune response may operate in multiple human diseases, as well as contributing to the biology and life cycle of SAg-producing bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Tuffs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karine Dufresne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aanchal Rishi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas R Walton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John K McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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4
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Silva JGD, Boechat JP, Silva BD, Müller R, Senna JP. Monitoring Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization murine model using a bioluminescent methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Lab Anim 2024; 58:231-239. [PMID: 38460550 DOI: 10.1177/00236772231209790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage is considered a risk factor for infections, and the development of nasal decolonization strategies is highly relevant. Despite they are not naturally colonized by Staphylococcus, mice are a good model for S. aureus nasal colonization. Murine models are easy to manipulate, and inter-laboratory reproducibility makes them suitable for nasal colonization studies. Strategies using bioluminescent bacteria allow for the monitoring of infection over time without the need to sacrifice animals for bacterial quantification. In this study, we evaluated S. aureus nasal colonization in three mouse strains (BALB/c, C57BL/6, and Swiss Webster) using a bioluminescent strain (SAP231). In vitro, a visible Bioluminescent Signal Emission (BLSE) was observed until 106 bacteria and detected by IVIS® imaging system up to 104 cells. Animals were inoculated with one or two doses of approximately 109 colony-forming units (CFU) of SAP231. Swiss Webster mice showed the longest colonization time, with some animals presenting BLSE for up to 140 h. In addition, BLSE was higher in this strain. BALB/c and C57BL/6 strains showed consistent BLSE results for 48 h. BLSE intensity was higher in Swiss Webster inoculated with both doses. Three different positions for image capture were evaluated, with better results for the lateral and ventrodorsal positions. After the loss of BLSE, bacterial quantification was performed, and Swiss Webster mice presented more bacteria in the nasal cavity (approximately 105 CFU) than the other strains. Our results demonstrate that bioluminescent S. aureus allow monitoring of nasal colonization and estimation of the bacterial burden present in live animals until 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana G da Silva
- FIOCRUZ, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Pc Boechat
- FIOCRUZ, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno Dj Silva
- FIOCRUZ, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Müller
- FIOCRUZ, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Pm Senna
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia emImunobiológicos-BioManguinhos Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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5
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Chan JYH, Clow F, Pearson V, Langley RJ, Fraser JD, Radcliff FJ. Feasibility of using a combination of staphylococcal superantigen-like proteins 3, 7 and 11 in a fusion vaccine for Staphylococcus aureus. Immunol Cell Biol 2024; 102:365-380. [PMID: 38572664 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a significant bacterial pathogen in both community and hospital settings, and the escalation of antimicrobial-resistant strains is of immense global concern. Vaccination is an inviting long-term strategy to curb staphylococcal disease, but identification of an effective vaccine has proved to be challenging. Three well-characterized, ubiquitous, secreted immune evasion factors from the staphylococcal superantigen-like (SSL) protein family were selected for the development of a vaccine. Wild-type SSL3, 7 and 11, which inhibit signaling through Toll-like receptor 2, cleavage of complement component 5 and neutrophil function, respectively, were successfully combined into a stable, active fusion protein (PolySSL7311). Vaccination of mice with an attenuated form of the PolySSL7311 protein stimulated significantly elevated specific immunoglobulin G and splenocyte proliferation responses to each component relative to adjuvant-only controls. Vaccination with PolySSL7311, but not a mixture of the individual proteins, led to a > 102 reduction in S. aureus tissue burden compared with controls after peritoneal challenge. Comparable antibody responses were elicited after coadministration of the vaccine in either AddaVax (an analog of MF59) or an Alum-based adjuvant; but only AddaVax conferred a significant reduction in bacterial load, aligning with other studies that suggest both cellular and humoral immune responses are necessary for protective immunity to S. aureus. Anti-sera from mice immunized with PolySSL7311, but not individual proteins, partially neutralized the functional activities of SSL7. This study confirms the importance of these SSLs for the survival of S. aureus in vivo and suggests that PolySSL7311 is a promising vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janlin Ying Hui Chan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fiona Clow
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Victoria Pearson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ries J Langley
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John D Fraser
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fiona J Radcliff
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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6
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Mellergaard M, Skovbakke SL, Jepsen SD, Panagiotopoulou N, Hansen ABR, Tian W, Lund A, Høgh RI, Møller SH, Guérillot R, Hayes AS, Erikstrup LT, Andresen L, Peleg AY, Larsen AR, Stinear TP, Handberg A, Erikstrup C, Howden BP, Goletz S, Frees D, Skov S. Clinical Staphylococcus aureus inhibits human T-cell activity through interaction with the PD-1 receptor. mBio 2023; 14:e0134923. [PMID: 37796131 PMCID: PMC10653905 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01349-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Therapies that target and aid the host immune defense to repel cancer cells or invading pathogens are rapidly emerging. Antibiotic resistance is among the largest threats to human health globally. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is the most common bacterial infection, and it poses a challenge to the healthcare system due to its significant ability to develop resistance toward current available therapies. In long-term infections, S. aureus further adapt to avoid clearance by the host immune defense. In this study, we discover a new interaction that allows S. aureus to avoid elimination by the immune system, which likely supports its persistence in the host. Moreover, we find that blocking the specific receptor (PD-1) using antibodies significantly relieves the S. aureus-imposed inhibition. Our findings suggest that therapeutically targeting PD-1 is a possible future strategy for treating certain antibiotic-resistant staphylococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiken Mellergaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Laboratory of immunology, Section for Preclinical Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah Line Skovbakke
- Biotherapeutic Glycoengineering and Immunology, DTU Bioengineering, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stine Dam Jepsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Laboratory of immunology, Section for Preclinical Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nafsika Panagiotopoulou
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Laboratory of immunology, Section for Preclinical Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amalie Bøge Rud Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Laboratory of immunology, Section for Preclinical Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Weihua Tian
- Biotherapeutic Glycoengineering and Immunology, DTU Bioengineering, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Astrid Lund
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Laboratory of immunology, Section for Preclinical Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Illum Høgh
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Laboratory of immunology, Section for Preclinical Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofie Hedlund Møller
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Laboratory of immunology, Section for Preclinical Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Romain Guérillot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashleigh S. Hayes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Lars Andresen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Laboratory of immunology, Section for Preclinical Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anton Y. Peleg
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre to Impact Antimicrobial Resistance, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anders Rhod Larsen
- Statens Serum Institute, Microbiology and Infection Control, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Timothy P. Stinear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aase Handberg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, North Denmark Region, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Benjamin P. Howden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steffen Goletz
- Biotherapeutic Glycoengineering and Immunology, DTU Bioengineering, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dorte Frees
- Food Safety and Zoonosis, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Skov
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Laboratory of immunology, Section for Preclinical Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Cheung GYC, Otto M. Virulence Mechanisms of Staphylococcal Animal Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14587. [PMID: 37834035 PMCID: PMC10572719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci are major causes of infections in mammals. Mammals are colonized by diverse staphylococcal species, often with moderate to strong host specificity, and colonization is a common source of infection. Staphylococcal infections of animals not only are of major importance for animal well-being but have considerable economic consequences, such as in the case of staphylococcal mastitis, which costs billions of dollars annually. Furthermore, pet animals can be temporary carriers of strains infectious to humans. Moreover, antimicrobial resistance is a great concern in livestock infections, as there is considerable antibiotic overuse, and resistant strains can be transferred to humans. With the number of working antibiotics continuously becoming smaller due to the concomitant spread of resistant strains, alternative approaches, such as anti-virulence, are increasingly being investigated to treat staphylococcal infections. For this, understanding the virulence mechanisms of animal staphylococcal pathogens is crucial. While many virulence factors have similar functions in humans as animals, there are increasingly frequent reports of host-specific virulence factors and mechanisms. Furthermore, we are only beginning to understand virulence mechanisms in animal-specific staphylococcal pathogens. This review gives an overview of animal infections caused by staphylococci and our knowledge about the virulence mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
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8
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Zheng P, Liu F, Long J, Jin Y, Chen S, Duan G, Yang H. Latest Advances in the Application of Humanized Mouse Model for Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:800-809. [PMID: 37392466 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an important pathogen for humans and can cause a wide range of diseases, from mild skin infections, severe osteomyelitis to fatal pneumonia, sepsis, and septicemia. The mouse models have greatly facilitated the development of S. aureus studies. However, due to the substantial differences in immune system between mice and humans, the conventional mouse studies are not predictive of success in humans, in which case humanized mice may overcome this limitation to some extent. Humanized mice can be used to study the human-specific virulence factors produced by S. aureus and the mechanisms by which S. aureus interacts with humans. This review outlined the latest advances in humanized mouse models used in S. aureus studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinzhao Long
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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9
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Battaglia M, Garrett-Sinha LA. Staphylococcus xylosus and Staphylococcus aureus as commensals and pathogens on murine skin. Lab Anim Res 2023; 39:18. [PMID: 37533118 PMCID: PMC10394794 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-023-00169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin ulcers, skin dermatitis and skin infections are common phenomena in colonies of laboratory mice and are often found at increased prevalence in certain immunocompromised strains. While in many cases these skin conditions are mild, in other cases they can be severe and lead to animal morbidity. Furthermore, the presence of skin infections and ulcerations can complicate the interpretation of experimental protocols, including those examining immune cell activation. Bacterial species in the genus Staphylococcus are the most common pathogens recovered from skin lesions in mice. In particular, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus xylosus have both been implicated as pathogens on murine skin. Staphylococcus aureus is a well-known pathogen of human skin, but S. xylosus skin infections in humans have not been described, indicating that there is a species-specific difference in the ability of S. xylosus to serve as a skin pathogen. The aim of this review is to summarize studies that link S. aureus and S. xylosus to skin infections of mice and to describe factors involved in their adherence to tissue and their virulence. We discuss potential differences in mouse and human skin that might underlie the ability of S. xylosus to act as a pathogen on murine skin, but not human skin. Finally, we also describe mouse mutants that have shown increased susceptibility to skin infections with staphylococcal bacteria. These mutants point to pathways that are important in the control of commensal staphylococcal bacteria. The information here may be useful to researchers who are working with mouse strains that are prone to skin infections with staphylococcal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Battaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Lee Ann Garrett-Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
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10
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Bobrovskyy M, Chen X, Missiakas D. The Type 7b Secretion System of S. aureus and Its Role in Colonization and Systemic Infection. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0001523. [PMID: 37039657 PMCID: PMC10187124 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00015-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus bears a type 7b secretion system (T7bSS) that assembles in the bacterial envelope to promote the secretion of WXG-like proteins and toxic effectors bearing LXG domains. Cognate immunity proteins bind cytosolic effectors to mute their toxicity prior to secretion. T7b-secreted factors have been associated with the pathogenesis of staphylococcal disease and intraspecies competition. We identified earlier strain WU1, an S. aureus ST88 isolate that caused outbreaks of skin and soft tissue infections in mouse breeding facilities. WU1 was also found to persistently colonize the nasopharynx of animals, suggesting a strong host adaptation. In this manner, WU1 colonization and infectivity in mice resembles that of methicillin-sensitive and -resistant S. aureus strains in humans, where nasal carriage is a major risk factor for invasive infections. Here, animals were colonized with wild-type or T7-deficient WU1 strains or combinations thereof. Absence of the T7bSS did not affect colonization in the nasopharynx of animals, and although fluctuations were observed in weekly samplings, the wild-type strain did not replace the T7-deficient strain in cocolonization experiments. Bloodstream infection with a T7b-deficient strain resulted in enhanced survival and reduced bacterial loads and abscesses in soft tissues compared to infection with wild-type WU1. Together, experiments using a mouse-adapted strain suggest that the T7bSS of S. aureus is an important contributor to the pathogenesis of invasive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksym Bobrovskyy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xinhai Chen
- Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Lemont, Illinois, USA
| | - Dominique Missiakas
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Lemont, Illinois, USA
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11
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Abstract
Human and murine neutrophils differ with respect to representation in blood, receptors, nuclear morphology, signaling pathways, granule proteins, NADPH oxidase regulation, magnitude of oxidant and hypochlorous acid production, and their repertoire of secreted molecules. These differences often matter and can undermine extrapolations from murine studies to clinical care, as illustrated by several failed therapeutic interventions based on mouse models. Likewise, coevolution of host and pathogen undercuts fidelity of murine models of neutrophil-predominant human infections. However, murine systems that accurately model the human condition can yield insights into human biology difficult to obtain otherwise. The challenge for investigators who employ murine systems is to distinguish models from pretenders and to know when the mouse provides biologically accurate insights. Testing with human neutrophils observations made in murine systems would provide a safeguard but is not always possible. At a minimum, studies that use exclusively murine neutrophils should have accurate titles supported by data and restrict conclusions to murine neutrophils and not encompass all neutrophils. For now, the integration of evidence from studies of neutrophil biology performed using valid murine models coupled with testing in vitro of human neutrophils combines the best of both approaches to elucidate the mysteries of human neutrophil biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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12
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Tsai CM, Hajam IA, Caldera JR, Liu GY. Integrating complex host-pathogen immune environments into S. aureus vaccine studies. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:730-740. [PMID: 35594849 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is a leading cause of bacterial infection and antibiotic resistance globally. Therefore, development of an effective vaccine has been a major goal of the SA field for the past decades. With the wealth of understanding of pathogenesis, the failure of all SA vaccine trials has been a surprise. We argue that experimental SA vaccines have not worked because vaccines have been studied in naive laboratory animals, whereas clinical vaccine efficacy is tested in immune environments reprogrammed by SA. Here, we review the failed SA vaccines that have seemingly defied all principles of vaccinology. We describe major SA evasion strategies and suggest that they reshape the immune environment in a way that makes vaccines prone to failures. We propose that appropriate integration of concepts of host-pathogen interaction into vaccine study designs could lead to insight critical for the development of an effective SA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ming Tsai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Irshad A Hajam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - J R Caldera
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - George Y Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
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13
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Adapted Murine Sepsis Score: Improving the Research in Experimental Sepsis Mouse Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5700853. [PMID: 35127944 PMCID: PMC8814713 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5700853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Murine Sepsis Score (MSS) is used to assess the severity of sepsis in rats and mice based on observational characteristics. The quantitative variables of glycemia, body weight, and temperature are predictors of severity in experimental models of sepsis. Therefore, our study sought to adapt the MSS with the same variables to indicate earlier the severity of the disease in murine models of the disease. Sepsis mice presented hypoglycemia, weight loss, and hypothermia. Therefore, these variables were included in the Adapted Murine Sepsis Score (A-MSS). The A-MASS presented 100% specificity and 87.5% sensibility been able to differentiate the early sepsis symptoms and its severity. The A-MSS allows an early and more complete diagnosis of sepsis in mice and might be considered as a procedure to improve the analysis of systemic sepsis dysfunction in murine experimental models.
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14
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Di Caro G, Minoli L, Ferrario M, Marsella G, Milite G, Crippa L, Martino PA, Paltrinieri S, Scanziani E, Recordati C. Bacteriological and pathological investigations on the preputial glands of one-year-old C57BL/6NCrl mice maintained in individually ventilated cages. Lab Anim 2021; 56:235-246. [DOI: 10.1177/00236772211055966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous infections of the preputial glands represent overlooked health problems in mice that could raise welfare concerns and potentially confound scientific experiments. Agents involved in preputial gland infections have rarely been investigated, with opportunistic pathogens of laboratory animals usually detected in inflamed preputial glands. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of bacterial infection in the preputial glands and the relationship between haematological and pathological changes and infection status. We analysed 40 preputial glands from 20 one-year-old C57BL/6NCrl male mice by using bacteriology, haematology and pathology. Bacteria were isolated from 16/20 (80%) mice, for a total of 32/40 (80%) examined preputial glands. Enterobacter cloacae, Pasteurella spp., Klebsiella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus were identified in 35%, 17.5%, 15% and 12.5% of the examined glands, respectively. Preputial gland inflammation was identified in 29/40 (72.5%) glands and was classified as chronic interstitial adenitis in 27 cases and suppurative adenitis in the remaining two glands. No haematological changes were found in mice with infected glands. Histologically, the presence of intralesional bacteria, intraluminal necrotic material, intraluminal keratin accumulation, interstitial inflammatory cell infiltrate and granulocytes (intraluminal and/or interstitial), along with total inflammatory score and total histopathological score, were significantly increased in infected glands and correlated with the bacterial load. Most severe inflammatory changes were identified after S. aureus infection, while ductal hyperkeratosis was significantly increased in glands infected with Klebsiella spp. In conclusion, preputial gland infection was a common event in one-year-old C57BL/6NCrl mice, and bacterial load correlated with pathological findings, while systemic effects were not highlighted by haematology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Minoli
- Mouse and Animal Pathology Laboratory (MAPLab), Fondazione Unimi, Italy
| | - Marzia Ferrario
- Mouse and Animal Pathology Laboratory (MAPLab), Fondazione Unimi, Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Crippa
- Departement of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Piera Anna Martino
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, One Health Unit, University of Milan, Italy
| | | | - Eugenio Scanziani
- Mouse and Animal Pathology Laboratory (MAPLab), Fondazione Unimi, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Camilla Recordati
- Mouse and Animal Pathology Laboratory (MAPLab), Fondazione Unimi, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy
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15
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Clegg J, Soldaini E, McLoughlin RM, Rittenhouse S, Bagnoli F, Phogat S. Staphylococcus aureus Vaccine Research and Development: The Past, Present and Future, Including Novel Therapeutic Strategies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705360. [PMID: 34305945 PMCID: PMC8294057 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important human pathogens worldwide. Its high antibiotic resistance profile reinforces the need for new interventions like vaccines in addition to new antibiotics. Vaccine development efforts against S. aureus have failed so far however, the findings from these human clinical and non-clinical studies provide potential insight for such failures. Currently, research is focusing on identifying novel vaccine formulations able to elicit potent humoral and cellular immune responses. Translational science studies are attempting to discover correlates of protection using animal models as well as in vitro and ex vivo models assessing efficacy of vaccine candidates. Several new vaccine candidates are being tested in human clinical trials in a variety of target populations. In addition to vaccines, bacteriophages, monoclonal antibodies, centyrins and new classes of antibiotics are being developed. Some of these have been tested in humans with encouraging results. The complexity of the diseases and the range of the target populations affected by this pathogen will require a multipronged approach using different interventions, which will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Clegg
- GSK, Siena, Italy
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Rachel M. McLoughlin
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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16
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Pérez M, Robres P, Moreno B, Bolea R, Verde MT, Pérez-Laguna V, Aspiroz C, Gilaberte Y, Rezusta A. Comparison of Antibacterial Activity and Wound Healing in a Superficial Abrasion Mouse Model of Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infection Using Photodynamic Therapy Based on Methylene Blue or Mupirocin or Both. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:673408. [PMID: 34113639 PMCID: PMC8185160 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.673408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Antibiotic resistance and impaired wound healing are major concerns in S. aureus superficial skin infections, and new therapies are needed. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a new therapeutic approach for infections, but it also improves healing in many wound models. Objective: To compare the antimicrobial activity and the effects on wound healing of aPDT based on Methylene Blue (MB-aPDT) with mupirocin treatment, either alone or in combination, in superficial skin wounds of S. aureus-infected mice. Additionally, to evaluate the clinical, microbiological, and cosmetic effects on wound healing. Materials and Methods: A superficial skin infection model of S. aureus was established in SKH-1 mice. Infected wounds were treated with MB-aPDT, MB-aPDT with a daily topical mupirocin or only with mupirocin. No treatment was carried out in control animals. Daily clinical and microbiological examinations were performed until complete clinical wound healing. Histopathological studies and statistical analysis were performed at the end of the study. Results: MB-aPDT treatment induced the best wound healing compared to mupirocin alone or to mupirocin plus MB-aPDT. Superficial contraction at 24 h and a greater reduction in size at 48 h, quicker detachment of the crust, less scaling, and absence of scars were observed. Histopathological studies correlated with clinical and gross findings. By contrast, mupirocin showed the highest logaritmic reduction of S. aureus. Conclusions: MB-aPDT and mupirocin treatments are effective in a murine superficial skin infection model of S. aureus. One session of MB-aPDT was the best option for clinical wound healing and cosmetic results. The addition of mupirocin to MB-aPDT treatment improved antimicrobial activity; however, it did not enhance wound healing. No synergistic antibacterial effects were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Pérez
- Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza University, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Robres
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital de Barbastro, Huesca, Spain
| | - Bernardino Moreno
- Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza University, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosa Bolea
- Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza University, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria T. Verde
- Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza University, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Vanesa Pérez-Laguna
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carmen Aspiroz
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Royo Villanova, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Yolanda Gilaberte
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Rezusta
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
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17
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Fernandes de Oliveira LM, Steindorff M, Darisipudi MN, Mrochen DM, Trübe P, Bröker BM, Brönstrup M, Tegge W, Holtfreter S. Discovery of Staphylococcus aureus Adhesion Inhibitors by Automated Imaging and Their Characterization in a Mouse Model of Persistent Nasal Colonization. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030631. [PMID: 33803564 PMCID: PMC8002927 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to increasing mupirocin resistance, alternatives for Staphylococcus aureus nasal decolonization are urgently needed. Adhesion inhibitors are promising new preventive agents that may be less prone to induce resistance, as they do not interfere with the viability of S. aureus and therefore exert less selection pressure. We identified promising adhesion inhibitors by screening a library of 4208 compounds for their capacity to inhibit S. aureus adhesion to A-549 epithelial cells in vitro in a novel automated, imaging-based assay. The assay quantified DAPI-stained nuclei of the host cell; attached bacteria were stained with an anti-teichoic acid antibody. The most promising candidate, aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA), was evaluated in a novel persistent S. aureus nasal colonization model using a mouse-adapted S. aureus strain. Colonized mice were treated intranasally over 7 days with ATA using a wide dose range (0.5–10%). Mupirocin completely eliminated the bacteria from the nose within three days of treatment. In contrast, even high concentrations of ATA failed to eradicate the bacteria. To conclude, our imaging-based assay and the persistent colonization model provide excellent tools to identify and validate new drug candidates against S. aureus nasal colonization. However, our first tested candidate ATA failed to induce S. aureus decolonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Maria Fernandes de Oliveira
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (M.N.D.); (D.M.M.); (P.T.); (B.M.B.)
| | - Marina Steindorff
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Chemical Biology, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany (M.B.)
| | - Murthy N. Darisipudi
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (M.N.D.); (D.M.M.); (P.T.); (B.M.B.)
| | - Daniel M. Mrochen
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (M.N.D.); (D.M.M.); (P.T.); (B.M.B.)
| | - Patricia Trübe
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (M.N.D.); (D.M.M.); (P.T.); (B.M.B.)
| | - Barbara M. Bröker
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (M.N.D.); (D.M.M.); (P.T.); (B.M.B.)
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Chemical Biology, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany (M.B.)
| | - Werner Tegge
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Chemical Biology, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany (M.B.)
- Correspondence: (W.T.); (S.H.)
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (M.N.D.); (D.M.M.); (P.T.); (B.M.B.)
- Correspondence: (W.T.); (S.H.)
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18
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Park S, Ronholm J. Staphylococcus aureus in Agriculture: Lessons in Evolution from a Multispecies Pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e00182-20. [PMID: 33568553 PMCID: PMC7950364 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00182-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a formidable bacterial pathogen that is responsible for infections in humans and various species of wild, companion, and agricultural animals. The ability of S. aureus to move between humans and livestock is due to specific characteristics of this bacterium as well as modern agricultural practices. Pathoadaptive clonal lineages of S. aureus have emerged and caused significant economic losses in the agricultural sector. While humans appear to be a primary reservoir for S. aureus, the continued expansion of the livestock industry, globalization, and ubiquitous use of antibiotics has increased the dissemination of pathoadaptive S. aureus in this environment. This review comprehensively summarizes the available literature on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, genomics, antibiotic resistance (ABR), and clinical manifestations of S. aureus infections in domesticated livestock. The availability of S. aureus whole-genome sequence data has provided insight into the mechanisms of host adaptation and host specificity. Several lineages of S. aureus are specifically adapted to a narrow host range on a short evolutionary time scale. However, on a longer evolutionary time scale, host-specific S. aureus has jumped the species barrier between livestock and humans in both directions several times. S. aureus illustrates how close contact between humans and animals in high-density environments can drive evolution. The use of antibiotics in agriculture also drives the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, making the possible emergence of human-adapted ABR strains from agricultural practices concerning. Addressing the concerns of ABR S. aureus, without negatively affecting agricultural productivity, is a challenging priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoun Park
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jennifer Ronholm
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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19
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Staphylococcus aureus Interferes with Streptococci Spatial Distribution and with Protein Expression of Species within a Polymicrobial Oral Biofilm. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020116. [PMID: 33530340 PMCID: PMC7911025 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We asked whether transient Staphylococcus aureus in the oral environment synergistically interacts with orally associated bacterial species such as Actinomyces oris, Candida albicans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mutans, and Veillonella dispar (six-species control biofilm 6S). For this purpose, four modified biofilms with seven species that contain either the wild type strain of the S. aureus genotype (USA300-MRSA WT), its isogenic mutant with MSCRAMM deficiency (USA300-MRSA ΔMSCRAMM), a methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (ST72-MSSA-) or a methicillin-resistant S. aureus (USA800-MRSA) grown on hydroxyapatite disks were examined. Culture analyses, confocal-laser-scanning microscopy and proteome analyses were performed. S. aureus strains affected the amount of supragingival biofilm-associated species differently. The deletion of MSCRAMM genes disrupted the growth of S. aureus and the distribution of S. mutans and S. oralis within the biofilms. In addition, S. aureus caused shifts in the number of detectable proteins of other species in the 6S biofilm. S. aureus (USA300-MRSA WT), aggregated together with early colonizers such as Actinomyces and streptococci, influenced the number of secondary colonizers such as Fusobacterium nucleatum and was involved in structuring the biofilm architecture that triggered the change from a homeostatic biofilm to a dysbiotic biofilm to the development of oral diseases.
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20
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Clegg J, Soldaini E, Bagnoli F, McLoughlin RM. Targeting Skin-Resident Memory T Cells via Vaccination to Combat Staphylococcus aureus Infections. Trends Immunol 2020; 42:6-17. [PMID: 33309137 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells are important in adaptive immunity against many infections, rendering these cells attractive potential targets in vaccine development. Genetic and experimental evidence highlights the importance of cellular immunity in protection from Staphylococcus aureus skin infections, yet skin-resident memory T cells are, thus far, an untested component of immunity during such infections. Novel methods of generating and sampling vaccine-induced skin memory T cells are paralleled by discoveries of global, skin-wide immunosurveillance. We propose skin-resident memory CD4+ T cells as a potential missing link in the search for correlates of protection during S. aureus infections. A better appreciation of their phenotypes and functions could accelerate the development of preventive vaccines against this highly virulent and antibiotic-resistant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Clegg
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; GlaxoSmithKline, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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21
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Vlaeminck J, Raafat D, Surmann K, Timbermont L, Normann N, Sellman B, van Wamel WJB, Malhotra-Kumar S. Exploring Virulence Factors and Alternative Therapies against Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110721. [PMID: 33218049 PMCID: PMC7698915 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is an acute pulmonary infection associated with high mortality and an immense financial burden on healthcare systems. Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen capable of inducing S. aureus pneumonia (SAP), with some lineages also showing multidrug resistance. Given the high level of antibiotic resistance, much research has been focused on targeting S. aureus virulence factors, including toxins and biofilm-associated proteins, in an attempt to develop effective SAP therapeutics. Despite several promising leads, many hurdles still remain for S. aureus vaccine research. Here, we review the state-of-the-art SAP therapeutics, highlight their pitfalls, and discuss alternative approaches of potential significance and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Vlaeminck
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.V.); (L.T.)
| | - Dina Raafat
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (D.R.); (N.N.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Kristin Surmann
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Leen Timbermont
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.V.); (L.T.)
| | - Nicole Normann
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (D.R.); (N.N.)
| | - Bret Sellman
- Microbiome Discovery, Microbial Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R & D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA;
| | - Willem J. B. van Wamel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.V.); (L.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-3-265-27-52
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22
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Mrochen DM, Fernandes de Oliveira LM, Raafat D, Holtfreter S. Staphylococcus aureus Host Tropism and Its Implications for Murine Infection Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7061. [PMID: 32992784 PMCID: PMC7582387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a pathobiont of humans as well as a multitude of animal species. The high prevalence of multi-resistant and more virulent strains of S. aureus necessitates the development of new prevention and treatment strategies for S. aureus infection. Major advances towards understanding the pathogenesis of S. aureus diseases have been made using conventional mouse models, i.e., by infecting naïve laboratory mice with human-adapted S.aureus strains. However, the failure to transfer certain results obtained in these murine systems to humans highlights the limitations of such models. Indeed, numerous S. aureus vaccine candidates showed promising results in conventional mouse models but failed to offer protection in human clinical trials. These limitations arise not only from the widely discussed physiological differences between mice and humans, but also from the lack of attention that is paid to the specific interactions of S. aureus with its respective host. For instance, animal-derived S. aureus lineages show a high degree of host tropism and carry a repertoire of host-specific virulence and immune evasion factors. Mouse-adapted S.aureus strains, humanized mice, and microbiome-optimized mice are promising approaches to overcome these limitations and could improve transferability of animal experiments to human trials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Mrochen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse DZ 7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (D.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Liliane M. Fernandes de Oliveira
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse DZ 7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (D.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Dina Raafat
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse DZ 7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (D.R.); (S.H.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 21521 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse DZ 7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (D.R.); (S.H.)
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23
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Uluçkan Ö, Jiménez M, Roediger B, Schnabl J, Díez-Córdova LT, Troulé K, Weninger W, Wagner EF. Cutaneous Immune Cell-Microbiota Interactions Are Controlled by Epidermal JunB/AP-1. Cell Rep 2020; 29:844-859.e3. [PMID: 31644908 PMCID: PMC6856727 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multi-factorial skin disease with a complex inflammatory signature including type 2 and type 17 activation. Although colonization by S. aureus is common in AD, the mechanisms rendering an organism prone to dysbiosis, and the role of IL-17A in the control of S. aureus-induced skin inflammation, are not well understood. Here, we show several pathological aspects of AD, including type 2/type 17 immune responses, elevated IgE, barrier dysfunction, pruritus, and importantly, spontaneous S. aureus colonization in JunBΔep mice, with a large transcriptomic overlap with AD. Additionally, using Rag1−/− mice, we demonstrate that adaptive immune cells are necessary for protection against S. aureus colonization. Prophylactic antibiotics, but not antibiotics after established dysbiosis, reduce IL-17A expression and skin inflammation, examined using Il17a-eGFP reporter mice. Mechanistically, keratinocytes lacking JunB exhibit higher MyD88 levels in vitro and in vivo, previously shown to regulate S. aureus colonization. In conclusion, our data identify JunB as an upstream regulator of microbiota-immune cell interactions and characterize the IL-17A response upon spontaneous dysbiosis. JunBΔep mice display several defining features of atopic dermatitis Skin of JunBΔep mice are colonized by human-derived S. aureus Adaptive immune system is necessary for protection against S. aureus JunB is an upstream regulator of the microbiota-immune cell interactions
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Uluçkan
- Cancer Cell Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Jiménez
- Cancer Cell Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ben Roediger
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Jakob Schnabl
- Cancer Cell Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía T Díez-Córdova
- Cancer Cell Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kevin Troulé
- Bioinformatics Unit, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- Cancer Cell Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Dermatology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14a, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Emmert H, Rademacher F, Gläser R, Harder J. Skin microbiota analysis in human 3D skin models-"Free your mice". Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:1133-1139. [PMID: 32748435 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the May issue of Experimental Dermatology 2018, we published a review article focusing on human 3D skin models in the context of microbiota research. The principal intention was to provide an overview of present and future concepts to use skin models in microbiota analyses. With the present viewpoint, we would like to draw the reader's attention again to the use of human skin models in microbiota research with the aim to highlight the benefits and necessity of human skin models to analyse the human skin-microbiota interaction. This is accompanied by a critical view on mice models that often are not suitable to analyse the functional impact of the human skin microbiota. In addition, we present novel and future concepts highlighting the benefits of human 3D skin models in microbiota research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Emmert
- Department of Dermatology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Regine Gläser
- Department of Dermatology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jürgen Harder
- Department of Dermatology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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25
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Reifenrath J, Janßen HC, Warwas DP, Kietzmann M, Behrens P, Willbold E, Fedchenko M, Angrisani N. Implant-based direction of magnetic nanoporous silica nanoparticles - influence of macrophage depletion and infection. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 30:102289. [PMID: 32861030 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Implant associated infections are still key problem in surgery. In the present study, the combination of a magnetic implant with administered magnetic nanoporous silica nanoparticles as potential drug carriers was examined in mice in dependence of local infection and macrophages as influencing factors. Four groups of mice (with and without implant infection and with and without macrophage depletion) received a magnet on the left and a titanium control on the right hind leg. Then, fluorescent nanoparticles were administered and particle accumulations at implant surfaces and in inner organs as well as local tissue reactions were analyzed. Magnetic nanoparticles could be found at the surfaces of magnetic implants in different amounts depending on the treatment groups and only rarely at titanium surfaces. Different interactions of magnetic implants, particles, infection and surrounding tissues occurred. The general principle of targeted accumulation of magnetic nanoparticles could be proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Reifenrath
- Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, NIFE - Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Hilke Catherina Janßen
- Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, NIFE - Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dawid Peter Warwas
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manfred Kietzmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Behrens
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering-Innovation Across Disciplines), Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elmar Willbold
- Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, NIFE - Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mykola Fedchenko
- Department of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nina Angrisani
- Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, NIFE - Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Hannover, Germany
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26
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Clow F, Peterken K, Pearson V, Proft T, Radcliff FJ. PilVax, a novel Lactococcus lactis-based mucosal vaccine platform, stimulates systemic and mucosal immune responses to Staphylococcus aureus. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:369-381. [PMID: 32150301 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Most pathogens initiate infection via the mucosa, therefore delivery of vaccines directly to the mucosa is likely to be advantageous for stimulating protective immunity at the site of entry. PilVax is a novel mucosal vaccine platform that harnesses Lactococcus lactis bacteria engineered to stably express multiple copies of vaccine peptide antigens within pili, hair-like structures which extend from the cell wall. This strategy elicited systemic and mucosal antibody responses to a model antigen after intranasal immunization, but has not been tested for its capacity to stimulate protective mucosal immunity. A well-characterized linear B-cell epitope, D3(22-33) , from the fibronectin-binding protein A of Staphylococcus aureus was successfully introduced into PilVax and delivered intranasally to mice. Specific antipeptide immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgA antibodies were detected in the serum and respiratory mucosa of vaccinated mice. Responses to the major pilus backbone protein Spy0128 were also assessed; robust antibody responses to this antigen were generated both systemically and in the respiratory and intestinal mucosa. Mice were challenged intranasally with the mouse-adapted S. aureus JSNZ strain and the S. aureus load quantified 7 days after challenge. Unexpectedly, exposure to PilVax, irrespective of the presence of the peptide, resulted in a significant reduction in S. aureus load in both the intestine and nasal mucosa (both P < 0.05) when compared with unvaccinated control mice. The mechanism(s) of protection are unclear, but merit further investigation to determine whether PilVax is a suitable platform for delivery of vaccine candidate antigens to the mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Clow
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kelly Peterken
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Victoria Pearson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Proft
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fiona J Radcliff
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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27
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Muñoz-Silvestre A, Penadés M, Selva L, Pérez-Fuentes S, Moreno-Grua E, García-Quirós A, Pascual JJ, Arnau-Bonachera A, Barragán A, Corpa JM, Viana D. Pathogenesis of Intradermal Staphylococcal Infections: Rabbit Experimental Approach to Natural Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infections. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1188-1210. [PMID: 32201266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the enormous efforts made to achieve effective tools that fight against Staphylococcus aureus, the results have not been successful. This failure may be due to the absence of truly representative experimental models. To overcome this deficiency, the present work describes and immunologically characterizes the infection for 28 days, in an experimental low-dose (300 colony-forming units) intradermal model of infection in rabbits, which reproduces the characteristic staphylococcal abscess. Surprisingly, when mutant strains in the genes involved in virulence (JΔagr, JΔcoaΔvwb, JΔhla, and JΔpsmα) were inoculated, no strong effect on the severity of lesions was observed, unlike other models that use high doses of bacteria. The inoculation of a human rabbitized (FdltBr) strain demonstrated its capacity to generate a similar inflammatory response to a wild-type rabbit strain and, therefore, validated this model for conducting these experimental studies with human strains. To conclude, this model proved reproducible and may be an option of choice to check both wild-type and mutant strains of different origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asunción Muñoz-Silvestre
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mariola Penadés
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Selva
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Pérez-Fuentes
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Moreno-Grua
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana García-Quirós
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan J Pascual
- Institute for Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Arnau-Bonachera
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Agustín Barragán
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan M Corpa
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain.
| | - David Viana
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain.
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Boguslawski KM, McKeown AN, Day CJ, Lacey KA, Tam K, Vozhilla N, Kim SY, Jennings MP, Koralov SB, Elde NC, Torres VJ. Exploiting species specificity to understand the tropism of a human-specific toxin. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax7515. [PMID: 32195339 PMCID: PMC7065885 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax7515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many pathogens produce virulence factors that are specific toward their natural host. Clinically relevant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates are highly adapted to humans and produce an array of human-specific virulence factors. One such factor is LukAB, a recently identified pore-forming toxin that targets human phagocytes by binding to the integrin component CD11b. LukAB exhibits strong tropism toward human, but not murine, CD11b. Here, phylogenetics and biochemical studies lead to the identification of an 11-residue domain required for the specificity of LukAB toward human CD11b, which is sufficient to render murine CD11b compatible with toxin binding. CRISPR-mediated gene editing was used to replace this domain, resulting in a "humanized" mouse. In vivo studies revealed that the humanized mice exhibit enhanced susceptibility to MRSA bloodstream infection, a phenotype mediated by LukAB. Thus, these studies establish LukAB as an important toxin for MRSA bacteremia and describe a new mouse model to study MRSA pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. M. Boguslawski
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - A. N. McKeown
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - C. J. Day
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - K. A. Lacey
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - K. Tam
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - N. Vozhilla
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - S. Y. Kim
- Office of Collaborative Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - M. P. Jennings
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - S. B. Koralov
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - N. C. Elde
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - V. J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Penadés M, Viana D, García-Quirós A, Muñoz-Silvestre A, Moreno-Grua E, Pérez-Fuentes S, Pascual JJ, Corpa JM, Selva L. Differences in virulence between the two more prevalent Staphylococcus aureus clonal complexes in rabbitries (CC121 and CC96) using an experimental model of mammary gland infection. Vet Res 2020; 51:11. [PMID: 32054530 PMCID: PMC7020377 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-0740-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal mastitis is a major health problem in humans and livestock that leads to economic loss running in millions. This process is currently one of the main reasons for culling adult rabbit does. Surprisingly, the two most prevalent S. aureus lineages isolated from non-differentiable natural clinical mastitis in rabbits (ST121 and ST96) generate different immune responses. This study aimed to genetically compare both types of strains to search for possible dissimilarities to explain differences in immune response, and to check whether they showed similar virulence in in vitro tests as in experimental intramammary in vivo infection. The main differences were observed in the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc) and the immune-evasion-cluster (IEC) genes. While isolate ST121 harboured all six egc cluster members (seg, sei, selm, seln, selo, selu), isolate ST96 lacked the egc cluster. Strain ST96 carried a phage integrase Sa3 (Sa3int), compatible with a phage integrated into the hlb gene (β-haemolysin-converting bacteriophages) with IEC type F, while isolate ST121 lacked IEC genes and the hlb gene was intact. Moreover, the in vitro tests confirmed a different virulence capacity between strains as ST121 showed greater cytotoxicity for erythrocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages than strain ST96. Differences were also found 7 days after experimental intramammary infection with 100 colony-forming units. The animals inoculated with strain ST121 developed more severe gross and histological mastitis, higher counts of macrophages in tissue and of all the cell populations in peripheral blood, and a significantly larger total number of bacteria than those infected by strain ST96.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Penadés
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities. C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Viana
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities. C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana García-Quirós
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities. C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain
| | - Asunción Muñoz-Silvestre
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities. C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Moreno-Grua
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities. C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Pérez-Fuentes
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities. C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan José Pascual
- Institute for Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera 14, 46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan M Corpa
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities. C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Laura Selva
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology Group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities. C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain.
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30
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Larcombe S, Jiang JH, Hutton ML, Abud HE, Peleg AY, Lyras D. A mouse model of Staphylococcus aureus small intestinal infection. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:290-297. [PMID: 32004137 PMCID: PMC7431102 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Staphylococcus aureus is a recognised cause of foodborne intoxication and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD), which are both mediated by staphylococcal enterotoxins. However, unlike foodborne intoxication, AAD appears to require infection of the host. While S. aureus intoxication is widely studied, little is known about S. aureus pathogenesis in the context of gastrointestinal infection. Aim To develop a mouse model of S. aureus gastrointestinal infection. Methodology An established AAD mouse model was adapted for S. aureus infection, and damage observed via histopathological analysis and immunostaining of intestinal tissues. Results Various strains colonised the mouse model, and analysis showed that although clinical signs of disease were not seen, S. aureus infection induced damage in the small intestine, disrupting host structures essential for epithelial integrity. Studies using a staphylococcal enterotoxin B mutant showed that this toxin may contribute to damage during gastrointestinal infection. Conclusion This work presents a new mouse model of S. aureus gastrointestinal infection, while also providing insight into the pathogenesis of S. aureus in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Larcombe
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jhih-Hang Jiang
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melanie L. Hutton
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen E. Abud
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anton Y. Peleg
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dena Lyras
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- *Correspondence: Dena Lyras,
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Wagner Mackenzie B, Baker J, Douglas RG, Taylor MW, Biswas K. Detection and quantification of Staphylococcus in chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2019; 9:1462-1469. [PMID: 31483577 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sinonasal microbiota has been implicated in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) pathogenesis, particularly related to the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus epidermidis is also prevalent within the sinonasal microbiota and may inhibit S. aureus colonization. We investigated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer pairs for measuring absolute abundances of S. aureus and S. epidermidis, then compared bacterial community composition and absolute abundances of these species between CRS patients and controls. METHODS Six candidate Staphylococcus species-specific primer pairs were tested in silico and in vitro against pure bacterial isolates. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) for absolute quantification of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and overall bacterial load were assessed in 40 CRS (CRS without nasal polyposis [CRSsNP] = 22, CRS with nasal polyposis [CRSwNP] = 18) patients and 14 controls. Amplicon sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) bacterial gene were conducted to investigate community composition. RESULTS Primer pairs targeting the gmk gene of S. aureus and nrd gene from S. epidermidis were the most specific and sensitive primers. S. aureus (CRSsNP = 81.8% occurrence, CRSwNP = 83%, control = 92.9%) and S. epidermidis (CRSsNP = 95.5%, CRSwNP = 100%, control = 92.9%) were very prevalent, as indicated by qPCR results. Both CRSsNP and CRSwNP had significantly (p < 0.05) higher bacterial load when compared with controls (p < 0.05 for both). No significant correlation was observed between S. aureus and S. epidermidis abundances (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Bacterial community sequencing detected Staphylococcus-assigned sequences in nearly all patients; however, it could not differentiate between S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Here, we present primer pairs that can distinguish between these species. We report a very high prevalence of S. aureus in both CRS patients and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesse Baker
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard G Douglas
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael W Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kristi Biswas
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Radcliff FJ, Waldvogel-Thurlow S, Clow F, Mahadevan M, Johnston J, Li G, Proft T, Douglas RG, Fraser JD. Impact of Superantigen-Producing Bacteria on T Cells from Tonsillar Hyperplasia. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030090. [PMID: 31252586 PMCID: PMC6789895 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Group A Streptococcus (GAS) are common occupants of the tonsils and many strains produce potent exotoxins (mitogens) that directly target T cells, which could be a driver for tonsillar hyperplasia. Tonsil tissues from 41 patients were tested for these bacteria in conjunction with profiling of B and T cells by flow cytometry. S. aureus and GAS were detected in tonsil tissue from 44% and 7%, respectively, of patients by bacteriological culture; immuno-histology showed bacteria in close proximity to both B and T lymphocytes. The presence of tonsillar S. aureus did not alter B or T cell populations, whereas peripheral blood mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells were significantly increased in S. aureus culture positive individuals (p < 0.006). Alterations of tonsil CD4+ TCR Vβ family members relative to peripheral blood were evident in 29 patients. Three patients had strong TCR Vβ skewing indicative of recent exposure to superantigens, their tonsils contained mitogenic bacteria, and supernatants from these bacteria were used to partially recapitulate the skewing profile in vitro, supporting the notion that superantigens can target tonsillar T cells in situ. Tonsils are a reservoir for superantigen-producing bacteria with the capacity to alter the composition and function of key immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona J Radcliff
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| | | | - Fiona Clow
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Murali Mahadevan
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - James Johnston
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Gen Li
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Proft
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Richard G Douglas
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - John D Fraser
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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Abstract
There are a plethora of probiotic formulae that supposedly benefit human health on the market. However, the scientific underpinnings of the claimed benefits have remained poorly established. Scientific evidence is now increasingly being provided that explains those benefits, for example, by immune-stimulatory effects or inter-bacterial competition between beneficial and pathogenic bacteria. In our recent study (Piewngam et al. Nature 2018), we show that Bacillus colonization of the human intestine is negatively correlated with that of the human pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus. This type of colonization resistance is achieved by secretion of a class of lipopeptides by Bacillus species that inhibits S. aureus quorum-sensing signaling, which we found is crucial for S. aureus intestinal colonization. Here, we discuss what these findings imply for the general role of S. aureus intestinal colonization, the role of quorum-sensing in that process, and potential alternative ways to control S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pipat Piewngam
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,CONTACT Michael Otto Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814
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Flaxman A, Yamaguchi Y, van Diemen PM, Rollier C, Allen E, Elshina E, Wyllie DH. Heterogeneous early immune responses to the S. aureus EapH2 antigen induced by gastrointestinal tract colonisation impact the response to subsequent vaccination. Vaccine 2019; 37:494-501. [PMID: 30503080 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION S. aureus is a pathogen to which individuals are exposed shortly after birth, with immune responses to S. aureus increasing during childhood. There is marked heterogeneity between the anti- S. aureus immune responses of different humans, the basis of which is not fully understood. METHODS To investigate development of anti-S. aureus immune responses, we studied S. aureus colonised mice under controlled conditions. Mice were either acquired colonised from breeding colonies, or experimentally colonised by exposure to a cage environment which had been sprayed with a S. aureus suspension. Colonisation was monitored by sequential stool sampling, and immunoglobulin levels against both whole fixed S. aureus and individual S. aureus antigens quantified. The immunological impact of colonisation on subsequent vaccination was investigated. RESULTS Colonised BALB/c and BL/6 mice develop serum anti- S. aureus cell surface IgG1 antibodies. Responses were proportional to the cumulative S. aureus bioburden in the mice, and were higher in BALB/c mice, which have higher colonisation levels, than in C57BL/6 animals. We observed marked variation in the induction of anti-cell surface antibodies, even in genetically identical mice experimentally colonised with the same S. aureus clone. Heterogeneity was also evident when monitoring immune responses to the secreted S. aureus protein EapH2. Approximately 50% of colonised mice developed anti-EapH2 responses (responders); in other mice, responses were not significantly different to those in uncolonised mice (non-responders). Following vaccination with a replication deficient adenovirus expressing EapH2, less anti-EapH2 antibody was generated in non-responder than responder animals. CONCLUSIONS In genetically identical mice, S. aureus colonisation results in all-or-nothing antibody responses against some antigens, including EapH2. For antigens involved in colonisation success by microbes, apparently stochastic early immune responses may impact both vaccine responses and the establishment of an animal-specific microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Flaxman
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Oxford, UK
| | - Yuko Yamaguchi
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Oxford, UK
| | - Pauline M van Diemen
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Oxford, UK
| | - Christine Rollier
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, CCVTM, Churchill Drive, UK
| | - Elizabeth Allen
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizaveta Elshina
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Oxford, UK
| | - David H Wyllie
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Oxford, UK.
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Trübe P, Hertlein T, Mrochen DM, Schulz D, Jorde I, Krause B, Zeun J, Fischer S, Wolf SA, Walther B, Semmler T, Bröker BM, Ulrich RG, Ohlsen K, Holtfreter S. Bringing together what belongs together: Optimizing murine infection models by using mouse-adapted Staphylococcus aureus strains. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 309:26-38. [PMID: 30391222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus (S.) aureus is a leading cause of bacterial infection world-wide, and currently no vaccine is available for humans. Vaccine development relies heavily on clinically relevant infection models. However, the suitability of mice for S. aureus infection models has often been questioned, because experimental infection of mice with human-adapted S. aureus requires very high infection doses. Moreover, mice were not considered to be natural hosts of S. aureus. The latter has been disproven by our recent findings, showing that both laboratory mice, as well as wild small mammals including mice, voles, and shrews, are naturally colonized with S. aureus. Here, we investigated whether mouse-and vole-derived S. aureus strains show an enhanced virulence in mice as compared to the human-adapted strain Newman. Using a step-wise approach based on the bacterial genotype and in vitro assays for host adaptation, we selected the most promising candidates for murine infection models out of a total of 254 S. aureus isolates from laboratory mice as well as wild rodents and shrews. Four strains representing the clonal complexes (CC) 8, 49, and 88 (n = 2) were selected and compared to the human-adapted S. aureus strain Newman (CC8) in murine pneumonia and bacteremia models. Notably, a bank vole-derived CC49 strain, named DIP, was highly virulent in BALB/c mice in pneumonia and bacteremia models, whereas the other murine and vole strains showed virulence similar to or lower than that of Newman. At one tenth of the standard infection dose DIP induced disease severity, bacterial load and host cytokine and chemokine responses in the murine bacteremia model similar to that of Newman. In the pneumonia model, DIP was also more virulent than Newman but the effect was less pronounced. Whole genome sequencing data analysis identified a pore-forming toxin gene, lukF-PV(P83)/lukM, in DIP but not in the other tested S. aureus isolates. To conclude, the mouse-adapted S. aureus strain DIP allows a significant reduction of the inoculation dose in mice and is hence a promising tool to develop clinically more relevant infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Trübe
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tobias Hertlein
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel M Mrochen
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Daniel Schulz
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ilka Jorde
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bettina Krause
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julia Zeun
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Fischer
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Silver A Wolf
- Microbial Genomics (NG1), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Walther
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Semmler
- Microbial Genomics (NG1), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara M Bröker
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rainer G Ulrich
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Knut Ohlsen
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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36
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Piewngam P, Zheng Y, Nguyen TH, Dickey SW, Joo HS, Villaruz AE, Glose KA, Fisher EL, Hunt RL, Li B, Chiou J, Pharkjaksu S, Khongthong S, Cheung GYC, Kiratisin P, Otto M. Pathogen elimination by probiotic Bacillus via signalling interference. Nature 2018; 562:532-537. [PMID: 30305736 PMCID: PMC6202238 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0616-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Probiotic nutrition is frequently claimed to improve human health. In particular, live probiotic bacteria obtained with food are thought to reduce intestinal colonization by pathogens, and thus to reduce susceptibility to infection. However, the mechanisms that underlie these effects remain poorly understood. Here we report that the consumption of probiotic Bacillus bacteria comprehensively abolished colonization by the dangerous pathogen Staphylococcus aureus in a rural Thai population. We show that a widespread class of Bacillus lipopeptides, the fengycins, eliminates S. aureus by inhibiting S. aureus quorum sensing-a process through which bacteria respond to their population density by altering gene regulation. Our study presents a detailed molecular mechanism that underlines the importance of probiotic nutrition in reducing infectious disease. We also provide evidence that supports the biological significance of probiotic bacterial interference in humans, and show that such interference can be achieved by blocking a pathogen's signalling system. Furthermore, our findings suggest a probiotic-based method for S. aureus decolonization and new ways to fight S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pipat Piewngam
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yue Zheng
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thuan H Nguyen
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Seth W Dickey
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hwang-Soo Joo
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Pre-PharmMed, College of Natural Sciences, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Amer E Villaruz
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kyle A Glose
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emilie L Fisher
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rachelle L Hunt
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barry Li
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Janice Chiou
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sujiraphong Pharkjaksu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sunisa Khongthong
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Gordon Y C Cheung
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pattarachai Kiratisin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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37
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Non-canonicaly recruited TCRαβCD8αα IELs recognize microbial antigens. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10848. [PMID: 30022086 PMCID: PMC6052027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the gut, various subsets of intraepithelial T cells (IELs) respond to self or non-self-antigens derived from the body, diet, commensal and pathogenic microbiota. Dominant subset of IELs in the small intestine are TCRαβCD8αα+ cells, which are derived from immature thymocytes that express self-reactive TCRs. Although most of TCRαβCD8αα+ IELs are thymus-derived, their repertoire adapts to microbial flora. Here, using high throughput TCR sequencing we examined how clonal diversity of TCRαβCD8αα+ IELs changes upon exposure to commensal-derived antigens. We found that fraction of CD8αα+ IELs and CD4+ T cells express identical αβTCRs and this overlap raised parallel to a surge in the diversity of microbial flora. We also found that an opportunistic pathogen (Staphylococcus aureus) isolated from mouse small intestine specifically activated CD8αα+ IELs and CD4+ derived T cell hybridomas suggesting that some of TCRαβCD8αα+ clones with microbial specificities have extrathymic origin. We also report that CD8ααCD4+ IELs and Foxp3CD4+ T cells from the small intestine shared many αβTCRs, regardless whether the later subset was isolated from Foxp3CNS1 sufficient or Foxp3CNS1 deficient mice that lacks peripherally-derived Tregs. Overall, our results imply that repertoire of TCRαβCD8αα+ in small intestine expends in situ in response to changes in microbial flora.
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38
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Staphylococcal Protein A Contributes to Persistent Colonization of Mice with Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 2018; 200:JB.00735-17. [PMID: 29440258 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00735-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus persistently colonizes the nasopharynx in humans, which increases the risk for invasive diseases, such as skin infection and bacteremia. Nasal colonization triggers IgG responses against staphylococcal surface antigens; however, these antibodies cannot prevent subsequent colonization or disease. Here, we describe S. aureus WU1, a multilocus sequence type 88 (ST88) isolate that persistently colonizes the nasopharynx in mice. We report that staphylococcal protein A (SpA) is required for persistence of S. aureus WU1 in the nasopharynx. Compared to animals colonized by wild-type S. aureus, mice colonized with the Δspa variant mount increased IgG responses against staphylococcal colonization determinants. Immunization of mice with a nontoxigenic SpA variant, which cannot cross-link B cell receptors and divert antibody responses, elicits protein A-neutralizing antibodies that promote IgG responses against colonizing S. aureus and diminish pathogen persistence.IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus persistently colonizes the nasopharynx in about one-third of the human population, thereby promoting community- and hospital-acquired infections. Antibiotics are currently used for decolonization of individuals at increased risk of infection. However, the efficacy of antibiotics is limited by recolonization and selection for drug-resistant strains. Here, we propose a model of how staphylococcal protein A (SpA), a B cell superantigen, modifies host immune responses during colonization to support continued persistence of S. aureus in the nasopharynx. We show that this mechanism can be thwarted by vaccine-induced anti-SpA antibodies that promote IgG responses against staphylococcal antigens and diminish colonization.
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39
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Mrochen DM, Grumann D, Schulz D, Gumz J, Trübe P, Pritchett-Corning K, Johnson S, Nicklas W, Kirsch P, Martelet K, Brandt JVD, Berg S, Bröker BM, Wiles S, Holtfreter S. Global spread of mouse-adapted Staphylococcus aureus lineages CC1, CC15, and CC88 among mouse breeding facilities. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:598-606. [PMID: 29174495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that laboratory mice from all global vendors are frequently colonized with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Genotyping of a snap sample of murine S. aureus isolates from Charles River, US, showed that mice were predominantly colonized with methicillin-sensitive CC88 strains. Here, we expanded our view and investigated whether laboratory mice from other global animal facilities are colonized with similar strains or novel S. aureus lineages, and whether the murine S. aureus isolates show features of host adaptation. In total, we genotyped 230 S. aureus isolates from various vendor facilities of laboratory mice around the globe (Charles River facilities in the USA, Canada, France, and Germany; another US facility) and university- or company-associated breeding facilities in Germany, China and New Zealand. Spa typing was performed to analyse the clonal relationship of the isolates. Moreover, multiplex PCRs were performed for human-specific virulence factors, the immune-evasion cluster (IEC) and superantigen genes (SAg). We found a total of 58 different spa types that clustered into 15 clonal complexes (CCs). Three of these S. aureus lineages had spread globally among laboratory mice and accounted for three quarters of the isolates: CC1 (13.5%), CC15 (14.3%), and CC88 (47.0%). Compared to human colonizing isolates of the same lineages, the murine isolates frequently lacked IEC genes and SAg genes on mobile genetic elements, implying long-term adaptation to the murine host. In conclusion, laboratory mice from various vendors are colonized with host-adapted S. aureus-strains of a few lineages, predominantly the CC88 lineage. S. aureus researchers must be cautioned that S. aureus colonization might be a relevant confounder in infection and vaccination studies and are therefore advised to screen their mice before experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Mrochen
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dorothee Grumann
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Daniel Schulz
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Janine Gumz
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Patricia Trübe
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Sarah Johnson
- Bioluminescent Superbugs Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Werner Nicklas
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Microbiological Diagnostics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Kirsch
- Tierforschungszentrum, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karine Martelet
- Charles River, 360 diagnostic (RADS France), L'Arbresle cedex, France
| | - Jens van den Brandt
- Central Core & Research Facility of Laboratory Animals, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sabine Berg
- Central Core & Research Facility of Laboratory Animals, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Barbara M Bröker
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Siouxsie Wiles
- Bioluminescent Superbugs Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, New Zealand
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany.
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40
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Flaxman A, van Diemen PM, Yamaguchi Y, Allen E, Lindemann C, Rollier CS, Milicic A, Wyllie DH. Development of persistent gastrointestinal S. aureus carriage in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12415. [PMID: 28963555 PMCID: PMC5622074 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12576-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
One fifth to one quarter of the human population is asymptomatically, naturally and persistently colonised by Staphylococcus aureus. Observational human studies indicate that although the whole population is intermittently exposed, some individuals lose S. aureus rapidly. Others become persistent carriers, as assessed by nasal cultures, with many individuals colonised for decades. Current animal models of S. aureus colonisation are expensive and normally require antibiotics. Importantly, these animal models have not yet contributed to our poor understanding of the dichotomy in human colonisation status. Here, we identify a single strain of S. aureus found to be persistently colonising the gastrointestinal tract of BALB/c mice. Phylogenetic analyses suggest it diverged from a human ST15 lineage in the recent past. We show that murine carriage of this organism occurs in the bowel and nares, is acquired early in life, and can persist for months. Importantly, we observe the development of persistent and non-persistent gastrointestinal carriage states in genetically identical mice. We developed a needle- and antibiotic-free model in which we readily induced S. aureus colonisation of the gastrointestinal tract experimentally by environmental exposure. Using our experimental model, impact of adaptive immunity on S. aureus colonisation could be assessed. Vaccine efficacy to eliminate colonisation could also be investigated using this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Flaxman
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Oxford, UK
| | - Pauline M van Diemen
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Oxford, UK
| | - Yuko Yamaguchi
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth Allen
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Oxford, UK
| | - Claudia Lindemann
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Oxford, UK
| | - Christine S Rollier
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, CCVTM, Oxford, UK.,The NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | | | - David H Wyllie
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Oxford, UK.
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41
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Mrochen DM, Schulz D, Fischer S, Jeske K, El Gohary H, Reil D, Imholt C, Trübe P, Suchomel J, Tricaud E, Jacob J, Heroldová M, Bröker BM, Strommenger B, Walther B, Ulrich RG, Holtfreter S. Wild rodents and shrews are natural hosts of Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:590-597. [PMID: 28967544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory mice are the most commonly used animal model for Staphylococcus aureus infection studies. We have previously shown that laboratory mice from global vendors are frequently colonized with S. aureus. Laboratory mice originate from wild house mice. Hence, we investigated whether wild rodents, including house mice, as well as shrews are naturally colonized with S. aureus and whether S. aureus adapts to the wild animal host. 295 animals of ten different species were caught in different locations over four years (2012-2015) in Germany, France and the Czech Republic. 45 animals were positive for S. aureus (15.3%). Three animals were co-colonized with two different isolates, resulting in 48 S. aureus isolates in total. Positive animals were found in Germany and the Czech Republic in each studied year. The S. aureus isolates belonged to ten different spa types, which grouped into six lineages (clonal complex (CC) 49, CC88, CC130, CC1956, sequence type (ST) 890, ST3033). CC49 isolates were most abundant (17/48, 35.4%), followed by CC1956 (14/48, 29.2%) and ST890 (9/48, 18.8%). The wild animal isolates lacked certain properties that are common among human isolates, e.g., a phage-encoded immune evasion cluster, superantigen genes on mobile genetic elements and antibiotic resistance genes, which suggests long-term adaptation to the wild animal host. One CC130 isolate contained the mecC gene, implying wild rodents might be both reservoir and vector for methicillin-resistant . In conclusion, we demonstrated that wild rodents and shrews are naturally colonized with S. aureus, and that those S. aureus isolates show signs of host adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Mrochen
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Sauerbruchstraße DZ7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Daniel Schulz
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Sauerbruchstraße DZ7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Fischer
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kathrin Jeske
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Heba El Gohary
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Sauerbruchstraße DZ7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Daniela Reil
- Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Vertebrate Research, Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Toppheideweg 88, 48161 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Imholt
- Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Vertebrate Research, Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Toppheideweg 88, 48161 Münster, Germany
| | - Patricia Trübe
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Sauerbruchstraße DZ7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Josef Suchomel
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Emilie Tricaud
- Institut Claude Bourgelat, Laboratoire de Toxicologie, BIOLYTICS, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Jens Jacob
- Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Vertebrate Research, Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Toppheideweg 88, 48161 Münster, Germany
| | - Marta Heroldová
- Department of Forest Ecology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara M Bröker
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Sauerbruchstraße DZ7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Birgit Strommenger
- National Reference Centre for Staphylococci and Enterococci, Division Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institut, Burgstraße 37, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Birgit Walther
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Veterinary Faculty, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Straße 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer G Ulrich
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Sauerbruchstraße DZ7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
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Langley RJ, Ting YT, Clow F, Young PG, Radcliff FJ, Choi JM, Sequeira RP, Holtfreter S, Baker H, Fraser JD. Staphylococcal enterotoxin-like X (SElX) is a unique superantigen with functional features of two major families of staphylococcal virulence factors. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006549. [PMID: 28880913 PMCID: PMC5589262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that produces many virulence factors. Two major families of which are the staphylococcal superantigens (SAgs) and the Staphylococcal Superantigen-Like (SSL) exoproteins. The former are immunomodulatory toxins that induce a Vβ-specific activation of T cells, while the latter are immune evasion molecules that interfere with a wide range of innate immune defences. The superantigenic properties of Staphylococcal enterotoxin-like X (SElX) have recently been established. We now reveal that SElX also possesses functional characteristics of the SSLs. A region of SElX displays high homology to the sialyl-lactosamine (sLacNac)-specific binding site present in a sub-family of SSLs. By analysing the interaction of SElX with sLacNac-containing glycans we show that SElX has an equivalent specificity and host cell binding range to the SSLs. Mutation of key amino acids in this conserved region affects the ability of SElX to bind to cells of myeloid origin and significantly reduces its ability to protect S. aureus from destruction in a whole blood killing (WBK) assay. Like the SSLs, SElX is up-regulated early during infection and is under the control of the S. aureus exotoxin expression (Sae) two component gene regulatory system. Additionally, the structure of SElX in complex with the sLacNac-containing tetrasaccharide sialyl Lewis X (sLeX) reveals that SElX is a unique single-domain SAg. In summary, SElX is an ‘SSL-like’ SAg. The ability of Staphylococcus aureus to cause disease can be attributed to the wide range of toxins and immune evasion molecules it produces. The 25-member superantigen (SAg) family of toxins disrupts adaptive immunity by activating large proportions of T cells. In contrast, the structurally-related 14-member Staphylococcal Superantigen-Like (SSL) family inhibits a wide range of innate immune functions. We have discovered that the SAg staphylococcal enterotoxin-like X (SElX) has the sialylated-glycan-dependent active site found in a sub-family of SSLs. Through this site it possesses the ability to affect host innate immunity defences. By solving the X-ray crystal structure of SElX we have also discovered that SElX is a unique single-domain SAg. While it retains a typical β-grasp domain, it lacks the OB-fold domain that is present in all other staphylococcal SAgs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ries J. Langley
- School of Medical Sciences, and The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Yi Tian Ting
- School of Biological Sciences, and The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fiona Clow
- School of Medical Sciences, and The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul G. Young
- School of Biological Sciences, and The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fiona J. Radcliff
- School of Medical Sciences, and The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jeong Min Choi
- School of Medical Sciences, and The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard P. Sequeira
- School of Medical Sciences, and The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- School of Medical Sciences, and The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Heather Baker
- School of Biological Sciences, and The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John D. Fraser
- School of Medical Sciences, and The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Yao J, Rock CO. Exogenous fatty acid metabolism in bacteria. Biochimie 2017; 141:30-39. [PMID: 28668270 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial type II fatty acid synthesis (FASII) is a target for novel antibiotic development. All bacteria encode for mechanisms to incorporate exogenous fatty acids, and some bacteria can use exogenous fatty acids to bypass FASII inhibition. Bacteria encode three different mechanisms for activating exogenous fatty acids for incorporation into phospholipid synthesis. Exogenous fatty acids are converted into acyl-CoA in Gammaproteobacteria such as E. coli. Acyl-CoA molecules constitute a separate pool from endogenously synthesized acyl-ACP. Acyl-CoA can be used for phospholipid synthesis or broken down by β-oxidation, but cannot be used for lipopolysaccharide synthesis. Exogenous fatty acids are converted into acyl-ACP in some Gram-negative bacteria. The resulting acyl-ACP undergoes the same fates as endogenously synthesized acyl-ACP. Exogenous fatty acids are converted into acyl-phosphates in Gram-positive bacteria, and can be used for phospholipid synthesis or become acyl-ACP. Only the order Lactobacillales can use exogenous fatty acids to bypass FASII inhibition. FASII shuts down completely in presence of exogenous fatty acids in Lactobacillales, allowing Lactobacillales to synthesize phospholipids entirely from exogenous fatty acids. Inhibition of FASII cannot be bypassed in other bacteria because FASII is only partially down-regulated in presence of exogenous fatty acid or FASII is required to synthesize essential metabolites such as β-hydroxyacyl-ACP. Certain selective pressures such as FASII inhibition or growth in biofilms can select for naturally occurring one step mutations that attenuate endogenous fatty acid synthesis. Although attempts have been made to estimate the natural prevalence of these mutants, culture-independent metagenomic methods would provide a better estimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangwei Yao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Charles O Rock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Colby LA, Quenee LE, Zitzow LA. Considerations for Infectious Disease Research Studies Using Animals. Comp Med 2017; 67:222-231. [PMID: 28662751 PMCID: PMC5482514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Animal models are vital in understanding the transmission and pathogenesis of infectious organisms and the host immune response to infection. In addition, animal models are essential in vaccine and therapeutic drug development and testing. Prior to selecting an animal model to use when studying an infectious agent, the scientific team must determine that sufficient in vitro and ex vivo data are available to justify performing research in an animal model, that ethical considerations are addressed, and that the data generated from animal work will add useful information to the body of scientific knowledge. Once it is established that an animal should be used, the questions become 'Which animal model is most suitable?' and 'Which experimental design issues should be considered?' The answers to these questions take into account numerous factors, including scientific, practical, welfare, and regulatory considerations, which are the focus of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A Colby
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lauriane E Quenee
- Environment, Health, and Safety Office, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Lois A Zitzow
- University Research Animal Resources, Office of Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia;,
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Radcliff FJ, Clow F, Mahadevan M, Johnston J, Proft T, Douglas RG, Fraser JD. A potential role for staphylococcal and streptococcal superantigens in driving skewing of TCR Vβ subsets in tonsillar hyperplasia. Med Microbiol Immunol 2017; 206:337-346. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-017-0510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Schulz D, Grumann D, Trübe P, Pritchett-Corning K, Johnson S, Reppschläger K, Gumz J, Sundaramoorthy N, Michalik S, Berg S, van den Brandt J, Fister R, Monecke S, Uy B, Schmidt F, Bröker BM, Wiles S, Holtfreter S. Laboratory Mice Are Frequently Colonized with Staphylococcus aureus and Mount a Systemic Immune Response-Note of Caution for In vivo Infection Experiments. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:152. [PMID: 28512627 PMCID: PMC5411432 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether mice are an appropriate model for S. aureus infection and vaccination studies is a matter of debate, because they are not considered as natural hosts of S. aureus. We previously identified a mouse-adapted S. aureus strain, which caused infections in laboratory mice. This raised the question whether laboratory mice are commonly colonized with S. aureus and whether this might impact on infection experiments. Publicly available health reports from commercial vendors revealed that S. aureus colonization is rather frequent, with rates as high as 21% among specific-pathogen-free mice. In animal facilities, S. aureus was readily transmitted from parents to offspring, which became persistently colonized. Among 99 murine S. aureus isolates from Charles River Laboratories half belonged to the lineage CC88 (54.5%), followed by CC15, CC5, CC188, and CC8. A comparison of human and murine S. aureus isolates revealed features of host adaptation. In detail, murine strains lacked hlb-converting phages and superantigen-encoding mobile genetic elements, and were frequently ampicillin-sensitive. Moreover, murine CC88 isolates coagulated mouse plasma faster than human CC88 isolates. Importantly, S. aureus colonization clearly primed the murine immune system, inducing a systemic IgG response specific for numerous S. aureus proteins, including several vaccine candidates. Phospholipase C emerged as a promising test antigen for monitoring S. aureus colonization in laboratory mice. In conclusion, laboratory mice are natural hosts of S. aureus and therefore, could provide better infection models than previously assumed. Pre-exposure to the bacteria is a possible confounder in S. aureus infection and vaccination studies and should be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schulz
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany
| | - Dorothee Grumann
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany
| | - Patricia Trübe
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany
| | | | - Sarah Johnson
- Bioluminescent Superbugs Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Kevin Reppschläger
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany
| | - Janine Gumz
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany
| | - Nandakumar Sundaramoorthy
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, ZIK FunGene, University Medicine GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan Michalik
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, ZIK FunGene, University Medicine GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany
| | - Sabine Berg
- Central Core and Research Facility of Laboratory Animals, University Medicine GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany
| | - Jens van den Brandt
- Central Core and Research Facility of Laboratory Animals, University Medicine GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany
| | - Richard Fister
- Charles River, Research and Professional ServicesWilmington, MA, USA
| | - Stefan Monecke
- Alere TechnologiesJena, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Faculty "Carl Gustav Carus"Dresden, Germany
| | - Benedict Uy
- Bioluminescent Superbugs Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Frank Schmidt
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, ZIK FunGene, University Medicine GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany
| | - Barbara M Bröker
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany
| | - Siouxsie Wiles
- Bioluminescent Superbugs Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany
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47
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Bielen K, 's Jongers B, Malhotra-Kumar S, Jorens PG, Goossens H, Kumar-Singh S. Animal models of hospital-acquired pneumonia: current practices and future perspectives. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:132. [PMID: 28462212 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.03.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infections are amongst the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Especially in hospital settings and more particularly in critically ill ventilated patients, nosocomial pneumonia is one of the most serious infectious complications frequently caused by opportunistic pathogens. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important causes of ventilator-associated pneumonia as well as the major cause of chronic pneumonia in cystic fibrosis patients. Animal models of pneumonia allow us to investigate distinct types of pneumonia at various disease stages, studies that are not possible in patients. Different animal models of pneumonia such as one-hit acute pneumonia models, ventilator-associated pneumonia models and biofilm pneumonia models associated with cystic fibrosis have been extensively studied and have considerably aided our understanding of disease pathogenesis and testing and developing new treatment strategies. The present review aims to guide investigators in choosing appropriate animal pneumonia models by describing and comparing the relevant characteristics of each model using P. aeruginosa as a model etiology for hospital-acquired pneumonia. Key to establishing and studying these animal models of infection are well-defined end-points that allow precise monitoring and characterization of disease development that could ultimately aid in translating these findings to patient populations in order to guide therapy. In this respect, and discussed here, is the development of humanized animal models of bacterial pneumonia that could offer unique advantages to study bacterial virulence factor expression and host cytokine production for translational purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Bielen
- Molecular Pathology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.,Laboratory of Medical Microbiology - Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Bart 's Jongers
- Molecular Pathology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.,Laboratory of Medical Microbiology - Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology - Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Philippe G Jorens
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, LEMP, Wilrijkstraat 10, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Herman Goossens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology - Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Samir Kumar-Singh
- Molecular Pathology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.,Laboratory of Medical Microbiology - Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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48
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The extracellular adherence protein (Eap) of Staphylococcus aureus acts as a proliferation and migration repressing factor that alters the cell morphology of keratinocytes. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 307:116-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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From Immunologically Archaic to Neoteric Glycovaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5010004. [PMID: 28134792 PMCID: PMC5371740 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides (PS) are present in the outermost surface of bacteria and readily come in contact with immune cells. They interact with specific antibodies, which in turn confer protection from infections. Vaccines with PS from pneumococci, meningococci, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and Salmonella typhi may be protective, although with the important constraint of failing to generate permanent immunological memory. This limitation has in part been circumvented by conjugating glycovaccines to proteins that stimulate T helper cells and facilitate the establishment of immunological memory. Currently, protection evoked by conjugated PS vaccines lasts for a few years. The same approach failed with PS from staphylococci, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Klebsiella. All those germs cause severe infections in humans and often develop resistance to antibiotic therapy. Thereby, prevention is of increasing importance to better control outbreaks. As only 23 of more than 90 pneumococcal serotypes and 4 of 13 clinically relevant Neisseria meningitidis serogroups are covered by available vaccines there is still tremendous clinical need for PS vaccines. This review focuses on glycovaccines and the immunological mechanisms for their success or failure. We discuss recent advances that may facilitate generation of high affinity anti-PS antibodies and confer specific immunity and long-lasting protection.
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50
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Monecke S, Gavier-Widén D, Hotzel H, Peters M, Guenther S, Lazaris A, Loncaric I, Müller E, Reissig A, Ruppelt-Lorz A, Shore AC, Walter B, Coleman DC, Ehricht R. Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in European Wildlife. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168433. [PMID: 27992523 PMCID: PMC5161505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a well-known colonizer and cause of infection among animals and it has been described from numerous domestic and wild animal species. The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular epidemiology of S. aureus in a convenience sample of European wildlife and to review what previously has been observed in the subject field. 124 S. aureus isolates were collected from wildlife in Germany, Austria and Sweden; they were characterized by DNA microarray hybridization and, for isolates with novel hybridization patterns, by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The isolates were assigned to 29 clonal complexes and singleton sequence types (CC1, CC5, CC6, CC7, CC8, CC9, CC12, CC15, CC22, CC25, CC30, CC49, CC59, CC88, CC97, CC130, CC133, CC398, ST425, CC599, CC692, CC707, ST890, CC1956, ST2425, CC2671, ST2691, CC2767 and ST2963), some of which (ST2425, ST2691, ST2963) were not described previously. Resistance rates in wildlife strains were rather low and mecA-MRSA isolates were rare (n = 6). mecC-MRSA (n = 8) were identified from a fox, a fallow deer, hares and hedgehogs. The common cattle-associated lineages CC479 and CC705 were not detected in wildlife in the present study while, in contrast, a third common cattle lineage, CC97, was found to be common among cervids. No Staphylococcus argenteus or Staphylococcus schweitzeri-like isolates were found. Systematic studies are required to monitor the possible transmission of human- and livestock-associated S. aureus/MRSA to wildlife and vice versa as well as the possible transmission, by unprotected contact to animals. The prevalence of S. aureus/MRSA in wildlife as well as its population structures in different wildlife host species warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Monecke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene (IMMH), Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Alere Technologies GmbH, Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Dolores Gavier-Widén
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Disease, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helmut Hotzel
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Peters
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Westfalen, Standort Arnsberg, Arnsberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Guenther
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Veterinary Faculty, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandros Lazaris
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Igor Loncaric
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elke Müller
- Alere Technologies GmbH, Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena, Germany
| | - Annett Reissig
- Alere Technologies GmbH, Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena, Germany
| | - Antje Ruppelt-Lorz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene (IMMH), Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna C. Shore
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Birgit Walter
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Veterinary Faculty, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - David C. Coleman
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ralf Ehricht
- Alere Technologies GmbH, Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena, Germany
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