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Munn LL, Bazou D. A Self-Assembly Method for Creating Vascularized Tumor Explants Using Biomaterials for 3D Culture. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2645:211-220. [PMID: 37202621 PMCID: PMC11110101 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3056-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Validation of potential therapeutic targets in cancer requires functional live assays that recapitulate the biology, anatomy, and physiology of human tumors. We present a methodology for maintaining mouse and patient tumor samples ex vivo for in vitro drug-screening as well as for the guidance of patient-specific chemotherapies. The harvested tumor biopsy, excised from mice or patients, is integrated into a support tissue that includes extended stroma and vasculature. The methodology is more representative than tissue culture assays, faster than patient-derived xenograft models, easy to implement, amenable to high-throughput assays and does not carry the ethical issues or expense associated with animal studies. Our physiologically relevant model can be successfully used for high-throughput drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance L Munn
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Despina Bazou
- Department of Haematology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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2
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Calderan L, Carton F, Andreana I, Bincoletto V, Arpicco S, Stella B, Malatesta M. An ex vivo experimental system to track fluorescent nanoparticles inside skeletal muscle. Eur J Histochem 2022; 67:3596. [PMID: 36546417 PMCID: PMC9827424 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2023.3596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of novel nanoconstructs for biomedical applications requires the assessment of their biodistribution, metabolism and clearance in single cells, organs and entire organisms in a living environment. To reduce the number of in vivo experiments performed and to refine the methods used, in accordance with the 3Rs principle, this work proposes an ex vivo experimental system to monitor, using fluorescence microscopy, the distribution of nanoparticles in explanted murine skeletal muscle maintained in a bioreactor that can preserve the structural and functional features of the organ for long periods of time. Fluorescently-labelled liposomes and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)-based nanoparticles were injected into the intact soleus muscle (in the distal region close to the tendon) immediately after explants, and their distribution was analysed at increasing incubation times in cross cryosections from the proximal region of the belly. Both nanocarriers were clearly recognized in the muscle and were found to enter and migrate inside the myofibres, whereas their migration in the connective tissue seemed to be limited. In addition, some fluorescent signals were observed inside the macrophages, demonstrating the physiological clearance of the nanocarriers that did not enter the myofibres. Our ex vivo system therefore provides more information than previous in vitro experiments on cultured muscle cells, highlighting the need for the appropriate functionalization of nanocarriers if myofibre targeting is to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Calderan
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona
| | - Flavia Carton
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona,*Present address: Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Novara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Andreana
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Arpicco
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Stella
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Manuela Malatesta
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona,Correspondence: Prof. Manuela Malatesta, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy. Tel. +39.045.8027569. .
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3
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Rodolfo M, Huber V, Cossa M, Gallino G, Leone BE, Vallacchi V, Rivoltini L, Vergani E. 3D tumor explant as a novel platform to investigate therapeutic pathways and predictive biomarkers in cancer patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1068091. [PMID: 36591316 PMCID: PMC9794575 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1068091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors can induce durable clinical responses in different human malignancies but the number of responding patients remains globally modest. The limited therapeutic efficacy of ICI depends on multiple factors, among which the immune suppressive features of the tumor microenvironment play a key role. For this reason, experimental models that enable dissection of the immune-hostile tumor milieu components are required to unravel how to overcome resistance and obtain full-fledged anti-tumor immunity. Recent evidence supports the usefulness of 3D ex vivo systems in retaining features of tumor microenvironment to elucidate molecular and immunologic mechanisms of response and resistance to immune checkpoint blockade. In this perspective article we discuss the recent advances in patient-derived 3D tumor models and their potential in support of treatment decision making in clinical setting. We will also share our experience with dynamic bioreactor tumor explant culture of samples from melanoma and sarcoma patients as a reliable and promising platform to unravel immune responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Rodolfo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Translational Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy,*Correspondence: Monica Rodolfo,
| | - Veronica Huber
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Translational Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Cossa
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfrancesco Gallino
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Biagio E. Leone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Viviana Vallacchi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Translational Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Licia Rivoltini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Translational Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Vergani
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Translational Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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4
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Lourenço D, Lopes R, Pestana C, Queirós AC, João C, Carneiro EA. Patient-Derived Multiple Myeloma 3D Models for Personalized Medicine-Are We There Yet? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12888. [PMID: 36361677 PMCID: PMC9657251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the wide variety of existing therapies, multiple myeloma (MM) remains a disease with dismal prognosis. Choosing the right treatment for each patient remains one of the major challenges. A new approach being explored is the use of ex vivo models for personalized medicine. Two-dimensional culture or animal models often fail to predict clinical outcomes. Three-dimensional ex vivo models using patients' bone marrow (BM) cells may better reproduce the complexity and heterogeneity of the BM microenvironment. Here, we review the strengths and limitations of currently existing patient-derived ex vivo three-dimensional MM models. We analyze their biochemical and biophysical properties, molecular and cellular characteristics, as well as their potential for drug testing and identification of disease biomarkers. Furthermore, we discuss the remaining challenges and give some insight on how to achieve a more biomimetic and accurate MM BM model. Overall, there is still a need for standardized culture methods and refined readout techniques. Including both myeloma and other cells of the BM microenvironment in a simple and reproducible three-dimensional scaffold is the key to faithfully mapping and examining the relationship between these players in MM. This will allow a patient-personalized profile, providing a powerful tool for clinical and research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Lourenço
- Myeloma Lymphoma Research Group—Champalimaud Experimental Clinical Research Programme of Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Lopes
- Myeloma Lymphoma Research Group—Champalimaud Experimental Clinical Research Programme of Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carolina Pestana
- Myeloma Lymphoma Research Group—Champalimaud Experimental Clinical Research Programme of Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre of Statistics and Its Applications, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana C. Queirós
- Myeloma Lymphoma Research Group—Champalimaud Experimental Clinical Research Programme of Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina João
- Myeloma Lymphoma Research Group—Champalimaud Experimental Clinical Research Programme of Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, NOVA Medical School, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
- Hemato-Oncology Department of Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Emilie Arnault Carneiro
- Myeloma Lymphoma Research Group—Champalimaud Experimental Clinical Research Programme of Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
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5
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Belloni D, Ferrarini M, Ferrero E, Guzzeloni V, Barbaglio F, Ghia P, Scielzo C. Protocol for generation of 3D bone marrow surrogate microenvironments in a rotary cell culture system. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101601. [PMID: 35990738 PMCID: PMC9382330 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this protocol, we describe how to generate 3D culture surrogates of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and multiple myeloma (MM) bone marrow microenvironments. We detail the use of culturing scaffolds populated with BM stromal cells and tumor cells in the RCCS™ bioreactor. This 3D culture can efficiently recapitulate tumor-stroma crosstalk and allows the testing of drugs such as ibrutinib and bortezomib. Moreover, this protocol can be used for the generation of other and more complex tumor microenvironments. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Belloni et al. (2018) and Barbaglio et al. (2021). Step-by-step generation of a 3D bone marrow microenvironment for CLL and MM Set up of a dynamic 3D culture in an RCCS™ bioreactor Integrative analysis of the 3D scaffolds in response to drug treatment
Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.
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6
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Drochon A, Lesieur R, Durand M. Fluid dynamics characterisation of a rotating bioreactor for tissue engineering. Med Eng Phys 2022; 105:103831. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2022.103831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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Guo L, Zhu Z, Gao C, Chen K, Lu S, Yan H, Liu W, Wang M, Ding Y, Huang L, Wang X. Development of Biomimetic Hepatic Lobule-Like Constructs on Silk-Collagen Composite Scaffolds for Liver Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:940634. [PMID: 35814001 PMCID: PMC9260023 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.940634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Constructing an engineered hepatic lobule-mimetic model is challenging owing to complicated lobular architecture and crucial hepatic functionality. Our previous study has demonstrated the feasibility of using silk fibroin (SF) scaffolds as functional templates for engineering hepatic lobule-like constructs. But the unsatisfactory chemical and physical performances of the SF-only scaffold and the inherent defect in the functional activity of the carcinoma-derived seeding cells remain to be addressed to satisfy the downstream application demand. In this study, SF-collagen I (SFC) composite scaffolds with improved physical and chemical properties were fabricated, and their utilization for bioengineering a more hepatic lobule-like construct was explored using the immortalized human hepatocyte-derived liver progenitor-like cells (iHepLPCs) and endothelial cells incorporated in the dynamic culture system. The SFC scaffolds prepared through the directional lyophilization process showed radially aligned porous structures with increased swelling ratio and porosity, ameliorative mechanical stiffness that resembled the normal liver matrix more closely, and improved biocompatibility. The iHepLPCs displayed a hepatic plate-like distribution and differentiated into matured hepatocytes with improved hepatic function in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, hepatocyte–endothelial cell interphase arrangement was generated in the co-culture compartment with improved polarity, bile capillary formation, and enhanced liver functions compared with the monocultures. Thus, a more biomimetic hepatic lobule-like model was established and could provide a valuable and robust platform for various applications, including bioartificial liver and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Guo
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ziqing Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chuanzhou Gao
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Kaiwen Chen
- School of Bioengineering, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Shenzhou Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hexin Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenming Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingqi Wang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yanfang Ding
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lin Huang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Huang, ; Xiuli Wang,
| | - Xiuli Wang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- General Surgery Center, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Huang, ; Xiuli Wang,
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8
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Sui C, Zilberberg J, Lee W. Microfluidic device engineered to study the trafficking of multiple myeloma cancer cells through the sinusoidal niche of bone marrow. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1439. [PMID: 35087109 PMCID: PMC8795452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable B cell malignancy characterized by the accumulation of monoclonal abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow (BM). It has been a significant challenge to study the spatiotemporal interactions of MM cancer cells with the embedded microenvironments of BM. Here we report a microfluidic device which was designed to mimic several physiological features of the BM niche: (1) sinusoidal circulation, (2) sinusoidal endothelium, and (3) stroma. The endothelial and stromal compartments were constructed and used to demonstrate the device's utility by spatiotemporally characterizing the CXCL12-mediated egression of MM cells from the BM stroma and its effects on the barrier function of endothelial cells (ECs). We found that the egression of MM cells resulted in less organized and loosely connected ECs, the widening of EC junction pores, and increased permeability through ECs, but without significantly affecting the number density of viable ECs. The results suggest that the device can be used to study the physical and secreted factors determining the trafficking of cancer cells through BM. The sinusoidal flow feature of the device provides an integral element for further creating systemic models of cancers that reside or metastasize to the BM niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sui
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Jenny Zilberberg
- Hackensack Meridian Health, Center for Discovery and Innovation, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA
| | - Woo Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA. .,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point On Hudson, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA.
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9
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Multiple myeloma is a hematological malignancy of differentiated B cells that resides primarily in bone marrow niches. Its interaction with the microenvironment is known to provide a survival advantage and plays an important role in drug resistance. Despite the increased efficacy of new treatment drugs, clinical results oftentimes fall short of in vitro observations, and this disease remains incurable. Conventional 2-dimensional cultures used to perform chemosensitivity assays and the established multiple myeloma cells lines commonly used do not replicate the conditions seen in vivo. This review presents various 3-dimensional culture platforms for myeloma that attempt to overcome this obstacle by incorporating aspects of the tumor microenvironment. The unique features of each model and contributions they have provided in personalized medicine, tumor physiology, and chemosensitivity assays will be summarized.
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10
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Hughes DL, Hughes A, Soonawalla Z, Mukherjee S, O’Neill E. Dynamic Physiological Culture of Ex Vivo Human Tissue: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2870. [PMID: 34201273 PMCID: PMC8229413 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional static culture fails to replicate the physiological conditions that exist in vivo. Recent advances in biomedical engineering have resulted in the creation of novel dynamic culturing systems that permit the recapitulation of normal physiological processes ex vivo. Whilst the physiological benefit for its use in the culture of two-dimensional cellular monolayer has been validated, its role in the context of primary human tissue culture has yet to be determined. This systematic review identified 22 articles that combined dynamic physiological culture techniques with primary human tissue culture. The most frequent method described (55%) utilised dynamic perfusion culture. A diverse range of primary human tissue was successfully cultured. The median duration of successful ex vivo culture of primary human tissue for all articles was eight days; however, a wide range was noted (5 h-60 days). Six articles (27%) reported successful culture of primary human tissue for greater than 20 days. This review illustrates the physiological benefit of combining dynamic culture with primary human tissue culture in both long-term culture success rates and preservation of native functionality of the tissue ex vivo. Further research efforts should focus on developing precise biochemical sensors that would allow for real-time monitoring and automated self-regulation of the culture system in order to maintain homeostasis. Combining these techniques allows the creation of an accurate system that can be used to gain a greater understanding of human physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ll Hughes
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (D.L.H.); (S.M.)
| | - Aron Hughes
- Undergraduate Centre, Cardiff University Medical School, Cardiff CF14 4YS, UK;
| | - Zahir Soonawalla
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK;
| | - Somnath Mukherjee
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (D.L.H.); (S.M.)
| | - Eric O’Neill
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (D.L.H.); (S.M.)
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11
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Liu B, Han S, Modarres-Sadeghi Y, Lynch ME. Multiphysics simulation of a compression-perfusion combined bioreactor to predict the mechanical microenvironment during bone metastatic breast cancer loading experiments. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:1779-1792. [PMID: 33491767 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Incurable breast cancer bone metastasis causes widespread bone loss, resulting in fragility, pain, increased fracture risk, and ultimately increased patient mortality. Increased mechanical signals in the skeleton are anabolic and protect against bone loss, and they may also do so during osteolytic bone metastasis. Skeletal mechanical signals include interdependent tissue deformations and interstitial fluid flow, but how metastatic tumor cells respond to each of these individual signals remains underinvestigated, a barrier to translation to the clinic. To delineate their respective roles, we report computed estimates of the internal mechanical field of a bone mimetic scaffold undergoing combinations of high and low compression and perfusion using multiphysics simulations. Simulations were conducted in advance of multimodal loading bioreactor experiments with bone metastatic breast cancer cells to ensure that mechanical stimuli occurring internally were physiological and anabolic. Our results show that mechanical stimuli throughout the scaffold were within the anabolic range of bone cells in all loading configurations, were homogenously distributed throughout, and that combined high magnitude compression and perfusion synergized to produce the largest wall shear stresses within the scaffold. These simulations, when combined with experiments, will shed light on how increased mechanical loading in the skeleton may confer anti-tumorigenic effects during metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyuan Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Suyue Han
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yahya Modarres-Sadeghi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maureen E Lynch
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Novel therapies for damaged and diseased bone are being developed in a preclinical testing process consisting of in vitro cell experiments followed by in vivo animal studies. The in vitro results are often not representative of the results observed in vivo. This could be caused by the complexity of the natural bone environment that is missing in vitro. Ex vivo bone explant cultures provide a model in which cells are preserved in their native three-dimensional environment. Herein, it is aimed to review the current status of bone explant culture models in relation to their potential in complementing the preclinical evaluation process with specific attention paid to the incorporation of mechanical loading within ex vivo culture systems. RECENT FINDINGS Bone explant cultures are often performed with physiologically less relevant bone, immature bone, and explants derived from rodents, which complicates translatability into clinical practice. Mature bone explants encounter difficulties with maintaining viability, especially in static culture. The integration of mechanical stimuli was able to extend the lifespan of explants and to induce new bone formation. Bone explant cultures provide unique platforms for bone research and mechanical loading was demonstrated to be an important component in achieving osteogenesis ex vivo. However, more research is needed to establish a representative, reliable, and reproducible bone explant culture system that includes both components of bone remodeling, i.e., formation and resorption, in order to bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo research in preclinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E A Cramer
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - K Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - S Hofmann
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
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13
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Khalil AS, Jaenisch R, Mooney DJ. Engineered tissues and strategies to overcome challenges in drug development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 158:116-139. [PMID: 32987094 PMCID: PMC7518978 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Current preclinical studies in drug development utilize high-throughput in vitro screens to identify drug leads, followed by both in vitro and in vivo models to predict lead candidates' pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. The goal of these studies is to reduce the number of lead drug candidates down to the most likely to succeed in later human clinical trials. However, only 1 in 10 drug candidates that emerge from preclinical studies will succeed and become an approved therapeutic. Lack of efficacy or undetected toxicity represents roughly 75% of the causes for these failures, despite these parameters being the primary exclusion criteria in preclinical studies. Recently, advances in both biology and engineering have created new tools for constructing new preclinical models. These models can complement those used in current preclinical studies by helping to create more realistic representations of human tissues in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we describe current preclinical models to identify their value and limitations and then discuss select areas of research where improvements in preclinical models are particularly needed to advance drug development. Following this, we discuss design considerations for constructing preclinical models and then highlight recent advances in these efforts. Taken together, we aim to review the advances as of 2020 surrounding the prospect of biological and engineering tools for adding enhanced biological relevance to preclinical studies to aid in the challenges of failed drug candidates and the burden this poses on the drug development enterprise and thus healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Khalil
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - David J Mooney
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA.
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14
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Vergani E, Dugo M, Cossa M, Frigerio S, Di Guardo L, Gallino G, Mattavelli I, Vergani B, Lalli L, Tamborini E, Valeri B, Gargiuli C, Shahaj E, Ferrarini M, Ferrero E, Gomez Lira M, Huber V, Vecchio MD, Sensi M, Leone BE, Santinami M, Rivoltini L, Rodolfo M, Vallacchi V. miR-146a-5p impairs melanoma resistance to kinase inhibitors by targeting COX2 and regulating NFkB-mediated inflammatory mediators. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:156. [PMID: 32967672 PMCID: PMC7510138 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00601-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Targeted therapy with BRAF and MEK inhibitors has improved the survival of patients with BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma, but most patients relapse upon the onset of drug resistance induced by mechanisms including genetic and epigenetic events. Among the epigenetic alterations, microRNA perturbation is associated with the development of kinase inhibitor resistance. Here, we identified and studied the role of miR-146a-5p dysregulation in melanoma drug resistance. Methods The miR-146a-5p-regulated NFkB signaling network was identified in drug-resistant cell lines and melanoma tumor samples by expression profiling and knock-in and knock-out studies. A bioinformatic data analysis identified COX2 as a central gene regulated by miR-146a-5p and NFkB. The effects of miR-146a-5p/COX2 manipulation were studied in vitro in cell lines and with 3D cultures of treatment-resistant tumor explants from patients progressing during therapy. Results miR-146a-5p expression was inversely correlated with drug sensitivity and COX2 expression and was reduced in BRAF and MEK inhibitor-resistant melanoma cells and tissues. Forced miR-146a-5p expression reduced COX2 activity and significantly increased drug sensitivity by hampering prosurvival NFkB signaling, leading to reduced proliferation and enhanced apoptosis. Similar effects were obtained by inhibiting COX2 by celecoxib, a clinically approved COX2 inhibitor. Conclusions Deregulation of the miR-146a-5p/COX2 axis occurs in the development of melanoma resistance to targeted drugs in melanoma patients. This finding reveals novel targets for more effective combination treatment. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Vergani
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Dugo
- Platform of Integrated Biology, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori AmadeoLab, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Cossa
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Frigerio
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenza Di Guardo
- Unit of Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfrancesco Gallino
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Mattavelli
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Vergani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Luca Lalli
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Tamborini
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Valeri
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Gargiuli
- Platform of Integrated Biology, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori AmadeoLab, Milan, Italy
| | - Eriomina Shahaj
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Ferrarini
- Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Macarena Gomez Lira
- Biology and Genetics, Department of Neurosciences Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Veronica Huber
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Del Vecchio
- Unit of Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Sensi
- Platform of Integrated Biology, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori AmadeoLab, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Mario Santinami
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Licia Rivoltini
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Rodolfo
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Viviana Vallacchi
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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15
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Papadimitriou K, Kostopoulos IV, Tsopanidou A, Orologas-Stavrou N, Kastritis E, Tsitsilonis OE, Dimopoulos MA, Terpos E. Ex Vivo Models Simulating the Bone Marrow Environment and Predicting Response to Therapy in Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082006. [PMID: 32707884 PMCID: PMC7463609 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) remains incurable despite the abundance of novel drugs. As it has been previously shown, preclinical 2D models fail to predict disease progression due to their inability to simulate the microenvironment of the bone marrow. In this review, we focus on 3D models and present all currently available ex vivo MM models that fulfil certain criteria, such as development of complex 3D environments using patients' cells and ability to test different drugs in order to assess personalized MM treatment efficacy of various regimens and combinations. We selected models representing the top-notch ex vivo platforms and evaluated them in terms of cost, time-span, and feasibility of the method. Finally, we propose where such a model can be more informative in a patient's treatment timeline. Overall, advanced 3D preclinical models are very promising as they may eventually offer the opportunity to precisely select the optimal personalized treatment for each MM patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Papadimitriou
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (K.P.); (A.T.); (N.O.-S.); (O.E.T.)
| | - Ioannis V. Kostopoulos
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (K.P.); (A.T.); (N.O.-S.); (O.E.T.)
- Correspondence: (I.V.K.); (E.T.); Tel.: +30-210-7274929 (I.V.K.); +30-213-216-2846 (E.T.); Fax: +30-210-7274635 (I.V.K.); +30-213-216-2511 (E.T.)
| | - Anastasia Tsopanidou
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (K.P.); (A.T.); (N.O.-S.); (O.E.T.)
| | - Nikolaos Orologas-Stavrou
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (K.P.); (A.T.); (N.O.-S.); (O.E.T.)
| | - Efstathios Kastritis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Ourania E. Tsitsilonis
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (K.P.); (A.T.); (N.O.-S.); (O.E.T.)
| | - Meletios A. Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Evangelos Terpos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (M.A.D.)
- Correspondence: (I.V.K.); (E.T.); Tel.: +30-210-7274929 (I.V.K.); +30-213-216-2846 (E.T.); Fax: +30-210-7274635 (I.V.K.); +30-213-216-2511 (E.T.)
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16
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Cavalli G, Dagna L, Biavasco R, Villa A, Doglioni C, Ferrero E, Ferrarini M. Erdheim-Chester disease: An in vivo human model of Mϕ activation at the crossroad between chronic inflammation and cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:591-599. [PMID: 32056262 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr0120-203rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a rare histiocytosis characterized by infiltration of multiple tissues by CD68+ foamy Mϕs (or 'histiocytes'). Clinical manifestations arise from mass-forming lesions or from tissue and systemic inflammation. ECD histiocytes harbor oncogenic mutations along the MAPK-kinase signaling pathway (BRAFV600E in more than half of the patients), and secrete abundant pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Based on these features, ECD is considered an inflammatory myeloid neoplasm, and is accordingly managed with targeted kinase inhibitors or immunosuppressive and cytokine-blocking agents. Evidence is emerging that maladaptive metabolic changes, particularly up-regulated glycolysis, represent an additional, mutation-driven feature of ECD histiocytes, which sustains deregulated and protracted pro-inflammatory activation and cytokine production. Besides translational relevance to the management of ECD patients and to the development of new therapeutic approaches, recognition of ECD as a natural human model of chronic, maladaptive Mϕ activation instructs the understanding of Mϕ dysfunction in other chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Cavalli
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Dagna
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Biavasco
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Doglioni
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Pathology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ferrero
- Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Ferrarini
- Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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17
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Forsythe S, Pu T, Skardal A. Using organoid models to predict chemotherapy efficacy: the future of precision oncology? EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2019.1685868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Forsythe
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Tracey Pu
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Bowman Gray Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Aleksander Skardal
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Bowman Gray Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Translational Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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18
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Bray LJ, Hutmacher DW, Bock N. Addressing Patient Specificity in the Engineering of Tumor Models. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:217. [PMID: 31572718 PMCID: PMC6751285 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatment is challenged by the heterogeneous nature of cancer, where prognosis depends on tumor type and disease stage, as well as previous treatments. Optimal patient stratification is critical for the development and validation of effective treatments, yet pre-clinical model systems are lacking in the delivery of effective individualized platforms that reflect distinct patient-specific clinical situations. Advances in cancer cell biology, biofabrication, and microengineering technologies have led to the development of more complex in vitro three-dimensional (3D) models to act as drug testing platforms and to elucidate novel cancer mechanisms. Mostly, these strategies have enabled researchers to account for the tumor microenvironment context including tumor-stroma interactions, a key factor of heterogeneity that affects both progression and therapeutic resistance. This is aided by state-of-the-art biomaterials and tissue engineering technologies, coupled with reproducible and high-throughput platforms that enable modeling of relevant physical and chemical factors. Yet, the translation of these models and technologies has been impaired by neglecting to incorporate patient-derived cells or tissues, and largely focusing on immortalized cell lines instead, contributing to drug failure rates. While this is a necessary step to establish and validate new models, a paradigm shift is needed to enable the systematic inclusion of patient-derived materials in the design and use of such models. In this review, we first present an overview of the components responsible for heterogeneity in different tumor microenvironments. Next, we introduce the state-of-the-art of current in vitro 3D cancer models employing patient-derived materials in traditional scaffold-free approaches, followed by novel bioengineered scaffold-based approaches, and further supported by dynamic systems such as bioreactors, microfluidics, and tumor-on-a-chip devices. We critically discuss the challenges and clinical prospects of models that have succeeded in providing clinical relevance and impact, and present emerging concepts of novel cancer model systems that are addressing patient specificity, the next frontier to be tackled by the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Bray
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dietmar W. Hutmacher
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre (APCRC-Q), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation Training Centre in Additive Biomanufacturing, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Nathalie Bock
- Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre (APCRC-Q), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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19
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Immunotherapeutics in Multiple Myeloma: How Can Translational Mouse Models Help? JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:2186494. [PMID: 31093282 PMCID: PMC6481018 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2186494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is usually diagnosed in older adults at the time of immunosenescence, a collection of age-related changes in the immune system that contribute to increased susceptibility to infection and cancer. The MM tumor microenvironment and cumulative chemotherapies also add to defects in immunity over the course of disease. In this review we discuss how mouse models have furthered our understanding of the immune defects caused by MM and enabled immunotherapeutics to progress to clinical trials, but also question the validity of using immunodeficient models for these purposes. Immunocompetent models, in particular the 5T series and Vk⁎MYC models, are increasingly being utilized in preclinical studies and are adding to our knowledge of not only the adaptive immune system but also how the innate system might be enhanced in anti-MM activity. Finally we discuss the concept of immune profiling to target patients who might benefit the most from immunotherapeutics, and the use of humanized mice and 3D culture systems for personalized medicine.
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20
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Chramiec A, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Tissue engineered models of healthy and malignant human bone marrow. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 140:78-92. [PMID: 31002835 PMCID: PMC6663611 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is becoming increasingly successful in providing in vitro models of human tissues that can be used for ex vivo recapitulation of functional tissues as well as predictive testing of drug efficacy and safety. From simple tissue models to microphysiological platforms comprising multiple tissue types connected by vascular perfusion, these "tissues on a chip" are emerging as a fast track application for tissue engineering, with great potential for modeling diseases and supporting the development of new drugs and therapeutic targets. We focus here on tissue engineering of the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell compartment and the malignancies that can develop in the human bone marrow. Our overall goal is to demonstrate the utility and interconnectedness of improvements in bioengineering methods developed in one area of bone marrow studies for the remaining, seemingly disparate, bone marrow fields.
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21
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Braham MV, Deshantri AK, Minnema MC, Öner FC, Schiffelers RM, Fens MH, Alblas J. Liposomal drug delivery in an in vitro 3D bone marrow model for multiple myeloma. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:8105-8118. [PMID: 30555229 PMCID: PMC6278842 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s184262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Liposomal drug delivery can improve the therapeutic index of treatments for multiple myeloma. However, an appropriate 3D model for the in vitro evaluation of liposomal drug delivery is lacking. In this study, we applied a previously developed 3D bone marrow (BM) myeloma model to examine liposomal drug therapy. Material and methods Liposomes of different sizes (~75-200 nm) were tested in a 3D BM myeloma model, based on multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, endothelial progenitor cells, and myeloma cells cocultured in hydrogel. The behavior and efficacy of liposomal drug therapy was investigated, evaluating the feasibility of testing liposomal drug delivery in 3D in vitro. Intracellular uptake of untargeted and integrin α4β1 (very late antigen-4) targeted liposomes was compared in myeloma and supporting cells, as well as the effectivity of free and liposome-encapsulated chemotherapy (bortezomib, doxorubicin). Either cocultured myeloma cell lines or primary CD138+ myeloma cells received the treatments. Results Liposomes (~75-110 nm) passively diffused throughout the heterogeneously porous (~80-850 nm) 3D hydrogel model after insertion. Cellular uptake of liposomes was observed and was increased by targeting very late antigen-4. Liposomal bortezomib and doxorubicin showed increased cytotoxic effects toward myeloma cells compared with the free drugs, using either a cell line or primary myeloma cells. Cytotoxicity toward supporting BM cells was reduced using liposomes. Conclusion The 3D model allows the study of liposome-encapsulated molecules on multiple myeloma and supporting BM cells, looking at cellular targeting, and general efficacy of the given therapy. The advantages of liposomal drug delivery were demonstrated in a primary myeloma model, enabling the study of patient-to-patient responses to potential drugs and treatment regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Vj Braham
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands,
| | - Anil K Deshantri
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology, Sun Pharma Advanced Research Company Limited, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Monique C Minnema
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht Cancer Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - F Cumhur Öner
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands,
| | - Raymond M Schiffelers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Ham Fens
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Alblas
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands,
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22
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Villa A, Belloni D, Vergani B, Cenci S, Cavalli G, Biavasco R, Rodolfo M, Cangi MG, Doglioni C, Dagna L, Ferrero E, Ferrarini M. 3D culture of Erdheim-Chester disease tissues unveils histiocyte metabolism as a new therapeutic target. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 78:862-864. [PMID: 30487147 PMCID: PMC6579545 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Belloni
- Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Simone Cenci
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Cavalli
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Biavasco
- Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy.,San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Rodolfo
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale per Cura dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Doglioni
- Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy.,Pathology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Dagna
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ferrero
- Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Ferrarini
- Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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23
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Constitutive Activation of STAT3 in Myeloma Cells Cultured in a Three-Dimensional, Reconstructed Bone Marrow Model. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10060206. [PMID: 29914181 PMCID: PMC6024941 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant cells cultured in three-dimensional (3D) models have been found to be phenotypically and biochemically different from their counterparts cultured conventionally. Since most of these studies employed solid tumor types, how 3D culture affects multiple myeloma (MM) cells is not well understood. Here, we compared MM cells (U266 and RPMI8226) in a 3D culture model with those in conventional culture. While the conventionally cultured cells were present in single cells or small clusters, MM-3D cells grew in large spheroids. We discovered that STAT3 was the pathway that was more activated in 3D in both cell lines. The active form of STAT3 (phospho-STAT3 or pSTAT3), which was absent in MM cells cultured conventionally, became detectable after 1–2 days in 3D culture. This elevated pSTAT3 level was dependent on the 3D environment, since it disappeared after transferring to conventional culture. STAT3 inhibition using a pharmacological agent, Stattic, significantly decreased the cell viability of MM cells and sensitized them to bortezomib in 3D culture. Using an oligonucleotide array, we found that 3D culture significantly increased the expression of several known STAT3 downstream genes implicated in oncogenesis. Since most primary MM tumors are naturally STAT3-active, studies of MM in 3D culture can generate results that are more representative of the disease.
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24
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Braham MV, Ahlfeld T, Akkineni AR, Minnema MC, Dhert WJ, Öner FC, Robin C, Lode A, Gelinsky M, Alblas J. Endosteal and Perivascular Subniches in a 3D Bone Marrow Model for Multiple Myeloma. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2018; 24:300-312. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2017.0467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maaike V.J. Braham
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tilman Ahlfeld
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - A. Rahul Akkineni
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Monique C. Minnema
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J.A. Dhert
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F. Cumhur Öner
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Robin
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anja Lode
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Gelinsky
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Alblas
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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25
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Jakubikova J, Cholujova D, Hideshima T, Gronesova P, Soltysova A, Harada T, Joo J, Kong SY, Szalat RE, Richardson PG, Munshi NC, Dorfman DM, Anderson KC. A novel 3D mesenchymal stem cell model of the multiple myeloma bone marrow niche: biologic and clinical applications. Oncotarget 2018; 7:77326-77341. [PMID: 27764795 PMCID: PMC5357212 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific niches within the tumor bone marrow (BM) microenvironment afford a sanctuary for multiple myeloma (MM) clones due to stromal cell-tumor cell interactions, which confer survival advantage and drug resistance. Defining the sequelae of tumor cell interactions within the MM niches on an individualized basis may provide the rationale for personalized therapies. To mimic the MM niche, we here describe a new 3D co-culture ex-vivo model in which primary MM patient BM cells are co-cultured with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in a hydrogel 3D system. In the 3D model, MSC with conserved phenotype (CD73+CD90+CD105+) formed compact clusters with active fibrous connections, and retained lineage differentiation capacity. Extracellular matrix molecules, integrins, and niche related molecules including N-cadherin and CXCL12 are expressed in 3D MSC model. Furthermore, activation of osteogenesis (MMP13, SPP1, ADAMTS4, and MGP genes) and osteoblastogenic differentiation was confirmed in 3D MSC model. Co-culture of patient-derived BM mononuclear cells with either autologous or allogeneic MSC in 3D model increased proliferation of MM cells, CXCR4 expression, and SP cells. We carried out immune profiling to show that distribution of immune cell subsets was similar in 3D and 2D MSC model systems. Importantly, resistance to novel agents (IMiDs, bortezomib, carfilzomib) and conventional agents (doxorubicin, dexamethasone, melphalan) was observed in 3D MSC system, reflective of clinical resistance. This 3D MSC model may therefore allow for studies of MM pathogenesis and drug resistance within the BM niche. Importantly, ongoing prospective trials are evaluating its utility to inform personalized targeted and immune therapy in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Jakubikova
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center SAS, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Danka Cholujova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center SAS, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Teru Hideshima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paulina Gronesova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center SAS, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrea Soltysova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Takeshi Harada
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jungnam Joo
- Biometric Research Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Institute & Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Sun-Young Kong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Translational Epidemiology Branch, Research Institute & Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Raphael E Szalat
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul G Richardson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nikhil C Munshi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M Dorfman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth C Anderson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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26
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Braham MVJ, Minnema MC, Aarts T, Sebestyen Z, Straetemans T, Vyborova A, Kuball J, Öner FC, Robin C, Alblas J. Cellular immunotherapy on primary multiple myeloma expanded in a 3D bone marrow niche model. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1434465. [PMID: 29872571 PMCID: PMC5980416 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1434465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow niches support multiple myeloma, providing signals and cell-cell interactions essential for disease progression. A 3D bone marrow niche model was developed, in which supportive multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells and their osteogenic derivatives were co-cultured with endothelial progenitor cells. These co-cultured cells formed networks within the 3D culture, facilitating the survival and proliferation of primary CD138+ myeloma cells for up to 28 days. During this culture, no genetic drift was observed within the genomic profile of the primary myeloma cells, indicating a stable outgrowth of the cultured CD138+ population. The 3D bone marrow niche model enabled testing of a novel class of engineered immune cells, so called TEGs (αβT cells engineered to express a defined γδTCR) on primary myeloma cells. TEGs were engineered and tested from both healthy donors and myeloma patients. The added TEGs were capable of migrating through the 3D culture, exerting a killing response towards the primary myeloma cells in 6 out of 8 donor samples after both 24 and 48 hours. Such a killing response was not observed when adding mock transduced T cells. No differences were observed comparing allogeneic and autologous therapy. The supporting stromal microenvironment was unaffected in all conditions after 48 hours. When adding TEG therapy, the 3D model surpassed 2D models in many aspects by enabling analyses of specific homing, and both on- and off-target effects, preparing the ground for the clinical testing of TEGs. The model allows studying novel immunotherapies, therapy resistance mechanisms and possible side-effects for this incurable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike V. J. Braham
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique C. Minnema
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tineke Aarts
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Zsolt Sebestyen
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Trudy Straetemans
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Vyborova
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jurgen Kuball
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F. Cumhur Öner
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Robin
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Alblas
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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27
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Steimberg N, Angiero F, Farronato D, Berenzi A, Cossellu G, Ottonello A, Kaigler D, Mazzoleni G. Advanced 3D Models Cultured to Investigate Mesenchymal Stromal Cells of the Human Dental Follicle. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2018; 24:187-196. [PMID: 29327669 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2017.0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human dental follicle (hDF) contains the developing tooth and is involved in regulating tooth maturation and eruption. To investigate the mesenchymal stromal cells of the dental follicle, 2 three-dimensional (3D) culture models were used, based on a dynamic bioreactor: the Rotary Cell Culture System (RCCS™) and the 3D culture of precursor cells isolated from follicular tissue (human dental follicle cells [hDFCs]). The hDFCs were obtained from impacted third molars of 20 patients. Two 3D culture models were tested. In the first model, intact hDF explants were cultured in 3D conditions, preserving the original tissue architecture; they were studied using histomorphological and molecular analyses. The second model involved the 3D culture of hDFCs, which were characterized to evaluate their multipotency in terms of differentiation capability. Of the biomarkers known to characterize hDFCs, hDF precursors were selected for our study. The immunophenotype and in situ immunocytochemistry were evaluated for markers CD44, CD90, CD146, CD105, CD31, CD34, and CD45 Ag. The results show that the conditions provided by the RCCS preserve the original organizational architecture of the cells. The 3D conditions of the model enhanced differentiation in response to adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic inductive growth media. The immunophenotype and the immunocytochemistry showed generally high expression of CD90, CD44, and CD105, while CD146 expression was more restricted to ∼30% of cells. No expression was observed for CD31, CD34, and CD45 Ags. Two 3D tissue- and cell-based ex vivo models of the hDF supported the long-term maintenance of hDF-specific cell phenotypes and their ability to recapitulate typical cellular differentiation states. As such, these ex vivo models could be used to study the physiopathology of human odontogenesis. In addition, in a therapeutic context, they could be used to examine the role of specific chemical signals (e.g., new therapeutic agents) in the processes of dental tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Steimberg
- 1 Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia , Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Angiero
- 2 Department of Surgical Science and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy
| | - Davide Farronato
- 3 Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria , Varese, Italy
| | - Angiola Berenzi
- 4 Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Pathological Anatomy, University of Brescia , Brescia, Italy
| | - Gianguido Cossellu
- 5 Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, University of Milan , Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Ottonello
- 2 Department of Surgical Science and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy
| | - Darnell Kaigler
- 6 Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry and Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Giovanna Mazzoleni
- 1 Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia , Brescia, Italy
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28
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Sitarski AM, Fairfield H, Falank C, Reagan MR. 3d Tissue Engineered In Vitro Models Of Cancer In Bone. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:324-336. [PMID: 29756030 PMCID: PMC5945209 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biological models are necessary tools for gaining insight into underlying mechanisms governing complex pathologies such as cancer in the bone. Models range from in vitro tissue culture systems to in vivo models and can be used with corresponding epidemiological and clinical data to understand disease etiology, progression, driver mutations, and signaling pathways. In bone cancer, as with many other cancers, in vivo models are often too complex to study specific cell-cell interactions or protein roles, and 2D models are often too simple to accurately represent disease processes. Consequently, researchers have increasingly turned to 3D in vitro tissue engineered models as a useful compromise. In this review, tissue engineered 3D models of bone and cancer are described in depth and compared to 2D models. Biomaterials and cell types used are described, and future directions in the field of tissue engineered bone cancer models are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Sitarski
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA
- University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
| | - Heather Fairfield
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA
- University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | - Carolyne Falank
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA
- University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | - Michaela R. Reagan
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA
- University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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29
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Bieghs L, Johnsen HE, Maes K, Menu E, Van Valckenborgh E, Overgaard MT, Nyegaard M, Conover CA, Vanderkerken K, De Bruyne E. The insulin-like growth factor system in multiple myeloma: diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48732-48752. [PMID: 27129151 PMCID: PMC5217049 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a highly heterogeneous plasma cell malignancy. The MM cells reside in the bone marrow (BM), where reciprocal interactions with the BM niche foster MM cell survival, proliferation, and drug resistance. As in most cancers, the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system has been demonstrated to play a key role in the pathogenesis of MM. The IGF system consists of IGF ligands, IGF receptors, IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), and IGFBP proteases and contributes not only to the survival, proliferation, and homing of MM cells, but also MM-associated angiogenesis and osteolysis. Furthermore, increased IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) expression on MM cells correlates with a poor prognosis in MM patients. Despite the prominent role of the IGF system in MM, strategies targeting the IGF-IR using blocking antibodies or small molecule inhibitors have failed to translate into the clinic. However, increasing preclinical evidence indicates that IGF-I is also involved in the development of drug resistance against current standard-of-care agents against MM, including proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, and corticoids. IGF-IR targeting has been able to overcome or revert this drug resistance in animal models, enhancing the efficacy of standard-of-care agents. This finding has generated renewed interest in the therapeutic potential of IGF-I targeting in MM. The present review provides an update of the impact of the different IGF system components in MM and discusses the diagnostic and therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Bieghs
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Hematology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg University, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicin, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hans E Johnsen
- Department of Hematology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg University, Denmark.,Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Ken Maes
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eline Menu
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Van Valckenborgh
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Mette Nyegaard
- Department of Biomedicin, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cheryl A Conover
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Karin Vanderkerken
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elke De Bruyne
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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30
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Belloni D, Heltai S, Ponzoni M, Villa A, Vergani B, Pecciarini L, Marcatti M, Girlanda S, Tonon G, Ciceri F, Caligaris-Cappio F, Ferrarini M, Ferrero E. Modeling multiple myeloma-bone marrow interactions and response to drugs in a 3D surrogate microenvironment. Haematologica 2018; 103:707-716. [PMID: 29326121 PMCID: PMC5865414 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.167486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma develops primarily inside the bone marrow microenvironment, that confers pro-survival signals and drug resistance. 3D cultures that reproduce multiple myeloma-bone marrow interactions are needed to fully investigate multiple myeloma pathogenesis and response to drugs. To this purpose, we exploited the 3D Rotary Cell Culture System bioreactor technology for myeloma-bone marrow co-cultures in gelatin scaffolds. The model was validated with myeloma cell lines that, as assessed by histochemical and electron-microscopic analyses, engaged contacts with stromal cells and endothelial cells. Consistently, pro-survival signaling and also cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance were significantly higher in 3D than in 2D parallel co-cultures. The contribution of the VLA-4/VCAM1 pathway to resistance to bortezomib was modeled by the use of VCAM1 transfectants. Soluble factor-mediated drug resistance could be also demonstrated in both 2D and 3D co-cultures. The system was then successfully applied to co-cultures of primary myeloma cells-primary myeloma bone marrow stromal cells from patients and endothelial cells, allowing the development of functional myeloma-stroma interactions and MM cell long-term survival. Significantly, genomic analysis performed in a high-risk myeloma patient demonstrated that culture in bioreactor paralleled the expansion of the clone that ultimately dominated in vivo. Finally, the impact of bortezomib on myeloma cells and on specialized functions of the microenvironment could be evaluated. Our findings indicate that 3D dynamic culture of reconstructed human multiple myeloma microenvironments in bioreactor may represent a useful platform for drug testing and for studying tumor-stroma molecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Belloni
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Heltai
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Magda Marcatti
- Hematology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Tonon
- Functional Genomics of Cancer Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Ciceri
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Hematology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Caligaris-Cappio
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,AIRC, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Ferrarini
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ferrero
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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31
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Tissue Engineering Platforms to Replicate the Tumor Microenvironment of Multiple Myeloma. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1513:171-191. [PMID: 27807837 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6539-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
We described here the manufacturing and implementation of two prototype perfusion culture devices designed primarily for the cultivation of difficult-to-preserve primary patient-derived multiple myeloma cells (MMC). The first device consists of an osteoblast (OSB)-derived 3D tissue scaffold constructed in a perfused microfluidic environment. The second platform is a 96-well plate-modified perfusion culture device that can be utilized to reconstruct several tissue and tumor microenvironments utilizing both primary human and murine cells. This culture device was designed and fabricated specifically to: (1) enable the preservation of primary MMC for downstream use in biological studies and chemosensitivity analyses and, (2) provide a high-throughput format that is compatible with plate readers specifically seeing that this system is built on an industry standard 96-well tissue culture plate.
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32
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Bazou D, Maimon N, Gruionu G, Munn LL. Self-assembly of vascularized tissue to support tumor explants in vitro. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 8:1301-1311. [PMID: 27787529 DOI: 10.1039/c6ib00108d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Testing the efficacy of cancer drugs requires functional assays that recapitulate the cell populations, anatomy and biological responses of human tumors. Although current animal models and in vitro cell culture platforms are informative, they have significant shortcomings. Mouse models can reproduce tissue-level and systemic responses to tumor growth and treatments observed in humans, but xenografts from patients often do not grow, or require months to develop. On the other hand, current in vitro assays are useful for studying the molecular bases of tumorigenesis or drug activity, but often lack the appropriate in vivo cell heterogeneity and natural microenvironment. Therefore, there is a need for novel tools that allow rapid analysis of patient-derived tumors in a robust and representative microenvironment. We have developed methodology for maintaining harvested tumor tissue in vitro by placing them in a support bed with self-assembled stroma and vasculature. The harvested biopsy or tumor explant integrates with the stromal bed and vasculature, providing the correct extracellular matrix (collagen I, IV, fibronectin), associated stromal cells, and a lumenized vessel network. Our system provides a new tool that will allow ex vivo drug-screening and can be adapted for the guidance of patient-specific therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Bazou
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
| | - Nir Maimon
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
| | - Gabriel Gruionu
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Lance L Munn
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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33
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Bazou D, Maimon N, Gruionu G, Grahovac J, Seano G, Liu H, Evans CL, Munn LL. Vascular beds maintain pancreatic tumour explants for ex vivo drug screening. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e318-e322. [PMID: 28568605 DOI: 10.1002/term.2481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of cancer progression or response to therapies would benefit from benchtop, tissue-level assays that preserve the biology and anatomy of human tumours ex vivo. We present a methodology for maintaining patient tumour samples ex vivo for the purpose of drug testing in a clinical setting. The harvested tumour biopsy, excised from mice or patients, is integrated into a support tissue that includes stroma and vasculature. This support tissue preserves tumour histoarchitecture and relevant expression profiles, and tumour tissues cultured using this system display different sensitivities to chemotherapeutics compared with tumour explants with no supporting tissue. The methodology is more rapid than patient-derived xenograft models, easy to implement, and amenable to high-throughput assays, making it an attractive tool for in vitro drug screening or for the guidance of patient-specific chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Bazou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nir Maimon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel Gruionu
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jelena Grahovac
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giorgio Seano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Conor L Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Lance L Munn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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34
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Ravichandran A, Liu Y, Teoh SH. Review: bioreactor design towards generation of relevant engineered tissues: focus on clinical translation. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e7-e22. [PMID: 28374578 DOI: 10.1002/term.2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, studies that utilize 3D scaffolds for generating voluminous tissues are mostly confined in the realm of in vitro research and preclinical animal model testing. Bioreactors offer an excellent platform to grow and develop 3D tissues by providing conditions that mimic their native microenvironment. Aligning the bioreactor development process with a focus on patient care will aid in the faster translation of the bioreactor technology to clinics. In this review, we discuss the various factors involved in the design of clinically relevant bioreactors in relation to their respective applications. We explore the functional relevance of tissue grafts generated by bioreactors that have been designed to provide physiologically relevant mechanical cues on the growing tissue. The review discusses the recent trends in non-invasive sensing of the bioreactor culture conditions. It provides an insight to the current technological advancements that enable in situ, non-invasive, qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the tissue grafts grown in a bioreactor system. We summarize the emerging trends in commercial bioreactor design followed by a short discussion on the aspects that hamper the 'push' of bioreactor systems into the commercial market as well as 'pull' factors for stakeholders to embrace and adopt widespread utility of bioreactors in the clinical setting. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilandeshwari Ravichandran
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 70 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Yuchun Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 70 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.,Academic Clinical Program (Research), National Dental Centre of Singapore, 5 Second Hospital Ave Singapore, 168938, Singapore
| | - Swee-Hin Teoh
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 70 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
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35
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The Role of PI3K Isoforms in Regulating Bone Marrow Microenvironment Signaling Focusing on Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9040029. [PMID: 28350342 PMCID: PMC5406704 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9040029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the development of novel treatments in the past 15 years, many blood cancers still remain ultimately fatal and difficult to treat, particularly acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and multiple myeloma (MM). While significant progress has been made characterising small-scale genetic mutations and larger-scale chromosomal translocations that contribute to the development of various blood cancers, less is understood about the complex microenvironment of the bone marrow (BM), which is known to be a key player in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), AML and MM. This niche acts as a sanctuary for the cancerous cells, protecting them from chemotherapeutics and encouraging clonal cell survival. It does this by upregulating a plethora of signalling cascades within the malignant cell, with the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway taking a critical role. This review will focus on how the PI3K pathway influences disease progression and the individualised role of the PI3K subunits. We will also summarise the current clinical trials for PI3K inhibitors and how these trials impact the treatment of blood cancers.
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36
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Abstract
3D-dynamic culture models represent an invaluable tool for a better comprehension of tumor biology and drug response, as they accurately re-create/preserve the complex multicellular organization and the dynamic interactions of the parental microenvironment, which can affect tumor fate and drug sensitivity. Hence, development of models that recapitulate tumor within its embedding microenvironment is an imperative need. This is particularly true for multiple myeloma (MM), which survives almost exclusively in the bone marrow (BM). To meet this need, we have previously exploited and validated an innovative 3D-dynamic culture technology, based on the use of the Rotary Cell Culture System (RCCS ™) bioreactor . Here, we describe, step by step, the procedures we have employed to establish two human MM ex vivo models, i.e., the culture of human BM-derived isolated cells and of MM tissues from patients.
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37
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Tissue-engineered 3D cancer-in-bone modeling: silk and PUR protocols. BONEKEY REPORTS 2016; 5:842. [PMID: 27790370 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2016.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancers that metastasize or grow in the bone marrow are typically considered incurable and cause extensive damage to the bone and bone marrow. The bone is a complex, dynamic, three-dimensional (3D) environment composed of a plethora of cells that may contribute to, or constrain, the growth of tumor cells and development of bone disease. The development of safe and effective drugs is currently hampered by pre-clinical two-dimensional (2D) models whose poor predictive power does not accurately predict the success or failure of therapeutics. These inadequate models often result in drugs proceeding through extensive pre-clinical studies only to fail clinically. Consistently, 3D co-culture systems prove superior to 2D mono-cultures in modeling in vivo cell phenotypes, disease progression and response to therapeutics. As a complex, multicellular, multidimensional bone microenvironment, 3D models allow for more accurate predictions of tumor growth, cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, and resulting therapeutic responses. In this review we will discuss various 3D models available and describe step-by-step protocols for two of the most well-established 3D culture models for studying tumor-induced bone disease.
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Bonomi A, Steimberg N, Benetti A, Berenzi A, Alessandri G, Pascucci L, Boniotti J, Coccè V, Sordi V, Pessina A, Mazzoleni G. Paclitaxel-releasing mesenchymal stromal cells inhibit the growth of multiple myeloma cells in a dynamic 3D culture system. Hematol Oncol 2016; 35:693-702. [PMID: 27283119 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is an aggressive tumour able to suppress osteoblastogenesis probably mediated by bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) that can also support plasma cell growth/survival. The use of MSCs for multiple myeloma therapy is a controversial topic because of the contradictory results on the capacity of MSCs to inhibit or to promote cancer growth. Our previous studies demonstrated that MSCs could be loaded with Paclitaxel (PTX) and used to deliver the drug in situ in amount affecting tumour growth (in vitro and in vivo). Therefore, independently on the discussed action of MSCs in myeloma, MSCs could represent a 'trojan horse' to vehicle and deliver anti-tumour agents into bone marrow. This study confirms, by an in vitro 3D dynamic culture system, that PTX loaded BM-MSCs (PTXr-MSCs) are active on the proliferation of RPMI 8226, a human myeloma cell line. Our results demonstrated a dramatic suppression of myeloma cell growth by PTXr-MSCs, suggesting that drug loaded MSCs could be a tool to deliver drug into the bone marrow. Drug releasing MSCs provide a therapeutic approach to potentiate the existing treatments against a very aggressive malignancy as multiple myeloma. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Bonomi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nathalie Steimberg
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Anatomy and Physiopathology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Anna Benetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Angiola Berenzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giulio Alessandri
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Pascucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Jennifer Boniotti
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Anatomy and Physiopathology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Valentina Coccè
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Sordi
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Augusto Pessina
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mazzoleni
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Anatomy and Physiopathology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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HIF-1α regulates the interaction of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells with the tumor microenvironment. Blood 2016; 127:1987-97. [PMID: 26825709 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-07-657056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs) regulate a wide array of adaptive responses to hypoxia and are often activated in solid tumors and hematologic malignancies due to intratumoral hypoxia and emerging new layers of regulation. We found that in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), HIF-1α is a novel regulator of the interaction of CLL cells with protective leukemia microenvironments and, in turn, is regulated by this interaction in a positive feedback loop that promotes leukemia survival and propagation. Through unbiased microarray analysis, we found that in CLL cells, HIF-1α regulates the expression of important chemokine receptors and cell adhesion molecules that control the interaction of leukemic cells with bone marrow and spleen microenvironments. Inactivation of HIF-1α impairs chemotaxis and cell adhesion to stroma, reduces bone marrow and spleen colonization in xenograft and allograft CLL mouse models, and prolongs survival in mice. Of interest, we found that in CLL cells, HIF-1α is transcriptionally regulated after coculture with stromal cells. Furthermore, HIF-1α messenger RNA levels vary significantly within CLL patients and correlate with the expression of HIF-1α target genes, including CXCR4, thus further emphasizing the relevance of HIF-1α expression to CLL pathogenesis.
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de la Puente P, Muz B, Gilson RC, Azab F, Luderer M, King J, Achilefu S, Vij R, Azab AK. 3D tissue-engineered bone marrow as a novel model to study pathophysiology and drug resistance in multiple myeloma. Biomaterials 2015; 73:70-84. [PMID: 26402156 PMCID: PMC4917006 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most prevalent hematological malignancy and it remains incurable despite the introduction of several novel drugs. The discrepancy between preclinical and clinical outcomes can be attributed to the failure of classic two-dimensional (2D) culture models to accurately recapitulate the complex biology of MM and drug responses observed in patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We developed 3D tissue engineered bone marrow (3DTEBM) cultures derived from the BM supernatant of MM patients to incorporate different BM components including MM cells, stromal cells, and endothelial cells. Distribution and growth were analyzed by confocal imaging, and cell proliferation of cell lines and primary MM cells was tested by flow cytometry. Oxygen and drug gradients were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, and drug resistance was studied by flow cytometry. RESULTS 3DTEBM cultures allowed proliferation of MM cells, recapitulated their interaction with the microenvironment, recreated 3D aspects observed in the bone marrow niche (such as oxygen and drug gradients), and induced drug resistance in MM cells more than 2D or commercial 3D tissue culture systems. CONCLUSIONS 3DTEBM cultures not only provide a better model for investigating the pathophysiology of MM, but also serve as a tool for drug development and screening in MM. In the future, we will use the 3DTEBM cultures for developing personalized therapeutic strategies for individual MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar de la Puente
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Barbara Muz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rebecca C Gilson
- Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Feda Azab
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Micah Luderer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Justin King
- Section of Stem Cell Transplant and Leukemia, Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samuel Achilefu
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ravi Vij
- Section of Stem Cell Transplant and Leukemia, Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Abdel Kareem Azab
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Reagan MR, Rosen CJ. Navigating the bone marrow niche: translational insights and cancer-driven dysfunction. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2015; 12:154-68. [PMID: 26607387 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2015.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The bone marrow niche consists of stem and progenitor cells destined to become mature cells such as haematopoietic elements, osteoblasts or adipocytes. Marrow cells, influenced by endocrine, paracrine and autocrine factors, ultimately function as a unit to regulate bone remodelling and haematopoiesis. Current evidence highlights that the bone marrow niche is not merely an anatomic compartment; rather, it integrates the physiology of two distinct organ systems, the skeleton and the marrow. The niche has a hypoxic microenvironment that maintains quiescent haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and supports glycolytic metabolism. In response to biochemical cues and under the influence of neural, hormonal, and biochemical factors, marrow stromal elements, such as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), differentiate into mature, functioning cells. However, disruption of the niche can affect cellular differentiation, resulting in disorders ranging from osteoporosis to malignancy. In this Review, we propose that the niche reflects the vitality of two tissues - bone and blood - by providing a unique environment for stem and stromal cells to flourish while simultaneously preventing disproportionate proliferation, malignant transformation or loss of the multipotent progenitors required for healing, functional immunity and growth throughout an organism's lifetime. Through a fuller understanding of the complexity of the niche in physiologic and pathologic states, the successful development of more-effective therapeutic approaches to target the niche and its cellular components for the treatment of rheumatic, endocrine, neoplastic and metabolic diseases becomes achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela R Reagan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Centre Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Centre Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA
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Li G, Liu X, Du Q, Gao M, An J. Three dimensional de novo micro bone marrow and its versatile application in drug screening and regenerative medicine. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:1029-38. [PMID: 26283705 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215594583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The finding that bone marrow hosts several types of multipotent stem cell has prompted extensive research aimed at regenerating organs and building models to elucidate the mechanisms of diseases. Conventional research depends on the use of two-dimensional (2D) bone marrow systems, which imposes several obstacles. The development of 3D bone marrow systems with appropriate molecules and materials however, is now showing promising results. In this review, we discuss the advantages of 3D bone marrow systems over 2D systems and then point out various factors that can enhance the 3D systems. The intensive research on 3D bone marrow systems has revealed multiple important clinical applications including disease modeling, drug screening, regenerative medicine, etc. We also discuss some possible future directions in the 3D bone marrow research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13202, USA
| | - Xujun Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13202, USA
| | - Qian Du
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13202, USA
| | - Mei Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13202, USA SUNY Upstate Cancer Research Institute, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13202, USA
| | - Jing An
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13202, USA SUNY Upstate Cancer Research Institute, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13202, USA
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Scaffold-free and scaffold-assisted 3D culture enhances differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 52:204-17. [PMID: 26542170 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9971-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
3D cultures of stem cells can preserve differentiation potential or increase the efficiency of methods that induce differentiation. Mouse bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs) were cultured in 3D as scaffold-free spheroids or "mesoid bodies" (MBs) and as aggregates on poly(lactic) acid microspheres (MB/MS). 3D cultures demonstrated viable cells, interaction on multiple planes, altered cell morphology, and the formation of structures similar to epithelial cell bridges. Cell proliferation was limited in suspension cultures of MB and MB/MS; however, cells regained proliferative capacity when transferred to flat substrates of tissue culture plates (TCPs). Expanded as monolayer, cells retained expression of Sca-1 and CD44 stem cell markers. 3D cultures demonstrated enhanced potential for adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation showing higher triglyceride accumulation and robust mineralization in comparison with TCP cultures. Enhanced and efficient adipogenesis was also observed in 3D cultures generated in a rotating cell culture system. Preservation of multilineage potential of BMSC was demonstrated in 5-azacytidine treatment of 3D cultures and TCP by expression of cardiac markers GATA4 and ACTA1 although functioning cardiomyocytes were not derived.
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Biocompatible Hydrogels for Microarray Cell Printing and Encapsulation. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2015; 5:647-63. [PMID: 26516921 PMCID: PMC4697138 DOI: 10.3390/bios5040647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Conventional drug screening processes are a time-consuming and expensive endeavor, but highly rewarding when they are successful. To identify promising lead compounds, millions of compounds are traditionally screened against therapeutic targets on human cells grown on the surface of 96-wells. These two-dimensional (2D) cell monolayers are physiologically irrelevant, thus, often providing false-positive or false-negative results, when compared to cells grown in three-dimensional (3D) structures such as hydrogel droplets. However, 3D cell culture systems are not easily amenable to high-throughput screening (HTS), thus inherently low throughput, and requiring relatively large volume for cell-based assays. In addition, it is difficult to control cellular microenvironments and hard to obtain reliable cell images due to focus position and transparency issues. To overcome these problems, miniaturized 3D cell cultures in hydrogels were developed via cell printing techniques where cell spots in hydrogels can be arrayed on the surface of glass slides or plastic chips by microarray spotters and cultured in growth media to form cells encapsulated 3D droplets for various cell-based assays. These approaches can dramatically reduce assay volume, provide accurate control over cellular microenvironments, and allow us to obtain clear 3D cell images for high-content imaging (HCI). In this review, several hydrogels that are compatible to microarray printing robots are discussed for miniaturized 3D cell cultures.
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Vidyasekar P, Shyamsunder P, Arun R, Santhakumar R, Kapadia NK, Kumar R, Verma RS. Genome Wide Expression Profiling of Cancer Cell Lines Cultured in Microgravity Reveals Significant Dysregulation of Cell Cycle and MicroRNA Gene Networks. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135958. [PMID: 26295583 PMCID: PMC4546578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zero gravity causes several changes in metabolic and functional aspects of the human body and experiments in space flight have demonstrated alterations in cancer growth and progression. This study reports the genome wide expression profiling of a colorectal cancer cell line-DLD-1, and a lymphoblast leukemic cell line-MOLT-4, under simulated microgravity in an effort to understand central processes and cellular functions that are dysregulated among both cell lines. Altered cell morphology, reduced cell viability and an aberrant cell cycle profile in comparison to their static controls were observed in both cell lines under microgravity. The process of cell cycle in DLD-1 cells was markedly affected with reduced viability, reduced colony forming ability, an apoptotic population and dysregulation of cell cycle genes, oncogenes, and cancer progression and prognostic markers. DNA microarray analysis revealed 1801 (upregulated) and 2542 (downregulated) genes (>2 fold) in DLD-1 cultures under microgravity while MOLT-4 cultures differentially expressed 349 (upregulated) and 444 (downregulated) genes (>2 fold) under microgravity. The loss in cell proliferative capacity was corroborated with the downregulation of the cell cycle process as demonstrated by functional clustering of DNA microarray data using gene ontology terms. The genome wide expression profile also showed significant dysregulation of post transcriptional gene silencing machinery and multiple microRNA host genes that are potential tumor suppressors and proto-oncogenes including MIR22HG, MIR17HG and MIR21HG. The MIR22HG, a tumor-suppressor gene was one of the highest upregulated genes in the microarray data showing a 4.4 log fold upregulation under microgravity. Real time PCR validated the dysregulation in the host gene by demonstrating a 4.18 log fold upregulation of the miR-22 microRNA. Microarray data also showed dysregulation of direct targets of miR-22, SP1, CDK6 and CCNA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Vidyasekar
- Stem cell and Molecular Biology laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Pavithra Shyamsunder
- Stem cell and Molecular Biology laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Rajpranap Arun
- Stem cell and Molecular Biology laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Rajalakshmi Santhakumar
- Stem cell and Molecular Biology laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Nand Kishore Kapadia
- Department of cardiothoracic Surgery, Global Hospital, Perumbakkam, Chennai, India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of cardiology, Fortis Malar Hospital, Adyar, Chennai, India
| | - Rama Shanker Verma
- Stem cell and Molecular Biology laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
- * E-mail:
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Pak C, Callander NS, Young EWK, Titz B, Kim K, Saha S, Chng K, Asimakopoulos F, Beebe DJ, Miyamoto S. MicroC(3): an ex vivo microfluidic cis-coculture assay to test chemosensitivity and resistance of patient multiple myeloma cells. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 7:643-54. [PMID: 25998180 PMCID: PMC4476551 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00071h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemosensitivity and resistance assays (CSRAs) aim to direct therapies based upon ex vivo responses of patient tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. However, successful CSRAs are yet to be developed. Here, we exposed primary CD138(+) multiple myeloma (MM) cells to bortezomib, a clinical proteasome inhibitor, in microfluidic-cis-coculture (MicroC(3)) incorporating the patient's own CD138(-) tumor-companion mononuclear cells to integrate some of the patients' own tumor microenvironment components in the CSRA design. Statistical clustering techniques segregated MicroC(3) responses into two groups which correctly identified all seventeen patients as either clinically responsive or non-responsive to bortezomib-containing therapies. In contrast, when the same patient MM samples were analyzed in the absence of the CD138(-) cells (monoculture), the tumor cell responses did not segregate into clinical response clusters. Thus, MicroC(3) identified bortezomib-therapy MM patient responses making it a viable CSRA candidate toward enabling personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chorom Pak
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, Madison, WI, USA
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Reagan MR, Liaw L, Rosen CJ, Ghobrial IM. Dynamic interplay between bone and multiple myeloma: emerging roles of the osteoblast. Bone 2015; 75:161-9. [PMID: 25725265 PMCID: PMC4580250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a B-cell malignancy characterized by the unrelenting proliferation of plasma cells. Multiple myeloma causes osteolytic lesions and fractures that do not heal due to decreased osteoblastic and increased osteoclastic activity. However, the exact relationship between osteoblasts and myeloma cells remains elusive. Understanding the interactions between these dynamic bone-forming cells and myeloma cells is crucial to understanding how osteolytic lesions form and persist and how tumors grow within the bone marrow. This review provides a comprehensive overview of basic and translational research focused on the role of osteoblasts in multiple myeloma progression and their relationship to osteolytic lesions. Importantly, current challenges for in vitro studies exploring direct osteoblastic effects on myeloma cells, and gaps in understanding the role of the osteoblast in myeloma progression are delineated. Finally, successes and challenges in myeloma treatment with osteoanabolic therapy (i.e., any treatment that induces increased osteoblastic number or activity) are enumerated. Our goal is to illuminate novel mechanisms by which osteoblasts may contribute to multiple myeloma disease progression and osteolysis to better direct research efforts. Ultimately, we hope this may provide a roadmap for new approaches to the pathogenesis and treatment of multiple myeloma with a particular focus on the osteoblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela R Reagan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - Lucy Liaw
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Irene M Ghobrial
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Villasante A, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Tissue-engineered models of human tumors for cancer research. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:257-68. [PMID: 25662589 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1009442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug toxicity often goes undetected until clinical trials, which are the most costly and dangerous phase of drug development. Both the cultures of human cells and animal studies have limitations that cannot be overcome by incremental improvements in drug-testing protocols. A new generation of bioengineered tumors is now emerging in response to these limitations, with potential to transform drug screening by providing predictive models of tumors within their tissue context, for studies of drug safety and efficacy. An area that could greatly benefit from these models is cancer research. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors first describe the engineered tumor systems, using Ewing's sarcoma as an example of human tumor that cannot be predictably studied in cell culture and animal models. Then, they discuss the importance of the tissue context for cancer progression and outline the biomimetic principles for engineering human tumors. Finally, they discuss the utility of bioengineered tumor models for cancer research and address the challenges in modeling human tumors for use in drug discovery and testing. EXPERT OPINION While tissue models are just emerging as a new tool for cancer drug discovery, they are already demonstrating potential for recapitulating, in vitro, the native behavior of human tumors. Still, numerous challenges need to be addressed before we can have platforms with a predictive power appropriate for the pharmaceutical industry. Some of the key needs include the incorporation of the vascular compartment, immune system components, and mechanical signals that regulate tumor development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranzazu Villasante
- Columbia University, Department of Biomedical Engineering , New York, NY 10032 , USA
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Cosmi F, Steimberg N, Mazzoleni G. A mesoscale study of the degradation of bone structural properties in modeled microgravity conditions. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 44:61-70. [PMID: 25621850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important alterations that occur in man and experimental animals during spaceflight concerns the skeletal system, and entails important bone loss and degradation of mechanical properties. In the present work we investigate ex vivo the long-term effects of weightlessness (simulated microgravity) on bone tissue, by comparing the mesoscale structural properties of weight-bearing rat tibial epiphyseal cancellous structures of healthy animals (ground controls) with those of identical bone explants maintained ex vivo in the Rotary Cell Culture System (RCCS) bioreactor, used to model, on ground, microgravity conditions. Bone structures were reconstructed by synchrotron radiation micro-CT, morphometric analyses were performed, and the apparent elastic properties were computed by means of a numerical model based on the Cell Method. Two novel results were achieved in this study. First of all, the skeletal modifications found in bone explants after 3-4 weeks of culture in the RCCS bioreactor are in perfect agreement with those observed in vivo after a long-term spaceflight (Mice Drawer System mission, 2009), thus confirming the relevance of our model in reproducing the effects of microgravity on whole bone tissue. Secondly, but not less importantly, our study points out that the degradation in bone structural performance (apparent mechanical properties) must be considered in order to achieve an accurate representation of trabecular bone modifications not only in osteoporotic bone diseases, but also in the microgravity-induced bone alterations. In conclusion, our findings, by proving that the association of the RCCS bioreactor-based culture method, used to model microgravity conditions, with numerical simulations able to quantify bone quality, represents the first ground-based reliable model for investigating, ex vivo, some of the spaceflight effects on bone tissue, and open new perspectives to basic research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cosmi
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, via A. Valerio 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Nathalie Steimberg
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mazzoleni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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Janeczek AA, Scarpa E, A. Newman T, Oreffo ROC, S. Tare R, Evans ND. Skeletal Stem Cell Niche of the Bone Marrow. TISSUE-SPECIFIC STEM CELL NICHE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-21705-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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