1
|
Gordon ER, Fahmy LM, Trager MH, Adeuyan O, Lapolla BA, Schreidah CM, Geskin LJ. From Molecules to Microbes: Tracing Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Pathogenesis through Malignant Inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)00262-8. [PMID: 38703171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
The etiology of CTCL is a subject of extensive investigation. Researchers have explored links between CTCL and environmental chemical exposures, such as aromatic hydrocarbons (eg, pesticides and benzene), as well as infectious factors, including various viruses (eg, human T-lymphotropic virus [HTLV]-I and HTLV-II) and bacteria (eg, Staphylococcus aureus). There has been growing emphasis on the role of malignant inflammation in CTCL development. In this review, we synthesize studies of environmental and infectious exposures, along with research on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and the involvement of pathogens in disease etiology, providing insight into the pathogenesis of CTCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Gordon
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lauren M Fahmy
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Megan H Trager
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Oluwaseyi Adeuyan
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Brigit A Lapolla
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Celine M Schreidah
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Larisa J Geskin
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zelante T, Paolicelli G, Fallarino F, Gargaro M, Vascelli G, De Zuani M, Fric J, Laznickova P, Kohoutkova MH, Macchiarulo A, Dolciami D, Pieraccini G, Gaetani L, Scalisi G, Trevisan C, Frossi B, Pucillo C, De Luca A, Nunzi E, Spaccapelo R, Pariano M, Borghi M, Boscaro F, Romoli R, Mancini A, Gentili L, Renga G, Costantini C, Puccetti M, Giovagnoli S, Ricci M, Antonini M, Calabresi P, Puccetti P, Di Filippo M, Romani L. A microbially produced AhR ligand promotes a Tph1-driven tolerogenic program in multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6651. [PMID: 38509264 PMCID: PMC10954611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57400-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a debilitating autoimmune disease, characterized by chronic inflammation of the central nervous system. While the significance of the gut microbiome on multiple sclerosis pathogenesis is established, the underlining mechanisms are unknown. We found that serum levels of the microbial postbiotic tryptophan metabolite indole-3-carboxaldehyde (3-IAld) inversely correlated with disease duration in multiple sclerosis patients. Much like the host-derived tryptophan derivative L-Kynurenine, 3-IAld would bind and activate the Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR), which, in turn, controls endogenous tryptophan catabolic pathways. As a result, in peripheral lymph nodes, microbial 3-IAld, affected mast-cell tryptophan metabolism, forcing mast cells to produce serotonin via Tph1. We thus propose a protective role for AhR-mast-cell activation driven by the microbiome, whereby natural metabolites or postbiotics will have a physiological role in immune homeostasis and may act as therapeutic targets in autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Zelante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy.
- Interuniversity Consortium for Biotechnology, (CIB), 34149, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Paolicelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Fallarino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Gargaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gianluca Vascelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco De Zuani
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Fric
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 2094/1, 128 20, Prague, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Laznickova
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Hortova Kohoutkova
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniela Dolciami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pieraccini
- Mass Spectrometry Center (CISM), University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gaetani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulia Scalisi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Caterina Trevisan
- Department of Medical and Biological Science, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Barbara Frossi
- Department of Medical and Biological Science, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Carlo Pucillo
- Department of Medical and Biological Science, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Antonella De Luca
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Emilia Nunzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
- Center of Functional Genomics, C.U.R.Ge.F, University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Spaccapelo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
- Center of Functional Genomics, C.U.R.Ge.F, University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium for Biotechnology, (CIB), 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marilena Pariano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Monica Borghi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Boscaro
- Mass Spectrometry Center (CISM), University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Riccardo Romoli
- Mass Spectrometry Center (CISM), University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Mancini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucia Gentili
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Renga
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudio Costantini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo Puccetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Giovagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ricci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Martina Antonini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Unità di Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Puccetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
- Center of Functional Genomics, C.U.R.Ge.F, University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Di Filippo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
- Center of Functional Genomics, C.U.R.Ge.F, University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Healey AM, Fenner KN, O'Dell CT, Lawrence BP. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation alters immune cell populations in the lung and bone marrow during coronavirus infection. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2024; 326:L313-L329. [PMID: 38290163 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00236.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are one of the major causes of illness and death worldwide. Symptoms associated with respiratory infections can range from mild to severe, and there is limited understanding of why there is large variation in severity. Environmental exposures are a potential causative factor. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an environment-sensing molecule expressed in all immune cells. Although there is considerable evidence that AHR signaling influences immune responses to other immune challenges, including respiratory pathogens, less is known about the impact of AHR signaling on immune responses during coronavirus (CoV) infection. In this study, we report that AHR activation significantly altered immune cells in the lungs and bone marrow of mice infected with a mouse CoV. AHR activation transiently reduced the frequency of multiple cells in the mononuclear phagocyte system, including monocytes, interstitial macrophages, and dendritic cells in the lung. In the bone marrow, AHR activation altered myelopoiesis, as evidenced by a reduction in granulocyte-monocyte progenitor cells and an increased frequency of myeloid-biased progenitor cells. Moreover, AHR activation significantly affected multiple stages of the megakaryocyte lineage. Overall, these findings indicate that AHR activation modulates multiple aspects of the immune response to a CoV infection. Given the significant burden of respiratory viruses on human health, understanding how environmental exposures shape immune responses to infection advances our knowledge of factors that contribute to variability in disease severity and provides insight into novel approaches to prevent or treat disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study reveals a multifaceted role for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling in the immune response to coronavirus (CoV) infection. Sustained AHR activation during in vivo mouse CoV infection altered the frequency of mature immune cells in the lung and modulated emergency hematopoiesis, specifically myelopoiesis and megakaryopoiesis, in bone marrow. This provides new insight into immunoregulation by the AHR and extends our understanding of how environmental exposures can impact host responses to respiratory viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Healey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Kristina N Fenner
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Colleen T O'Dell
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - B Paige Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim HR, Lee SY, You GE, Park CW, Kim HO, Chung BY. Exosomes released by environmental pollutant-stimulated Keratinocytes/PBMCs can trigger psoriatic inflammation in recipient cells via the AhR signaling pathway. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 10:1324692. [PMID: 38288335 PMCID: PMC10822922 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1324692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Exosomes, pivotal in intercellular communication during skin disease pathogenesis, have garnered substantial attention. However, the impact of environmental pollutants, such as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), on exosome release amid inflammatory skin diseases remains unexplored. This study addresses this gap by examining the influence of BaP and TCDD on exosome function, specifically focusing on immune-related pathway alterations in normal recipient keratinocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Methods: HaCaT cells were treated with exosomes from BaP- or TCDD-treated keratinocytes. Proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, CXCL1, and CXCL5, were assessed. The involvement of the p65NF-κB/p38MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in recipient keratinocytes was investigated. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) silencing was employed to elucidate its role in mediating the proinflammatory response induced by exosomes from BaP- or TCDD-treated keratinocytes. Results and discussion: Treatment with exosomes from BaP- or TCDD-treated keratinocytes induced a significant increase in proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in HaCaT cells. The upregulation implicated the p65NF-κB/p38MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. AhR silencing attenuated this response, suggesting a role for AhR in mediating this response. In PBMCs from healthy controls, exosomes from BaP-stimulated PBMCs of psoriatic patients led to increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and modulation of Th1/Th17 cell distribution via AhR activation. These findings unveil a novel dimension in the interplay between environmental xenobiotic agents (BaP and TCDD) and exosomal functions. The study establishes their influence on psoriatic inflammatory responses, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms mediated through the AhR signaling pathway in recipient keratinocytes and PBMCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ran Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga Eun You
- Research and Development Institute, Biosolution, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Wook Park
- Department of Dermatology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye One Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Young Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liang YH, Shu P, Li YL, Li M, Ye ZH, Chu S, Du ZY, Dong CZ, Meunier B, Chen HX. GDU-952, a novel AhR agonist ameliorates skin barrier abnormalities and immune dysfunction in DNFB-induced atopic dermatitis in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 217:115835. [PMID: 37778446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is widely expressed in the skin. It controls immune-mediated skin responses to various external environmental signals, promote terminal differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes and participates the maintenance of the skin barrier function. As a therapeutic target, AhR activation modulates many diseases progression driven by immune/inflammatory processes such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis. In this study, we revealed that GDU-952 is a novel AhR agonist, which is able to decreases IgE serum levels, to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α and to induce immunoregulatory effects through restoring Th1/Th2 immune balance and promoting CD4+FOXP3+regulatory T (Treg) populations in AD skin lesions. Furthermore, GDU-952 can strengthen the skin barrier function through upregulating epidermal differentiation-related and tight junction proteins. This may alleviate AD symptoms, such as dermatitis scores, epidermal hyperplasia and mast cell infiltration. These results offer a rationale for further preclinical/clinical studies to evaluate the possible use of GDU-952 in the management of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Hao Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Peng Shu
- HBN Research Institute and Biological Laboratory, Shenzhen Hujia Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yong-Liang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Menggeng Li
- HBN Research Institute and Biological Laboratory, Shenzhen Hujia Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Zi-Heng Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shanpeng Chu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhi-Yun Du
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chang-Zhi Dong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China; Université Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Bernard Meunier
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Hui-Xiong Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China; Chemistry of RNA, Nucleosides, Peptides and Heterocycles, CNRS UMR8601, Université Paris Cité, UFR Biomédicale, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Y, Pan Y, Zhang P, Wang F, Han Y, Li K, Jiang W, Wang J, Luan Y, Xin Q. AhR agonist tapinarof ameliorates lupus autoimmunity by suppressing Tfh cell differentiation via regulation of the JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e903. [PMID: 37382269 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a critical regulator of the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. We aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of the AhR agonist tapinarof during the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS MRL/lpr mice were intraperitoneally injected with 1 or 5 mg/kg tapinarof for 6 weeks. Kidney histopathology was evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Periodic-Acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. Immunofluorescence microscopy was performed to detect immune complex renal depositions. Flow cytometry (FCM) analysis was carried out to determine the proportions of T and B cell subsets. Realtime qPCR was used to quantify the expression of Tfh cell-associated genes. We conducted an in vitro polarization experiment to observe the effect of tapinarof on Tfh differentiation. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of target proteins. RESULTS We found that tapinarof treatment ameliorated lupus phenotypes, including splenomegaly, lymph node enlargement, kidney damages, immune complex deposition, and excessive secretion of antibodies. Additionally, we showed that Treg subpopulation frequencies significantly increased in MRL/lpr mice treated with tapinarof, while the proportion of Th1/Th2 cells was reduced after tapinarof administration. Moreover, tapinarof suppressed Tfh cell differentiation and germinal center (GC) reaction in vivo. The inhibitory effect of tapinarof on Tfh cells was further verified in the in vitro Tfh cell polarization experiment. Realtime qPCR revealed that tapinarof repressed the expression of Tfh signature genes. Mechanistically, tapinarof significantly inhibited the phosphorylation levels of JAK2 and STAT3. The capacity for Tfh differentiation was partially rescued by the STAT3 activator Colivelin TFA. Furthermore, our in vitro Tfh polarization experiments indicated that tapinarof suppressed Tfh cell development in SLE. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated that tapinarof modulated the JAK2-STAT3 pathway to suppress Tfh cell differentiation for the treatment of lupus symptoms in MRL/lpr mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanyan Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peiyi Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Animal Laboratory Center, Institute of Medical Science, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Han
- Animal Laboratory Center, Institute of Medical Science, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Kailin Li
- Central Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Central Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Central Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yun Luan
- Central Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Xin
- Central Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Merchak AR, Cahill HJ, Brown LC, Brown RM, Rivet-Noor C, Beiter RM, Slogar ER, Olgun DG, Gaultier A. The activity of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in T cells tunes the gut microenvironment to sustain autoimmunity and neuroinflammation. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002000. [PMID: 36787309 PMCID: PMC9928083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a T cell-driven autoimmune disease that attacks the myelin of the central nervous system (CNS) and currently has no cure. MS etiology is linked to both the gut flora and external environmental factors but this connection is not well understood. One immune system regulator responsive to nonpathogenic external stimuli is the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). The AHR, which binds diverse molecules present in the environment in barrier tissues, is a therapeutic target for MS. However, AHR's precise function in T lymphocytes, the orchestrators of MS, has not been described. Here, we show that in a mouse model of MS, T cell-specific Ahr knockout leads to recovery driven by a decrease in T cell fitness. At the mechanistic level, we demonstrate that the absence of AHR changes the gut microenvironment composition to generate metabolites that impact T cell viability, such as bile salts and short chain fatty acids. Our study demonstrates a newly emerging role for AHR in mediating the interdependence between T lymphocytes and the microbiota, while simultaneously identifying new potential molecular targets for the treatment of MS and other autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R. Merchak
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Hannah J. Cahill
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lucille C. Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ryan M. Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Courtney Rivet-Noor
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Rebecca M. Beiter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Erica R. Slogar
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Deniz G. Olgun
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Alban Gaultier
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hiéronimus L, Huaux F. B-1 cells in immunotoxicology: Mechanisms underlying their response to chemicals and particles. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:960861. [PMID: 37143777 PMCID: PMC10151831 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.960861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery nearly 40 years ago, B-1 cells have continued to challenge the boundaries between innate and adaptive immunity, as well as myeloid and lymphoid functions. This B-cell subset ensures early immunity in neonates before the development of conventional B (B-2) cells and respond to immune injuries throughout life. B-1 cells are multifaceted and serve as natural- and induced-antibody-producing cells, phagocytic cells, antigen-presenting cells, and anti-/pro-inflammatory cytokine-releasing cells. This review retraces the origin of B-1 cells and their different roles in homeostatic and infectious conditions before focusing on pollutants comprising contact-sensitivity-inducing chemicals, endocrine disruptors, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligands, and reactive particles.
Collapse
|
9
|
McDonald A, Nicaise A, Sears ER, Bell A, Kummari E, Kaplan BLF. Potential for TCDD to induce regulatory functions in B cells as part of the mechanism for T cell suppression in EAE. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 454:116259. [PMID: 36179859 PMCID: PMC10509645 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Part of the mechanism by which 2,3,7.8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) suppresses immune function involves induction of regulatory T cells and suppression of effector T cells. The goal of this project was to examine whether TCDD's suppression of effector T cells was due in part to inducing B regulatory cells (Bregs). TCDD's potential to increase the percentage and/or function of CD24+CD38+ B cells was assessed in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) + interleukin (IL)-4 in vitro and in a mild model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in vivo. In vitro, TCDD did not consistently increase the percentage of CD19+CD24+CD38+ cells using splenocytes, purified B cells or bone marrow (BM) cells. However, TCDD increased IL-10 in all three culture preparations, and TCDD increased the percentage of CD5+CD24+CD38+ cells producing IL-10. In EAE, TCDD did not affect the percentage of the CD24+CD38+ cell population in CD19, B220 or CD5 B cells in splenocytes (SPLC), lymph nodes (LN) nor BM cells at end-stage disease. On the other hand, TCDD increased the CD19+CD24+CD38+ percentage in the spinal cord (SC) in EAE. Moreover, TCDD-treated B cells isolated from spleens or TCDD-treated BM cells in EAE mice modestly reduced the ability of naïve effector T cells to express interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Together these data show that TCDD can induce regulatory functions in B cells, although it was not obvious simply by examining the expression of regulatory markers but by assessing function by cytokine production or mixed lymphocyte responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amye McDonald
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Ashleigh Nicaise
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Erin Rushing Sears
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Abigail Bell
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Evangel Kummari
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Barbara L F Kaplan
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zeng C, Cheng TT, Ma X, Liu Y, Hua J, Chen X, Wang SY, Xu YJ. The absence of AhR in CD4 + T cells in patients with acute graft-versus-host disease may be related to insufficient CTCF expression. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:109. [PMID: 36056390 PMCID: PMC9440523 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01330-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is a life-threatening complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Accumulating evidence suggests that imbalanced Treg/Th17 ratio accelerates the progression of aGVHD. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor activated through cognate ligand binding. Current evidence supports that AhR plays a critical regulatory role in the differentiation of Treg and Th17 cells. However, the relationship between AhR and aGVHD remains unclear. RESULTS Our results showed that AhR expression was downregulated significantly in CD4+ T cells from patients with aGVHD compared with the non-aGVHD group. We also discovered that after activating AhR deficient CD4+ T cells, the expression levels of the activation markers-CD40L, CD134 and CD137 and cell proliferation activity were significantly higher than those of AhR-expressing CD4+ T cells. Restoring the expression of AhR in aGVHD CD4+ T cells resulted in significantly increased percentage of Tregs and associated gene transcripts, including Foxp3, IL-10 and CD39. In contrast, Th17 cell amounts and the transcription of related genes, including RORγt, IL-17A and IL-17F, were significantly reduced. We confirmed that CTCF recruited EP300 and TET2 to bind to the AhR promoter region and promoted AhR expression by mediating histone H3K9/K14 hyperacetylation and DNA demethylation in this region. The low expression of CTCF caused histone hypoacetylation and DNA hypermethylation of the AhR promoter, resulting in insufficient expression in aGVHD CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS CTCF is an important inducer of AhR transcription. Insufficient expression of CTCF leads to excessive AhR downregulation, resulting in substantial CD4+ T cell activation and Th17/Treg ratio increase, thereby mediating the occurrence of aGVHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zeng
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China.,Hunan Hematology Oncology Clinical Medical Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Ting-Ting Cheng
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China.,Hunan Hematology Oncology Clinical Medical Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Ma
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China.,Hunan Hematology Oncology Clinical Medical Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China.,Hunan Hematology Oncology Clinical Medical Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Hua
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China.,Hunan Hematology Oncology Clinical Medical Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China.,Hunan Hematology Oncology Clinical Medical Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Shi-Yu Wang
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China.,Hunan Hematology Oncology Clinical Medical Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Ya-Jing Xu
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China. .,Hunan Hematology Oncology Clinical Medical Research Center, Changsha, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wu J, Pang T, Lin Z, Zhao M, Jin H. The key player in the pathogenesis of environmental influence of systemic lupus erythematosus: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Front Immunol 2022; 13:965941. [PMID: 36110860 PMCID: PMC9468923 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.965941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor was previously known as an environmental receptor that modulates the cellular response to external environmental changes. In essence, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a cytoplasmic receptor and transcription factor that is activated by binding to the corresponding ligands, and they transmit relevant information by binding to DNA, thereby activating the transcription of various genes. Therefore, we can understand the development of certain diseases and discover new therapeutic targets by studying the regulation and function of AhR. Several autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), have been connected to AhR in previous studies. SLE is a classic autoimmune disease characterized by multi-organ damage and disruption of immune tolerance. We discuss here the homeostatic regulation of AhR and its ligands among various types of immune cells, pathophysiological roles, in addition to the roles of various related cytokines and signaling pathways in the occurrence and development of SLE.
Collapse
|
12
|
Grishanova AY, Perepechaeva ML. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Oxidative Stress as a Double Agent and Its Biological and Therapeutic Significance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126719. [PMID: 35743162 PMCID: PMC9224361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has long been implicated in the induction of a battery of genes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. AhR is a ligand-activated transcription factor necessary for the launch of transcriptional responses important in health and disease. In past decades, evidence has accumulated that AhR is associated with the cellular response to oxidative stress, and this property of AhR must be taken into account during investigations into a mechanism of action of xenobiotics that is able to activate AhR or that is susceptible to metabolic activation by enzymes encoded by the genes that are under the control of AhR. In this review, we examine various mechanisms by which AhR takes part in the oxidative-stress response, including antioxidant and prooxidant enzymes and cytochrome P450. We also show that AhR, as a participant in the redox balance and as a modulator of redox signals, is being increasingly studied as a target for a new class of therapeutic compounds and as an explanation for the pathogenesis of some disorders.
Collapse
|
13
|
Gargaro M, Scalisi G, Manni G, Briseño CG, Bagadia P, Durai V, Theisen DJ, Kim S, Castelli M, Xu CA, zu Hörste GM, Servillo G, Della Fazia MA, Mencarelli G, Ricciuti D, Padiglioni E, Giacchè N, Colliva C, Pellicciari R, Calvitti M, Zelante T, Fuchs D, Orabona C, Boon L, Bessede A, Colonna M, Puccetti P, Murphy TL, Murphy KM, Fallarino F. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 activation in mature cDC1 promotes tolerogenic education of inflammatory cDC2 via metabolic communication. Immunity 2022; 55:1032-1050.e14. [PMID: 35704993 PMCID: PMC9220322 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), cDC1 and cDC2, act both to initiate immunity and maintain self-tolerance. The tryptophan metabolic enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is used by cDCs in maintaining tolerance, but its role in different subsets remains unclear. At homeostasis, only mature CCR7+ cDC1 expressed IDO1 that was dependent on IRF8. Lipopolysaccharide treatment induced maturation and IDO1-dependent tolerogenic activity in isolated immature cDC1, but not isolated cDC2. However, both human and mouse cDC2 could induce IDO1 and acquire tolerogenic function when co-cultured with mature cDC1 through the action of cDC1-derived l-kynurenine. Accordingly, cDC1-specific inactivation of IDO1 in vivo exacerbated disease in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. This study identifies a previously unrecognized metabolic communication in which IDO1-expressing cDC1 cells extend their immunoregulatory capacity to the cDC2 subset through their production of tryptophan metabolite l-kynurenine. This metabolic axis represents a potential therapeutic target in treating autoimmune demyelinating diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gargaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Giulia Scalisi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Manni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carlos G. Briseño
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Prachi Bagadia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vivek Durai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Derek J. Theisen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sunkyung Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marilena Castelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chenling A. Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Gerd Meyer zu Hörste
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Servillo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy,University research center in functional genomics (c.u.r.ge.f.), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Mencarelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Doriana Ricciuti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Mario Calvitti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Teresa Zelante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paolo Puccetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy,University research center in functional genomics (c.u.r.ge.f.), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Theresa L. Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kenneth M. Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Francesca Fallarino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; University research center in functional genomics (c.u.r.ge.f.), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Guarnieri T. Hypothesis: Emerging Roles for Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Orchestrating CoV-2-Related Inflammation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040648. [PMID: 35203299 PMCID: PMC8869960 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pathogenic agent of Coronavirus-Induced Disease-2019 (COVID-19), a multi-organ syndrome which primarily targets the respiratory system. In this review, considering the large amount of data pointing out the role of the Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) in the inflammatory response and in the modulation of innate and adaptive immunity, we describe some mechanisms that strongly suggest its involvement in the management of COVID-19′s inflammatory framework. It regulates both the expression of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE-2) and its stabilizing partner, the Broad neutral Amino acid Transporter 1 (B0AT1). It induces Indolamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO-1), the enzyme which, starting from Tryptophan (Trp), produces Kynurenine (Kyn, Beta-Anthraniloyl-L-Alanine). The accumulation of Kyn and the depletion of Trp arrest T cell growth and induce apoptosis, setting up an immune-tolerant condition, whereas AhR and interferon type I (IFN-I) build a mutual inhibitory loop that also involves NF-kB and limits the innate response. AhR/Kyn binding boosts the production of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), thus reinforcing the inflammatory state and counteracting the IDO-dependent immune tolerance in the later stage of COVID-19. Taken together, these data depict a framework where sufficient clues suggest the possible participation of AhR in the management of COVID-19 inflammation, thus indicating an additional therapeutic target for this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Guarnieri
- Cell Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
- Interuniversity Consortium “Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi” (INBB–Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute), 00136 Rome, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research in Life Sciences and Technologies, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rannug A. 6-Formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole, a Potent Ligand for the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Produced Both Endogenously and by Microorganisms, can Either Promote or Restrain Inflammatory Responses. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:775010. [PMID: 35295226 PMCID: PMC8915874 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.775010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) binds major physiological modifiers of the immune system. The endogenous 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), which binds with higher affinity than any other compound yet tested, including TCDD, plays a well-documented role in maintaining the homeostasis of the intestines and skin. The effects of transient activation of AHR by FICZ differ from those associated with continuous stimulation and, depending on the dose, include either differentiation into T helper 17 cells that express proinflammatory cytokines or into regulatory T cells or macrophages with anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, in experimental models of human diseases high doses stimulate the production of immunosuppressive cytokines and suppress pathogenic autoimmunity. In our earlier studies we characterized the formation of FICZ from tryptophan via the precursor molecules indole-3-pyruvate and indole-3-acetaldehyde. In the gut formation of these precursor molecules is catalyzed by microbial aromatic-amino-acid transaminase ArAT. Interestingly, tryptophan can also be converted into indole-3-pyruvate by the amino-acid catabolizing enzyme interleukin-4 induced gene 1 (IL4I1), which is secreted by host immune cells. By thus generating derivatives of tryptophan that activate AHR, IL4I1 may have a role to play in anti-inflammatory responses, as well as in a tumor escape mechanism that reduces survival in cancer patients. The realization that FICZ can be produced from tryptophan by sunlight, by enzymes expressed in our cells (IL4I1), and by microorganisms as well makes it highly likely that this compound is ubiquitous in humans. A diurnal oscillation in the level of FICZ that depends on the production by the fluctuating number of microbes might influence not only intestinal and dermal immunity locally, but also systemic immunity.
Collapse
|
16
|
Sabuz Vidal O, Deepika D, Schuhmacher M, Kumar V. EDC-induced mechanisms of immunotoxicity: a systematic review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 51:634-652. [PMID: 35015608 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.2009438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) refer to a group of chemicals that cause adverse effects in human health, impairing hormone production and regulation, resulting in alteration of homeostasis, reproductive, and developmental, and immune system impairments. The immunotoxicity of EDCs involves many mechanisms altering gene expression that depend on the activation of nuclear receptors such as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), the estrogen receptor (ER), and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), which also results in skin and intestinal disorders, microbiota alterations and inflammatory diseases. This systematic review aims to review different mechanisms of immunotoxicity and immunomodulation of T cells, focusing on T regulatory (Treg) and Th17 subsets, B cells, and dendritic cells (DCs) caused by specific EDCs such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), bisphenols (BPs) and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). To achieve this objective, a systematic study was conducted searching various databases including PubMed and Scopus to find in-vitro, in-vivo, and biomonitoring studies that examine EDC-dependent mechanisms of immunotoxicity. While doing the systematic review, we found species- and cell-specific outcomes and a translational gap between in-vitro and in-vivo experiments. Finally, an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework is proposed, which explains mechanistically toxicity endpoints emerging from different EDCs having similar key events and can help to improve our understanding of EDCs mechanisms of immunotoxicity. In conclusion, this review provides insights into the mechanisms of immunotoxicity mediated by EDCs and will help to improve human health risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Sabuz Vidal
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Deepika Deepika
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,IISPV, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Febbraio MA, Karin M. "Sweet death": Fructose as a metabolic toxin that targets the gut-liver axis. Cell Metab 2021; 33:2316-2328. [PMID: 34619076 PMCID: PMC8665123 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucose and fructose are closely related simple sugars, but fructose has been associated more closely with metabolic disease. Until the 1960s, the major dietary source of fructose was fruit, but subsequently, high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) became a dominant component of the Western diet. The exponential increase in HFCS consumption correlates with the increased incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, but the mechanistic link between these metabolic diseases and fructose remains tenuous. Although dietary fructose was thought to be metabolized exclusively in the liver, evidence has emerged that it is also metabolized in the small intestine and leads to intestinal epithelial barrier deterioration. Along with the clinical manifestations of hereditary fructose intolerance, these findings suggest that, along with the direct effect of fructose on liver metabolism, the gut-liver axis plays a key role in fructose metabolism and pathology. Here, we summarize recent studies on fructose biology and pathology and discuss new opportunities for prevention and treatment of diseases associated with high-fructose consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Febbraio
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fernández-Gallego N, Sánchez-Madrid F, Cibrian D. Role of AHR Ligands in Skin Homeostasis and Cutaneous Inflammation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113176. [PMID: 34831399 PMCID: PMC8622815 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an important regulator of skin barrier function. It also controls immune-mediated skin responses. The AHR modulates various physiological functions by acting as a sensor that mediates environment–cell interactions, particularly during immune and inflammatory responses. Diverse experimental systems have been used to assess the AHR’s role in skin inflammation, including in vitro assays of keratinocyte stimulation and murine models of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Similar approaches have addressed the role of AHR ligands, e.g., TCDD, FICZ, and microbiota-derived metabolites, in skin homeostasis and pathology. Tapinarof is a novel AHR-modulating agent that inhibits skin inflammation and enhances skin barrier function. The topical application of tapinarof is being evaluated in clinical trials to treat psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. In the present review, we summarize the effects of natural and synthetic AHR ligands in keratinocytes and inflammatory cells, and their relevance in normal skin homeostasis and cutaneous inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Fernández-Gallego
- Immunology Service, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (IIS-IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Immunology Service, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (IIS-IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.S.-M.); (D.C.)
| | - Danay Cibrian
- Immunology Service, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (IIS-IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.S.-M.); (D.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Purpose of Review The incidence of allergic diseases such as asthma, rhinitis and atopic dermatitis has risen at an alarming rate over the last century. Thus, there is a clear need to understand the critical factors that drive such pathologic immune responses. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) is a nuclear receptor that has emerged as an important regulator of multiple cell types involved in the inflammatory response to allergens; from airway epithelial cells to T Helper (TH) cells. Recent Findings Initial studies suggested that agonists of PPAR-γ could be employed to temper allergic inflammation, suppressing pro-inflammatory gene expression programs in epithelial cells. Several lines of work now suggest that PPAR-γ plays an essential in promoting ‘type 2’ immune responses that are typically associated with allergic disease. PPAR-γ has been found to promote the functions of TH2 cells, type 2 innate lymphoid cells, M2 macrophages and dendritic cells, regulating lipid metabolism and directly inducing effector gene expression. Moreover, preclinical models of allergy in gene-targeted mice have increasingly implicated PPAR-γ in driving allergic inflammation. Summary Herein, we highlight the contrasting roles of PPAR-γ in allergic inflammation and hypothesize that the availability of environmental ligands for PPAR-γ may be at the heart of the rise in allergic diseases worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian M Stark
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan M Coquet
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Christopher A Tibbitt
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Stockinger B, Shah K, Wincent E. AHR in the intestinal microenvironment: safeguarding barrier function. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:559-570. [PMID: 33742166 PMCID: PMC7611426 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that belongs to the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-PAS family of transcription factors, which are evolutionarily conserved environmental sensors. In the absence of ligands, AHR resides in the cytoplasm in a complex with molecular chaperones such as HSP90, XAP2 and p23. Upon ligand binding, AHR translocates into the nuclear compartment, where it dimerizes with its partner protein, AHR nuclear translocator (ARNT), an obligatory partner for the DNA-binding and functional activity. Historically, AHR had mostly been considered as a key intermediary for the detrimental effects of environmental pollutants on the body. However, following the discovery of AHR-mediated functions in various immune cells, as well as the emergence of non-toxic 'natural' AHR ligands, this view slowly began to change, and the study of AHR-deficient mice revealed a plethora of important beneficial functions linked to AHR activation. This Review focuses on regulation of the AHR pathway and the barrier-protective roles AHR has in haematopoietic, as well as non-haematopoietic, cells within the intestinal microenvironment. It covers the nature of AHR ligands and feedback regulation of the AHR pathway, outlining the currently known physiological functions in immune, epithelial, endothelial and neuronal cells of the intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma Wincent
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gargaro M, Manni G, Scalisi G, Puccetti P, Fallarino F. Tryptophan Metabolites at the Crossroad of Immune-Cell Interaction via the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor: Implications for Tumor Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094644. [PMID: 33924971 PMCID: PMC8125364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a critical regulator of both innate and adaptive immune responses, with potent immunomodulatory effects that makes this receptor an attractive molecular target for novel therapeutics. Accumulating evidence indicates that diverse—both host’s and microbial—tryptophan metabolites profoundly regulate the immune system in the host via AhR, promoting either tolerance or immunity, largely as a function of the qualitative and quantitative nature of the metabolites being contributed by either source. Additional findings indicate that host and microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolic pathways can influence the outcome of immune responses to tumors. Here, we review recent studies on the role and modalities of AhR activation by various ligands, derived from either host-cell or microbial-cell tryptophan metabolic pathways, in the regulation of immune responses. Moreover, we highlight potential implications of those ligands and pathways in tumor immunotherapy, with particular relevance to checkpoint-blockade immune intervention strategies.
Collapse
|
22
|
de Araújo EF, Loures FV, Preite NW, Feriotti C, Galdino NA, Costa TA, Calich VLG. AhR Ligands Modulate the Differentiation of Innate Lymphoid Cells and T Helper Cell Subsets That Control the Severity of a Pulmonary Fungal Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:630938. [PMID: 33936043 PMCID: PMC8085362 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.630938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In agreement with other fungal infections, immunoprotection in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is mediated by Th1/Th17 cells whereas disease progression by prevalent Th2/Th9 immunity. Treg cells play a dual role, suppressing immunity but also controlling excessive tissue inflammation. Our recent studies have demonstrated that the enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) and the transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) play an important role in the immunoregulation of PCM. To further evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of AhR in this fungal infection, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infected mice were treated with two different AhR agonists, L-Kynurenin (L-Kyn) or 6-formylindole [3,2-b] carbazole (FICZ), and one AhR specific antagonist (CH223191). The disease severity and immune response of treated and untreated mice were assessed 96 hours and 2 weeks after infection. Some similar effects on host response were shared by FICZ and L-Kyn, such as the reduced fungal loads, decreased numbers of CD11c+ lung myeloid cells expressing activation markers (IA, CD40, CD80, CD86), and early increased expression of IDO and AhR. In contrast, the AhR antagonist CH223191 induced increased fungal loads, increased number of pulmonary CD11c+ leukocytes expressing activation markers, and a reduction in AhR and IDO production. While FICZ treatment promoted large increases in ILC3, L-Kyn and CH223191 significantly reduced this cell population. Each of these AhR ligands induced a characteristic adaptive immunity. The large expansion of FICZ-induced myeloid, lymphoid, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) led to the increased expansion of all CD4+ T cell subpopulations (Th1, Th2, Th17, Th22, and Treg), but with a clear predominance of Th17 and Th22 subsets. On the other hand, L-Kyn, that preferentially activated plasmacytoid DCs, reduced Th1/Th22 development but caused a robust expansion of Treg cells. The AhR antagonist CH223191 induced a preferential expansion of myeloid DCs, reduced the number of Th1, Th22, and Treg cells, but increased Th17 differentiation. In conclusion, the present study showed that the pathogen loads and the immune response in pulmonary PCM can be modulated by AhR ligands. However, further studies are needed to define the possible use of these compounds as adjuvant therapy for this fungal infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliseu F de Araújo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio V Loures
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nycolas W Preite
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Feriotti
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nayane Al Galdino
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tânia A Costa
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera L G Calich
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fettig NM, Osborne LC. Direct and indirect effects of microbiota-derived metabolites on neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis. Microbes Infect 2021; 23:104814. [PMID: 33775860 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2021.104814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are highly influenced by changes in the microbiota and of microbiota-derived metabolites, including short chain fatty acids, bile acids, and tryptophan derivatives. This review will discuss the effects of microbiota-derived metabolites on neuroinflammation driven by central nervous system-resident cells and peripheral immune cells, and their influence on outcomes of EAE and MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi M Fettig
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lisa C Osborne
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cho MK, Park JG, Iwata H, Kim EY. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin prompted differentiation to CD4 +CD8 -CD25 + and CD4 +CD8 +CD25 + Tregs and altered expression of immune-related genes in the thymus of chicken embryos. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 211:111947. [PMID: 33503546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The chicken (Gallus gallus), which has three aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) isoforms (ckAHR1, ckAHR2, and ckAHR1β) and two AHR nuclear translocator (ARNT) isoforms (ckARNT1 and ckARNT2), is highly sensitive to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and can serve as an avian model to gain an understanding of the mechanism underlying dioxin toxicity. To elucidate the mechanism of TCDD-induced immunotoxicity in avian species, we treated chicken embryos in ovo with graded concentrations of TCDD (1.5, 2.5, 3.0, 3.3, 3.5, and 4.0 μM). Initially, we measured mRNA expression levels of ckAHR and ckARNT isoforms and analyzed the T cell populations and transcriptome in the thymuses of TCDD-treated chicken embryos. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that mRNA expressions of ckAHR1 and ckARNT2 were dominant in the thymus. Severe weight loss and thymus atrophy were observed in the TCDD-treated embryos. Immunophenotyping analyses demonstrated significant increases in CD4+CD8-CD25+ and CD4+CD8+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) populations following TCDD exposure, suggesting that TCDD suppresses T cell-mediated immune responses in chicken embryos. In addition, thymic transcriptome analyses intimated that alteration of the signaling pathways related to erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 4 (ERBB4) and wnt family member 5A (WNT5A), and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) may be associated with the TCDD-induced thymus atrophy. We also observed significantly altered expression levels of genes including interleukine 13 receptor subunit alpha 2 (IL13RA2), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1), collagen type III alpha 1 chain (COL3A1), and collagen type IX alpha 3 chain (COL9A3), implying immunosuppression, fibrosis development, and collagen deposition. Collectively, these findings suggest that TCDD exposure activates the ckAHR1-ckARNT2 signaling pathway and suppresses immune responses through the prompted differentiation to CD4+CD8-CD25+ and CD4+CD8+CD25+ Tregs and altered expressions of immune-related genes in the thymus of chicken embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyung Cho
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gon Park
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hisato Iwata
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abdulla OA, Neamah W, Sultan M, Chatterjee S, Singh N, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti P. AhR Ligands Differentially Regulate miRNA-132 Which Targets HMGB1 and to Control the Differentiation of Tregs and Th-17 Cells During Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Response. Front Immunol 2021; 12:635903. [PMID: 33679792 PMCID: PMC7933657 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), is a transcription factor and an environmental sensor that has been shown to regulate T cell differentiation. Interestingly, AhR ligands exert varying effects from suppression to exacerbation of inflammation through induction of Tregs and Th-17 cells, respectively. In the current study, we investigated whether the differential effects of AhR ligands on T cell differentiation are mediated by miRNA during delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction against methylated Bovine Serum Albumin (mBSA). Treatment of C57BL/6 mice with TCDD attenuated mBSA-mediated DTH response, induced Tregs, decreased Th-17 cells, and caused upregulation of miRNA-132. TCDD caused an increase in several Treg subsets including inducible peripheral, natural thymic, and Th3 cells. Also, TCDD increased TGF-β and Foxp3 expression. In contrast, treating mice with FICZ exacerbated the DTH response, induced inflammatory Th17 cells, induced IL-17, and RORγ. Analysis of miRNA profiles from draining lymph nodes showed that miR-132 was upregulated in the TCDD group and downregulated in the FICZ group. Transfection studies revealed that miRNA-132 targeted High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1). Downregulation of HMGB1 caused an increase in FoxP3+ Treg differentiation and suppression of Th-17 cells while upregulation of HMGB1 caused opposite effects. Moreover, TCDD was less effective in suppressing DTH response and induction of Tregs in mice that were deficient in miR-132. In summary, this study demonstrates that TCDD and FICZ have divergent effects on DTH response and T cell differentiation, which is mediated through, at least in part, regulation of miRNA-132 that targets HMGB1.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/agonists
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Carbazoles/toxicity
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- HMGB1 Protein/genetics
- HMGB1 Protein/metabolism
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/genetics
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/metabolism
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/prevention & control
- Ligands
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins/toxicity
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/agonists
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Mice
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osama A. Abdulla
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Wurood Neamah
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Muthanna Sultan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Narendra Singh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Trajectory Shifts in Interdisciplinary Research of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-A Personal Perspective on Thymus and Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041844. [PMID: 33673338 PMCID: PMC7918350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying historical trajectories is a useful exercise in research, as it helps clarify important, perhaps even “paradigmatic”, shifts in thinking and moving forward in science. In this review, the development of research regarding the role of the transcription factor “aryl hydrocarbon receptor” (AHR) as a mediator of the toxicity of environmental pollution towards a link between the environment and a healthy adaptive response of the immune system and the skin is discussed. From this fascinating development, the opportunities for targeting the AHR in the therapy of many diseases become clear.
Collapse
|
27
|
The Landscape of AhR Regulators and Coregulators to Fine-Tune AhR Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020757. [PMID: 33451129 PMCID: PMC7828596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates numerous cellular responses. Originally investigated in toxicology because of its ability to bind environmental contaminants, AhR has attracted enormous attention in the field of immunology in the last 20 years. In addition, the discovery of endogenous and plant-derived ligands points to AhR also having a crucial role in normal cell physiology. Thus, AhR is emerging as a promiscuous receptor that can mediate either toxic or physiologic effects upon sensing multiple exogenous and endogenous molecules. Within this scenario, several factors appear to contribute to the outcome of gene transcriptional regulation by AhR, including the nature of the ligand as such and its further metabolism by AhR-induced enzymes, the local tissue microenvironment, and the presence of coregulators or specific transcription factors in the cell. Here, we review the current knowledge on the array of transcription factors and coregulators that, by interacting with AhR, tune its transcriptional activity in response to endogenous and exogenous ligands.
Collapse
|
28
|
TCDD attenuates EAE through induction of FasL on B cells and inhibition of IgG production. Toxicology 2020; 448:152646. [PMID: 33253778 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Previously we demonstrated that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) suppressed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model to study multiple sclerosis (MS), through induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and suppression of effector T cell function in the spleen. Since B cells and specifically regulatory B cells (Bregs) have been shown to be so critical in the pathology associated with EAE and MS, we wanted to determine whether TCDD could also induce Bregs. We specifically hypothesized that a Fas ligand (FasL)+ Breg population would be induced by TCDD in EAE thereby triggering apoptosis in Fas-expressing effector T cells as one mechanism to account for inhibition of T cell function by TCDD. TCDD (0.1-2.5 μg/kg/day administered orally for 12 days) modestly increased the percentage of FasL + B cells in the spleen and spinal cord in TCDD-treated EAE mice. However, we did not detect significant increases in percentages of FasL + B cells using TCDD in vitro in mouse splenocytes or human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Part of the modest effect by TCDD was likely related to the localized expression of FasL; for instance, in the spleen, FasL was more highly expressed by IgMhiIgDlo marginal zone (MZ) B cells, but IgMloIgDhi follicular (FO) B cells were more responsive to TCDD. Consistent with our observation of modest upregulation of FasL, we also observed modest changes in mitochondrial membrane potential in T cells co-cultured with isolated total B cells or IgM-depleted (i.e., FO-enriched) B cells from TCDD-treated EAE mice. These data suggest that while small microenvironments of apoptosis might be occurring in T cells in response to TCDD-treated B cells, it is not a major mechanism by which T cell function is compromised by TCDD in EAE. TCDD did robustly suppress IgG production systemically and in spleen and spinal cord B cells at end stage disease. Thus, these studies show that TCDD's primary effect on B cells in EAE is compromised IgG production but not FasL + Breg induction.
Collapse
|
29
|
Yang S, Tan L, Chen Y, Liu A, Hong M, Peng Z. DIM mitigates the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by maintaining the stability and suppressive function of regulatory T cells. Cell Immunol 2020; 358:104238. [PMID: 33137648 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that indoles, dietary ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), have immunomodulatory characteristics of balancing the differentiation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and Th17 cells in multiple autoimmune diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potency of the indole, 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM), on the stability and suppressive function of Tregs in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Furthermore, we used the AhR antagonist CH223191 to verify that DIM exerts its effects on Tregs through the activation of AhR. We found that DIM treatment significantly alleviated the severity of EAE by maintaining the stability and suppressive function of Tregs instead of facilitating the differentiation of Tregs. Thus, these DIM-treated Tregs might indirectly inhibit the generation of Th17 cells and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. And we confirmed the critical role of AhR in the EAE model. Our study further investigated the mechanisms by which dietary indoles promote Treg activity in the EAE model. DIM may act as a novel therapeutic to restrain autoimmune inflammation in multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical College, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Lixi Tan
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical College, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Linying County, Luohe 462600, China
| | - Aiqun Liu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical College, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Mingfan Hong
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical College, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Zhongxing Peng
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical College, Guangzhou 510000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Doan TQ, Connolly L, Igout A, Muller M, Scippo ML. In vitro differential responses of rat and human aryl hydrocarbon receptor to two distinct ligands and to different polyphenols. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114966. [PMID: 32563119 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) and several other environment/food-borne toxic compounds induce their toxicity via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). AhR is also modulated by various endogenous ligands e.g. highly potent tryptophan (Trp)-derivative FICZ (6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole) and natural ligands abundant in the human diet e.g. polyphenols. Therefore, evaluating AhR species-specific responses is crucial for understanding AhR physiological functions, establishing risk assessments, and exploring the applicability of AhR mediators in drug and food industry towards human-based usages. We studied AhR transactivation of FICZ/TCDD in vitro in a time-dependent and species-specific manner using dioxin responsive luciferase reporter gene assays derived from rat (DR-H4IIE) and human (DR-HepG2) hepatoma cells. We observed for the first time that FICZ potency was similar in both cell lines and was 40 times higher than TCDD in DR-HepG2 cells. Depleting Trp-derivative endogenously produced ligands by using culture medium without Trp, resulted in 3-fold higher AhR activation upon adding FICZ in DR-H4IIE cells, in contrast to DR-HepG2 cells which revealed a fast degradation of FICZ induction from 10 h post-exposure to complete disappearance after 24 h. Seven polyphenols and a mixture thereof, chosen based on commercially recommended doses and adjusted to human realistic exposure, caused rat and human species-specific AhR responses. Two isoflavones (daidzein and genistein) induced rat AhR synergistic effects with FICZ and/or TCDD, while quercetin, chrysin, curcumin, resveratrol, and the mixture exerted a strong inhibitory effect on the human AhR. Strikingly, resveratrol and quercetin at their realistic nanomolar concentrations acted additively in the mixture to abolish human AhR activation induced by various TCDD concentrations. Taken together, these results illustrate the species-specific complexity of AhR transcriptional activities modulated by various ligands and highlight the need for studies of human-based approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Q Doan
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - L Connolly
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - A Igout
- Department of Biomedical and Preclinical Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - M Muller
- GIGA-R, Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regeneration, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - M L Scippo
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Safe S, Jayaraman A, Chapkin RS. Ah receptor ligands and their impacts on gut resilience: structure-activity effects. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:463-473. [PMID: 32597352 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1773759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, dioxin) and structurally related halogenated aromatics modulate gene expression and induce biochemical and toxic responses that are mediated by initial binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). The AhR also binds structurally diverse compound including pharmaceuticals, endogenous biochemicals, health-promoting phytochemicals, and microbial metabolites. Many of these AhR ligands do not induce TCDD-like toxic responses and some AhR ligands such as microbial metabolites of tryptophan play a role in maintaining gut health and protecting against intestinal inflammation and cancer. Many AhR ligands exhibit tissue- and response-specific AhR agonist or antagonist activities, and act as selective AhR modulators (SAhRMs) and this SAhRM-like activity has also been observed in AhR-ligand-mediated effects in the intestine. This review summarizes studies showing that several AhR ligands including phytochemicals and TCDD protect against dextran sodium sulfate-induced intestinal inflammation. In contrast, AhR ligands such as oxazole compounds enhance intestinal inflammation suggesting that AhR-mediated gut health can be enhanced or decreased by selective AhR modulators and this needs to be considered in development of AhR ligands for therapeutic applications in treating intestinal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lemos H, Mohamed E, Ou R, McCardle C, Zheng X, McGuire K, Homer NZM, Mole DJ, Huang L, Mellor AL. Co-treatments to Boost IDO Activity and Inhibit Production of Downstream Catabolites Induce Durable Suppression of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1256. [PMID: 32625215 PMCID: PMC7311583 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reinforcing defective tolerogenic processes slows progression of autoimmune (AI) diseases and has potential to promote drug-free disease remission. Previously, we reported that DNA nanoparticles (DNPs) and cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) slow progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, by activating the Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) signaling adaptor to stimulate interferon type 1 (IFN-I) production, which induced dendritic cells to express indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) and acquire immune regulatory phenotypes. Here, we show that therapeutic responses to DNPs depend on DNA sensing via cyclic GAMP synthase (cGAS) and interactions between Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) and PD-1 ligands. To investigate how increased tryptophan (Trp) metabolism by IDO promotes therapeutic responses mice were co-treated at EAE onset with DNPs and drugs that inhibit kynurenine aminotransferase-II (KatII) or 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid dioxygenase (HAAO) activity downstream of IDO in the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway. DNP and KatII or HAAO inhibitor co-treatments suppressed EAE progression more effectively than DNPs, while KatII inhibition had no significant therapeutic benefit and HAAO inhibition attenuated but did not prevent EAE progression. Moreover, therapeutic responses to co-treatments were durable as EAE progression did not resume after co-treatment. Thus, using STING agonists to boost IDO activity and manipulating the Kyn pathway downstream of IDO is an effective strategy to enhance tolerogenic responses that overcome autoimmunity to suppress EAE progression.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/drug effects
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Autoimmunity
- B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism
- Chromatography, Liquid
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Kynurenine/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/agonists
- Metabolic Networks and Pathways
- Metabolome
- Metabolomics/methods
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Nanoparticles
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Lemos
- Immune Metabolism Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Eslam Mohamed
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Rong Ou
- Immune Metabolism Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline McCardle
- Immune Metabolism Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaozhong Zheng
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kris McGuire
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Z. M. Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Damian J. Mole
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Huang
- Immune Metabolism Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew L. Mellor
- Immune Metabolism Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kim HR, Kang SY, Kim HO, Park CW, Chung BY. Role of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation and Autophagy in Psoriasis-Related Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062195. [PMID: 32235789 PMCID: PMC7139675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and autophagy reportedly regulate immune responses in the skin. This study explored the effects of AhR activation on autophagy in human keratinocytes, and the relevance of AhR and autophagy in psoriasis pathogenesis. AhR activation by 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) repressed autophagy, while autophagy inhibition induced AhR activation in HaCaT cells and normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). A particularly strong interaction between AhR and autophagy was observed in proinflammatory cytokines-stimulated keratinocytes, an in vitro model of psoriasis. In skin biopsies from psoriasis patients, a similar impact of AhR on autophagy and inflammation was observed. AhR inhibition blocked TCDD- and chloroquine-induced p65NF-κB and p38MAPK phosphorylation in proinflammatory cytokines-stimulated HaCaT cells. Moreover, higher expression of AhR and CYP1A1, and lower expression of LC3, were detected in psoriatic skin tissues, compared to the controls. These data demonstrated that AhR modulated autophagy leads to skin inflammation in human keratinocytes via the p65NF-κB/p38MAPK signaling pathways, suggesting that AhR signaling and autophagy might be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory disorders such as psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bo Young Chung
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-829-5221; Fax: +82-2-832-3237
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Celarain N, Tomas-Roig J. Aberrant DNA methylation profile exacerbates inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:21. [PMID: 31937331 PMCID: PMC6961290 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system characterised by incoordination, sensory loss, weakness, changes in bladder capacity and bowel function, fatigue and cognitive impairment, creating a significant socioeconomic burden. The pathogenesis of MS involves both genetic susceptibility and exposure to distinct environmental risk factors. The gene x environment interaction is regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetics refers to a complex system that modifies gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. The most studied epigenetic mechanism is DNA methylation. This epigenetic mark participates in distinct MS pathophysiological processes, including blood-brain barrier breakdown, inflammatory response, demyelination, remyelination failure and neurodegeneration. In this study, we also accurately summarised a list of environmental factors involved in the MS pathogenesis and its clinical course. A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE through PubMED and Scopus. In conclusion, an exhaustive study of DNA methylation might contribute towards new pharmacological interventions in MS by use of epigenetic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Celarain
- Girona Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (UNIEM), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital and Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Tomas-Roig
- Girona Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (UNIEM), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital and Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Burke CG, Myers JR, Boule LA, Post CM, Brookes PS, Lawrence BP. Early life exposures shape the CD4 + T cell transcriptome, influencing proliferation, differentiation, and mitochondrial dynamics later in life. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11489. [PMID: 31391494 PMCID: PMC6686001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47866-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life environmental exposures drive lasting changes to the function of the immune system and can contribute to disease later in life. One of the ways environmental factors act is through cellular receptors. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is expressed by immune cells and binds numerous xenobiotics. Early life exposure to chemicals that bind the AHR impairs CD4+ T cell responses to influenza A virus (IAV) infection in adulthood. However, the cellular mechanisms that underlie these durable changes remain poorly defined. Transcriptomic profiling of sorted CD4+ T cells identified changes in genes involved in proliferation, differentiation, and metabolic pathways were associated with triggering AHR during development. Functional bioassays confirmed that CD4+ T cells from infected developmentally exposed offspring exhibit reduced proliferation, differentiation, and cellular metabolism. Thus, developmental AHR activation shapes T cell responsive capacity later in life by affecting integrated cellular pathways, which collectively alter responses later in life. Given that coordinated shifts in T cell metabolism are essential for T cell responses to numerous challenges, and that humans are constantly exposed to many different types of AHR ligands, this has far-reaching implications for how AHR signaling, particularly during development, durably influences T cell mediated immune responses across the lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine G Burke
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14624, USA
| | - Jason R Myers
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14624, USA
| | - Lisbeth A Boule
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14624, USA
| | - Christina M Post
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14624, USA
| | - Paul S Brookes
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14624, USA
| | - B Paige Lawrence
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14624, USA.
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14624, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Piccinni MP, Lombardelli L, Logiodice F, Kullolli O, Maggi E, Barkley MS. Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Decreases Th1, Th17, and Increases Th22 Responses via AHR Signaling Which Could Affect Susceptibility to Infections and Inflammatory Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:642. [PMID: 31001262 PMCID: PMC6456711 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthetic progestin, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), was used in a novel study to determine progestin effects on human purified macrophages and Th1, Th2, Th17, Th22 cells. MPA concentrations were equivalent to those in the serum of women after 6 and 9 months of progestin use. MPA has no effect on the proliferation of PBMCs and CD4+ T cell clones induced by immobilized anti-CD3 antibodies or by antigen (streptokinase). However, MPA decreases production and mRNA expression of IL-5, IL-13, IFN-γ, T-bet, RORC, and IL-17A but increases production and mRNA expression of IL-22 by CD4+ Th22 cell clones and decreases IL-22 production by Th17 cells. MPA inhibits RORC, but not T-bet and AHR, by Th17 cells but increases AHR mRNA and T-bet expression of established CD4+ Th22 cell clones. This suggests that MPA, at concentrations equivalent to those found in the serum of women after treatment for contraception and hormone replacement therapy, can directly inhibit Th1 responses (against intracellular bacteria and viruses), Th17 (against extracellular bacteria and fungi), Th2 (against parasites) but MPA therapy increases IL-22 produced by Th22 cells mediated by an increased expression of AHR and T-bet controlling inflammation. MPA could be responsible for the tissue damage limited by IL-22 in absence of IL-17A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Piccinni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and Center of Excellence for Research, Transfer and High Education DENOTHE of the University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Letizia Lombardelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and Center of Excellence for Research, Transfer and High Education DENOTHE of the University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Federica Logiodice
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and Center of Excellence for Research, Transfer and High Education DENOTHE of the University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ornela Kullolli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and Center of Excellence for Research, Transfer and High Education DENOTHE of the University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Enrico Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and Center of Excellence for Research, Transfer and High Education DENOTHE of the University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Immunology Area, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Marylynn S Barkley
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Prokopec SD, Pohjanvirta R, Mahiout S, Pettersson L, Boutros PC. Transcriptomic Impact of IMA-08401, a Novel AHR Agonist Resembling Laquinimod, on Rat Liver. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061370. [PMID: 30893768 PMCID: PMC6471016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMA-08401 (C2) is a novel aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist and selective AHR modulator (SAHRM) that is structurally similar to laquinimod (LAQ). Both compounds are converted to the AHR-active metabolite DELAQ (IMA-06201) in vivo. SAHRMs have been proposed as therapeutic options for various autoimmune disorders. Clinical trials on LAQ have not reported any significant toxic outcomes and C2 has shown low toxicity in rats; however, their functional resemblance to the highly toxic AHR agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) raises questions. Here, we characterize the hepatic transcriptomic changes induced by acute (single-dose) and subacute exposure (repeated dosing for 5 days followed by a 5-day recovery period) to C2 in Sprague-Dawley rats. Exposure to C2 leads to activation of the AHR, as shown by altered transcription of Cyp1a1. We identify a heightened response early after exposure that drops off by day 10. Acute exposure to C2 leads to changes to transcription of genes involved in antiviral and antibacterial responses, which highlights the immunomodulator effects of this AHR agonist. Subacute exposure causes an oxidative stress response in the liver, the consequences of which require further study on target tissues such as the CNS and immune system, both of which may be compromised in this patient population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raimo Pohjanvirta
- Laboratory of Toxicology, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland.
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of Helsinki, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Selma Mahiout
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of Helsinki, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | - Paul C Boutros
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- Institute for Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
O'Driscoll CA, Owens LA, Hoffmann EJ, Gallo ME, Afrazi A, Han M, Fechner JH, Schauer JJ, Bradfield CA, Mezrich JD. Ambient urban dust particulate matter reduces pathologic T cells in the CNS and severity of EAE. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 168:178-192. [PMID: 30316103 PMCID: PMC6263800 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune diseases have increased in incidence and prevalence worldwide. While genetic predispositions play a role, environmental factors are a major contributor. Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture composed of metals, nitrates, sulfates and diverse adsorbed organic compounds like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and dioxins. Exposure to atmospheric PM aggravates autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, among others. PAHs and dioxins are known aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligands. The AHR modulates T cell differentiation and directs the balance between effector and regulatory T cells in vitro and in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of autoimmune disease. This study aims to identify pathways that contribute to autoimmune disease and their potential use as therapeutic targets to alleviate symptoms and the need for global immunosuppression. This study tests the hypothesis that atmospheric PM enhances effector T cell differentiation and aggravates autoimmune disease. RESULTS An atmospheric ambient urban dust PM sample, standard reference material (SRM)1649b, was tested for its effects on autoimmunity. SRM1649b PM enhanced Th17 differentiation in an AHR-dependent manner in vitro, however intranasal treatment of SRM1649b PM delayed onset of EAE and reduced cumulative and peak clinical scores. Chronic and acute intranasal exposure of SRM1649b PM delayed onset of EAE. Chronic intranasal exposure did not reduce severity of EAE while acute intranasal exposure significantly reduced severity of disease. Acute intranasal treatment of low dose SRM1649b PM had no effect on clinical score or day of onset in EAE. Delayed onset of EAE by intranasal SRM1649b PM was AHR-dependent in vivo. Oral gavage of SRM1649b PM, in the absence of AHR ligands in the diet, had no effect on day of disease onset or severity of EAE. Day 10 analysis of T cells in the CNS after intranasal treatment of SRM1649b PM showed a reduction of pathologic T cell subsets in vivo. Moreover, MOG-specific splenocytes require AHR to generate or maintain IL-10 producing cells and reduce IFNγ producing cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS These results identify the AHR pathway as a potential target for driving targeted immunosuppression in the CNS in the context of atmospheric PM-mediated autoimmune disease. The effects of SRM1649b PM on EAE are dependent on route of exposure, with intranasal treatment reducing severity of EAE and delaying disease onset while oral gavage has no effect. Intranasal SRM1649b PM reduces pathologic T cells in the CNS, specifically Th1 cells and Th1Th17 double positive cells, leading to reduced severity of EAE and AHR-dependent delayed disease onset. Additionally, SRM1649b PM treatment of antigen-specific T cells leads to AHR-dependent increase in percent IL-10 positive cells in vitro. These findings may shed light on the known increase of infection after exposure to atmospheric PM and serve as the first step in identifying components of the AHR pathway responsible for Th1-mediated immunosuppression in response to atmospheric PM exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea A O'Driscoll
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
| | - Leah A Owens
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
| | - Erica J Hoffmann
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
| | - Madeline E Gallo
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
| | - Amin Afrazi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA; Molecular and Applied Nutrition Training Program, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
| | - Mei Han
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
| | - John H Fechner
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
| | - James J Schauer
- Wisconsin State Lab of Hygiene, Madison, WI, USA; Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
| | - Christopher A Bradfield
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA; McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Joshua D Mezrich
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Langan D, Kim EY, Moudgil KD. Modulation of autoimmune arthritis by environmental 'hygiene' and commensal microbiota. Cell Immunol 2018; 339:59-67. [PMID: 30638679 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Observations in patients with autoimmune diseases and studies in animal models of autoimmunity have revealed that external environmental factors including exposure to microbes and the state of the host gut microbiota can influence susceptibility to autoimmunity and subsequent disease development. Mechanisms underlying these outcomes continue to be elucidated. These include deviation of the cytokine response and imbalance between pathogenic versus regulatory T cell subsets. Furthermore, specific commensal organisms are associated with enhanced severity of arthritis in susceptible individuals, while exposure to certain microbes or helminths can afford protection against this disease. In addition, the role of metabolites (e.g., short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan catabolites), produced either by the microbes themselves or from their action on dietary products, in modulation of arthritis is increasingly being realized. In this context, re-setting of the microbial dysbiosis in RA using prebiotics, probiotics, or fecal microbial transplant is emerging as a promising approach for the prevention and treatment of arthritis. It is hoped that advances in defining the interplay between gut microbiota, dietary products, and bioactive metabolites would help in the development of therapeutic regimen customized for the needs of individual patients in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Langan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Eugene Y Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99224, United States
| | - Kamal D Moudgil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
O'Driscoll CA, Mezrich JD. The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor as an Immune-Modulator of Atmospheric Particulate Matter-Mediated Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2833. [PMID: 30574142 PMCID: PMC6291477 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review examines the current literature on the effects of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) on autoimmune disease and proposes a new role for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) as a modulator of T cells in PM-mediated autoimmune disease. There is a significant body of literature regarding the strong epidemiologic correlations between PM exposures and worsened autoimmune diseases. Genetic predispositions account for 30% of all autoimmune disease leaving environmental factors as major contributors. Increases in incidence and prevalence of autoimmune disease have occurred concurrently with an increase in air pollution. Currently, atmospheric PM is considered to be the greatest environmental health risk worldwide. Atmospheric PM is a complex heterogeneous mixture composed of diverse adsorbed organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and dioxins, among others. Exposure to atmospheric PM has been shown to aggravate several autoimmune diseases. Despite strong correlations between exposure to atmospheric PM and worsened autoimmune disease, the mechanisms underlying aggravated disease are largely unknown. The AHR is a ligand activated transcription factor that responds to endogenous and exogenous ligands including toxicants present in PM, such as PAHs and dioxins. A few studies have investigated the effects of atmospheric PM on AHR activation and immune function and demonstrated that atmospheric PM can activate the AHR, change cytokine expression, and alter T cell differentiation. Several studies have found that the AHR modulates the balance between regulatory and effector T cell functions and drives T cell differentiation in vitro and in vivo using murine models of autoimmune disease. However, there are very few studies on the role of AHR in PM-mediated autoimmune disease. The AHR plays a critical role in the balance of effector and regulatory T cells and in autoimmune disease. With increased incidence and prevalence of autoimmune disease occurring concurrently with increases in air pollution, potential mechanisms that drive inflammatory and exacerbated disease need to be elucidated. This review focuses on the AHR as a potential mechanistic target for modulating T cell responses associated with PM-mediated autoimmune disease providing the most up-to-date literature on the role of AHR in autoreactive T cell function and autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea A O'Driscoll
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Joshua D Mezrich
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Neavin DR, Liu D, Ray B, Weinshilboum RM. The Role of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) in Immune and Inflammatory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123851. [PMID: 30513921 PMCID: PMC6321643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a nuclear receptor that modulates the response to environmental stimuli. It was recognized historically for its role in toxicology but, in recent decades, it has been increasingly recognized as an important modulator of disease—especially for its role in modulating immune and inflammatory responses. AHR has been implicated in many diseases that are driven by immune/inflammatory processes, including major depressive disorder, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and allergic responses, among others. The mechanisms by which AHR has been suggested to impact immune/inflammatory diseases include targeted gene expression and altered immune differentiation. It has been suggested that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are near AHR-regulated genes may contribute to AHR-dependent disease mechanisms/pathways. Further, we have found that SNPs that are outside of nuclear receptor binding sites (i.e., outside of AHR response elements (AHREs)) may contribute to AHR-dependent gene regulation in a SNP- and ligand-dependent manner. This review will discuss the evidence and mechanisms of AHR contributions to immune/inflammatory diseases and will consider the possibility that SNPs that are outside of AHR binding sites might contribute to AHR ligand-dependent inter-individual variation in disease pathophysiology and response to pharmacotherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drew R Neavin
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| | - Duan Liu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| | - Balmiki Ray
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| | - Richard M Weinshilboum
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
de Lima KA, Donate PB, Talbot J, Davoli-Ferreira M, Peres RS, Cunha TM, Alves-Filho JC, Cunha FQ. TGFβ1 signaling sustains aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) expression and restrains the pathogenic potential of T H17 cells by an AHR-independent mechanism. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1130. [PMID: 30425241 PMCID: PMC6234206 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a transcription factor activated by ligand highly expressed on TH17 cells, and AHR-deficient CD4+ T cells have impaired production of IL-17A and IL-22. Although AHR activation can exacerbate in vivo TH17 cell-mediated autoimmunity, accumulating data indicate that AHR is a nonpathogenic TH17 marker. Thus it remains unclear how AHR activation is regulated and impacts on the generation of TH17 subsets. Here we demonstrated that AHR pathway is activated during in vitro pathogenic TH17 polarization, but it is quickly downregulated. Under these conditions, additional AHR activation promoted IL-22 but not IL-17A. Interestingly, AHR high sustained expression and IL-17A promotion were only achieved when TGFβ1 was present in the culture. In addition to the effect on AHR regulation, TGFβ1 presented a dual role by simultaneously suppressing the TH17 pathogenic phenotype acquisition. This latter effect was independent of AHR stimulation, since its activation did not confer a TH17 anti-inflammatory profile and Ahr-/- cells did not upregulate any TH17 pathogenic marker. Through the use of EAE model, we demonstrated that AHR is still functional in encephalitogenic CD4+ T cells and the adoptive transfer of Ahr-/- TH17 cells to recipient mice resulted in milder EAE development when compared to their WT counterparts. Altogether, our data demonstrated that although AHR is highly expressed on in vitro-generated nonpathogenic TH17 cells, its ligation does not shift TH17 cells to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Further studies investigating the role of AHR beyond TH17 differentiation may provide a useful understanding of the physiopathology of autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/deficiency
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/immunology
- Cell Differentiation
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Phenotype
- Primary Cell Culture
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/deficiency
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/genetics
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/immunology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/pathology
- Th17 Cells/transplantation
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/pharmacology
- Interleukin-22
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalil Alves de Lima
- Inflammation and Pain Laboratory, Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Barbim Donate
- Inflammation and Pain Laboratory, Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jhimmy Talbot
- Inflammation and Pain Laboratory, Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela Davoli-Ferreira
- Inflammation and Pain Laboratory, Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raphael Sanches Peres
- Inflammation and Pain Laboratory, Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mattar Cunha
- Inflammation and Pain Laboratory, Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Alves-Filho
- Inflammation and Pain Laboratory, Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Queiroz Cunha
- Inflammation and Pain Laboratory, Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Rannug A, Rannug U. The tryptophan derivative 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole, FICZ, a dynamic mediator of endogenous aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling, balances cell growth and differentiation. Crit Rev Toxicol 2018; 48:555-574. [PMID: 30226107 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2018.1493086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is not essential to survival, but does act as a key regulator of many normal physiological events. The role of this receptor in toxicological processes has been studied extensively, primarily employing the high-affinity ligand 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). However, regulation of physiological responses by endogenous AHR ligands remains to be elucidated. Here, we review developments in this field, with a focus on 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), the endogenous ligand with the highest affinity to the receptor reported to date. The binding of FICZ to different isoforms of the AHR seems to be evolutionarily well conserved and there is a feedback loop that controls AHR activity through metabolic degradation of FICZ via the highly inducible cytochrome P450 1A1. Several investigations provide strong evidence that FICZ plays a critical role in normal physiological processes and can ameliorate immune diseases with remarkable efficiency. Low levels of FICZ are pro-inflammatory, providing resistance to pathogenic bacteria, stimulating the anti-tumor functions, and promoting the differentiation of cancer cells by repressing genes in cancer stem cells. In contrast, at high concentrations FICZ behaves in a manner similar to TCDD, exhibiting toxicity toward fish and bird embryos, immune suppression, and activation of cancer progression. The findings are indicative of a dual role for endogenously activated AHR in barrier tissues, aiding clearance of infections and suppressing immunity to terminate a vicious cycle that might otherwise lead to disease. There is not much support for the AHR ligand-specific immune responses proposed, the differences between FICZ and TCDD in this context appear to be explained by the rapid metabolism of FICZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agneta Rannug
- a Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Ulf Rannug
- b Department of Molecular Biosciences , The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Janosik T, Rannug A, Rannug U, Wahlström N, Slätt J, Bergman J. Chemistry and Properties of Indolocarbazoles. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9058-9128. [PMID: 30191712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The indolocarbazoles are an important class of nitrogen heterocycles which has evolved significantly in recent years, with numerous studies focusing on their diverse biological effects, or targeting new materials with potential applications in organic electronics. This review aims at providing a broad survey of the chemistry and properties of indolocarbazoles from an interdisciplinary point of view, with particular emphasis on practical synthetic aspects, as well as certain topics which have not been previously accounted for in detail, such as the occurrence, formation, biological activities, and metabolism of indolo[3,2- b]carbazoles. The literature of the past decade forms the basis of the text, which is further supplemented with older key references.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Janosik
- Research Institutes of Sweden , Bioscience and Materials, RISE Surface, Process and Formulation , SE-151 36 Södertälje , Sweden
| | - Agneta Rannug
- Institute of Environmental Medicine , Karolinska Institutet , SE-171 77 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Ulf Rannug
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | | | - Johnny Slätt
- Department of Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Jan Bergman
- Karolinska Institutet , Department of Biosciences and Nutrition , SE-141 83 Huddinge , Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Duszka K, Wahli W. Enteric Microbiota⁻Gut⁻Brain Axis from the Perspective of Nuclear Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082210. [PMID: 30060580 PMCID: PMC6121494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) play a key role in regulating virtually all body functions, thus maintaining a healthy operating body with all its complex systems. Recently, gut microbiota emerged as major factor contributing to the health of the whole organism. Enteric bacteria have multiple ways to influence their host and several of them involve communication with the brain. Mounting evidence of cooperation between gut flora and NRs is already available. However, the full potential of the microbiota interconnection with NRs remains to be uncovered. Herewith, we present the current state of knowledge on the multifaceted roles of NRs in the enteric microbiota–gut–brain axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Duszka
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Walter Wahli
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Génopode, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kiyomatsu-Oda M, Uchi H, Morino-Koga S, Furue M. Protective role of 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), an endogenous ligand for arylhydrocarbon receptor, in chronic mite-induced dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 90:284-294. [PMID: 29500077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic eczema such as atopic dermatitis imposes significant socio-econo-psychologic burdens on the affected individuals. In addition to conventional topical treatments, phototherapy is recommended for patients with extensive lesions. Although immunosuppression is believed to explain its primary effectiveness, the underlying mechanisms of phototherapy remain unsolved. Ultraviolet irradiation generates various tryptophan photoproducts including 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]-carbazole (FICZ). FICZ is known to be a potent endogenous agonist for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR); however, the biological role of FICZ in chronic eczema is unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of FICZ on chronic eczema such as atopic dermatitis. METHODS We stimulated HaCaT cells and normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) with or without FICZ and then performed quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence, and siRNA treatment. We used the atopic dermatitis-like NC/Nga murine model and treated the mice for 2 weeks with either Vaseline® as a control, FICZ ointment, or betamethasone 17-valerate ointment. The dermatitis score, transepidermal water loss, histology, and expression of skin barrier genes and proteins were evaluated. RESULTS FICZ significantly upregulated the gene expression of filaggrin in both HaCaT cells and NHEKs in an AHR-dependent manner, but did not affect the gene expression of other barrier-related proteins. In addition, FICZ improved the atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation, clinical scores, and transepidermal water loss in NC/Nga mice compared with those of control mice. On histology, FICZ significantly reduced the epidermal and dermal thickness as well as the number of mast cells. Topical FICZ also significantly reduced the gene expression of Il22. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the beneficial role of FICZ-AHR and provide a new strategic basis for developing new drugs for chronic eczema.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kiyomatsu-Oda
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Uchi
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Saori Morino-Koga
- Department of Cell Division, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Masutaka Furue
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Micro124-mediated AHR expression regulates the inflammatory response of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyps. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 500:145-151. [PMID: 29605298 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs represent a component of the innate immune responses that can restrain inflammatory signaling, miR124 is an important member of inflammation-associated miRNAs, and abnormal miR124 expression is observed in many inflammatory diseases and immune disorders. However, the role and signaling pathways of miR124 in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs) have not been studied in detail. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-inducible transcription factor that is highly conserved in evolution and plays important roles in the inflammatory response process. In our study, we describe the role of miR124 in the inflammatory response of CRS with nasal polyps. We found that the expression of miR124 was decreased in nasal polyps, and negatively correlated with the expression of AHR. MiR124 can inhibit AHR expression by directly target 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) of AHR. To further investigate the relationship between miR124, AHR and CRS inflammatory response, we transfect HNEpC cells with miR124 mimic, miR124 inhibitors or siRNA of AHR, then all the results showed that miR124 could regulates cellular inflammatory response through negatively regulating AHR expression. This study demonstrated that the regulation of AHR expression by miR124 is critical to the development of inflammatory response in CRSwNPs.
Collapse
|
48
|
Dopkins N, Nagarkatti PS, Nagarkatti M. The role of gut microbiome and associated metabolome in the regulation of neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis and its implications in attenuating chronic inflammation in other inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Immunology 2018; 154:178-185. [PMID: 29392733 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the gut microbiome in the regulation of non-infectious diseases has earned unprecedented interest from biomedical researchers. Widespread use of next-generation sequencing techniques has prepared a foundation for further research by correlating the presence of specific bacterial species with the onset or severity of a disease state, heralding paradigm-shifting results. This review covers the mechanisms through which a dysbiotic gut microbiota contributes to the pathological symptoms in an autoimmune neurodegenerative disorder, multiple sclerosis (MS). Although the central nervous system (CNS) is protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), it is unclear how gut dysbiosis can trigger potential immunological changes in the CNS in the presence of the BBB. This review focuses on the immunoregulatory functionality of microbial metabolites, which can cross the BBB and mediate their effects directly on immune cells within the CNS and/or indirectly through modulating the response of peripheral T cells to stimulate or inhibit pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, which in turn regulate the autoimmune response in the CNS. Although more research is clearly needed to directly link the changes in gut microbiome with neuroinflammation, focusing research on microbiota that produce beneficial metabolites with the ability to attenuate chronic inflammation systemically as well as in the CNS, can offer novel preventive and therapeutic modalities against a wide array of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Dopkins
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Prakash S Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ehrlich AK, Pennington JM, Bisson WH, Kolluri SK, Kerkvliet NI. TCDD, FICZ, and Other High Affinity AhR Ligands Dose-Dependently Determine the Fate of CD4+ T Cell Differentiation. Toxicol Sci 2018; 161:310-320. [PMID: 29040756 PMCID: PMC5837604 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
FICZ and TCDD, two high-affinity AhR ligands, are reported to have opposite effects on T cell differentiation with TCDD inducing regulatory T cells and FICZ inducing Th17 cells. This dichotomy has been attributed to ligand-intrinsic differences in AhR activation, although differences in sensitivity to metabolism complicate the issue. TCDD is resistant to AhR-induced metabolism and produces sustained AhR activation following a single dose in the μg/kg range, whereas FICZ is rapidly metabolized and AhR activation is transient. Nonetheless, prior studies comparing FICZ with TCDD have generally used the same 10-50 μg/kg dose range, and thus the two ligands would not equivalently activate AhR. We hypothesized that high-affinity AhR ligands can promote CD4+ T cell differentiation into both Th17 cells and Tregs, with fate depending on the extent and duration of AhR activation. We compared the immunosuppressive effects of TCDD and FICZ, along with two other rapidly metabolized ligands (ITE and 11-Cl-BBQ) in an acute alloresponse mouse model. The dose and timing of administration of each ligand was optimized for TCDD-equivalent Cyp1a1 induction. When optimized, all of the ligands suppressed the alloresponse in conjunction with the induction of Foxp3- Tr1 cells on day 2 and the expansion of natural Foxp3+ Tregs on day 10. In contrast, a low dose of FICZ induced transient expression of Cyp1a1 and did not induce Tregs or suppress the alloresponse but enhanced IL-17 production. Interestingly, low doses of the other ligands, including TCDD, also increased IL-17 production on day 10. These findings support the conclusion that the dose and the duration of AhR activation by high-affinity AhR ligands are the primary factors driving the fate of T cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison K Ehrlich
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Jamie M Pennington
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - William H Bisson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Siva K Kolluri
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Nancy I Kerkvliet
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Boule LA, Burke CG, Jin GB, Lawrence BP. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling modulates antiviral immune responses: ligand metabolism rather than chemical source is the stronger predictor of outcome. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1826. [PMID: 29379138 PMCID: PMC5789012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20197-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) offers a compelling target to modulate the immune system. AHR agonists alter adaptive immune responses, but the consequences differ across studies. We report here the comparison of four agents representing different sources of AHR ligands in mice infected with influenza A virus (IAV): TCDD, prototype exogenous AHR agonist; PCB126, pollutant with documented human exposure; ITE, novel pharmaceutical; and FICZ, degradation product of tryptophan. All four compounds diminished virus-specific IgM levels and increased the proportion of regulatory T cells. TCDD, PCB126 and ITE, but not FICZ, reduced virus-specific IgG levels and CD8+ T cell responses. Similarly, ITE, PCB126, and TCDD reduced Th1 and Tfh cells, whereas FICZ increased their frequency. In Cyp1a1-deficient mice, all compounds, including FICZ, reduced the response to IAV. Conditional Ahr knockout mice revealed that all four compounds require AHR within hematopoietic cells. Thus, differences in the immune response to IAV likely reflect variances in quality, magnitude, and duration of AHR signaling. This indicates that binding affinity and metabolism may be stronger predictors of immune effects than a compound’s source of origin, and that harnessing AHR will require finding a balance between dampening immune-mediated pathologies and maintaining sufficient host defenses against infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth A Boule
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.,CBR International, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Catherine G Burke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Guang-Bi Jin
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, Yaniban University, Yanji City, Jilin Provence, China
| | - B Paige Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|