1
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Zhou Y, Bai Y, Zhang P, Weng P, Xie W. Propofol alleviates spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury by preserving PI3K/AKT/GIT1 axis. J Investig Med 2024:10815589241254044. [PMID: 38715211 DOI: 10.1177/10815589241254044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury (SCIRI) is a major contributor to neurological damage and mortality associated with spinal cord dysfunction. This study aims to explore the possible mechanism of Propofol and G-protein-coupled receptor-interacting protein 1 (GIT1) in regulating SCIRI in rat models. SCIRI rat models were established and injected with Propofol, over expression of GIT1 (OE-GIT1), or PI3K inhibitor (LY294002). The neurological function was assessed using Tarlov scoring system, and Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) staining was applied to observe morphology changes in spinal cord tissues. Cell apoptosis, blood-spinal cord barriers (BSCB) permeability, and inflammatory cytokines were determined by TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) staining, evans blue (EB) staining, and enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot were used to detect the expression levels of GIT1, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), PI3K/AKT signal pathway and apoptosis-related proteins. SCIRI rats had decreased expressions of GIT1 and PI3K/AKT-related proteins, whose expressions can be elevated in response to Propofol treatment. LY294002 can also decrease GIT1 expression levels in SCIRI rats. Propofol can attenuate neurological dysfunction induced by SCIRI, decrease spinal cord tissue injury and BSCB permeability in addition to suppressing cell apoptosis and inflammatory cytokines, whereas further treatment by LY294002 can partially reverse the protective effect of Propofol on SCIRI. Propofol can activate PI3K/AKT signal pathway to increase GIT1 expression level, thus attenuating SCIRI in rat models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Yuyan Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Peisen Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Peiqing Weng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Wenxi Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
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2
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Kumar Nambi P, Kanna Sathyamoorthy Y, Kaliyappan K, Kumar Radhakrishnan R. Fucoidan (A sulfated polysaccharide) and Cerebroprotein in combination alleviate the neuroinflammation-mediated neural damage and functional deficits in the focal cerebral ischemia model of rat. Neuroscience 2023:S0306-4522(23)00207-5. [PMID: 37182836 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury could emanate a cascade of events ensuing in neural death and severe neurobehavioural deficits. The currently available interventions have failed to target the multimodal, interlinked mechanisms that operate cerebral ischemia-induced damage and functional loss. So an integrative intervention has become a mandate to overcome the deleterious mechanisms involved in cerebral ischemic pathophysiology. In this study, adult male Sprague dawley rats were exposed to 2 hours of right middle cerebral artery occlusion (rMCAo) followed by reperfusion, and the intervention group received Fucoidan alone at a dose of 50mg/kg, i.p (intraperitoneal), Cerebrolysin alone at a dose of 2.5mg/kg body weight and the combination of both. The sham rats were exposed to surgical procedures, except for the rMCAo. The assessments of the groups were made 24 hours after the rMCAo. The stand-alone treatment with Fucoidan, Cerebrolysin has shown a better outcome in the neurobehavioral and, histopathological assessments and the combination has made a significant reduction in the neurological deficits and the infarct volume when compared to the standalone groups. The BBB integrity was well preserved in the combination group when compared with the lesion and standalone groups. Moreover, the combined intervention reduced the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, NFkB, IL1α, IL1-β, IL-6, CD68, COX-2, and mRNA expression of inflammatory genes IL1α, IL1-β, IL-6, IBA-1, and COX-2 effectively. In conclusion, the present study suggests that rMCAo induced neuroinflammation and neurobehavioural alterations were attenuated by intervention with a combination of Fucoidan and cerebrolysin; Further, Fucoidan and Cerebrolysin combination improved the ischemic tolerance level by promoting the proteins and genes that regulate the inflammatory cytokines and in aiding better recovery after ischemic reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Nambi
- Department of Anatomy, Dr. Arcot Lakshmanaswamy Mudaliar Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani campus Chennai 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yogesh Kanna Sathyamoorthy
- Department of Anatomy, Dr. Arcot Lakshmanaswamy Mudaliar Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani campus Chennai 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kathiravan Kaliyappan
- Department of Anatomy, Dr. Arcot Lakshmanaswamy Mudaliar Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani campus Chennai 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar Radhakrishnan
- Department of Anatomy, Dr. Arcot Lakshmanaswamy Mudaliar Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani campus Chennai 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India.
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3
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Zhang T, Deng D, Huang S, Fu D, Wang T, Xu F, Ma L, Ding Y, Wang K, Wang Y, Zhao W, Chen X. A retrospect and outlook on the neuroprotective effects of anesthetics in the era of endovascular therapy. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1140275. [PMID: 37056305 PMCID: PMC10086253 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1140275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on the neuroprotective effects of anesthetics were carried out more than half a century ago. Subsequently, many cell and animal experiments attempted to verify the findings. However, in clinical trials, the neuroprotective effects of anesthetics were not observed. These contradictory results suggest a mismatch between basic research and clinical trials. The Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable X (STAIR) proposed that the emergence of endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) would provide a proper platform to verify the neuroprotective effects of anesthetics because the haemodynamics of patients undergoing EVT is very close to the ischaemia–reperfusion model in basic research. With the widespread use of EVT, it is necessary for us to re-examine the neuroprotective effects of anesthetics to guide the use of anesthetics during EVT because the choice of anesthesia is still based on team experience without definite guidelines. In this paper, we describe the research status of anesthesia in EVT and summarize the neuroprotective mechanisms of some anesthetics. Then, we focus on the contradictory results between clinical trials and basic research and discuss the causes. Finally, we provide an outlook on the neuroprotective effects of anesthetics in the era of endovascular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiangdong Chen
- *Correspondence: Xiangdong Chen, ; orcid.org/0000-0003-3347-2947
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4
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Sifat AE, Archie SR, Nozohouri S, Villalba H, Zhang Y, Sharma S, Ghanwatkar Y, Vaidya B, Mara D, Cucullo L, Abbruscato TJ. Short-term exposure to JUUL electronic cigarettes can worsen ischemic stroke outcome. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:74. [PMID: 36085043 PMCID: PMC9463848 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The short and long-term health effects of JUUL electronic cigarette (e-Cig) are largely unknown and warrant extensive research. We hypothesized that JUUL exposure could cause cerebrovascular toxicities impacting the progression and outcome of ischemic stroke comparable to tobacco smoke (TS) exposure. METHODS We exposed male C57 mice to TS/JUUL vapor for 14 days. LCMS/MS was used to measure brain and plasma nicotine and cotinine level. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) followed by reperfusion was used to mimic ischemic stroke. Plasma levels of IL-6 and thrombomodulin were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. At the same time, western blotting was used to study blood-brain barrier (BBB) tight junction (TJ) proteins expression and key inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. RESULTS tMCAO upregulated IL-6 and decreased plasma thrombomodulin levels. Post-ischemic brain injury following tMCAO was significantly worsened by JUUL/TS pre-exposure. TJ proteins expression was also downregulated by JUUL/TS pre-exposure after tMCAO. Like TS, exposure to JUUL downregulated the expression of the antioxidant Nrf2. ICAM-1 was upregulated in mice subjected to tMCAO following pre-exposure to TS or JUUL, with a greater effect of TS than JUUL. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that JUUL exposure could negatively impact the cerebrovascular system, although to a lesser extent than TS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ehsan Sifat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S Coulter St, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Sabrina Rahman Archie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S Coulter St, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Saeideh Nozohouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S Coulter St, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Heidi Villalba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S Coulter St, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S Coulter St, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Sejal Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S Coulter St, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Yashwardhan Ghanwatkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S Coulter St, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Bhuvaneshwar Vaidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S Coulter St, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - David Mara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S Coulter St, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, O' Dowd Hall, 586 Pioneer Dr, Room 415, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA.
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S Coulter St, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA.
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5
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Zeng J, Bao T, Yang K, Zhu X, Wang S, Xiang W, Ge A, Zeng L, Ge J. The mechanism of microglia-mediated immune inflammation in ischemic stroke and the role of natural botanical components in regulating microglia: A review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1047550. [PMID: 36818470 PMCID: PMC9933144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1047550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the most fatal diseases. Neuroimmunity, inflammation, and oxidative stress play important roles in various complex mechanisms of IS. In particular, the early proinflammatory response resulting from the overactivation of resident microglia and the infiltration of circulating monocytes and macrophages in the brain after cerebral ischemia leads to secondary brain injury. Microglia are innate immune cells in the brain that constantly monitor the brain microenvironment under normal conditions. Once ischemia occurs, microglia are activated to produce dual effects of neurotoxicity and neuroprotection, and the balance of the two effects determines the fate of damaged neurons. The activation of microglia is defined as the classical activation (M1 type) or alternative activation (M2 type). M1 type microglia secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic mediators to exacerbate neuronal damage, while M2 type microglia promote a repairing anti-inflammatory response. Fine regulation of M1/M2 microglial activation to minimize damage and maximize protection has important therapeutic value. This review focuses on the interaction between M1/M2 microglia and other immune cells involved in the regulation of IS phenotypic characteristics, and the mechanism of natural plant components regulating microglia after IS, providing novel candidate drugs for regulating microglial balance and IS drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Zeng
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tingting Bao
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kailin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | | | - Shanshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Wang Xiang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First People's Hospital Changde City, Changde, Hunan, China
| | - Anqi Ge
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liuting Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Jinwen Ge
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China.,Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
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6
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Mitsui K, Kotoda M, Hishiyama S, Takamino A, Morikawa S, Ishiyama T, Matsukawa T. Propofol ameliorates ischemic brain injury by blocking TLR4 pathway in mice. Transl Neurosci 2022; 13:246-254. [PMID: 36117859 PMCID: PMC9438965 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2022-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic brain injury is one of the most serious perioperative complications. However, effective preventative methods have not yet been established. This study aimed to investigate whether propofol has neuroprotective effects against ischemic brain injury, with a specific focus on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Focal brain ischemia was induced via a combination of left common carotid artery occlusion and distal left middle cerebral artery coagulation in mice. Either propofol (10 mg/kg) or vehicle was intravenously injected 10 min prior to the induction of brain ischemia in wild-type and TLR4 knockout mice. Infarct volume, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, inflammatory cell infiltration, and neurobehavioral function were assessed. Propofol administration significantly reduced infarct volume in wild-type mice (26.9 ± 2.7 vs 15.7 ± 2.0 mm3 at day 7), but not in TLR4 knockout mice. Compared with the control mice, the propofol-treated wild-type mice exhibited lower levels of IL-6 (0.57 ± 0.23 vs 1.00 ± 0.39 at 24 h), and smaller numbers of TLR4-expressing microglia in the penumbra (11.7 ± 3.1 vs 25.1 ± 4.7 cells/0.1 mm2). In conclusion, propofol administration prior to ischemic brain insult attenuated brain injury by blocking the TLR4-dependent pathway and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuha Mitsui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Masakazu Kotoda
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Sohei Hishiyama
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Ayasa Takamino
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Sho Morikawa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Tadahiko Ishiyama
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsukawa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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7
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Sousa GC, Fernandes MV, Cruz FF, Antunes MA, da Silva CM, Takyia C, Battaglini D, Samary CS, Robba C, Pelosi P, Rocco PRM, Silva PL. Comparative effects of dexmedetomidine and propofol on brain and lung damage in experimental acute ischemic stroke. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23133. [PMID: 34848804 PMCID: PMC8633001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke is associated with pulmonary complications, and often dexmedetomidine and propofol are used to decrease cerebral metabolic rate. However, it is unknown the immunomodulatory actions of dexmedetomidine and propofol on brain and lungs during acute ischemic stroke. The effects of dexmedetomidine and propofol were compared on perilesional brain tissue and lung damage after acute ischemic stroke in rats. Further, the mean amount of both sedatives was directly evaluated on alveolar macrophages and lung endothelial cells primarily extracted 24-h after acute ischemic stroke. In twenty-five Wistar rats, ischemic stroke was induced and after 24-h treated with sodium thiopental (STROKE), dexmedetomidine and propofol. Dexmedetomidine, compared to STROKE, reduced diffuse alveolar damage score [median(interquartile range); 12(7.8–15.3) vs. 19.5(18–24), p = 0.007)], bronchoconstriction index [2.28(2.08–2.36) vs. 2.64(2.53–2.77), p = 0.006], and TNF-α expression (p = 0.0003), while propofol increased VCAM-1 expression compared to STROKE (p = 0.0004). In perilesional brain tissue, dexmedetomidine, compared to STROKE, decreased TNF-α (p = 0.010), while propofol increased VCAM-1 compared to STROKE (p = 0.024). In alveolar macrophages and endothelial cells, dexmedetomidine decreased IL-6 and IL-1β compared to STROKE (p = 0.002, and p = 0.040, respectively), and reduced IL-1β compared to propofol (p = 0.014). Dexmedetomidine, but not propofol, induced brain and lung protection in experimental acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle C Sousa
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco G-014, Ilha Do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Department of Anesthesiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinicius Fernandes
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco G-014, Ilha Do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Rio de Janeiro Network on Neuroinflammation, Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Supporting Research in the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Cruz
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco G-014, Ilha Do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Rio de Janeiro Network on Neuroinflammation, Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Supporting Research in the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana A Antunes
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco G-014, Ilha Do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Carla M da Silva
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco G-014, Ilha Do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Laboratory of Imunopathology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Christina Takyia
- Laboratory of Imunopathology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Denise Battaglini
- San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cynthia S Samary
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco G-014, Ilha Do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Rio de Janeiro Network on Neuroinflammation, Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Supporting Research in the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Chiara Robba
- San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Patricia R M Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco G-014, Ilha Do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Rio de Janeiro Network on Neuroinflammation, Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Supporting Research in the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro L Silva
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco G-014, Ilha Do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil. .,Rio de Janeiro Network on Neuroinflammation, Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Supporting Research in the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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8
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Wei W, Xin W, Tang Y, Chen Z, Heng Y, Pu M, Yang B, Zuo J, Duan J. Disorder Genes Regulate the Progression of Ischemic Stroke through the NF- κB Signaling Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:2464269. [PMID: 34746300 PMCID: PMC8570099 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2464269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disease, including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Stroke is the second leading cause of death after ischemic heart disease, which accounts for 9% of the global death toll. To explore the molecular mechanisms of the effects of the dysregulated factors, in the GEO database, we obtained transcriptome data from 24 h/72 h of mice with ischemic stroke and 24 h/72 h of normal mice. We then performed differential gene analysis, coexpression analysis, enrichment analysis, and regulator prediction bioinformatics analysis to identify the potential genes. We made a comparison between the ischemic stroke 72 h and the ischemic stroke for 24 h, and 5103 differential genes were obtained (p < 0.05). Four functional barrier modules were obtained by weighted gene coexpression network analysis. The critical genes of each module were ASTL, Zfp472, Fmr1 gene, and Nap1l1. The results of the enrichment analysis showed ncRNA metabolism, microRNAs in cancer, and biosynthesis of amino acids. These three functions and pathways have the most considerable count value. The regulators of the regulatory dysfunction module were predicted by pivotal analysis of TF and noncoding RNA, and critical regulators including NFKB1 (NF-κB1), NFKBIA, CTNNB1, and SP1 were obtained. Finally, the pivotal target gene found that CTNNB1, NFKB1, NFKBia, and Sp1 are involved in 18, 32, 2, and 60 target genes, respectively. Therefore, we believe that NFKB1 and Sp1 have a potential role in the progression of ischemic stroke. The NFKB signaling pathway promotes inflammatory cytokines and regulates the progression of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Neurology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Wenqiang Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yufeng Tang
- Department of Neurology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Zhonglun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Yue Heng
- Department of Neurology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Mingjun Pu
- Department of Neurology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Bufan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Jiacai Zuo
- Department of Neurology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Jingfeng Duan
- Department of Neurology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang 621000, China
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9
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Zhu Y, Zhou H, Chen D, Zhou D, Zhao N, Xiong L, Deng I, Zhou X, Zhu Z. New progress of isoflurane, sevoflurane and propofol in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury and related molecular mechanisms based on p75 neurotrophic factor receptor. IBRAIN 2021; 7:132-140. [PMID: 37786902 PMCID: PMC10528789 DOI: 10.1002/j.2769-2795.2021.tb00075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic ischemic brain injury (HIBI) is one of the most common clinical disorders, especially in neonates. The complex pathophysiology of HIBI is an important cause of disability and even death of patients, however, being without effective clinical treatments. Common anesthetics (such as isoflurane, propofol and sevoflurane) have an adverse impact on neuronal cells for HIBI via the regulation of p75 neurotrophic factor receptor (P75NTR). In order to protect the injured brains and study the effect of underlying treatments, it is particularly significant to understand and master the developmental mechanism of anesthetics for the occurrence of HIBI related molecular mechanisms. Therefore, this paper will mainly review the corresponding pathogenic and protective mechanisms about HIBI binding to the research progress of the role of P75NTR. In conclusion, the effects of neuroprotection and injured nerves are involved in the expression and activation of P75NTR, mainly increased P75NTR mRNA, protein levels and calpain-dependent for propofol, and inducing neuronal apoptosis for isoflurane and sevoflurane, and we look forward to that connection with P75NTR, common anaesthetic and HIBI may be a new direction of research and gain perfect outcomes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- School of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Hong‐Su Zhou
- School of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Dong‐Qin Chen
- School of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Di Zhou
- School of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Nan Zhao
- Department of AnesthesiaHospital of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Liu‐Lin Xiong
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South AustraliaAdelaide5000South AustraliaAustralia
| | - Issac Deng
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South AustraliaAdelaide5000South AustraliaAustralia
| | - Xin‐Fu Zhou
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South AustraliaAdelaide5000South AustraliaAustralia
| | - Zhao‐Qiong Zhu
- School of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
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10
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Wu CC, Hung CJ, Wang YY, Lin SY, Chen WY, Kuan YH, Liao SL, Yang CP, Chen CJ. Propofol Improved Glucose Tolerance Associated with Increased FGF-21 and GLP-1 Production in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143229. [PMID: 32679813 PMCID: PMC7397023 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anesthetics, particularly volatile anesthetics, have been shown to impair glucose metabolism and cause hyperglycemia, closely linking them with mortality and morbidity as related to surgery. Beyond being an anesthetic used for general anesthesia and sedation, intravenous hypnotic propofol displays an effect on glucose metabolism. To extend the scope of propofol studies, its effects on glucose metabolism were evaluated in male Sprague-Dawley rats of various ages. Unlike chloral hydrate and isoflurane, propofol had little effect on basal glucose levels in rats at 2 months of age, although it did reduce chloral hydrate- and isoflurane-induced hyperglycemia. Propofol reduced postload glucose levels after either intraperitoneal or oral administration of glucose in both 7- and 12-month-old rats, but not those at 2 months of age. These improved effects regarding propofol on glucose metabolism were accompanied by an increase in insulin, fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion. Additionally, an increase in hepatic FGF-21 expression, GLP-1 signaling, and FGF-21 signaling, along with a decrease in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, were noted in propofol-treated rats at 7 months of age. Current findings imply that propofol may turn into insulin-sensitizing molecules during situations of existing insulin resistance, which involve FGF-21, GLP-1, and ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan; (C.-C.W.); (C.-J.H.)
- Department of Financial Engineering, Providence University, Taichung City 433, Taiwan
- Department of Data Science and Big Data Analytics, Providence University, Taichung City 433, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Hung
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan; (C.-C.W.); (C.-J.H.)
| | - Ya-Yu Wang
- Department of Family Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan;
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei City 112, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Yi Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei City 112, Taiwan;
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Hsiang Kuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan;
| | - Su-Lan Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan; (S.-L.L.); (C.-P.Y.)
| | - Ching-Ping Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan; (S.-L.L.); (C.-P.Y.)
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan; (S.-L.L.); (C.-P.Y.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung City 404, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2359-2525 (ext. 4022)
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11
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Lin QM, Tang XH, Lin SR, Chen BD, Chen F. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation attenuates overexpression of inflammatory mediators in rat brain after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:324-331. [PMID: 31552906 PMCID: PMC6905325 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.265563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation improves neurological function after cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation; however, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell treatment on expression profiles of multiple cytokines in the brain after cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cardiac arrest was induced in rats by asphyxia and cardiopulmonary resuscitation was initiated 6 minutes after cardiac arrest. One hour after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation, rats were injected with either phosphate-buffered saline (control) or 1 × 106 bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells via the tail vein. Serum S100B levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and neurological deficit scores were evaluated to assess brain damage at 3 days after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Serum S100B levels were remarkably decreased and neurological deficit scores were obviously improved in the mesenchymal stem cell group compared with the phosphate-buffered saline group. Brains were isolated from the rats and expression levels of 90 proteins were determined using a RayBio Rat Antibody Array, to investigate the cytokine profiles. Brain levels of the inflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, macrophage inflammatory protein-3α, macrophage-derived chemokine, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 were decreased ≥ 1.5-fold, while levels of the anti-inflammatory factor interleukin-10 were increased ≥ 1.5-fold in the mesenchymal stem cell group compared with the control group. Donor mesenchymal stem cells were detected by immunofluorescence to determine their distribution in the damaged brain, and were primarily observed in the cerebral cortex. These results indicate that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation attenuates brain damage induced by cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation, possibly via regulation of inflammatory mediators. This experimental protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Fujian Medical University, China in January 2016 (approval No. 2016079).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ming Lin
- Institute of Fujian Emergency Medicine, Clinical College of Fujian Medical University; Department of Emergency, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Emergency Center, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xia-Hong Tang
- Institute of Fujian Emergency Medicine, Clinical College of Fujian Medical University; Department of Emergency, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Emergency Center, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shi-Rong Lin
- Institute of Fujian Emergency Medicine, Clinical College of Fujian Medical University; Department of Emergency, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Emergency Center, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ben-Dun Chen
- Institute of Fujian Emergency Medicine, Clinical College of Fujian Medical University; Department of Emergency, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Emergency Center, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute of Fujian Emergency Medicine, Clinical College of Fujian Medical University; Department of Emergency, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Emergency Center, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
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12
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Al Mamun A, Chauhan A, Yu H, Xu Y, Sharmeen R, Liu F. Interferon regulatory factor 4/5 signaling impacts on microglial activation after ischemic stroke in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 47:140-149. [PMID: 29131464 PMCID: PMC5771847 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microglial activation is a key element in initiating and perpetuating inflammatory responses to stroke. Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) and IRF4 signaling have been found critical in mediating macrophage pro‐inflammatory (M1) and anti‐inflammatory (M2) phenotypes, respectively, in peripheral inflammation. We hypothesize that the IRF5/4 regulatory axis also mediates microglial activation after stroke. C57BL6 mice of 8–12 weeks were subject to a 90‐min middle cerebral artery occlusion, and the brains evaluated at 24 h, 3, 10 and 30 days after reperfusion. Flow cytometry was utilized to examine microglial activation and cytokine expression. RT‐PCR was performed for mRNA levels of IRF5/4 in sorted microglia. Microglial expression of IRF5/4 was examined by immunohistochemistry, and brain cytokine levels were determined by ELISA. Our results revealed that the IRF5 mRNA level in sorted microglia increased at 3 days of stroke; whereas IRF4 mRNA level exhibited biphasic increases, with a transient rise at 24 h and a peak at 10 days. The same pattern was seen in IRF5/4 protein colocalization with Iba‐1+ cells by IHC. Intracellular levels of TNF‐α and IL‐1β in microglia peaked at 3 days of stroke, and IL‐4+IL‐10+ double‐positive microglia significantly increased at day 10. Brain levels of these cytokines were consistent with microglial cytokine changes. Worse behavior test results were seen at 3 days vs. 10 days of stroke. We conclude that microglia phenotypes are dynamic to ischemic stroke, and IRF5/4 signaling may regulate microglial M1/M2 activation and impact on stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Anjali Chauhan
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Haifu Yu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Neurology, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Romana Sharmeen
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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13
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So PW, Ekonomou A, Galley K, Brody L, Sahuri-Arisoylu M, Rattray I, Cash D, Bell JD. Intraperitoneal delivery of acetate-encapsulated liposomal nanoparticles for neuroprotection of the penumbra in a rat model of ischemic stroke. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:1979-1991. [PMID: 30936698 PMCID: PMC6430000 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s193965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemic stroke is a devastating condition, with metabolic derangement and persistent inflammation enhancing the initial insult of ischaemia. Recombinant tissue plasminogen remains the only effective treatment but limited as therapy must commence soon after the onset of symptoms. Purpose We investigated whether acetate, which modulates many pathways including inflammation, may attenuate brain injury in stroke. As acetate has a short blood half-life and high amounts irritate the gastrointestinal tract, acetate was administered encapsulated in a liposomal nanoparticle (liposomal-encapsulated acetate, LITA). Methods Transient ischemia was induced by 90 mins middle-cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in Sprague-Dawley rats, and LITA or control liposomes given intraperitoneally at occlusion and daily for up to two weeks post-MCAO. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to estimate lesion volume at 24 h, 1 and 2 weeks post-MCAO and anterior lateral ventricular volume (ALVv) at 2 weeks post-MCAO. Locomotive behaviour was tested prior to the final MRI scan. After the final scan, brains were collected, and immunohistochemistry was performed. Results Lesion volumes were decreased by ~80% from 24 h to one-week post-MCAO, in both control and LITA groups (P⩽0.05). However, the lesion was increased by ~50% over the subsequent 1 to 2 weeks after MCAO in the control group (from 24.1±10.0 to 58.7±28.6 mm3; P⩽0.05) but remained unchanged in the LITA group. ALVv were also attenuated by LITA treatment at 2 weeks post-MCAO (177.2±11.9% and 135.3±10.9% of contralateral ALVv for control and LITA groups, respectively; P⩽0.05). LITA-treated animals also appeared to have improved motor activity, moving with greater average velocity than control animals. Microglial immunoreactivity was ~40% lower in the LITA group compared to the control group (P⩽0.05), but LITA did not modulate neurogenesis, apoptosis, histone acetylation and lipid peroxidation. Conclusion LITA appears to attenuate the harmful chronic neuroinflammation observed during brain remodeling after a focal ischemic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Wah So
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Neuroimaging, London, UK,
| | - Antigoni Ekonomou
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Neuroimaging, London, UK,
| | - Kim Galley
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Neuroimaging, London, UK,
| | - Leigh Brody
- University of Westminster, Research Centre for Optimal Health, London, UK
| | | | - Ivan Rattray
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Diana Cash
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Neuroimaging, London, UK,
| | - Jimmy D Bell
- University of Westminster, Research Centre for Optimal Health, London, UK
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Wang Z, Li X, Shao Z, ZhengFang, Zhai Y. Retracted Article: Elevation of USP4 antagonizes oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-evoked microglia activation and neuroinflammation-mediated neurotoxicity via the TRAF6-NF-κB signaling. RSC Adv 2019; 9:23916-23924. [PMID: 35530618 PMCID: PMC9069457 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03614h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An ischemic stroke is a devastating neurological disease with the typical occurrence of brain ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, and it has high mortality and disability globally. Microglia activation after a stroke results in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines that can further aggravate brain damage. A recent study confirmed the potential role of ubiquitin-specific peptidase 4 (USP4) in the injury process. Nevertheless, the role and mechanism of USP4 during an ischemic stroke remain elusive. In this research, we simulated an I/R injury by oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) in vitro and confirmed the obvious down-regulation of USP4 in microglia under OGD/R conditions. Moreover, USP4 elevation antagonized the OGD/R-induced microglia proliferation and activation by suppressing the NO levels and the expression of the microglial marker IBA-1. Additionally, the overexpression of USP4 suppressed the release of microglia activation-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Intriguingly, incubation with the conditioned medium from the microglia under OGD/R conditions induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting cell viability and increasing the LDH release, apoptosis, and caspase-3 activity, which were reversed following USP4 overexpression. Mechanism analysis corroborated that USP4 up-regulation repressed the OGD/R-induced activation of TRAF6-NF-κB signaling. Notably, restoring the TRAF6 signaling ameliorated the suppressive effects of USP4 elevation on microglia activation, inflammation, and the subsequent neuron injury. These findings suggest that USP4 may alleviate ischemic stroke by restraining microglia-mediated neuro-inflammation and neurotoxicity via the TRAF6-NF-κB pathway, due to which it is a promising therapeutic agent against strokes. An ischemic stroke is a devastating neurological disease with the typical occurrence of brain ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, and it has high mortality and disability globally.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Wang
- Neurology Department
- Xi'an City Ninth Hospital
- Xi'an 710004
- China
| | - Xinming Li
- Neurology Department
- Xi'an Gaoxin Hospital
- Xi'an 710075
- China
| | - Zhixing Shao
- Neurology Department
- Xi'an City Ninth Hospital
- Xi'an 710004
- China
| | - ZhengFang
- Neurology Department
- Xi'an City Ninth Hospital
- Xi'an 710004
- China
| | - Yueping Zhai
- Neurology Department
- Xi'an Gaoxin Hospital
- Xi'an 710075
- China
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15
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Myeloid cell IRF4 signaling protects neonatal brains from hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Neurochem Int 2018; 127:148-157. [PMID: 30586599 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), a transcription factor recognized as a key regulator of lymphoid and myeloid cell differentiation, has recently been recognized as a critical mediator of macrophage activation. Previously we have reported that IRF4 signaling is closely correlated with anti-inflammatory polarization of microglia in adult mice after stroke. However, IRF4's role in the inflammatory response in the immature brain is unknown. Using a model of neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) we investigated the regulatory action of IRF4 signaling in the activation of microglia and monocytes after HIE. IRF4 myeloid cell conditional knockout (CKO) postnatal day 10 (P10) male pups were subjected to a 60-min hypoxic-ischemic insult by the Rice-Vanucci model (RVM). IRF4 gene floxed mice (IRF4fl/fl) were used as controls. Brain atrophy and behavioral deficits were measured 7 days after HIE. Flow cytometry (FC) was performed to examine central (microglial activation) and peripheral immune cell responses by both cell membrane and intracellular marker staining. Serum levels of cytokines were determined by ELISA. The results showed that IRF4 CKO pups had increased tissue loss and worse behavioral deficits than IRF4fl/fl mice seven days after HIE. FC demonstrated significantly more infiltration of monocytes and neutrophils in the ischemic brains of IRF4 CKO vs IRF4fl/fl pups. IRF4 CKO ischemic microglia were more pro-inflammatory as evidenced by higher expression of the pro-inflammatory marker CD68, and increased intracellular TNFα and IL-1β levels compared to controls. In addition, IRF4 deletion from myeloid cells resulted in increased levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and higher endothelial MMP9 expression after HIE. These data indicate that IRF4 signaling in myeloid cells plays a regulatory role in neuroinflammation and that deletion of myeloid IRF4 is detrimental to HIE injury, suggesting that IRF4 could serve as a potential therapeutic target for neonatal ischemic brain injury.
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16
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Wang HJ, Wei JY, Liu DX, Zhuang SF, Li Y, Liu H, Ban M, Fang WG, Cao L, Zhao WD, Chen YH. Endothelial Atg7 Deficiency Ameliorates Acute Cerebral Injury Induced by Ischemia/Reperfusion. Front Neurol 2018; 9:998. [PMID: 30555402 PMCID: PMC6280951 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic strokes often result in cerebral injury due to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Although the local inflammatory responses are known to play a primary role in the brain I/R injury, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In the current study, we investigated the effect of brain endothelial Atg7 (autophagy related 7) depletion in the acute brain injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion. Endothelial knockout of Atg7 in mice (Atg7 eKO) was found to significantly attenuate both the infarct volume and the neurological defects induced by I/R when compared to the controls. In fact, brain inflammatory responses induced by I/R were alleviated by the Atg7 eKO. Furthermore, an increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, was observed in brain endothelial cells in response to oxygen/glucose depletion/reoxygenation, which was decreased by the shRNA-mediated Atg7 knockdown. Interestingly, Atg7 knockdown reduced IKKβ phosphorylation, leading to NF-κB deactivation and downregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines mRNA levels. Further, Atg7 transcriptional regulation function is independent of its role in autophagy. Taken together, our results demonstrated that brain endothelial Atg7 contributes to brain damage during I/R by modulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Depletion of Atg7 in brain endothelium has a neuroprotective effect against the ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute cerebral injury during stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Yi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dong-Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shi-Fang Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meng Ban
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wen-Gang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Yu H, Wang X, Kang F, Chen Z, Meng Y, Dai M. Propofol attenuates inflammatory damage on neurons following cerebral infarction by inhibiting excessive activation of microglia. Int J Mol Med 2018; 43:452-460. [PMID: 30431058 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yu
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhi Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
| | - Fuxin Kang
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
| | - Zhile Chen
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
| | - Yunxia Meng
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
| | - Mingming Dai
- Department of Internal Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
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18
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Lv H, Li J, Che YQ. CXCL8 gene silencing promotes neuroglial cells activation while inhibiting neuroinflammation through the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB-signaling pathway in mice with ischemic stroke. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7341-7355. [PMID: 30362547 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ischemic stroke is known as a neurodegenerative disorder, which induces long-period tissue damage. Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 (CXCL8) is involved in acute inflammation and tumor progression through the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B/nuclear factor-κB (PI3K/Akt/NF-κB)-signaling pathway. In this study, we aimed to explore the mechanism of CXCL8 in ischemic stroke in relation to the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB-signaling pathway. METHODS Microarray-based gene expression profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was used to identify ischemic stroke-related differentially expressed genes and explore role of CXCL8 in ischemic stroke. Next, the ischemic mice model was successfully established, with transfection efficiency detected. After that, deflection index, recovery of nervous system, infarct sizes, ischemia-induced apoptosis, and neuroinflammatory response in ischemic stroke were measured. At last, the content of inflammatory factors as well as the expression of CXCL8, caspase-3, caspase-9, Bad, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Akt, PI3K, and NF-κB were determined. RESULTS Comprehensive gene expression profiling analysis identified that CXCL8 might affect the development of ischemic stroke through regulating the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB-signaling pathway. CXCL8 silencing significantly reduced deflection index and infarct size, improved neurological function, and suppressed neuroglial cell loss and apoptosis index. In addition, glial fibrillary acidic portein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1) expressions were decreased following CXCL8 suppression, suggesting CXCL8 affected neuroglial activation. Importantly, we also found that CXCL8 silencing activated neuroglial cell and suppressed inflammatory cytokine production in ischemic stroke mice. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings highlight that functional suppression of CXCL8 promotes neuroglial activation and inhibits neuroinflammation by regulating the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB-signaling pathway in mice with ischemic stroke, which might provide new insight for ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lv
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu-Qin Che
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Cell Type-Specific Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Ischemic Stroke: The Role of Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase 1. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:2596043. [PMID: 29743976 PMCID: PMC5883936 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2596043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stroke has become a more common disease worldwide. Despite great efforts to develop treatment, little is known about ischemic stroke. Cerebral ischemia activates multiple cascades of cell type-specific pathomechanisms. Ischemic brain injury consists of a complex series of cellular reactions in various cell types within the central nervous system (CNS) including platelets, endothelial cells, astrocytes, neutrophils, microglia/macrophages, and neurons. Diverse cellular changes after ischemic injury are likely to induce cell death and tissue damage in the brain. Since cells in the brain exhibit different functional roles at distinct time points after injury (acute/subacute/chronic phases), it is difficult to pinpoint genuine roles of cell types after brain injury. Many experimental studies have shown the association of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) with cellular pathomechanisms after cerebral ischemia. Blockade of ASK1, by either pharmacological or genetic manipulation, leads to reduced ischemic brain injury and subsequent neuroprotective effects. In this review, we present the cell type-specific pathophysiology of the early phase of ischemic stroke, the role of ASK1 suggested by preclinical studies, and the potential use of ASK suppression, either by pharmacologic or genetic suppression, as a promising therapeutic option for ischemic stroke recovery.
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Propofol, but not ketamine or midazolam, exerts neuroprotection after ischaemic injury by inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cell signalling: A combined in vitro and animal study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2018; 33:670-80. [PMID: 26981881 DOI: 10.1097/eja.0000000000000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propofol, midazolam and ketamine are widely used in today's anaesthesia practice. Both neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects have been attributed to all three agents. OBJECTIVE To establish whether propofol, midazolam and ketamine in the same neuronal injury model exert neuroprotective effects on injured neurones in vitro and in vivo by modulation of the Toll-like receptor 4-nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (TLR-4-NF-κB) pathway. DESIGN AND SETTING Cell-based laboratory (n = 6 repetitions per experiment) and animal (n = 6 per group) studies using a neuronal cell line (SH-SY5Y cells) and adult Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS Cells were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation before or after treatment using escalating, clinically relevant doses of propofol, midazolam and ketamine. In animals, retinal ischaemia (60 min) was induced followed by reperfusion and randomised treatment with saline or propofol. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Neuronal cell death was determined using flow-cytometry (mitochondrial membrane potential) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Nuclear factor NF-κB and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 α-activity were analysed by DNA-binding ELISA, expression of NF-κB-dependent genes and TLR-4 by luciferase-assay and flow-cytometry, respectively. In animals, retinal ganglion cell density, caspase-3 activation and gene expression (TLR-4, NF-κB) were used to determine in vivo effects of propofol. Results were compared using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and t test. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Post-treatment with clinically relevant concentrations of propofol (1 to 10 μg ml) preserved the mitochondrial membrane potential in oxygen-glucose deprivation-injured cells by 54% and reduced LDH release by 21%. Propofol diminished TLR-4 surface expression and preserved the DNA-binding activity of the protective hypoxia-inducible factor 1 α transcription factor. DNA-binding and transcriptional NF-κB-activity were inhibited by propofol. Neuronal protection and inhibition of TLR-4-NF-κB signalling were not consistently seen with midazolam or ketamine. In vivo, propofol treatment preserved rat retinal ganglion cell densities (cells mm, saline 1504 ± 251 vs propofol 2088 ± 144, P = 0.0001), which was accompanied by reduced neuronal caspase-3, TLR-4 and NF-κB expression. CONCLUSION Propofol, but neither midazolam nor ketamine, provides neuroprotection to injured neuronal cells via inhibition of TLR-4-NF-κB-dependent signalling.
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Wu X, Yu T, Xu H, Sun X, Kou D, Li L. Morphological and functional changes of microglia cultured under different oxygen concentrations and the analysis of related mechanisms. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:2015-2019. [PMID: 29434798 PMCID: PMC5776651 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of different concentrations of oxygen exposure on the morphology and function of N9 microglia and analyzed its mechanisms. N9 microglia were cultured under the condition of high (95% O2 and 5% CO2), normal (95% air and 5% CO2) and low oxygen (95% CO2 and 5% O2) concentrations. The cell morphologies were observed under inverted phase contrast microscope after 24 h. Flow cytometry was applied to detect cell survival and apoptotic rate. The mRNA and protein expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis, respectively. The results showed that, N9 microglial apoptotic rates in hyperoxia and hypoxia conditions were significantly higher than those in the normal group (P<0.05) and the apoptosis rate in the hypoxia group was higher than that in the hyperoxia group (P<0.05). The mRNA and protein expression levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in the hyperoxia and hypoxia groups were significantly higher than those in the normal group (P<0.05) and the mRNA and protein expression levels in hypoxia group were higher than those in the hyperoxia group (P<0.05). Therefore, N9 microglia cultured under hyperoxia and hypoxia conditions can be activated, enhancing pro-inflammatory response and inducing cell apoptosis. The mechanism may be that the secretion of neurotoxic factors IL-1β and TNF-α is involved in these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wu
- Department of Pain Clinic, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Tengbo Yu
- Department of Bone Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Xu
- Zone One, Qingdao The First Sanatorium of PLA Navy, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Xiuming Sun
- Department of Pain Clinic, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Dewei Kou
- Department of Pain Clinic, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Liping Li
- Department of Bone Surgery, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
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Intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and JAK1/STAT3 pathway are involved in the protective effect of propofol on BV2 microglia against hypoxia-induced inflammation and apoptosis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178098. [PMID: 28542400 PMCID: PMC5441598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perioperative hypoxia may induce microglial inflammation and apoptosis, resulting in brain injury. The neuroprotective effect of propofol against hypoxia has been reported, but the underlying mechanisms are far from clear. In this study, we explored whether and how propofol could attenuate microglia BV2 cells from CoCl2-induced hypoxic injury. METHODS Mouse microglia BV2 cells were pretreated with propofol, and then stimulated with CoCl2. TNF-α level in the culture medium was measured by ELISA kit. Cell apoptosis and intracellular calcium concentration were measured by flow cytometry analysis. The effect of propofol on CoCl2-modulated expression of Ca2+/Calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (CAMKIIα), phosphorylated CAMKIIα (pCAMKIIα), STAT3, pSTAT3Y705, pSTAT3S727, ERK1/2, pERK1/2, pNFκB(p65), pro-caspase3, cleaved caspase 3, JAK1, pJAK1, JAK2, pJAK2 were detected by Western blot. RESULTS In BV2 cell, CoCl2 treatment time-dependently increased TNF-α release and induced apoptosis, which were alleviated by propofol. CoCl2 (500μmol/L, 8h) treatment increased intracellular Ca2+ level, and caused the phosphorylation of CAMKIIα, ERK1/2 and NFκB (p65), as well as the activation of caspase 3. More importantly, these effects could be modulated by 25μmol/L propofol via maintaining intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and via up-regulating the phosphorylation of JAK1 and STAT3 at Tyr705. CONCLUSION Propofol could protect BV2 microglia from hypoxia-induced inflammation and apoptosis. The potential mechanisms may involve the maintaining of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and the activation of JAK1/STAT3 pathway.
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Lu Y, Chen W, Lin C, Wang J, Zhu M, Chen J, Miao C. The protective effects of propofol against CoCl 2-induced HT22 cell hypoxia injury via PP2A/CAMKIIα/nNOS pathway. BMC Anesthesiol 2017; 17:32. [PMID: 28241801 PMCID: PMC5329915 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-017-0327-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Perioperative cerebral ischemia/hypoxia could induce hippocampal injury and has been reported to induce cognitive impairment. In this study, we used cobalt chloride (CoCl2) to build a hypoxia model in mouse hippocampal cell lines. Propofol, a widely used intravenous anesthetic agent, has been demonstrated to have neuroprotective effect. Here, we explored whether and how propofol attenuated CoCl2-induced mouse hippocampal HT22 cell injury. Methods Mouse hippocampal HT22 cells were pretreated with propofol, and then stimulated with CoCl2. Cell viability was measured by cell counting kit 8 (CCK8). The effect of propofol on CoCl2-modulated expressions of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), BAX, cleaved caspase 3, phosphatase A2 (PP2A), and the phosphorylation of Ca2+/Calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (pCAMKIIα), neuron nitric oxide synthase at Ser1412 (pnNOS-Ser1412), neuron nitric oxide synthase at Ser847 (pnNOS-Ser847) were detected by Western blot analysis. Results Compared with control, CoCl2 treatment could significantly decrease cell viability, which could be reversed by propofol. Further, we found CoCl2 treatment could up-regulate the expression of PP2A, BAX, cleaved caspase three and cause the phosphorylation of nNOS-Ser1412, but it down-regulated the expression of Bcl-2 and the phosphorylation of CAMKIIα and nNOS-Ser847. More importantly, these CoCl2-mediated effects were attentuated by propofol. In addition, we demonstrated that propofol could exert similar effect to that of the PP2A inhibitor (okadaic acid). Further, the PP2A activator (FTY720) and the CAMKIIα inhibitor (KN93) could reverse the neuroprotective effect of propofol. Conclusion Our data indicated that propofol could attenuate CoCl2-induced HT22 cells hypoxia injury via PP2A/CAMKIIα/nNOS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Centre, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Centre, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Centre, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Centre, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Minmin Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Centre, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Centre, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changhong Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Centre, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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Xie LJ, Huang JX, Yang J, Yuan F, Zhang SS, Yu QJ, Hu J. Propofol protects against blood-spinal cord barrier disruption induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:125-132. [PMID: 28250758 PMCID: PMC5319217 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.199004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Propofol has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects on the injured spinal cord. However, the effect of propofol on the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) after ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated whether propofol could maintain the integrity of the BSCB. Spinal cord IRI (SCIRI) was induced in rabbits by infrarenal aortic occlusion for 30 minutes. Propofol, 30 mg/kg, was intravenously infused 10 minutes before aortic clamping as well as at the onset of reperfusion. Then, 48 hours later, we performed histological and mRNA/protein analyses of the spinal cord. Propofol decreased histological damage to the spinal cord, attenuated the reduction in BSCB permeability, downregulated the mRNA and protein expression levels of matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and upregulated the protein expression levels of occludin and claudin-5. Our findings suggest that propofol helps maintain BSCB integrity after SCIRI by reducing MMP-9 expression, by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, and by maintaining expression of tight junction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jie Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Liyuan Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jin-Xiu Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Liyuan Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Liyuan Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fen Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Liyuan Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Liyuan Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qi-Jing Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ji Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Liyuan Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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Liu F, Chen MR, Liu J, Zou Y, Wang TY, Zuo YX, Wang TH. Propofol administration improves neurological function associated with inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines in adult rats after traumatic brain injury. Neuropeptides 2016; 58:1-6. [PMID: 27045803 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurological deficits following traumatic brain injury (TBI) result in dramatic impacts on the survivors, but the effect of propofol and associated mechanism are waiting to be determined. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into Sham, TBI, TBI+Intralipid and TBI+Propofol group. Modified Feeney method was adopted to generate TBI model from free hammer fall injury, and animals in TBI+Propofol group were immediately treated with propofol administration for 2hours after TBI, rats after TBI without propofol treatment was used as injury control, intralipid as vehicle in propofol was injected in TBI+intralipid group. Then, neurological severity scores (NSS) were evaluated at 1, 3, 7 and 14days. Moreover, the expressions of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA and protein were examined using quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, immunohistochemical staining was used to localize cytokines. RESULTS The NSS increased greatly in the rats induced by TBI, while propofol could effectively decreased NSS, confirming the neuroprotective effect of propofol. Moreover, the mRNA expressions of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, at 1, 3, 7days after operation (dpo), were significantly augmented in the injured cortex, compared with sham one. But there was no difference between TBI and TBI+Intralipid group, but markedly decreased after propofol treatment. Additionally, the protein level of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in four groups determined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry showed the similar change with mRNA expression. CONCLUSION Propofol treatment could elicit a robust neuroprotective response, resulting in significant neurological function improvement for TBI rats, which was independent with intralipid. The underlying molecular mechanism may be partially associated with an inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Mei-Rong Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, China
| | - Yu Zou
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, China
| | - Ting-Yong Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, China
| | - Yun-Xia Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, China; Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Yuan J, Cui G, Li W, Zhang X, Wang X, Zheng H, Zhang J, Xiang S, Xie Z. Propofol Enhances Hemoglobin-Induced Cytotoxicity in Neurons. Anesth Analg 2016; 122:1024-30. [PMID: 26771264 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000001123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been increasingly suggested that propofol protects against hypoxic-/ischemic-induced neuronal injury. As evidenced by hemorrhage-induced stroke, hemorrhage into the brain may also cause brain damage. Whether propofol protects against hemorrhage-induced brain damage remains unknown. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of propofol on hemoglobin-induced cytotoxicity in cultured mouse cortical neurons. METHODS Neurons were prepared from the cortex of embryonic 15-day-old mice. Hemoglobin was used to induce cytotoxicity in the neurons. The neurons were then treated with propofol for 4 hours. Cytotoxicity was determined by lactate dehydrogenase release assay. Caspase-3 activation was examined by Western blot analysis. Finally, the free radical scavenger U83836E was used to examine the potential involvement of oxidative stress in propofol's effects on hemoglobin-induced cytotoxicity. RESULTS We found that treatment with hemoglobin induced cytotoxicity in the neurons. Propofol enhanced hemoglobin-induced cytotoxicity. Specifically, there was a significant difference in the amount of lactate dehydrogenase release between hemoglobin plus saline (19.84% ± 5.38%) and hemoglobin plus propofol (35.79% ± 4.41%) in mouse cortical neurons (P = 0.00058, Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney U test, n = 8 in the control group or the treatment group). U83836E did not attenuate the enhancing effects of propofol on hemoglobin-induced cytotoxicity in the neurons, and propofol did not significantly affect caspase-3 activation induced by hemoglobin. These data suggested that caspase-3 activation and oxidative stress might not be the underlying mechanisms by which propofol enhanced hemoglobin-induced cytotoxicity. Moreover, these data suggested that the neuroprotective effects of propofol would be dependent on the condition of the brain injury, which will need to be confirmed in future studies. CONCLUSIONS These results from our current proof-of-concept study should promote more research in vitro and in vivo to develop better anesthesia care for patients with hemorrhagic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yuan
- From the *Key Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry and Developmental Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China; †Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts; Departments of ‡Radiology and §Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts; ‖Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; ¶Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; #Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and **Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Gong HY, Zheng F, Zhang C, Chen XY, Liu JJ, Yue XQ. Propofol protects hippocampal neurons from apoptosis in ischemic brain injury by increasing GLT-1 expression and inhibiting the activation of NMDAR via the JNK/Akt signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:943-50. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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The effect of propofol on the expression of rabbit ischemia reperfusion injury-related proteins. Cell Biochem Biophys 2016; 71:1165-70. [PMID: 25384616 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0325-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of propofol on the expression of rabbit ischemia-reperfusion injury-related proteins and the mechanism involved. Thirty healthy adult New Zealand rabbit were selected. After establishment of liver I/R model, the rabbits were divided into group A (sham operation group), group B (control group using saline), and group C (propofol group) with ten rabbits in each group. The total protein concentration, differentially expressed protein spots and the difference of apoptotic proteins expression levels among the three groups were compared. The total protein concentrations in group A, B, and C were 0.778, 0.835, and 0.765 μg/μl, respectively, and the protein concentration in group B was significantly higher than group A and C (p < 0.05), with no significant difference between group A and C (p > 0.05); results analyzed by PDQuest software showed that the average number of protein spots and matching ratio had no significant difference among the three groups (p > 0.05); MALDI-TOF-MS mass spectrometry identified 16 differentially expressed protein spots; the numbers of Caspase-3 positive cells in group B and C were significantly higher than those in group A, and the numbers of Bcl-2 and Bax positive cells in group B and C were significantly lower than those in group A (p < 0.05); the number of Capase-3 positive cells in group C was significantly higher than those in group B, and the number of Bcl-2 positive cells in group C was significantly lower than those in group B (p < 0.05). The numbers of Bax positive cells had no significant difference between group B and C (p > 0.05); densities of Caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bax in group B and C were significantly higher than those in group A (p < 0.05); Western blotting results from the comparison of the number of positive cells between group B and C was in accordance to the result obtained from immunohistochemistry. After I/R injury in rabbit, there was deregulation of various proteins such as Caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bax, which was an important factor contributing to liver injury even systematic disease. Propofol could regulate the expression of I/R injury-related proteins and inhibit the attack of free radical to liver, having a remarkable advantage in preventing I/R injury and controlling the development of I/R injury. This study provides an effective theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of I/R injury.
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Hoft DF, Blazevic A, Selimovic A, Turan A, Tennant J, Abate G, Fulkerson J, Zak DE, Walker R, McClain B, Sadoff J, Scott J, Shepherd B, Ishmukhamedov J, Hokey DA, Dheenadhayalan V, Shankar S, Amon L, Navarro G, Podyminogin R, Aderem A, Barker L, Brennan M, Wallis RS, Gershon AA, Gershon MD, Steinberg S. Safety and Immunogenicity of the Recombinant BCG Vaccine AERAS-422 in Healthy BCG-naïve Adults: A Randomized, Active-controlled, First-in-human Phase 1 Trial. EBioMedicine 2016; 7:278-86. [PMID: 27322481 PMCID: PMC4909487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We report a first-in-human trial evaluating safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant BCG, AERAS-422, over-expressing TB antigens Ag85A, Ag85B, and Rv3407 and expressing mutant perfringolysin. METHODS This was a randomized, double-blind, dose-escalation trial in HIV-negative, healthy adult, BCG-naïve volunteers, negative for prior exposure to Mtb, at one US clinical site. Volunteers were randomized 2:1 at each dose level to receive a single intradermal dose of AERAS-422 (>10(5)-<10(6)CFU=low dose, ≥10(6)-<10(7)CFU=high dose) or non-recombinant Tice BCG (1-8×10(5)CFU). Randomization used an independently prepared randomly generated sequence of treatment assignments. The primary and secondary outcomes were safety and immunogenicity, respectively, assessed in all participants through 182days post-vaccination. ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT01340820. FINDINGS Between Nov 2010 and Aug 2011, 24 volunteers were enrolled (AERAS-422 high dose, n=8; AERAS-422 low dose, n=8; Tice BCG, n=8); all were included in the safety and immunogenicity analyses. All 24 subjects had at least one adverse event, primarily expected local reactions. High dose AERAS-422 vaccination induced Ag85A- and Ag85B-specific lymphoproliferative responses and marked anti-mycobacterial activity in a whole blood bactericidal activity culture assay (WBA), but was associated with varicella zoster virus (VZV) reactivation in two vaccinees. These volunteers displayed high BCG-specific IFN-γ responses pre- and post-vaccination possibly predisposing them to autocrine/paracrine negative regulation of immune control of latent VZV. A systems biology transcriptomal approach identified positive correlations between post-vaccination T cell expression modules and WBA, and negative correlations between post-vaccination monocyte expression modules and WBA. The expression of one key macrophage marker (F4/80) was constitutively elevated in the two volunteers with zoster. INTERPRETATION The unexpected development of VZV in two of eight healthy adult vaccine recipients resulted in discontinuation of AERAS-422 vaccine development. Immunological and transcriptomal data identified correlations with the development of TB immunity and VZV that require further investigation. FUNDING Aeras, FDA, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Hoft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Azra Blazevic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Asmir Selimovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Aldin Turan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jan Tennant
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Getahun Abate
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anne A Gershon
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Columbia University, United States
| | - Michael D Gershon
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Columbia University, United States
| | - Sharon Steinberg
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Columbia University, United States
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The role of autophagy in modulation of neuroinflammation in microglia. Neuroscience 2016; 319:155-67. [PMID: 26827945 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Microglia have multiple functions in regulating homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS), and microglial inflammation is thought to play a role in the etiology of the neurodegenerative diseases. When endogenous or exogenous stimuli trigger disorders in microenvironmental homeostasis in CNS, microglia critically determine the fate of other neural cells. Recently, it was reported that autophagy might influence inflammation and activation of microglia. Though the interaction between autophagy and macrophages has been reported and reviewed in length, the role of autophagy in microglia has yet to be reviewed. Herein, we will highlight recent advances on the emerging role of autophagy in microglia, focusing on the regulation of autophagy during microglial inflammation, and the possible mechanism involved.
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Pakkianathan C, Benggon M, Khatibi NH, Chen H, Marcantonio S, Applegate R, Tang J, Zhang J. Propofol Pretreatment Fails to Provide Neuroprotection Following a Surgically Induced Brain Injury Rat Model. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2016; 121:323-7. [PMID: 26463969 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Neurosurgical procedures are associated with unintentional damage to the brain during surgery, known as surgically induced brain injuries (SBI), which have been implicated in orchestrating structural and neurobehavioral deterioration. Propofol, an established hypnotic anesthetic agent, has been shown to ameliorate neuronal injury when given after injury in a number of experimental brain studies. We tested the hypothesis that propofol pretreatment confers neuroprotection against SBI and will reduce cerebral edema formation and neurobehavioral deficits in our rat population. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with low- and high-dose propofol 30 min before SBI. At 24 h post injury, brain water content and neurobehavioral assessment was conducted based on previously established models. In vehicle-treated rats, SBI resulted in significant cerebral edema and higher neurological deficit scores compared with sham-operated rats. Low- or high-dose propofol therapy neither reduced cerebral edema nor improved neurologic function. The results suggest that propofol pretreatment fails to provide neuroprotection in SBI rats. However, it is possible that a SBI model with less magnitude of injury or that propofol re-dosing, given the short-acting pharmacokinetic property of propofol, may be needed to provide definitive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Pakkianathan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda School of Medicine, Room 2532 LLUMC, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Michael Benggon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda School of Medicine, Room 2532 LLUMC, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Nikan H Khatibi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda School of Medicine, Room 2532 LLUMC, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Hank Chen
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Suzzanne Marcantonio
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda School of Medicine, Room 2532 LLUMC, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.,Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Richard Applegate
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda School of Medicine, Room 2532 LLUMC, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
| | - Jiping Tang
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda School of Medicine, Room 2532 LLUMC, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.,Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Sayed S, Idriss NK, Sayyedf HG, Ashry AA, Rafatt DM, Mohamed AO, Blann AD. Effects of propofol and isoflurane on haemodynamics and the inflammatory response in cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Br J Biomed Sci 2015; 72:93-101. [PMID: 26510263 DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2015.11666803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) causes reperfusion injury that when most severe is clinically manifested as a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. The anaesthetic propofol may have anti-inflammatory properties that may reduce such a response. We hypothesised differing effects of propofol and isoflurane on inflammatory markers in patients having CBR Forty patients undergoing elective CPB were randomised to receive either propofol or isoflurane for maintenance of anaesthesia. CRP, IL-6, IL-8, HIF-1α (ELISA), CD11 and CD18 expression (flow cytometry), and haemoxygenase (HO-1) promoter polymorphisms (PCR/electrophoresis) were measured before anaesthetic induction, 4 hours post-CPB, and 24 hours later. There were no differences in the 4 hours changes in CRP, IL-6, IL-8 or CD18 between the two groups, but those in the propofol group had higher HIF-1α (P = 0.016) and lower CD11 expression (P = 0.026). After 24 hours, compared to the isoflurane group, the propofol group had significantly lower levels of CRP (P < 0.001), IL-6 (P < 0.001) and IL-8 (P < 0.001), with higher levels CD11 (P = 0.009) and CD18 (P = 0.002) expression. After 24 hours, patients on propofol had increased expression of shorter HO-1 GT(n) repeats than patients on isoflurane (P = 0.001). Use of propofol in CPB is associated with a less adverse inflammatory profile than is isofluorane, and an increased up-regulation of HO-1. This supports the hypothesis that propofol has anti-inflammatory activity.
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Vay SU, Blaschke S, Klein R, Fink GR, Schroeter M, Rueger MA. Minocycline mitigates the gliogenic effects of proinflammatory cytokines on neural stem cells. J Neurosci Res 2015; 94:149-60. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ulrike Vay
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Stefan Blaschke
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Rebecca Klein
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Gereon Rudolf Fink
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital of Cologne; Cologne Germany
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich; Juelich Germany
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital of Cologne; Cologne Germany
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich; Juelich Germany
| | - Maria Adele Rueger
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital of Cologne; Cologne Germany
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich; Juelich Germany
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Effects of Acute Lithium Treatment on Brain Levels of Inflammatory Mediators in Poststroke Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:916234. [PMID: 26491692 PMCID: PMC4600551 DOI: 10.1155/2015/916234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Few therapeutic options with proven efficacy are available for the treatment of this disabling disease. Lithium is the gold standard treatment for bipolar disorder. Moreover, lithium has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective effects and therapeutic efficacy as a treatment of other neurological disorders. This study was undertaken to examine the effects of lithium on brain inflammatory mediators levels, fever, and mortality in postischemic stroke rats. Ischemic stroke was induced by occlusion of the mid cerebral artery (MCAO). Pretreatment with a single dose of lithium at 2 hours before MCAO induction significantly reduced the elevation in interleukin- (IL-) 6 and prostaglandin E2 levels in brain of post-MCAO rats, as compared to vehicle-treated animals. On the other hand, lithium did not affect the elevation in IL-1α, IL-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in brain of post-MCAO rats. Moreover, pretreatment with lithium did not alter post-MCAO fever and mortality. These results suggest that acute pretreatment with a single dose of lithium did not markedly affect post-MCAO morbidity and mortality in rats.
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Wu MH, Huang CC, Chio CC, Tsai KJ, Chang CP, Lin NK, Lin MT. Inhibition of Peripheral TNF-α and Downregulation of Microglial Activation by Alpha-Lipoic Acid and Etanercept Protect Rat Brain Against Ischemic Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4961-71. [PMID: 26374550 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9418-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, caused by obstruction of blood flow to the brain, would initiate microglia activation which contributes to neuronal damage. Therefore, inhibition of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation could be a therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke. This study was aimed to elucidate the anti-inflammatory effects of alpha-lipoic acid and etanercept given either singly or in combination in rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion. Both α-lipoic acid and etanercept markedly reduced cerebral infarct, blood-brain barrier disruption, and neurological motor deficits with the former drug being more effective with the dosage used. Furthermore, when used in combination, the reduction was more substantial. Remarkably, a greater diminution in the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha as well as the brain levels of microglial activation (e.g., microgliosis, amoeboid microglia, and microglial overexpression of tumor necrosis factor-α) was observed with the combined drug treatment as compared to the drugs given separately. We conclude that inhibition of peripheral tumor necrosis factor-alpha as well as downregulation of brain microglial activation by alpha-lipoic acid or etanercept protect rat brain against ischemic stroke. Moreover, when both drugs were used in combination, the stroke recovery was promoted more extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsiu Wu
- The Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan.,Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan, 736, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ching Huang
- The Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine and Hospital, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ching Chio
- Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 710, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Jer Tsai
- The Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ping Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, 710, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Kai Lin
- Li-Sheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Tsun Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 710, Taiwan.
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Induction of TNF-α signaling cascade in neonatal rat brain during propofol anesthesia. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 44:22-32. [PMID: 25980792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Propofol anesthesia can trigger pro- and anti-apoptotic signaling pathways in the rat brain. In our previous work, we demonstrated that propofol causes widespread apoptotic neurodegeneration in 7-postnatal-day-old (PND7) but not in PND14 rat neurons. The mechanism responsible for these opposing outcomes is unknown, apparently linked to the specific stage of brain development. The present study aims to elucidate the anti-apoptotic process that is activated in the cortex and thalamus of PND14 Wistar rats during the first 48 h after the onset of propofol anesthesia. We showed that the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and several components of its pathway, TNFR1 and caspase-8, was significantly increased in the cortex and thalamus. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 was downregulated in the cortex and upregulated in the thalamus. The expression of c-Fos was upregulated only in the cortex, showing opposed profile compared to NF-κB p65. Double immunofluorescence staining revealed the colocalization of NF-κB p65 with neuronal marker (NeuN), but with predominantly cytoplasmic localization. Finally, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) was upregulated in both examined structures. Immunohistochemical staining with Iba-1 revealed that the treatment did not induce changes in microglial morphology. Our results (i) reveal that the simultaneous activation of pro- and anti-apoptotic signaling occurs after propofol anesthesia, and (ii) pinpoint the potential neuroprotective role of XIAP in anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity.
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Chan SJ, Chai C, Lim TW, Yamamoto M, Lo EH, Lai MKP, Wong PTH. Cystathionine β-synthase inhibition is a potential therapeutic approach to treatment of ischemic injury. ASN Neuro 2015; 7:7/2/1759091415578711. [PMID: 25873304 PMCID: PMC4397212 DOI: 10.1177/1759091415578711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been reported to exacerbate stroke outcome in experimental models. Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) has been implicated as the predominant H2S-producing enzyme in central nervous system. When SH-SY5Y cells were transfected to overexpress CBS, these cells were able to synthesize H2S when exposed to high levels of enzyme substrates but not substrate concentrations that may reflect normal physiological conditions. At the same time, these cells demonstrated exacerbated cell death when subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) together with high substrate concentrations, indicating that H2S production has a detrimental effect on cell survival. This effect could be abolished by CBS inhibition. The same effect was observed with primary astrocytes exposed to OGD and high substrates or sodium hydrosulfide. In addition, CBS was upregulated and activated by truncation in primary astrocytes subjected to OGD. When rats were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, CBS activation was also observed. These results imply that in acute ischemic conditions, CBS is upregulated and activated by truncation causing an increased production of H2S, which exacerbate the ischemic injuries. Therefore, CBS inhibition may be a viable approach to stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jing Chan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chou Chai
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Tze Wei Lim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mie Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng H Lo
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Mitchell Kim Peng Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter Tsun Hon Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Li W, Li X, Du Q, Li F, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Ma J, Wan L, Li F, Zhang S. Effect of Tongluojiunao injection made from Sanqi (Radix Notoginseng) and Zhizi (Fructus Gardeniae) on brain microvascular endothelial cells and astrocytes in an in vitro ischemic model. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2014; 34:725-32. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(15)30088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Tu XK, Yang WZ, Chen JP, Chen Y, Chen Q, Chen PP, Shi SS. Repetitive ischemic preconditioning attenuates inflammatory reaction and brain damage after focal cerebral ischemia in rats: involvement of PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathway. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:912-22. [PMID: 25338292 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0446-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been demonstrated to provide a neuroprotection against brain damage produced by focal cerebral ischemia. However, it is elusive whether ischemic preconditioning attenuates ischemic brain damage through modulating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway. In the present study, we first explored the best scheme of repetitive ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) to protect rat brain against ischemic damage and then further investigated the underlying mechanisms in RIPC's neuroprotection. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent ischemic preconditioning or (and) middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). LY294002 or (and) PD98059 were injected intracerebroventricularly to selectively inhibit the activation of PI3K/Akt or ERK1/2. Neurological deficit scores, cerebral infarct volume, and morphological characteristic were detected at corresponding time after cerebral ischemia. The enzymatic activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) was measured 24 h after cerebral ischemia. Expressions of p-Akt, t-Akt, p-ERK1/2, t-ERK1/2, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in ischemic brain were determined by Western blot. The release of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in blood was examined by ELISA. In the various schemes of RIPC, IPC2 × 5 min causes less neuronal damage in the cortex and subcortex of ischemic brain and provides an obvious alleviation of cerebral infarction and neurological deficit after lethal ischemia. IPC2 × 5 min significantly reduces cerebral infarct volume, neurological deficit scores, and MPO activity; all of which were diminished by LY294002 or (and) PD98059. IPC2 × 5 min significantly upregulates the expressions of p-Akt and p-ERK1/2, which were inhibited by LY294002 or (and) PD98059. IPC2 × 5 min significantly downregulates the expressions of NF-κB p65 and COX-2 and attenuates the release of TNF-α; all of which were abolished by LY294002 or (and) PD98059. IPC2 × 5 min is the best scheme of RIPC to protect rat brain against cerebral ischemia. IPC2 × 5 min attenuates brain damage in rats subjected to lethal ischemia, and this neuroprotection is associated with inhibition of neuroinflammation through modulating PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-kun Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29# Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China,
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Nicotine Inhibits Microglial Proliferation and Is Neuroprotective in Global Ischemia Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:1480-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8825-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Therapeutically targeting neuroinflammation and microglia after acute ischemic stroke. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:297241. [PMID: 25089266 PMCID: PMC4095830 DOI: 10.1155/2014/297241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke, and recent studies posit that inflammation acts as a double-edged sword, not only detrimentally augmenting secondary injury, but also potentially promoting recovery. An initial event of inflammation in ischemic stroke is the activation of microglia, leading to production of both pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators acting through multiple receptor signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the role of microglial mediators in acute ischemic stroke and elaborate on preclinical and clinical studies focused on microglia in stroke models. Understanding how microglia can lead to both pro- and anti-inflammatory responses may be essential to implement therapeutic strategies using immunomodulatory interventions in ischemic stroke.
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Yang B, Liang G, Khojasteh S, Wu Z, Yang W, Joseph D, Wei H. Comparison of neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment in neonatal mice exposed to propofol or isoflurane. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99171. [PMID: 24932894 PMCID: PMC4059617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While previous studies have demonstrated neuronal apoptosis and associated cognitive impairment after isoflurane or propofol exposure in neonatal rodents, the effects of these two anesthetics have not been directly compared. Here, we compare and contrast the effectiveness of isoflurane and propofol to cause neurodegeneration in the developing brain and associated cognitive dysfunction. Methods Seven-day-old mice were used. Mice in the isoflurane treatment group received 6 h of 1.5% isoflurane, while mice in propofol treatment group received one peritoneal injection (150 mg/kg), which produced persistent anesthesia with loss of righting for at least 6 h. Mice in control groups received carrying gas or a peritoneal injection of vehicle (intralipid). At 6 h after anesthetic treatment, a subset of each group was sacrificed and examined for evidence of neurodegeneration, using plasma levels of S100β, and apoptosis using caspase-3 immunohistochemistry in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus and Western blot assays of the cortex. In addition, biomarkers for inflammation (interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) were examined with Western blot analyses of the cortex. In another subset of mice, learning and memory were assessed 32 days after the anesthetic exposures using the Morris water maze. Results Isoflurane significantly increased plasma S100β levels compared to controls and propofol. Both isoflurane and propofol significantly increased caspase-3 levels in the cortex and hippocampus, though isoflurane was significantly more potent than propofol. However, there were no significant differences in the inflammatory biomarkers in the cortex or in subsequent learning and memory between the experimental groups. Conclusion Both isoflurane and propofol caused significant apoptosis in the mouse developing brain, with isoflurane being more potent. Isoflurane significantly increased levels of the plasma neurodegenerative biomarker, S100β. However, these neurodegenerative effects of isoflurane and propofol in the developing brain were not associated with effects on inflammation or with cognitive dysfunction in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ge Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Soorena Khojasteh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zhen Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenqiong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Donald Joseph
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Huafeng Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Reducing Effect of IL-32α in the Development of Stroke Through Blocking of NF-κB, but Enhancement of STAT3 Pathways. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:648-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8739-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Lu HL, Ying PH, Li WJ. Effects of propofol with midazolam verus lidocaine during gastroscopy in elderly patients. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:1201-1206. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i9.1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To compare the effects of propofol with midazolam versus lidocaine during endoscopy in elderly patients.
METHODS: Ninety-seven ASA-Ⅱ class patients were used as an experimental group. They were treated with propofol with midazolam for painless gastroscopy between July 2008 and July 2013 at our hospital. Eighty-two ASA-Ⅱ level patients who used traditional lidocaine gel pulp in painless gastroscopy were used as a control group. Age, weight, baseline blood pressure between two groups had no significant differences (P > 0.05 for all). Professional medical personnel recorded the changes in blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation and adverse reactions in the examination process.
RESULTS: After the painless gastroscopy procedure, blood pressure and heart rate in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group (blood pressure: 90.2 mmHg ± 2.5 mmHg vs 131.2 mmHg ± 3.4 mmHg; heart rate: 70.2 ± 1.5 vs 85.0 ± 6.4, P < 0.05). During the examination process, blood pressure and heart rate dropped initially and then rose to a stable level in the experimental group, while in the control group, blood pressure and heart rate initially increased and then decreased to a stable level. The differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05) within the two groups. Oxygen saturation between groups and within groups showed no significant differences (P > 0.05). Compared with the control group, adverse reactions in the experimental group were significantly reduced (χ2 = 12.991, 142.482, 55.838, 179.000, P < 0.05). Times to wake up from anesthesia and drug elimination were relatively short in the experimental group (1.51 s ± 0.17 s, 8.21 s ± 2.32 s).
CONCLUSION: Propofol combined with midazolam in painless gastroscopy can effectively reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases in patients and is associated with shorter times to wake up and drug elimination.
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