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Montgomery TL, Peipert D, Krementsov DN. Modulation of multiple sclerosis risk and pathogenesis by the gut microbiota: Complex interactions between host genetics, bacterial metabolism, and diet. Immunol Rev 2024; 325:131-151. [PMID: 38717158 PMCID: PMC11338732 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, affecting nearly 2 million people worldwide. The etiology of MS is multifactorial: Approximately 30% of the MS risk is genetic, which implies that the remaining ~70% is environmental, with a number of factors proposed. One recently implicated risk factor for MS is the composition of the gut microbiome. Numerous case-control studies have identified changes in gut microbiota composition of people with MS (pwMS) compared with healthy control individuals, and more recent studies in animal models have begun to identify the causative microbes and underlying mechanisms. Here, we review some of these mechanisms, with a specific focus on the role of host genetic variation, dietary inputs, and gut microbial metabolism, with a particular emphasis on short-chain fatty acid and tryptophan metabolism. We put forward a model where, in an individual genetically susceptible to MS, the gut microbiota and diet can synergize as potent environmental modifiers of disease risk and possibly progression, with diet-dependent gut microbial metabolites serving as a key mechanism. We also propose that specific microbial taxa may have divergent effects in individuals carrying distinct variants of MS risk alleles or other polymorphisms, as a consequence of host gene-by-gut microbiota interactions. Finally, we also propose that the effects of specific microbial taxa, especially those that exert their effects through metabolites, are highly dependent on the host dietary intake. What emerges is a complex multifaceted interaction that has been challenging to disentangle in human studies, contributing to the divergence of findings across heterogeneous cohorts with differing geography, dietary preferences, and genetics. Nonetheless, this provides a complex and individualized, yet tractable, model of how the gut microbiota regulate susceptibility to MS, and potentially progression of this disease. Thus, we conclude that prophylactic or therapeutic modulation of the gut microbiome to prevent or treat MS will require a careful and personalized consideration of host genetics, baseline gut microbiota composition, and dietary inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L. Montgomery
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Dan Peipert
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Dimitry N. Krementsov
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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2
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Perez-Quintero LA, Abidin BM, Tremblay ML. Immunotherapeutic implications of negative regulation by protein tyrosine phosphatases in T cells: the emerging cases of PTP1B and TCPTP. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1364778. [PMID: 38707187 PMCID: PMC11066278 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1364778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
In the context of inflammation, T cell activation occurs by the concerted signals of the T cell receptor (TCR), co-stimulatory receptors ligation, and a pro-inflammatory cytokine microenvironment. Fine-tuning these signals is crucial to maintain T cell homeostasis and prevent self-reactivity while offering protection against infectious diseases and cancer. Recent developments in understanding the complex crosstalk between the molecular events controlling T cell activation and the balancing regulatory cues offer novel approaches for the development of T cell-based immunotherapies. Among the complex regulatory processes, the balance between protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) and the protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) controls the transcriptional and metabolic programs that determine T cell function, fate decision, and activation. In those, PTPs are de facto regulators of signaling in T cells acting for the most part as negative regulators of the canonical TCR pathway, costimulatory molecules such as CD28, and cytokine signaling. In this review, we examine the function of two close PTP homologs, PTP1B (PTPN1) and T-cell PTP (TCPTP; PTPN2), which have been recently identified as promising candidates for novel T-cell immunotherapeutic approaches. Herein, we focus on recent studies that examine the known contributions of these PTPs to T-cell development, homeostasis, and T-cell-mediated immunity. Additionally, we describe the signaling networks that underscored the ability of TCPTP and PTP1B, either individually and notably in combination, to attenuate TCR and JAK/STAT signals affecting T cell responses. Thus, we anticipate that uncovering the role of these two PTPs in T-cell biology may lead to new treatment strategies in the field of cancer immunotherapy. This review concludes by exploring the impacts and risks that pharmacological inhibition of these PTP enzymes offers as a therapeutic approach in T-cell-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alberto Perez-Quintero
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Belma Melda Abidin
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michel L. Tremblay
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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3
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Uenishi GI, Repic M, Yam JY, Landuyt A, Saikumar-Lakshmi P, Guo T, Zarin P, Sassone-Corsi M, Chicoine A, Kellogg H, Hunt M, Drow T, Tewari R, Cook PJ, Yang SJ, Cerosaletti K, Schweinoch D, Guiastrennec B, James E, Patel C, Chen TF, Buckner JH, Rawlings DJ, Wickham TJ, Mueller KT. GNTI-122: an autologous antigen-specific engineered Treg cell therapy for type 1 diabetes. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e171844. [PMID: 38516892 PMCID: PMC11063937 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.171844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Tregs have the potential to establish long-term immune tolerance in patients recently diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (T1D) by preserving β cell function. Adoptive transfer of autologous thymic Tregs, although safe, exhibited limited efficacy in previous T1D clinical trials, likely reflecting a lack of tissue specificity, limited IL-2 signaling support, and in vivo plasticity of Tregs. Here, we report a cell engineering strategy using bulk CD4+ T cells to generate a Treg cell therapy (GNTI-122) that stably expresses FOXP3, targets the pancreas and draining lymph nodes, and incorporates a chemically inducible signaling complex (CISC). GNTI-122 cells maintained an expression profile consistent with Treg phenotype and function. Activation of CISC using rapamycin mediated concentration-dependent STAT5 phosphorylation and, in concert with T cell receptor engagement, promoted cell proliferation. In response to the cognate antigen, GNTI-122 exhibited direct and bystander suppression of polyclonal, islet-specific effector T cells from patients with T1D. In an adoptive transfer mouse model of T1D, a mouse engineered-Treg analog of GNTI-122 trafficked to the pancreas, decreased the severity of insulitis, and prevented progression to diabetes. Taken together, these findings demonstrate in vitro and in vivo activity and support further development of GNTI-122 as a potential treatment for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tingxi Guo
- GentiBio Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Martina Hunt
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and the Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Travis Drow
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and the Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ritika Tewari
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter J. Cook
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and the Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Soo Jung Yang
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Karen Cerosaletti
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Eddie James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Jane H. Buckner
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Immunology, and
| | - David J. Rawlings
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and the Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Immunology, and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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4
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Shapiro MR, Peters LD, Brown ME, Cabello-Kindelan C, Posgai AL, Bayer AL, Brusko TM. Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Synergizes with IL-2 to Induce Homeostatic Proliferation of Regulatory T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1108-1122. [PMID: 37594278 PMCID: PMC10511790 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
IL-2 has been proposed to restore tolerance via regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion in autoimmunity, yet off-target effects necessitate identification of a combinatorial approach allowing for lower IL-2 dosing. We recently reported reduced levels of immunoregulatory insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) during type 1 diabetes progression. Thus, we hypothesized that IGF1 would synergize with IL-2 to expand Tregs. We observed IGF1 receptor was elevated on murine memory and human naive Treg subsets. IL-2 and IGF1 promoted PI3K/Akt signaling in Tregs, inducing thymically-derived Treg expansion beyond either agent alone in NOD mice. Increased populations of murine Tregs of naive or memory, as well as CD5lo polyclonal or CD5hi likely self-reactive, status were also observed. Expansion was attributed to increased IL-2Rγ subunit expression on murine Tregs exposed to IL-2 and IGF1 as compared with IL-2 or IGF1 alone. Assessing translational capacity, incubation of naive human CD4+ T cells with IL-2 and IGF1 enhanced thymically-derived Treg proliferation in vitro, without the need for TCR ligation. We then demonstrated that IGF1 and IL-2 or IL-7, which is also IL-2Rγ-chain dependent, can be used to induce proliferation of genetically engineered naive human Tregs or T conventional cells, respectively. These data support the potential use of IGF1 in combination with common γ-chain cytokines to drive homeostatic T cell expansion, both in vitro and in vivo, for cellular therapeutics and ex vivo gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R. Shapiro
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Leeana D. Peters
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Matthew E. Brown
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | | | - Amanda L. Posgai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Allison L. Bayer
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Todd M. Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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5
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Louapre C, Rosenzwajg M, Golse M, Roux A, Pitoiset F, Adda L, Tchitchek N, Papeix C, Maillart E, Ungureanu A, Charbonnier-Beaupel F, Galanaud D, Corvol JC, Vicaut E, Lubetzki C, Klatzmann D. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of low-dose interleukin-2 in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2023; 270:4403-4414. [PMID: 37245191 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11690-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with regulatory T cells (Tregs) insufficiency while low-dose interleukin-2 (IL2LD) activates Tregs and reduces disease activity in autoimmune diseases. METHODS We aimed at addressing whether IL2LD improved Tregs from MS patients. MS-IL2 was a single-center double-blind phase-2 study. Thirty patients (mean [SD] age 36.8 years [8.3], 16 female) with relapsing-remitting MS with new MRI lesions within 6 months before inclusion were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to placebo or IL-2 at 1 million IU, daily for 5 days and then fortnightly for 6 months. The primary endpoint was change in Tregs at day-5. RESULTS Unlike previous trials of IL2LD in more than 20 different autoimmune diseases, Tregs were not expanded at day-5 in IL2LD group, but only at day-15 (median [IQR] fold change from baseline: 1.26 [1.21-1.33] in IL2LD group; 1.01 [0.95-1.05] in placebo group, p < 0.001). At day-5, however, Tregs had acquired an activated phenotype (fold change of CD25 expression in Tregs: 2.17 [1.70-3.55] in IL2LD versus 0.97 [0.86-1.28] in placebo group, p < 0.0001). Regulator/effector T cells ratio remained elevated throughout treatment period in the IL2LD group (p < 0.001). Number of new active brain lesions and of relapses tended to be reduced in IL2LD treated patients, but the difference did not reach significance in this trial not powered to detect clinical efficacy. CONCLUSION The effect of IL2LD on Tregs in MS patients was modest and delayed, compared to other auto-immune diseases. This, together with findings that Tregs improve remyelination in MS models and recent reports of IL2LD efficacy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, warrants larger studies of IL2LD in MS, notably with increased dosages and/or modified modalities of administration. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02424396; EU Clinical trials Register: 2014-000088-42.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Louapre
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, CIC neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - M Rosenzwajg
- Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3)-UMRS_959, Sorbonne Université- INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Clinical Investigation Center for Biotherapies (CIC-BTi) and Immunology-Inflammation-Infectiology and Dermatology Department (3iD), Paris, France
| | - M Golse
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, CIC neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - A Roux
- Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3)-UMRS_959, Sorbonne Université- INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Clinical Investigation Center for Biotherapies (CIC-BTi) and Immunology-Inflammation-Infectiology and Dermatology Department (3iD), Paris, France
| | - F Pitoiset
- Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3)-UMRS_959, Sorbonne Université- INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Clinical Investigation Center for Biotherapies (CIC-BTi) and Immunology-Inflammation-Infectiology and Dermatology Department (3iD), Paris, France
| | - L Adda
- Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3)-UMRS_959, Sorbonne Université- INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Clinical Investigation Center for Biotherapies (CIC-BTi) and Immunology-Inflammation-Infectiology and Dermatology Department (3iD), Paris, France
| | - N Tchitchek
- Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3)-UMRS_959, Sorbonne Université- INSERM, Paris, France
| | - C Papeix
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, CIC neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - E Maillart
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, CIC neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - A Ungureanu
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, CIC neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - F Charbonnier-Beaupel
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Pharmacie à Usage Intérieur, Reqpharm Unit, Paris, France
| | - D Galanaud
- Neuroradiology Department, Sorbonne University, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - J C Corvol
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, CIC neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - E Vicaut
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, Clinical Trial Unit, Paris, France
| | - C Lubetzki
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, CIC neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - D Klatzmann
- Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3)-UMRS_959, Sorbonne Université- INSERM, Paris, France.
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Clinical Investigation Center for Biotherapies (CIC-BTi) and Immunology-Inflammation-Infectiology and Dermatology Department (3iD), Paris, France.
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6
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Golzari-Sorkheh M, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. Development and function of FOXP3+ regulators of immune responses. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 213:13-22. [PMID: 37085947 PMCID: PMC10324550 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Forkhead Box P3 (FOXP3) protein is an essential transcription factor for the development and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs), involved in the maintenance of immunological tolerance. Although extensive research over the last decade has investigated the critical role of FOXP3+ cells in preserving immune homeostasis, our understanding of their specific functions remains limited. Therefore, unveiling the molecular mechanisms underpinning the up- and downstream transcriptional regulation of and by FOXP3 is crucial for developing Treg-targeted therapeutics. Dysfunctions in FOXP3+ Tregs have also been found to be inherent drivers of autoimmune disorders and have been shown to exhibit multifaceted functions in the context of cancer. Recent research suggests that these cells may also be involved in tissue-specific repair and regeneration. Herein, we summarize current understanding of the thymic-transcriptional regulatory landscape of FOXP3+ Tregs, their epigenetic modulators, and associated signaling pathways. Finally, we highlight the contributions of FOXP3 on the functional development of Tregs and reflect on the clinical implications in the context of pathological and physiological immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Carlos Zúñiga-Pflücker
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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7
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Nickle RA, DeOca KB, Garcia BL, Mannie MD. Soluble CD25 imposes a low-zone IL-2 signaling environment that favors competitive outgrowth of antigen-experienced CD25 high regulatory and memory T cells. Cell Immunol 2023; 384:104664. [PMID: 36642016 PMCID: PMC10257407 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on soluble (s)CD25-mediated regulation of IL-2 signaling in murine and human CD4+ T cells. Recombinant sCD25 reversibly sequestered IL-2 to limit acute maximal proliferative responses while preserving IL-2 bioavailability to subsequently maintain low-zone IL-2 signaling during prolonged culture. By inhibiting IL-2 signaling during acute activation, sCD25 suppressed T-cell growth and inhibited IL-2-evoked transmembrane CD25 expression, thereby resulting in lower prevalence of CD25high T cells. By inhibiting IL-2 signaling during quiescent IL-2-mediated growth, sCD25 competed with transmembrane CD25, IL2Rβγ, and IL2Rαβγ receptors for limited pools of IL-2 such that sCD25 exhibited strong or weak inhibitory efficacy in IL-2-stimulated cultures of CD25low or CD25high T cells, respectively. Preferential blocking of IL-2 signaling in CD25low but not CD25high T cells caused competitive enrichment of CD25high memory/effector and regulatory FOXP3+ subsets. In conclusion, sCD25 modulates IL-2 bioavailability to limit CD25 expression during acute activation while enhancing CD25highT-cell dominance during low-zone homeostatic IL-2-mediated expansion, thereby 'flattening' the inflammatory curve over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Nickle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
| | - Kayla B DeOca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
| | - Brandon L Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
| | - Mark D Mannie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
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8
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Long SA, Buckner JH. Clinical and experimental treatment of type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 210:105-113. [PMID: 35980300 PMCID: PMC9750829 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease resulting in the destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. Disease progression occurs along a trajectory from genetic risk, the development of islet autoantibodies, and autoreactive T cells ultimately progressing to clinical disease. Natural history studies and mechanistic studies linked to clinical trials have provided insight into the role of the immune system in disease pathogenesis. Here, we review our current understanding of the underlying etiology of T1D, focusing on the immune cell types that have been implicated in progression from pre-symptomatic T1D to clinical diagnosis and established disease. This knowledge has been foundational for the development of immunotherapies aimed at the prevention and treatment of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Alice Long
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
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9
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Stem-Cell-Derived β-Like Cells with a Functional PTPN2 Knockout Display Increased Immunogenicity. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233845. [PMID: 36497105 PMCID: PMC9737324 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a polygenic disease that results in an autoimmune response directed against insulin-producing beta cells. PTPN2 is a known high-risk type 1 diabetes associated gene expressed in both immune- and pancreatic beta cells, but how genes affect the development of autoimmune diabetes is largely unknown. We employed CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate a functional knockout of PTPN2 in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) followed by differentiating stem-cell-derived beta-like cells (sBC) and detailed phenotypical analyses. The differentiation efficiency of PTPN2 knockout (PTPN2 KO) sBC is comparable to wild-type (WT) control sBC. Global transcriptomics and protein assays revealed the increased expression of HLA Class I molecules in PTPN2 KO sBC at a steady state and upon exposure to proinflammatory culture conditions, indicating a potential for the increased immune recognition of human beta cells upon differential PTPN2 expression. sBC co-culture with autoreactive preproinsulin-reactive T cell transductants confirmed increased immune stimulations by PTPN2 KO sBC compared to WT sBC. Taken together, our results suggest that the dysregulation of PTPN2 expression in human beta cell may prime autoimmune T cell reactivity and thereby contribute to the development of type 1 diabetes.
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10
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Liu N, Sadlon T, Wong YY, Pederson S, Breen J, Barry SC. 3DFAACTS-SNP: using regulatory T cell-specific epigenomics data to uncover candidate mechanisms of type 1 diabetes (T1D) risk. Epigenetics Chromatin 2022; 15:24. [PMID: 35773720 PMCID: PMC9244893 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-022-00456-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have enabled the discovery of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are significantly associated with many autoimmune diseases including type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, many of the identified variants lie in non-coding regions, limiting the identification of mechanisms that contribute to autoimmune disease progression. To address this problem, we developed a variant filtering workflow called 3DFAACTS-SNP to link genetic variants to target genes in a cell-specific manner. Here, we use 3DFAACTS-SNP to identify candidate SNPs and target genes associated with the loss of immune tolerance in regulatory T cells (Treg) in T1D. Results Using 3DFAACTS-SNP, we identified from a list of 1228 previously fine-mapped variants, 36 SNPs with plausible Treg-specific mechanisms of action. The integration of cell type-specific chromosome conformation capture data in 3DFAACTS-SNP identified 266 regulatory regions and 47 candidate target genes that interact with these variant-containing regions in Treg cells. We further demonstrated the utility of the workflow by applying it to three other SNP autoimmune datasets, identifying 16 Treg-centric candidate variants and 60 interacting genes. Finally, we demonstrate the broad utility of 3DFAACTS-SNP for functional annotation of all known common (> 10% allele frequency) variants from the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD). We identified 9376 candidate variants and 4968 candidate target genes, generating a list of potential sites for future T1D or other autoimmune disease research. Conclusions We demonstrate that it is possible to further prioritise variants that contribute to T1D based on regulatory function, and illustrate the power of using cell type-specific multi-omics datasets to determine disease mechanisms. Our workflow can be customised to any cell type for which the individual datasets for functional annotation have been generated, giving broad applicability and utility. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13072-022-00456-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Bioinformatics Hub, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Timothy Sadlon
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Women's and Children's Health Network, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ying Y Wong
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Women's and Children's Health Network, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stephen Pederson
- Bioinformatics Hub, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - James Breen
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia. .,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. .,Bioinformatics Hub, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. .,Black Ochre Data Labs, Indigenous Genomics, Telethon Kids Institute, Adelaide, Australia. .,John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Simon C Barry
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Women's and Children's Health Network, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
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11
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Ghorbani MM, Farazmandfar T, Abediankenari S, Hassannia H, Maleki Z, Shahbazi M. Treatment of EAE mice with Treg, G-MDSC and IL-2: a new insight into cell therapy for multiple sclerosis. Immunotherapy 2022; 14:789-798. [PMID: 35678041 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2021-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study investigates the therapeutic and protective effects of Tregs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and IL-2 on multiple sclerosis (MS) disease model. Materials & methods: C57BL/6 mice were immunized to develop an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. We then investigated effects of pre- and post-treatment EAE mice with Tregs, MDSCs and IL-2 on inflammation and demyelination in brain tissue, and on the number of Treg, granulocytic-MDSC and Th-17 cells in spleen. Results: Pre- and post-treatment of EAE mice by Tregs, MDSCs and IL-2 resulted in no weight change, reduced Th-17 cells and suppression of pathological properties. Conclusion: Pre- and post-treatment of immunized mice by Tregs, MDSCs and IL-2 prevent EAE induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehdi Ghorbani
- Medical Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Touraj Farazmandfar
- Medical Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Saeid Abediankenari
- Immunogenetics Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hadi Hassannia
- Immunogenetics Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Zahra Maleki
- Medical Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Majid Shahbazi
- Medical Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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12
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Gootjes C, Zwaginga JJ, Roep BO, Nikolic T. Functional Impact of Risk Gene Variants on the Autoimmune Responses in Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886736. [PMID: 35603161 PMCID: PMC9114814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that develops in the interplay between genetic and environmental factors. A majority of individuals who develop T1D have a HLA make up, that accounts for 50% of the genetic risk of disease. Besides these HLA haplotypes and the insulin region that importantly contribute to the heritable component, genome-wide association studies have identified many polymorphisms in over 60 non-HLA gene regions that also contribute to T1D susceptibility. Combining the risk genes in a score (T1D-GRS), significantly improved the prediction of disease progression in autoantibody positive individuals. Many of these minor-risk SNPs are associated with immune genes but how they influence the gene and protein expression and whether they cause functional changes on a cellular level remains a subject of investigation. A positive correlation between the genetic risk and the intensity of the peripheral autoimmune response was demonstrated both for HLA and non-HLA genetic risk variants. We also observed epigenetic and genetic modulation of several of these T1D susceptibility genes in dendritic cells (DCs) treated with vitamin D3 and dexamethasone to acquire tolerogenic properties as compared to immune activating DCs (mDC) illustrating the interaction between genes and environment that collectively determines risk for T1D. A notion that targeting such genes for therapeutic modulation could be compatible with correction of the impaired immune response, inspired us to review the current knowledge on the immune-related minor risk genes, their expression and function in immune cells, and how they may contribute to activation of autoreactive T cells, Treg function or β-cell apoptosis, thus contributing to development of the autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Gootjes
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and Regenerative Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jaap Jan Zwaginga
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and Regenerative Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bart O Roep
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and Regenerative Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tatjana Nikolic
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and Regenerative Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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13
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Krovi SH, Kuchroo VK. Activation pathways that drive CD4 + T cells to break tolerance in autoimmune diseases . Immunol Rev 2022; 307:161-190. [PMID: 35142369 PMCID: PMC9255211 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by dysfunctional immune systems that misrecognize self as non-self and cause tissue destruction. Several cell types have been implicated in triggering and sustaining disease. Due to a strong association of major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) proteins with various autoimmune diseases, CD4+ T lymphocytes have been thoroughly investigated for their roles in dictating disease course. CD4+ T cell activation is a coordinated process that requires three distinct signals: Signal 1, which is mediated by antigen recognition on MHC-II molecules; Signal 2, which boosts signal 1 in a costimulatory manner; and Signal 3, which helps to differentiate the activated cells into functionally relevant subsets. These signals are disrupted during autoimmunity and prompt CD4+ T cells to break tolerance. Herein, we review our current understanding of how each of the three signals plays a role in three different autoimmune diseases and highlight the genetic polymorphisms that predispose individuals to autoimmunity. We also discuss the drawbacks of existing therapies and how they can be addressed to achieve lasting tolerance in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Harsha Krovi
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Kissler S. Genetic Modifiers of Thymic Selection and Central Tolerance in Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:889856. [PMID: 35464420 PMCID: PMC9021641 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.889856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by the T cell-driven autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. T1D served as the prototypical autoimmune disease for genome wide association studies (GWAS) after having already been the subject of many linkage and association studies prior to the development of GWAS technology. Of the many T1D-associated gene variants, a minority appear disease-specific, while most are shared with one or more other autoimmune condition. Shared disease variants suggest defects in fundamental aspects of immune tolerance. The first layer of protective tolerance induction is known as central tolerance and takes place during the thymic selection of T cells. In this article, we will review candidate genes for type 1 diabetes whose function implicates them in central tolerance. We will describe examples of gene variants that modify the function of T cells intrinsically and others that indirectly affect thymic selection. Overall, these insights will show that a significant component of the genetic risk for T1D - and autoimmunity in general - pertains to the earliest stages of tolerance induction, at a time when protective intervention may not be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Kissler
- Section for Immunobiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Stephan Kissler,
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15
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Abstract
Follicular helper T (TFH) cells provide help to B cells, supporting the formation of germinal centres that allow affinity maturation of antibody responses. Although usually located in secondary lymphoid organs, T cells bearing features of TFH cells can also be identified in human blood, and their frequency and phenotype are often altered in people with autoimmune diseases. In this Perspective article, I discuss the increase in circulating TFH cells seen in autoimmune settings and explore potential explanations for this phenomenon. I consider the multistep regulation of TFH cell differentiation by the CTLA4 and IL-2 pathways as well as by regulatory T cells and highlight that these same pathways are crucial for regulating autoimmune diseases. The propensity of infection to serve as a cue for TFH cell differentiation and a potential trigger for autoimmune disease development is also discussed. Overall, I postulate that alterations in pathways that regulate autoimmunity are coupled to alterations in TFH cell homeostasis, suggesting that this population may serve as a core sentinel of dysregulated immunity.
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16
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Differences of Circulating CD25hi Bregs and Their Correlations with CD4 Effector and Regulatory T Cells in Autoantibody-Positive T1D Compared with Age-Matched Healthy Individuals. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:2269237. [PMID: 35083339 PMCID: PMC8786465 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2269237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating CD25hi B cells, a subset of regulatory B cells in humans, are closely related to inflammation and autoimmune diseases. This study is aimed at investigating the alternation of CD25hi Bregs and their correlation with CD4 effector and regulatory T cells in T1D individuals. We included 68 autoantibody-positive T1D and 68 age-matched healthy individuals with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and assessed them with CD25hi Bregs and CD4 effector or regulatory T cells by flow cytometry. Here, we demonstrate that the frequency of CD25hi Bregs was significantly decreased in T1D subjects (P = 0.0016), but they were not affected by disease status (age at T1D diagnosis or duration) or T1D risk loci (rs2104286 or rs12251307) in IL2RA (all P > 0.05). Moreover, higher IgD (P = 0.043) and lower CD27 (P = 0.0003) expression was observed in CD25hi Bregs of T1D individuals, but not the expression of IgM, CD24, or CD38 (all P > 0.05). Although there was no correlation between CD25hi Bregs and CD4 effector T cell subsets in either T1D or healthy individuals (all P > 0.05), we found a positive correlation between CD25hi Bregs and CD4 Tregs in healthy controls (Sp. r = 0.3544, P = 0.0249), which disappeared in T1D subjects (Sp. r = 0.137, P = 0.401). In conclusion, our results suggest that decreased CD25hi Bregs and alternation of their phenotypes are features of T1D regardless of disease duration and T1D genetic risk loci, and an impaired balance between CD25hi Bregs and CD4 Tregs might contribute to the pathogenesis of T1D.
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17
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Peerlings D, Mimpen M, Damoiseaux J. The IL-2 - IL-2 receptor pathway: Key to understanding multiple sclerosis. J Transl Autoimmun 2022; 4:100123. [PMID: 35005590 PMCID: PMC8716671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The development, progression, diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), are convoluted processes which remain incompletely understood. Multiple studies demonstrated that the interleukin (IL)-2 – IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) pathway plays a pivotal role within these processes. The most striking functions of the IL-2 – IL-2R pathway are the differential induction of autoimmune responses and tolerance. This paradoxical function of the IL-2 – IL-2R pathway may be an attractive therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases such as MS. However, the exact mechanisms that lead to autoimmunity or tolerance remain to be elucidated. Furthermore, another factor of this pathway, the soluble form of the IL-2R (sIL-2R), further complicates understanding the role of the IL-2 – IL-2R pathway in MS. The challenge is to unravel these mechanisms to prevent, diagnose and recover MS. In this review, first, the current knowledge of MS and the IL-2 – IL-2R pathway are summarized. Second, the key findings of the relation between the IL-2 – IL-2R pathway and MS have been highlighted. Eventually, this review may launch broad interest in the IL-2 – IL-2R pathway propelling further research in autoimmune diseases, including MS. The IL-2 – IL-2R pathway determines the balance between immunity and tolerance. The IL-2 – IL-2R pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. The role of soluble IL-2R is controversial and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Peerlings
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Max Mimpen
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Damoiseaux
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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18
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Tang N, Huang J, Chen C, Wu X, Xu H, Chen G, Xue H. Polymorphisms and haplotypes of IL2RA, IL10, IFNG, IRF5, and CCR2 are associated with Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in children. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68:e29097. [PMID: 34031980 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cytokine storms are central to the development of Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (EBV-HLH). Previous studies have shown that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of cytokine genes may be associated with the development of EBV-HLH in children. As such, we investigated the association between susceptibility to EBV-HLH in children and SNPs and haplotypes of genes encoding interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha (IL2RA), interleukin-10 (IL10), interferon gamma (IFNG), interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5), and C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2). METHODS Sixty-six children with EBV-HLH and 58 healthy EBV-seropositive controls were enrolled in this study. SNPs of IL2RA rs2104286, rs12722489, and rs11594656; IL10 rs1800896, rs1800871, and rs1800872; IFNG rs2430561, IRF5 rs2004640, and CCR2 rs1799864 were assayed and genotyped using the SNaPshot technique. RESULTS Frequencies of the A allele of IL2RA rs2104286 and IL10 rs1800896, and C allele of IL-10 rs1800872 were significantly higher in the EBV-HLH group than in the control group. The AA genotype of IL2RA rs2104286 and IL10 rs1800896, and the CC genotype of IL10 rs1800872 might be associated with a significantly high risk of EBV-HLH. However, the frequencies of genotypes and alleles of IL2RA rs2104286, IL10 rs1800871, IFNG rs2430561, IRF5 rs2004640, and CCR2 rs1799864 were similar in both groups. Additionally, IL2RA AGT (rs2104286-rs12722489-rs11594656) and IL10 ACC (rs1800896-rs1800871-rs1800872) haplotypes were also associated with an increased risk of EBV-HLH. CONCLUSIONS SNPs of IL2RA rs2104286, IL10 rs1800896 and rs1800872 and the haplotypes of IL2RA AGT and IL10 ACC were highly associated with susceptibility to EBV-HLH in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Tang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junbin Huang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chun Chen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honggui Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Huizhou First Hospital, Huizhou, China
| | - Hongman Xue
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
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19
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Buhelt S, Laigaard HM, von Essen MR, Ullum H, Oturai A, Sellebjerg F, Søndergaard HB. IL2RA Methylation and Gene Expression in Relation to the Multiple Sclerosis-Associated Gene Variant rs2104286 and Soluble IL-2Rα in CD8 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:676141. [PMID: 34386002 PMCID: PMC8353370 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.676141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The interleukin-2 receptor α (IL-2Rα) is important for CD8+ T cell function, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL2RA gene encoding IL-2Rα increase the risk of MS. Therefore, in isolated CD8+ T cells we investigated IL2RA gene methylation and gene expression in relation to the MS-associated IL2RA SNP rs2104286 and soluble IL-2Rα (sIL-2Rα). We have identified allele specific methylation of the CpG-site located in intron 1 that is perturbed by the rs2104286 SNP in CD8+ T cells from genotype-selected healthy subjects (HS). However, methylation of selected CpG-sites in the promotor or 5'UTR region of the IL2RA gene was neither associated with the rs2104286 SNP nor significantly correlated with IL2RA gene expression in HS. In CD8+ T cells from HS, we explored expression of immune relevant genes but observed only few associations with the rs2104286 SNP. However, we found that sIL-2Rα correlated negatively with expression of 55 immune relevant genes, including the IL-7 receptor gene, with Spearman's rho between -0.49 and -0.32. Additionally, in HS by use of flow cytometry we observed that the IL-7 receptor on naïve CD8+ T cells correlated negatively with sIL-2Rα and was downregulated in carriers of the rs2104286 MS-associated risk genotype. Collectively, our study of resting CD8+ T cells indicates that the rs2104286 SNP has a minor effect and sIL-2Rα may negatively regulate the CD8+ T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Buhelt
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Hannah-Marie Laigaard
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Marina Rode von Essen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | | | - Annette Oturai
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Finn Sellebjerg
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle Bach Søndergaard
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
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20
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Targeting immunosuppressor cells with nanoparticles in autoimmunity: How far have we come to? Cell Immunol 2021; 368:104412. [PMID: 34340162 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity is the assault of immune response towards self-antigens, resulting to inflammation and tissue injury. It is staged into three phases and caused by malfunction of immune tolerance. In our body, immune tolerance is synchronized by several immunosuppressor cells such as regulatory T cells and B cells as well as myeloid-derived suppressor cells, which are prominently dysregulated in autoimmunity. Hence, targeting these cell populations serve as a significant potential in the therapy of autoimmunity. Nanotechnology with its advantageous properties is shown to be a remarkable tool as drug delivery system in this field. This review focused on the development of therapeutics in autoimmune diseases utilizing various nanoparticles formulation based on two targeting approaches in autoimmunity, passive and active targeting. Lastly, this review outlined the approved present nanomedicines as well as in clinical evaluations and issues regarding the lack of translation of these nanomedicines into the market, despite the abundant of positive experimental observations.
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21
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Du J, Wang X, Tan G, Wei W, Zhou F, Liang Z, Li H, Yu H. Predisposition to Graves' disease and Graves' ophthalmopathy by genetic variants of IL2RA. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1487-1495. [PMID: 34287665 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have identified that Th17/Treg cells were involved in the occurrence and development of Graves' disease (GD). This study aimed at clarifying the association between GD susceptibility and nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of Th17/Treg cell-related genes, including IL2RA, miR27a, miR182, and FoxO1. A two-stage association study was performed in 650 GD patients and 1300 healthy controls. PCR-RFLP assays, real-time PCR, and ELISA were performed. In the first stage, association analysis has identified that IL2RA/rs3118470 TT genotype (Pc = 0.027, OR = 1.688) and IL2RA/rs2104286 AA genotype (Pc = 0.027, OR = 1.658) has significantly increased frequencies in patients with GD than control subjects. In the second stage, the result of rs2104286 was consistent with the first-stage results (AA genotype: Pc = 0.006, OR = 1.618). The combined data showed that IL2RA/rs2104286 AA genotype had increased frequencies in patients with GD (Pc = 8.772 × 10-6, OR = 1.636). Stratification analysis also revealed that rs2104286 AA genotype was significantly associated with Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) susceptibility (Pc = 9.150 × 10-4, OR = 1.851). Functional studies showed that carriers of the rs2104286 AA genotype had lower IL2RA mRNA expression than AG genotype carriers (P = 0.021). Cytokine analyses revealed that the rs2104286 AA genotype individuals had lower IL-10 levels (P = 0.015) and increased IL-17 levels than AG genotype carriers (P = 1.467 × 10-4). In conclusion, our findings suggested that IL2RA/rs2104286 was associated with GD and GO susceptibility in Southwest Chinese Han population, which may be involved in the occurrence of GD and GO by affecting the mRNA expression of IL2RA gene and the cytokine production. KEY MESSAGES: We identified that IL2RA/rs2104286 locus contributed to the predisposition of Graves' disease (GD) and Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). Functional analyses suggested that IL2RA/rs2104286 may participate in the occurrence of GD and GO by affecting the mRNA expression of IL2RA and cytokine (IL-10 and IL-17) secretion. We found that IL2RA (rs3118470, rs7093069), miR27a/rs895819, miR182/rs76481776, and FoxO1 (rs2297626, rs17592236, rs9549241, rs12585277) loci polymorphisms were not associated with GD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- School of Basic Medical Science, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Guiqin Tan
- School of Basic Medical Science, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Wenwen Wei
- School of Basic Medical Science, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Fangyu Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Science, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Zhongzhi Liang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Hua Li
- Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Hongsong Yu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
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22
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Biomarkers of systemic inflammation, soluble IL-2Rα and the multiple sclerosis-associated IL2RA SNP rs2104286 in healthy subjects and multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 54:103140. [PMID: 34304016 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Soluble interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor α (sIL-2Rα) antagonizes IL-2 signaling and is involved in the pathogenesis of several immune-mediated diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). The level of sIL-2Rα is affected by the MS-associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2104286. By use of ELISA and electrochemiluminescence, we investigated if 26 biomarkers of systemic inflammation were associated with sIL-2Rα and rs2104286 in cohorts of healthy subjects and MS patients in serum and heparin plasma. We found that sIL-2Rα significantly correlated with the level of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) (r = 0.391, p = 0.002) in healthy subjects and the association was validated in a separate cohort. Additional, in healthy subjects we confirmed a previous report indicating that C-reactive protein (CRP) correlates with sIL-2Rα (r = 0.278, p = 0.034). None of the biomarkers of systemic inflammation were significantly associated with sIL-2Rα in MS patients. Furthermore, the MS-associated SNP rs2104286 was not significantly associated with any of the biomarkers of systemic inflammation in neither healthy subjects nor MS patients. We conclude that sIL-2Rα is associated with TNFα and CRP in healthy subjects. However, further research is required to confirm the use of sIL-2Rα as biomarker of systemic inflammation as well as to assess the mechanism underlying the observed correlation between levels of sIL-2Rα and TNFα.
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23
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Selck C, Dominguez-Villar M. Antigen-Specific Regulatory T Cell Therapy in Autoimmune Diseases and Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661875. [PMID: 34054826 PMCID: PMC8160309 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are a heterogenous population of immunosuppressive T cells whose therapeutic potential for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and graft rejection is currently being explored. While clinical trial results thus far support the safety and efficacy of adoptive therapies using polyclonal Treg cells, some studies suggest that antigen-specific Treg cells are more potent in regulating and improving immune tolerance in a disease-specific manner. Hence, several approaches to generate and/or expand antigen-specific Treg cells in vitro or in vivo are currently under investigation. However, antigen-specific Treg cell therapies face additional challenges that require further consideration, including the identification of disease-relevant antigens as well as the in vivo stability and migratory behavior of Treg cells following transfer. In this review, we discuss these approaches and the potential limitations and describe prospective strategies to enhance the efficacy of antigen-specific Treg cell treatments in autoimmunity and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Selck
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Faraji F, Shojapour M, Farahani I, Ganji A, Mosayebi G. Reduced regulatory T lymphocytes in migraine patients. Neurol Res 2021; 43:677-682. [PMID: 33853506 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2021.1915077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Migraine is a primary headache disorder with unknown pathophysiology. Recently, many studies have suggested the role of immune dysfunction in the pathophysiology of this disorder. In this study, we investigated the percentage of regulatory T cells (Treg cells) in different migraine categories.Methods: Peripheral blood samples of 40 newly diagnosed cases of migraine and 33 healthy individuals were collected for Treg cell analysis by flow cytometry.Results: The percentage of Treg cells in migraine patients with all subgroups including patients with or without auras and patients with chronic or episodic migraine was significantly lower than that of the control group. Also, a significant increase in the CD25 means fluorescence intensity (MFI) was observed in migraine without aura and chronic migraine groups, compared to the normal group.Conclusions: In this study, the number of Treg cells significantly decreased in new cases of migraine, which suggests that migraine is a result of an impairment in the immunological system or an autoimmune disease. Also, the insignificant difference in the number of Treg cells between the two categories of migraine suggests that there is no link between the reduced number of Treg cells and the emergence of aura symptoms or duration of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fardin Faraji
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mana Shojapour
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Iman Farahani
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Ali Ganji
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Ghasem Mosayebi
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
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25
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Bhagavati S. Autoimmune Disorders of the Nervous System: Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, and Therapy. Front Neurol 2021; 12:664664. [PMID: 33935958 PMCID: PMC8079742 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.664664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Remarkable discoveries over the last two decades have elucidated the autoimmune basis of several, previously poorly understood, neurological disorders. Autoimmune disorders of the nervous system may affect any part of the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system, CNS) and also the peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junction and skeletal muscle (peripheral nervous system, PNS). This comprehensive overview of this rapidly evolving field presents the factors which may trigger breakdown of self-tolerance and development of autoimmune disease in some individuals. Then the pathophysiological basis and clinical features of autoimmune diseases of the nervous system are outlined, with an emphasis on the features which are important to recognize for accurate clinical diagnosis. Finally the latest therapies for autoimmune CNS and PNS disorders and their mechanisms of action and the most promising research avenues for targeted immunotherapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyakam Bhagavati
- Department of Neurology, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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26
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Battaglia M, Buckner JH, Levings MK, Richardson SJ, Wong FS, Tree TI. Identifying the 'Achilles heel' of type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 204:167-178. [PMID: 33368173 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
When Thetis dipped her son Achilles into the River Styx to make him immortal, she held him by the heel, which was not submerged, and thus created a weak spot that proved deadly for Achilles. Millennia later, Achilles heel is part of today's lexicon meaning an area of weakness or a vulnerable spot that causes failure. Also implied is that an Achilles heel is often missed, forgotten or under-appreciated until it is under attack, and then failure is fatal. Paris killed Achilles with an arrow 'guided by the Gods'. Understanding the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in order to direct therapy for prevention and treatment is a major goal of research into T1D. At the International Congress of the Immunology of Diabetes Society, 2018, five leading experts were asked to present the case for a particular cell/element that could represent 'the Achilles heel of T1D'. These included neutrophils, B cells, CD8+ T cells, regulatory CD4+ T cells, and enteroviruses, all of which have been proposed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Did a single entity emerge as 'the' Achilles heel of T1D? The arguments are summarized here, to make this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Battaglia
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - J H Buckner
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M K Levings
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - S J Richardson
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - F S Wong
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - T I Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences (SIMS), King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
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27
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Stefanović M, Životić I, Stojković L, Dinčić E, Stanković A, Živković M. The association of genetic variants IL2RA rs2104286, IFI30 rs11554159 and IKZF3 rs12946510 with multiple sclerosis onset and severity in patients from Serbia. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 347:577346. [PMID: 32738499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An algorithm Probabilistic Identification of Causal SNPs, identified 434 causal variants for multiple sclerosis (MS) including IL2RA rs2104286, IFI30 rs11554159 and IKZF3 rs12946510. Analysis of individual and combined effects of these variants in the Serbian population identified that Il2RA rs2104286 G allele carriers had a lower risk for developing MS (gender adjusted OR = 0.63, p = .003). With regard to the IFI30 rs11554159 recessive genetic model, among HLA-DRB1*15:01 positive patients, the AA homozygote had a significantly higher MSSS compared to the G allele carriers (p = .003). This study confirms role of IL2RA rs2104286 in MS and suggest the role of IFI30 rs11554159 in disease severity, which needs validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Stefanović
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Životić
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Stojković
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Evica Dinčić
- Military Medical Academy, Clinic for Neurology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Stanković
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Živković
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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28
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Qiu R, Zhou L, Ma Y, Zhou L, Liang T, Shi L, Long J, Yuan D. Regulatory T Cell Plasticity and Stability and Autoimmune Diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020; 58:52-70. [PMID: 30449014 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-018-8721-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a class of CD4+ T cells with immunosuppressive functions that play a critical role in maintaining immune homeostasis. However, in certain disease settings, Tregs demonstrate plastic differentiation, and the stability of these Tregs, which is characterized by the stable expression or protective epigenetic modifications of the transcription factor Foxp3, becomes abnormal. Plastic Tregs have some features of helper T (Th) cells, such as the secretion of Th-related cytokines and the expression of specific transcription factors in Th cells, but also still retain the expression of Foxp3, a feature of Tregs. Although such Th-like Tregs can secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, they still possess a strong ability to inhibit specific Th cell responses. Therefore, the plastic differentiation of Tregs not only increases the complexity of the immune circumstances under pathological conditions, especially autoimmune diseases, but also shows an association with changes in the stability of Tregs. The plastic differentiation and stability change of Tregs play vital roles in the progression of diseases. This review focuses on the phenotypic characteristics, functions, and formation conditions of several plastic Tregs and also summarizes the changes of Treg stability and their effects on inhibitory function. Additionally, the effects of Treg plasticity and stability on disease prognosis for several autoimmune diseases were also investigated in order to better understand the relationship between Tregs and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runze Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Dadao 138, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Dadao 138, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanjing Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Dadao 138, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Dadao 138, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Dadao 138, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Dadao 138, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Long
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Dadao 138, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dongping Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Dadao 138, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
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29
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Damoiseaux J. The IL-2 - IL-2 receptor pathway in health and disease: The role of the soluble IL-2 receptor. Clin Immunol 2020; 218:108515. [PMID: 32619646 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-2 - IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) pathway is important in immunity, but is also involved in maintenance of self-tolerance. This paradox is further complicated by shedding of the IL-2Rα chain, revealing soluble (s)IL-2R. Binding of IL-2 to sIL-2R may either reduce or enhance responses depending on the target cell being involved in immunity or self-tolerance. Since sIL-2R levels are increasingly measured in clinical practice, it is detrimental for clinical interpretation to understand the possible functional impact of IL-2R shedding. In this review the role of the IL-2 - IL-2R pathway is explored and the conflicting results on the function of sIL-2R are summarized. Finally, the added value of measuring sIL-2R in different types of diseases is being elaborated upon in terms of diagnosis, follow-up, and prognosis. Adequate interpretation of results is hampered by the apparent gap in our knowledge about the functional role of sIL-2R in immunity and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Damoiseaux
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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30
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Niechcial A, Butter M, Manz S, Obialo N, Bäbler K, van der Lely L, Lang S, Gottier C, McCole DF, Scharl M, Spalinger MR. Presence of PTPN2 SNP rs1893217 Enhances the Anti-inflammatory Effect of Spermidine. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 26:1038-1049. [PMID: 32031616 PMCID: PMC7931847 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1893217 within the gene locus encoding PTPN2 represents a risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our previous work demonstrated reduced PTPN2 activity and subsequently increased inflammatory signaling upon presence of SNP rs1893217. The naturally occurring polyamine spermidine reduces pro-inflammatory signaling via induction of PTPN2 activity; however, the effect of SNP rs1893217 on the anti-inflammatory potential of spermidine is still unknown. Here, we investigated how presence of SNP rs1893217 affects treatment efficacy of spermidine and whether it might serve as a potential biomarker for spermidine treatment. METHODS Human T84 (wild-type [WT] for PTPN2 SNP rs1893217) and HT29 (heterozygous for PTPN2 SNP rs1893217) intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) were treated with several polyamines from the putrescine-spermidine pathway. T84 and HT29 IECs, THP-1 monocytes (WT and transfected with a lentiviral vector expressing PTPN2 SNP rs1893217) and genotyped, patient-derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells were challenged with IFN-γ and/or spermidine. RESULTS Among the analyzed polyamines, spermidine was the most efficient activator of PTPN2 phosphatase activity, regardless of the PTPN2 genotype. Spermidine suppressed IFN-γ-induced STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation, along with decreased mRNA expression of ICAM-1, NOD2, and IFNG in IECs and monocytes. Of note, these effects were clearly more pronounced when the disease-associated PTPN2 C-variant in SNP rs1893217 was present. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that spermidine is the most potent polyamine in the putrescine-spermine axis for inducing PTPN2 enzymatic activity. The anti-inflammatory effect of spermidine is potentiated in the presence of SNP rs1893217, and this SNP might thus be a useful biomarker for possible spermidine-treatment in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Niechcial
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Butter
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salomon Manz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Obialo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Bäbler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lisa van der Lely
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Gottier
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Declan F McCole
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Riverside, Riverside, California, USA,Address correspondence to: Dr. Michael Scharl, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland., E-mail:
| | - Marianne R Spalinger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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Lu DR, Wu H, Driver I, Ingersoll S, Sohn S, Wang S, Li CM, Phee H. Dynamic changes in the regulatory T-cell heterogeneity and function by murine IL-2 mutein. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/5/e201900520. [PMID: 32269069 PMCID: PMC7156283 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA-seq analysis reveals that IL-2 mutein treatment expands multiple sub-states of regulatory T cells with superior suppressive function in mice. The therapeutic expansion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) shows promise for treating autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Yet, how this treatment affects the heterogeneity and function of Tregs is not clear. Using single-cell RNA-seq analysis, we characterized 31,908 Tregs from the mice treated with a half-life extended mutant form of murine IL-2 (IL-2 mutein, IL-2M) that preferentially expanded Tregs, or mouse IgG Fc as a control. Cell clustering analysis revealed that IL-2M specifically expands multiple sub-states of Tregs with distinct expression profiles. TCR profiling with single-cell analysis uncovered Treg migration across tissues and transcriptional changes between clonally related Tregs after IL-2M treatment. Finally, we identified IL-2M–expanded Tnfrsf9+Il1rl1+ Tregs with superior suppressive function, highlighting the potential of IL-2M to expand highly suppressive Foxp3+ Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Lu
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Oncology and Inflammation, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ian Driver
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Ingersoll
- Department of Oncology and Inflammation, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sue Sohn
- Department of Oncology and Inflammation, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Songli Wang
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chi-Ming Li
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hyewon Phee
- Department of Oncology and Inflammation, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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32
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Kyrgios I, Fragou A, Kotanidou EP, Mouzaki K, Efraimidou S, Tzimagiorgis G, Galli-Tsinopoulou A. DNA methylation analysis within the IL2RA gene promoter in youth with autoimmune thyroid disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2020; 50:e13199. [PMID: 31943147 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-subunit of the interleukin-2 receptor (IL2RA) is involved in the regulation of T-cell function and has been related to autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). Although the exact mechanisms are not fully understood, promoter methylation might account for differences in gene expression. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there are differences in the percentage of DNA methylation within the IL2RA gene promoter in young patients with AITD. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a cross-sectional design, the presence of DNA methylation in the IL2RA gene promoter was quantified, by real-time PCR and melting curve analysis, in modified genomic DNA isolated from blood samples of a total of 149 children and adolescents with AITD, including patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis (ΗΤ) (n = 60), Graves' disease (GD) (n = 9), concurrent diagnosis of HT and type 1 diabetes (T1DM + HT) (n = 25), and healthy controls (n = 55). RESULTS The percentage of DNA methylation in the IL2RA gene promoter was significantly decreased in patients with GD (26.0 ± 4.2%) but not in those with HT (36.3 ± 1.4%) in comparison with controls (41.3 ± 1.5%). CONCLUSIONS The observed DNA hypomethylation in the IL2RA gene promoter in patients with GD might be related to its increased expression, thus contributing to the etiopathogenesis of GD in childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kyrgios
- 4th Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Fragou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni P Kotanidou
- 4th Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantina Mouzaki
- 4th Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Georgios Tzimagiorgis
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Assimina Galli-Tsinopoulou
- 4th Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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33
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Dean JW, Peters LD, Fuhrman CA, Seay HR, Posgai AL, Stimpson SE, Brusko MA, Perry DJ, Yeh WI, Newby BN, Haller MJ, Muir AB, Atkinson MA, Mathews CE, Brusko TM. Innate inflammation drives NK cell activation to impair Treg activity. J Autoimmun 2020; 108:102417. [PMID: 32035746 PMCID: PMC7086400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
IL-12 and IL-18 synergize to promote TH1 responses and have been implicated as accelerators of autoimmune pathogenesis in type 1 diabetes (T1D). We investigated the influence of these cytokines on immune cells involved in human T1D progression: natural killer (NK) cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). NK cells from T1D patients exhibited higher surface CD226 versus controls and lower CD25 compared to first-degree relatives and controls. Changes in NK cell phenotype towards terminal differentiation were associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositivity, while possession of IL18RAP, IFIH1, and IL2RA T1D-risk variants impacted NK cell activation as evaluated by immuno-expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analyses. IL-12 and IL-18 stimulated NK cells from healthy donors exhibited enhanced specific killing of myelogenous K562 target cells. Moreover, activated NK cells increased expression of NKG2A, NKG2D, CD226, TIGIT and CD25, which enabled competition for IL-2 upon co-culture with Tregs, resulting in Treg downregulation of FOXP3, production of IFNγ, and loss of suppressive function. We generated islet-autoreactive CTL "avatars", which upon exposure to IL-12 and IL-18, upregulated IFNγ and Granzyme-B leading to increased lymphocytotoxicity of a human β-cell line in vitro. These results support a model for T1D pathogenesis wherein IL-12 and IL-18 synergistically enhance CTL and NK cell cytotoxic activity and disrupt immunoregulation by Tregs.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Biomarkers
- Cells, Cultured
- Child
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Disease Susceptibility
- Female
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunophenotyping
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Models, Biological
- Phenotype
- Quantitative Trait Loci
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Dean
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Leeana D Peters
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher A Fuhrman
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA; NanoString Technologies, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Howard R Seay
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA; BD Biosciences, Ashland, OR, USA
| | - Amanda L Posgai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Scott E Stimpson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Maigan A Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Daniel J Perry
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wen-I Yeh
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA; BD Biosciences, Ashland, OR, USA
| | - Brittney N Newby
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA; Fate Therapeutics, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Haller
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew B Muir
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Clayton E Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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34
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Valta M, Gazali AM, Viisanen T, Ihantola EL, Ekman I, Toppari J, Knip M, Veijola R, Ilonen J, Lempainen J, Kinnunen T. Type 1 diabetes linked PTPN22 gene polymorphism is associated with the frequency of circulating regulatory T cells. Eur J Immunol 2019; 50:581-588. [PMID: 31808541 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of FOXP3-positive regulatory T cells (Tregs) likely plays a major role in the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune diseases including type 1 diabetes (T1D). Whether genetic polymorphisms associated with the risk of autoimmune diseases affect Treg frequency or function is currently unclear. Here, we analysed the effect of T1D-associated major HLA class II haplotypes and seven single nucleotide polymorphisms in six non-HLA genes [INS (rs689), PTPN22 (rs2476601), IL2RA (rs12722495 and rs2104286), PTPN2 (rs45450798), CTLA4 (rs3087243), and ERBB3 (rs2292239)] on peripheral blood Treg frequencies. These were determined by flow cytometry in 65 subjects who had progressed to T1D, 86 islet autoantibody-positive at-risk subjects, and 215 islet autoantibody-negative healthy controls. The PTPN22 rs2476601 risk allele A was associated with an increase in total (p = 6 × 10-6 ) and naïve (p = 4 × 10-5 ) CD4+CD25+CD127lowFOXP3+ Treg frequencies. These findings were validated in a separate cohort comprising ten trios of healthy islet autoantibody-negative children carrying each of the three PTPN22 rs2476601 genotypes AA, AG, and GG (p = 0.005 for total and p = 0.03 for naïve Tregs, respectively). In conclusion, our analysis implicates the autoimmune PTPN22 rs2476601 risk allele A in controlling the frequency of Tregs in human peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milla Valta
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ahmad Mahfuz Gazali
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tyyne Viisanen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Emmi-Leena Ihantola
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ilse Ekman
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland and Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Lempainen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuure Kinnunen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Eastern Finland Laboratory Centre (ISLAB), Kuopio, Finland
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35
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Anderson W, Thorpe J, Long SA, Rawlings DJ. Efficient CRISPR/Cas9 Disruption of Autoimmune-Associated Genes Reveals Key Signaling Programs in Primary Human T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:3166-3178. [PMID: 31722988 PMCID: PMC6904544 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Risk of autoimmunity is associated with multiple genetic variants. Genome-wide association studies have linked single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the phosphatases PTPN22 (rs2476601) and PTPN2 (rs1893217) to increased risk for multiple autoimmune diseases. Previous mouse studies of loss of function or risk variants in these genes revealed hyperactive T cell responses, whereas studies of human lymphocytes revealed contrasting phenotypes. To better understand this dichotomy, we established a robust gene editing platform to rapidly address the consequences of loss of function of candidate genes in primary human CD4+ T cells. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we obtained efficient gene disruption (>80%) of target genes encoding proteins involved in Ag and cytokine receptor signaling pathways including PTPN22 and PTPN2 Loss-of-function data in all genes studied correlated with previous data from mouse models. Further analyses of PTPN2 gene-disrupted T cells demonstrated dynamic effects, by which hyperactive IL-2R signaling promoted compensatory transcriptional events, eventually resulting in T cells that were hyporesponsive to IL-2. These results imply that altered phosphatase activity promotes evolving phenotypes based on Ag experience and/or other programming signals. This approach enables the discovery of molecular mechanisms modulating risk of autoimmunity that have been difficult to parse in traditional mouse models or cross-sectional human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Anderson
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Jerill Thorpe
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - S Alice Long
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - David J Rawlings
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
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36
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Ahmed S, Cerosaletti K, James E, Long SA, Mannering S, Speake C, Nakayama M, Tree T, Roep BO, Herold KC, Brusko TM. Standardizing T-Cell Biomarkers in Type 1 Diabetes: Challenges and Recent Advances. Diabetes 2019; 68:1366-1379. [PMID: 31221801 PMCID: PMC6609980 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from the progressive destruction of pancreatic β-cells in a process mediated primarily by T lymphocytes. The T1D research community has made dramatic progress in understanding the genetic basis of the disease as well as in the development of standardized autoantibody assays that inform both disease risk and progression. Despite these advances, there remains a paucity of robust and accepted biomarkers that can effectively inform on the activity of T cells during the natural history of the disease or in response to treatment. In this article, we discuss biomarker development and validation efforts for evaluation of T-cell responses in patients with and at risk for T1D as well as emerging technologies. It is expected that with systematic planning and execution of a well-conceived biomarker development pipeline, T-cell-related biomarkers would rapidly accelerate disease progression monitoring efforts and the evaluation of intervention therapies in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simi Ahmed
- Immunotherapies Program, Research, JDRF, New York, NY
| | | | - Eddie James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - S Alice Long
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Cate Speake
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - Maki Nakayama
- Departments of Pediatrics and Integrated Immunology, Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Timothy Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - Bart O Roep
- Department of Diabetes Immunobiology, City of Hope Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Duarte, CA
| | - Kevan C Herold
- Departments of Immunobiology and Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL
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Buhelt S, Søndergaard HB, Oturai A, Ullum H, von Essen MR, Sellebjerg F. Relationship between Multiple Sclerosis-Associated IL2RA Risk Allele Variants and Circulating T Cell Phenotypes in Healthy Genotype-Selected Controls. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060634. [PMID: 31242590 PMCID: PMC6628508 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in or near the IL2RA gene, that encodes the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor α (CD25), are associated with increased risk of immune-mediated diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). We investigated how the MS-associated IL2RA SNPs rs2104286 and rs11256593 are associated with CD25 expression on T cells ex vivo by multiparameter flow cytometry in paired genotype-selected healthy controls. We observed that MS-associated IL2RA SNPs rs2104286 and rs11256593 are associated with expression of CD25 in CD4+ but not CD8+ T cells. In CD4+ T cells, carriers of the risk genotype had a reduced frequency of CD25+ TFH1 cells (p = 0.001) and an increased frequency of CD25+ recent thymic emigrant cells (p = 0.006). Furthermore, carriers of the risk genotype had a reduced surface expression of CD25 in post-thymic expanded CD4+ T cells (CD31−CD45RA+), CD39+ TReg cells and in several non-follicular memory subsets. Our study found novel associations of MS-associated IL2RA SNPs on expression of CD25 in CD4+ T cell subsets. Insight into the associations of MS-associated IL2RA SNPs, as these new findings provide, offers a better understanding of CD25 variation in the immune system and can lead to new insights into how MS-associated SNPs contribute to development of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Buhelt
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - Helle Bach Søndergaard
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - Annette Oturai
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - Henrik Ullum
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Center of Clinical Investigation, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Marina Rode von Essen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - Finn Sellebjerg
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
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Muller I, Barrett-Lee PJ. The antigenic link between thyroid autoimmunity and breast cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 64:122-134. [PMID: 31128301 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The association between breast cancer and benign thyroid disorders, in particular thyroid autoimmunity, has been debated for decades. Autoantibodies to thyroid peroxidase, the hallmark of thyroid autoimmunity, have a higher prevalence among patients with breast cancer compared with the general population. Furthermore a correlation between their positivity and a better prognosis of breast cancer was found in several independent small-scale studies, even if such observation was not confirmed in a subsequent retrospective study conducted on the largest patient cohort to date. The thyroid and mammary glands present several biological similarities, therefore the hypothesis of an immune response to shared thyroid/breast antigens could in part explain the association between thyroid autoimmunity and breast cancer. The sodium iodide symporter is expressed in both glands, however it seems unlikely to be the key common antigen, considering that autoantibodies targeting it are rare. Instead thyroid peroxidase, one of the major thyroid autoantigens, is also expressed in breast tissue and therefore represents the main antigenic link between thyroid autoimmunity and breast cancer. Furthermore lactoperoxidase, an enzyme of the same family that shares structural similarities with thyroid peroxidase, is expressed in neoplastic breast cells and is responsible for the cross-reactivity with some autoantibodies to thyroid peroxidase. Novel strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer might take advantage of the antigenic link between thyroid and breast tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Muller
- Thyroid Research Group, Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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39
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Vazquez-Mateo C, Collins J, Goldberg SJ, Lawson M, Hernandez-Escalante J, Dooms H. Combining anti-IL-7Rα antibodies with autoantigen-specific immunotherapy enhances non-specific cytokine production but fails to prevent Type 1 Diabetes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214379. [PMID: 30908554 PMCID: PMC6433345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoantigen-specific methods to prevent and treat Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) carry high hopes to permanently cure this disease, but have largely failed in clinical trials. One suggested approach to increase the efficacy of islet antigen-specific vaccination is to combine it with a modulator of the T cell response, with the goal of reducing effector differentiation and promoting regulatory T cells (Tregs). Here we asked if addition of antibodies that block the IL-7/IL-7Rα pathway altered the T cell response to islet antigen vaccination and prevented T1D in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Anti-IL-7Rα monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) reduced the numbers of islet antigen-specific T cells generated after vaccination with islet peptides and alum. However, addition of anti-IL-7Rα antibodies to peptide/alum vaccination unexpectedly increased non-specific IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-10 cytokine production and did not result in improved prevention of T1D onset. In a second approach, we used a conjugate vaccine to deliver islet autoantigens, using Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH) as a carrier. Islet antigen-KLH vaccination led to a significant expansion of antigen-specific Tregs and delayed diabetes onset in NOD mice. These outcomes were not further improved by addition of anti-IL-7Rα antibodies. To the contrary, blocking IL-7Rα during vaccination led to non-specific cytokine production and reduced the efficacy of a KLH-conjugated vaccine to prevent T1D. Our study thus revealed that adding anti-IL-7Rα antibodies during autoantigen immunization did not improve the efficacy of such vaccinations to prevent T1D, despite altering some aspects of the T cell response in a potentially advantageous way. Further refinement of this approach will be required to separate the beneficial from the adverse effects of anti-IL-7Rα antibodies to treat autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Vazquez-Mateo
- Arthritis Center, Rheumatology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Justin Collins
- Arthritis Center, Rheumatology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah J. Goldberg
- Arthritis Center, Rheumatology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maxx Lawson
- Arthritis Center, Rheumatology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jaileene Hernandez-Escalante
- Arthritis Center, Rheumatology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hans Dooms
- Arthritis Center, Rheumatology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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40
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Johnson MB, Cerosaletti K, Flanagan SE, Buckner JH. Genetic Mechanisms Highlight Shared Pathways for the Pathogenesis of Polygenic Type 1 Diabetes and Monogenic Autoimmune Diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 2019; 19:20. [PMID: 30888520 PMCID: PMC6424922 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-019-1141-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight pathways important for the development of autoimmune diabetes by investigating shared mechanisms of disease in polygenic and monogenic diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS Genome-wide association studies have identified 57 genetic risk loci for type 1 diabetes. Progress has been made in unravelling the mechanistic effects of some of these variants, providing key insights into the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Seven monogenic disorders have also been described where diabetes features as part of an autoimmune syndrome. Studying these genes in relation to polygenic risk loci provides a unique opportunity to dissect pathways important for the development of immune-mediated diabetes. Monogenic autoimmune diabetes can result from the dysregulation of multiple pathways suggesting that small effects on many immune processes are required to drive the autoimmune attack on pancreatic beta cells in polygenic type 1 diabetes. A breakdown in central and peripheral immune tolerance is a common theme in the genetic mechanisms of both monogenic and polygenic disease which highlights the importance of these checkpoints in the development and treatment of islet autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Johnson
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Karen Cerosaletti
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Sarah E. Flanagan
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Jane H. Buckner
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA USA
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Cerolsaletti
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Wei Hao
- Diabetes Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
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42
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A long-lived IL-2 mutein that selectively activates and expands regulatory T cells as a therapy for autoimmune disease. J Autoimmun 2018; 95:1-14. [PMID: 30446251 PMCID: PMC6284106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to multiple autoimmune diseases is associated with common gene polymorphisms influencing IL-2 signaling and Treg function, making Treg-specific expansion by IL-2 a compelling therapeutic approach to treatment. As an in vivo IL-2 half-life enhancer we used a non-targeted, effector-function-silent human IgG1 as a fusion protein. An IL-2 mutein (N88D) with reduced binding to the intermediate affinity IL-2Rβγ receptor was engineered with a stoichiometry of two IL-2N88D molecules per IgG, i.e. IgG-(IL-2N88D)2. The reduced affinity of IgG-(IL-2N88D)2 for the IL-2Rβγ receptor resulted in a Treg-selective molecule in human whole blood pSTAT5 assays. Treatment of cynomolgus monkeys with single low doses of IgG-(IL-2N88D)2 induced sustained preferential activation of Tregs accompanied by a corresponding 10–14-fold increase in CD4+ and CD8+ CD25+FOXP3+ Tregs; conditions that had no effect on CD4+ or CD8+ memory effector T cells. The expanded cynomolgus Tregs had demethylated FOXP3 and CTLA4 epigenetic signatures characteristic of functionally suppressive cells. Humanized mice had similar selective in vivo responses; IgG-(IL-2N88D)2 increased Tregs while wild-type IgG-IL-2 increased NK cells in addition to Tregs. The expanded human Tregs had demethylated FOXP3 and CTLA4 signatures and were immunosuppressive. These results describe a next-generation immunotherapy using a long-lived and Treg-selective IL-2 that activates and expands functional Tregsin vivo. Patients should benefit from restored immune homeostasis in a personalized fashion to the extent that their autoimmune disease condition dictates opening up the possibility for remissions and cures. A human IL-2 molecule mutated to decrease binding to the intermediate affinity IL-2 receptor preferentially activates Tregs. Two IL-2 muteins fused to human IgG1 allow for sustained, preferential expansion of Tregs in cynomolgus and humanized mice. As compared to the wild type IL-2 fusion protein, humanized mice expand fewer NK cells in response to the mutein. The dynamic range of Treg increase based on dose suggests the ability to individualize dosing for particular diseases.
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43
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Glatigny S, Bettelli E. Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) as Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a028977. [PMID: 29311122 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifocal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) leading to the progressive destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding axons. It can present with variable clinical and pathological manifestations, which might reflect the involvement of distinct pathogenic processes. Although the mechanisms leading to the development of the disease are not fully understood, numerous evidences indicate that MS is an autoimmune disease, the initiation and progression of which are dependent on an autoimmune response against myelin antigens. In addition, genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers likely contribute to the initiation of the disease. At this time, there is no cure for MS, but several disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are available to control and slow down disease progression. A good number of these DMTs were identified and tested using animal models of MS referred to as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this review, we will recapitulate the characteristics of EAE models and discuss how they help shed light on MS pathogenesis and help test new treatments for MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Glatigny
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Estelle Bettelli
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
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44
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Rydzewska M, Jaromin M, Pasierowska IE, Stożek K, Bossowski A. Role of the T and B lymphocytes in pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Thyroid Res 2018; 11:2. [PMID: 29449887 PMCID: PMC5812228 DOI: 10.1186/s13044-018-0046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid disorders (AITD) broadly include Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis which are the most common causes of thyroid gland dysfunctions. These disorders develop due to complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors and are characterized by reactivity to self-thyroid antigens due to autoreactive lymphocytes escaping tolerance. Both cell-mediated and humoral responses lead to tissue injury in autoimmune thyroid disease. The differentiation of CD4+ cells in the specific setting of immune mediators (for example cytokines, chemokines) results in differentiation of various T cell subsets. T cell identification has shown a mixed pattern of cytokine production indicating that both subtypes of T helper, Th1 and Th2, responses are involved in all types of AITD. Furthermore, recent studies described T cell subtypes Th17 and Treg which also play an essential role in pathogenesis of AITD. This review will focus on the role of the T regulatory (Treg) and T helper (Th) (especially Th17) lymphocytes, and also of B lymphocytes in AITD pathogenesis. However, we have much more to learn about cellular mechanisms and interactions in AITD before we can develop complete understanding of AITD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rydzewska
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology and Diabetes with a Cardiology Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Białystok, Poland
| | - Michał Jaromin
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology and Diabetes with a Cardiology Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Białystok, Poland
| | - Izabela Elżbieta Pasierowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology and Diabetes with a Cardiology Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Białystok, Poland
| | - Karlina Stożek
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology and Diabetes with a Cardiology Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Białystok, Poland
| | - Artur Bossowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology and Diabetes with a Cardiology Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Białystok, Poland
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45
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Hull CM, Peakman M, Tree TIM. Regulatory T cell dysfunction in type 1 diabetes: what's broken and how can we fix it? Diabetologia 2017; 60:1839-1850. [PMID: 28770318 PMCID: PMC6448885 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterised by the destruction of insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas. Whilst it remains unclear what the original triggering factors for this destruction are, observations from the natural history of human type 1 diabetes, including incidence rates in twins, suggest that the disease results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Whilst many different immune cells have been implicated, including members of the innate and adaptive immune systems, a view has emerged over the past 10 years that beta cell damage is mediated by the combined actions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with specificity for islet autoantigens. In health, these potentially pathogenic T cells are held in check by multiple regulatory mechanisms, known collectively as 'immunological tolerance'. This raises the question as to whether type 1 diabetes develops, at least in part, as a result of a defect in one or more of these control mechanisms. Immunological tolerance includes both central mechanisms (purging of the T cell repertoire of high-affinity autoreactive T cells in the thymus) and peripheral mechanisms, a major component of which is the action of a specialised subpopulation of T cells, known as regulatory T cells (Tregs). In this review, we highlight the evidence suggesting that a reduction in the functional capacity of different Treg populations contributes to disease development in type 1 diabetes. We also address current controversies regarding the putative causes of this defect and discuss strategies to correct it as a means to reduce or prevent islet destruction in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Hull
- Programme of Infection and Immunity, Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Mark Peakman
- Programme of Infection and Immunity, Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Timothy I M Tree
- Programme of Infection and Immunity, Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK.
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46
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Whitehouse G, Gray E, Mastoridis S, Merritt E, Kodela E, Yang JHM, Danger R, Mairal M, Christakoudi S, Lozano JJ, Macdougall IC, Tree TIM, Sanchez-Fueyo A, Martinez-Llordella M. IL-2 therapy restores regulatory T-cell dysfunction induced by calcineurin inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:7083-7088. [PMID: 28584086 PMCID: PMC5502598 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620835114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Tregs constitute a heterogeneous lymphocyte subpopulation essential for curtailing effector T cells and establishing peripheral tolerance. Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) are among the most effective agents in controlling effector T-cell responses in humans. However, CNIs also reduce the size of the Treg pool. The functional consequences of this negative effect and the mechanisms responsible remain to be elucidated. We report here that CNIs compromise the overall Treg immunoregulatory capacity to a greater extent than would be predicted by the reduction in the size of the Treg compartment, given that they selectively promote the apoptosis of the resting and activated Treg subsets that are known to display the most powerful suppressive function. These effects are caused by reduced access to IL-2, because Tregs remain capable of translocating NFAT even in the presence of high CNI levels. Exogenous IL-2 restores the phenotypic changes and overall gene-expression effects exerted by CNIs and can even promote Treg expansion by enhancing antiapoptotic Bcl-2 expression. In a skin transplant model, the addition of IL-2 synergizes with CNIs treatment, promoting intragraft accumulation of Tregs and prolonged allograft survival. Hence, the combination of IL-2 and CNIs constitutes an optimal immunomodulatory regimen that enhances the pool of suppressive Treg subsets while effectively controlling cytopathic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Whitehouse
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Gray
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
| | - Sotiris Mastoridis
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
| | - Elliot Merritt
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
| | - Elisavet Kodela
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
| | - Jennie H M Yang
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Danger
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Mairal
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Christakoudi
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
- Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Juan J Lozano
- Bioinformatics Platform, Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Iain C Macdougall
- Department of Renal Medicine, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy I M Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Sanchez-Fueyo
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Martinez-Llordella
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom;
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
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47
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Schwedhelm K, Thorpe J, Murray SA, Gavin M, Speake C, Greenbaum C, Cerosaletti K, Buckner J, Long SA. Attenuated IL-2R signaling in CD4 memory T cells of T1D subjects is intrinsic and dependent on activation state. Clin Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28645874 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The IL-2/IL-2R pathway is implicated in type 1 diabetes (T1D). While its role in regulatory T cell (Treg) biology is well characterized, mechanisms that influence IL-2 responses in effector T cells (Teff) are less well understood. We compared IL-2 responses in 95 healthy control and 98 T1D subjects. In T1D, low IL-2 responsiveness was most pronounced in memory Teff. Unlike Treg, CD25 expression did not influence the Teff responses. Reduced IL-2 responses in memory Teff were not rescued by resting, remained lower after activation and proliferation, and were absent in type 2 diabetes. Comparing basal IL-2 responses in resting versus activated cells, memory Teff displayed lower, but more sustained, responses to IL-2 overtime. These results suggest that T1D-associated defects in the Teff compartment are due to intrinsic factors related to activation. Evaluation of both Teff and Treg IL-2R signaling defects in T1D subjects may inform selection of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerill Thorpe
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sara A Murray
- Systems Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marc Gavin
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cate Speake
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carla Greenbaum
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karen Cerosaletti
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jane Buckner
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S Alice Long
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
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48
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Costa N, Marques O, Godinho SI, Carvalho C, Leal B, Figueiredo AM, Vasconcelos C, Marinho A, Moraes-Fontes MF, Gomes da Costa A, Ponte C, Campanilho-Marques R, Cóias T, Martins AR, Viana JF, Lima M, Martins B, Fesel C. Two separate effects contribute to regulatory T cell defect in systemic lupus erythematosus patients and their unaffected relatives. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 189:318-330. [PMID: 28542701 PMCID: PMC5543470 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are functionally deficient in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), characterized by reduced surface CD25 [the interleukin (IL)‐2 receptor alpha chain]. Low‐dose IL‐2 therapy is a promising current approach to correct this defect. To elucidate the origins of the SLE Treg phenotype, we studied its role through developmentally defined regulatory T cell (Treg) subsets in 45 SLE patients, 103 SLE‐unaffected first‐degree relatives and 61 unrelated healthy control subjects, and genetic association with the CD25‐encoding IL2RA locus. We identified two separate, uncorrelated effects contributing to Treg CD25. (1) SLE patients and unaffected relatives remarkably shared CD25 reduction versus controls, particularly in the developmentally earliest CD4+FoxP3+CD45RO–CD31+ recent thymic emigrant Tregs. This first component effect influenced the proportions of circulating CD4+FoxP3highCD45RO+ activated Tregs. (2) In contrast, patients and unaffected relatives differed sharply in their activated Treg CD25 state: while relatives as control subjects up‐regulated CD25 strongly in these cells during differentiation from naive Tregs, SLE patients specifically failed to do so. This CD25 up‐regulation depended upon IL2RA genetic variation and was related functionally to the proliferation of activated Tregs, but not to their circulating numbers. Both effects were found related to T cell IL‐2 production. Our results point to (1) a heritable, intrathymic mechanism responsible for reduced CD25 on early Tregs and decreased activation capacity in an extended risk population, which can be compensated by (2) functionally independent CD25 up‐regulation upon peripheral Treg activation that is selectively deficient in patients. We expect that Treg‐directed therapies can be monitored more effectively when taking this distinction into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Costa
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - O Marques
- UMIB, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - S I Godinho
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - C Carvalho
- UMIB, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - B Leal
- UMIB, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - A M Figueiredo
- UMIB, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - C Vasconcelos
- Hospital de Santo António, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Unidade Imunologia Clínica, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Marinho
- Hospital de Santo António, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Unidade Imunologia Clínica, Porto, Portugal
| | - M F Moraes-Fontes
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,Hospital de Curry Cabral, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Unidade de Doenças Auto-imunes, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - C Ponte
- Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - R Campanilho-Marques
- Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Português de Reumatologia, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - T Cóias
- Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A R Martins
- Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J F Viana
- Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Lima
- Hospital de Santo António, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Unidade Imunologia Clínica, Porto, Portugal
| | - B Martins
- UMIB, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - C Fesel
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
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49
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Vaikunthanathan T, Safinia N, Boardman D, Lechler RI, Lombardi G. Regulatory T cells: tolerance induction in solid organ transplantation. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 189:197-210. [PMID: 28422316 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of regulatory T cell (Treg ) therapy in transplantation is now a reality. Significant advances in science and technology have enabled us to isolate human Tregs , expand them to clinically relevant numbers and infuse them into human transplant recipients. With several Phase I/II trials under way investigating Treg safety and efficacy it is now more crucial than ever to understand their complex biology. However, our journey is by no means complete; results from these trials will undoubtedly provoke both further knowledge and enquiry which, alongside evolving science, will continue to drive the optimization of Treg therapy in the pursuit of transplantation tolerance. In this review we will summarize current knowledge of Treg biology, explore novel technologies in the setting of Treg immunotherapy and address key prerequisites surrounding the clinical application of Tregs in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vaikunthanathan
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - N Safinia
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - D Boardman
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R I Lechler
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - G Lombardi
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London, UK
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50
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Buhelt S, Ratzer RL, Christensen JR, Börnsen L, Sellebjerg F, Søndergaard HB. Relationship between soluble CD25 and gene expression in healthy individuals and patients with multiple sclerosis. Cytokine 2017; 93:15-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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