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Cushing T, Robertson S, Mannes J, Marshall N, Carey MJ, Duschinsky R, Meiser-Stedman R. The relationship between attachment and posttraumatic stress in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review. Dev Psychopathol 2024; 36:1055-1069. [PMID: 36999448 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423000299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between attachment and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) has been researched extensively within adult samples, with findings consistently demonstrating a relationship between insecure attachment and increased PTSS, and between secure attachment and decreased PTSS. To a lesser extent, such relationships have also been explored within child and adolescent samples. The evidence to date is equivocal and there have been no attempts to synthesize studies. This meta-analysis aimed to provide a quantitative synthesis of studies reporting a relationship between attachment orientation (on both developmental and social psychological measures) and PTSS within children and adolescents. A random effects model was used to pool 30 studies (N = 10,431) reporting exposure to a range of traumatic events including maltreatment and war trauma. Results demonstrate a negative correlation between secure attachment and PTSS (r = -.16) and a positive correlation between insecure attachment (r = .20), avoidant attachment (r = .20), anxious attachment (r = .32), and disorganized attachment (r = .17) and PTSS. These findings indicate a small but significant relationship between attachment and PTSS in children and adolescents. Exposure to maltreatment did not moderate the relationship between secure attachment and PTSS, though strengthened the relationship between insecure attachment and PTSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Cushing
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychological Therapies, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Sarah Robertson
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychological Therapies, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Julia Mannes
- Applied Social Sciences Group, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicole Marshall
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark James Carey
- School of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Robbie Duschinsky
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard Meiser-Stedman
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychological Therapies, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Hossain ANMZ. Educational crisis of Rohingya refugee children in Bangladesh: Access, obstacles, and prospects to formal and non-formal education. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18346. [PMID: 37539211 PMCID: PMC10395529 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The article discusses the contemporary educational crisis of Rohingya children in Bangladesh. It aims to identify the challenges of formal and non-formal education faced by Rohingya children and their prospects. In this scholarship, the author attempts to answer the questions-what are the current formal and non-formal educational services in the Rohingya refugee camps and how and to what extent do the existing educational services intensify the other crisis in their lives, and what are the prospects for them going forwards. Method ology: This study is primarily based on secondary sources of data. It focuses on the available educational services and key obstacles that affect Rohingya children's formal and non-formal educational opportunities in Bangladesh and their prospects in Myanmar. Findings The study found the absence of formal and non-formal education for Rohingya children in refugee camps has a significant impact on their ability to become an active member of society. Although refugee children and their parents express a willingness to formal education under the Myanmar curriculum, limited educational services and various structural and legal barriers hinder their progress. Finally, the study explores the prospects of formal and non-formal education for Rohingya children in Bangladesh and concludes with recommendations to improve their educational opportunities. Limitation The study results can differ in other contexts and countries hosting refugees. Practical implications Findings of the study may be helpful for policymakers and practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. N. M. Zakir Hossain
- Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
- University of Public Service, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
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Opio A, Olido K, Awachorac J, Oryema C, Onen D. Contextualizing Potential Factors Impacting on Behaviors of Primary School Adolescents in Northern Uganda. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2023; 33:269-288. [PMID: 36210516 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Our study contextualized empirical factors influencing adolescent behaviors. An assessment using focus group discussion (FGD) was done with randomly selected adolescents in primary schools in Northern Uganda to explore the influence of child poverty and parenting among other factors on adolescents' behaviors. A semi-structured interview guide and in-depth interviews were also conducted for parents/guardians and teachers, respectively. Adolescents expressed desirable developmental outcomes contrary to teachers' concerns regarding achieving them. Parenting and places of residence had a significant positive impact on adolescent behaviors, with the village residence having a much earlier influence compared to parenting. Our findings revealed a scanty understanding of child poverty, parenting, and adolescent development among parents/guardians. Any action-oriented toward awareness would promote adolescent behavioral development.
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Gold ER, Carnelley KB, Rowe AC. Attachment security priming: Increasing felt security in adolescents with social, emotional and mental health difficulties. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2022.101511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Yu S, Zhang C, Wang Y, Liu T, Chen X, Guo J, Zhang G, Xu W. Parental neglect, anxious attachment, perceived social support, and mental health among Chinese college students with left-behind experience: A longitudinal study. Psych J 2023; 12:150-160. [PMID: 36223893 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The harm of childhood parental neglect to emerging adults' maladjustment has garnered empirical support. For college students who have left-behind experience (LBE), this relationship is rarely discussed and the psychological process underlying this relationship is not well understood. Using a longitudinal study and guided by the Risky Families model, this study aimed to explore the mediating roles of anxious attachment and perceived social support in the link between parental neglect and maladjustment of LBE college students. We used two-wave longitudinal data, with a time lag of 3 months, collected among Chinese college students with LBE in Chongqing (N = 391). The results revealed that parental neglect in wave one was positively associated with maladjustment (depression, anxiety, and stress) in wave two. Anxious attachment and perceived social support in wave two separately mediated the relationship between parental neglect in wave one and maladjustment in wave two. Anxious attachment and perceived social support in wave two only sequentially mediated the pathway from parental neglect to later depression. These findings emphasize the importance of anxious attachment and social support in resilience and have significant implications for LBE college students' social work practice in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- China Academy of Civil Aviation Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Linguistics, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Tianyuan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxi Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Gaozheng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Coyne SM, Shawcroft J, Gale M, Reich SM, Linder L, McDaniel B, Stockdale L, Booth M. Digital distraction or accessible aid? Parental media use during feedings and parent-infant attachment, dysfunction, and relationship quality. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.107051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ferrajão P, Elklit A. Attachment and social support mediate associations between polyvictimization and psychological distress in early Uganda and Kenya adolescents. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 121:105271. [PMID: 34425466 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is strong evidence that the experience of several potentially traumatic events (polyvictimization) is a risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychological distress among adolescents. The identification of the variables that influence the link between polyvictimization and PTSD and other psychiatric symptoms is warranted. OBJECTIVE We analyzed the associations between polyvictimization, PTSD symptoms (PTSS) and psychiatric symptoms in Kenya and Uganda adolescents, and explored the mediating roles of attachment orientations and perceived social support in the associations between polyvictimization, PTSS and psychiatric symptoms among adolescents from lower-middle-income countries (LALMIC). PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A sample of 481 Kenyan adolescents (M = 16.28; SD = 1.878) and a sample of 408 Uganda adolescents (M = 15.95; SD = 1.377) completed validated self-report questionnaires. METHODS Serial multiple mediation models were tested by conducting a structural equation modelling employing Preacher and Hayes' procedures (2008). RESULTS Polyvictimization was related to higher PTSS and psychiatric symptoms. Importantly, polyvictimization was significantly linked to high attachment anxiety, which was linked with low perceived social support, which in turn was linked with high PTSS levels and psychiatric symptoms. CONCLUSIONS High levels of attachment anxiety might be connected with lack of perceived social support, which might be seen as a possible psychological distress mechanism subsequent to exposure to polyvictimization in adolescence from LALMIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Ferrajão
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde e do Desporto, Universidade Europeia, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Ask Elklit
- National Center for Psychotraumatology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Nyarko F, Punamäki RL. The content and meaning of war experiences: A qualitative study of trauma and resilience among Liberian young refugees in Ghana. Transcult Psychiatry 2021; 58:254-267. [PMID: 32089103 DOI: 10.1177/1363461520901636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Abundant research has shown that traumatic war experiences can interfere with the mental health and wellbeing of children and adolescents, but less is known about the subjective experiences and views of war survivors. The present study identified and described the different types of war experiences of young refugees in an African context and analyzed how they perceived the meanings and impact of war on their lives. The participants were 13 Liberian 25-35-year-old male and female refugees living in Ghana who agreed to take part in semi-structured interviews based on the life history approach. The transcripts were analyzed using a phenomenological method to detect themes incorporating multiple subthemes. The results revealed five main themes about war experiences, all negative in nature: pain and humiliation, loss of close relationships, horrific scenes, threats to life, and fleeing for one's life. Concerning the perceived meanings and impact of war, the results identified six main themes. Three of them were positive in nature: increased awareness of life, compassion for life, and identification with those suffering. The negative main themes incorporated vivid horrific memories, deprivation of age-appropriate opportunities, and self-harm and destructive behavior. Our findings suggest that young war survivors may be highly motivated to participate in nation- and peace-building and should be provided opportunities to contribute to broader political and civic life.
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Linder LK, McDaniel BT, Stockdale L, Coyne SM. The impact of parent and child media use on early parent-infant attachment. INFANCY 2021; 26:551-569. [PMID: 33773012 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With the rise in affordability of digital media and mobile devices, children under age 2 on average spend significantly more time with digital media than is recommended. Although concerns have been expressed about how parent and child media use might negatively impact parent-child attachment, there continues to be a scarcity of research on the topic. The current study assessed both the amount and the way in which children (11-26 months) and their parents engage with digital media and the impact on early attachment after controlling for temperament, parent income, parent age, marital status, and access to support. The study utilizes data from a diverse sample: 248 parents of infants completed an attachment q-sort and surveys assessing the amount of media use, parental absorption in media, types of parental mediation, temperament, and demographics. Results showed that for both parent and child, time using digital media and co-viewing was not predictive of attachment insecurity. Parental absorption in media was found to significantly predict attachment insecurity. Greater child TV media use was associated with poorer attachment security when there was limited to no parental active mediation. Active mediation served as a protective factor for attachment while parental absorption in media serves as a risk factor for attachment.
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Lim BH, Hodges MA, Lilly MM. The Differential Effects of Insecure Attachment on Post-Traumatic Stress: A Systematic Review of Extant Findings and Explanatory Mechanisms. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2020; 21:1044-1060. [PMID: 30599805 DOI: 10.1177/1524838018815136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It is well-documented that insecure attachment poses substantial risks to post-trauma recovery. Although attachment anxiety reliably predicts and is associated with elevated post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), the attachment avoidance-PTSS link has been far less consistent. This suggests both attenuating and enhancing connections between attachment difficulties and post-trauma outcomes. The goal of this study is 2-fold: (a) to review and summarize extant evidence concerning the relation between insecure attachment and PTSS and (b) to review mechanism(s) underlying attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance that may explain the development of PTSS. Following a systematic review of the empirical literature investigating attachment, trauma, and post-trauma reactions, a total of 138 studies were identified and summarized. The review further identifies explanatory mechanisms underlying the association between insecure attachment and PTSS, including stress appraisals, cognitive factors, self-esteem, emotion regulation strategies, social factors, and trauma-specific factors (i.e., type of trauma, extreme stress). Implications for practice, policy, and research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ban Hong Lim
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Freeman JA. The mental, reproductive, and physical health impacts of female children's association with armed forces and groups. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 107:104626. [PMID: 32683203 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, over 300,000 children are being used in armed groups, including young girls some as young as eight years old. These young girls often called female children associated with armed groups and armed forces (CAAFAG), are exposed to high levels of violence and experience extensive abuse. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to understand the unique health consequences of association on female CAAFAG and the factors associated with their increased health vulnerability. METHODS The research utilized a review protocol, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standards. The search yielded 449 unique articles, 53 (12 %) of which were included for final analysis to identify health concerns for female CAAFAG. Qualitative literature was also analyzed using thematic analysis to identify factors and experiences associated with female CAAFAG's increased risk of experiencing adverse health outcomes. RESULTS Internalizing and functional impairment presented unique challenges for females, largely due to their distinct experiences with stigma upon return to communities and returning with children. CONCLUSIONS Based on the findings of this review, female CAAFAG are at a unique risk for internalizing, functional impairment, and reduced adaptive behaviors. This review also highlights girls' post-conflict experiences of stigma, internal tensions, and returning with a child as modifiable risk factors for poor mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Freeman
- The George Washington University, Milken Institute School of Public Health, Global Health Department, Washington, D.C., United States.
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12
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Kheirallah KA, Cobb CO, Alsulaiman JW, Alzoubi A, Hoetger C, Kliewer W, Mzayek F. Trauma exposure, mental health and tobacco use among vulnerable Syrian refugee youth in Jordan. J Public Health (Oxf) 2020; 42:e343-e351. [PMID: 31742341 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdz128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about tobacco use among youth exposed to armed conflicts, or the influence of trauma on tobacco use in this context. This study examined patterns of smoking by tobacco product and gender among Syrian refugee youth living in host communities in Jordan and assessed the associations of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms, trauma exposure and social support with current smoking status in boys and girls. METHODS Syrian refugee students (mean [standard deviation] age = 14.9 [1.33] years) were identified through the public school system. Data were collected using an online Arabic questionnaire that included questions about demographics, trauma exposure, current smoking (cigarette and waterpipe), PTSD, depression and perceived social support. Logistic regression was used to assess the adjusted effects of independent variables on current smoking status. RESULTS One in 7 boys and one in 14 girls were current smokers, with boys reporting greater tobacco use than girls. Among boys, current smokers reported significantly higher family member loss and lower perceived family social support than nonsmokers; among girls, current smokers also reported significantly higher family member loss as well as greater PTSD symptoms and lower perceived significant other/special person social support. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco use is established among this vulnerable group. The findings highlight the potential role of psychosocial support for tobacco prevention and cessation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid A Kheirallah
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 21110, Jordan
| | - Caroline O Cobb
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 842018, Richmond, VA 23284-2018, USA
| | - Jomana W Alsulaiman
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21110, Jordan
| | - Abdallah Alzoubi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 21110, Jordan
| | - Cosima Hoetger
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 842018, Richmond, VA 23284-2018, USA
| | - Wendy Kliewer
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 842018, Richmond, VA 23284-2018, USA
| | - Fawaz Mzayek
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, University of Memphis School of Public Health, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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Devlin AM, Wight D, Fenton C. Are parenting practices associated with the same child outcomes in sub-Saharan African countries as in high-income countries? A review and synthesis. BMJ Glob Health 2018; 3:e000912. [PMID: 30687520 PMCID: PMC6326425 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is increasing interest in the transferability of parenting interventions from high-income countries (HICs) to low-income countries (LICs) in order to improve child development and health outcomes. This is based on the premise that associations between parenting practices and child outcomes are similar in both settings. Many parenting interventions in HICs are evidence-based, but less evidence exists on associations of parenting practices with child outcomes in LICs, in particular, sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. This review synthesises evidence on the association of parenting practices with child outcomes in SSA in order to compare findings with those from HICs. Methods We searched electronic databases—Web of Science, ASSIA, Embase, IBSS and PsycINFO—to identify studies from SSA that reported quantitative associations between parenting practices and child health or psychosocial outcomes (eg, sexual and reproductive health (SRH), mental health, conduct disorders). Due to inconsistent conceptual framing of parenting across studies, we used a modified version of the international WHO classification of parenting dimensions to guide synthesis of the results. Results Forty-four studies met our inclusion criteria. They were conducted in 13 SSA countries and included cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, and were predominantly descriptive studies rather than intervention research. Synthesis of results showed that associations between patterns of parenting (‘positive’/‘harsh’) and child outcomes (including SRH, mental health and conduct disorders) in studies from SSA were broadly similar to those found in HICs. Conclusions These findings suggest that the impacts of parenting practices on child outcomes are similar across contrasting global regions and, therefore, parenting interventions from HICs might be successfully transferred to SSA, subject to appropriate adaptation. However, this review also highlights the paucity of evidence in this area and the urgent need for higher quality studies to confirm these findings to help develop effective parenting interventions in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Devlin
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel Wight
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Candida Fenton
- Cochrane Vascular, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Mutamba BB, Kane JC, de Jong J, Okello J, Musisi S, Kohrt BA. Psychological treatments delivered by community health workers in low-resource government health systems: effectiveness of group interpersonal psychotherapy for caregivers of children affected by nodding syndrome in Uganda. Psychol Med 2018; 48:2573-2583. [PMID: 29444721 PMCID: PMC6093795 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increasing evidence for the benefits of psychological treatments (PTs) in low- and middle-income countries, few national health systems have adopted PTs as standard care. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a group interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT-G) intervention, when delivered by lay community health workers (LCHWs) in a low-resource government health system in Uganda. The intended outcome was reduction of depression among caregivers of children with nodding syndrome, a neuropsychiatric condition with high morbidity, mortality and social stigma. METHODS A non-randomized trial design was used. Caregivers in six villages (n = 69) received treatment as usual (TAU), according to government guidelines. Caregivers in seven villages (n = 73) received TAU as well as 12 sessions of IPT-G delivered by LCHWs. Primary outcomes were caregiver and child depression assessed at 1 and 6 months post-intervention. RESULTS Caregivers who received IPT-G had a significantly greater reduction in the risk of depression from baseline to 1 month [risk ratio (RR) 0.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.10-0.62] and 6 months (RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.11-0.95) post-intervention compared with caregivers who received TAU. Children of caregivers who received IPT-G had significantly greater reduction in depression scores than children of TAU caregivers at 1 month (Cohen's d = 0.57, p = 0.01) and 6 months (Cohen's d = 0.54, p = 0.03). Significant effects were also observed for psychological distress, stigma and social support among caregivers. CONCLUSION IPT-G delivered within a low-resource health system is an effective PT for common mental health problems in caregivers of children with a severe neuropsychiatric condition and has psychological benefits for the children as well. This supports national health policy initiatives to integrate PTs into primary health care services in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byamah B. Mutamba
- Butabika National Mental Hospital, Kampala, Uganda., Amsterdam Institute of Social Science Research, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam
| | - Jeremy C. Kane
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Joop de Jong
- Amsterdam Institute of Social Science Research, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam
| | - James Okello
- Department of Psychiatry, Gulu University, Uganda
| | - Seggane Musisi
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Olvera Alvarez HA, Kubzansky LD, Campen MJ, Slavich GM. Early life stress, air pollution, inflammation, and disease: An integrative review and immunologic model of social-environmental adversity and lifespan health. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 92:226-242. [PMID: 29874545 PMCID: PMC6082389 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Socially disadvantaged individuals are at greater risk for simultaneously being exposed to adverse social and environmental conditions. Although the mechanisms underlying joint effects remain unclear, one hypothesis is that toxic social and environmental exposures have synergistic effects on inflammatory processes that underlie the development of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression, and certain types of cancer. In the present review, we examine how exposure to two risk factors that commonly occur with social disadvantage-early life stress and air pollution-affect health. Specifically, we identify neuroimmunologic pathways that could link early life stress, inflammation, air pollution, and poor health, and use this information to propose an integrated, multi-level model that describes how these factors may interact and cause health disparity across individuals based on social disadvantage. This model highlights the importance of interdisciplinary research considering multiple exposures across domains and the potential for synergistic, cross-domain effects on health, and may help identify factors that could potentially be targeted to reduce disease risk and improve lifespan health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector A Olvera Alvarez
- School of Nursing, University of Texas at El Paso, Health Science and Nursing Building, Room 359, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, USA.
| | - Laura D Kubzansky
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew J Campen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - George M Slavich
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Prescod DJ, Zeligman M. Career Adaptability of Trauma Survivors: The Moderating Role of Posttraumatic Growth. CAREER DEVELOPMENT QUARTERLY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cdq.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diandra J. Prescod
- Department of Educational Psychology, Counseling, and Special Education; Pennsylvania State University
| | - Melissa Zeligman
- Department of Counseling and Psychological Services; Georgia State University
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McGuire A, Gillath O, Jackson Y, Ingram R. Attachment Security Priming as a Potential Intervention for Depressive Symptoms. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2018.37.1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that people high on attachment insecurity are more likely to report depressive symptoms as compared to those low on insecurity (secures). These findings suggest that enhancing one's sense of attachment security could help relieve depressive symptoms. One promising technique for increasing attachment security that has received relatively little attention as a therapeutic intervention is attachment security priming. Compared with other interventions, security priming is easier and takes less time to administer. The current studies examined if priming techniques used to increase attachment security could reduce depressive symptoms in an adolescent and emerging adults samples. In Study 1, depressive symptoms were assessed before exposure to either attachment security or neutral primes and then re-assessed one week later. Results revealed that participants who were exposed to the security primes reported a greater decrease in depressive symptoms than the control group. In Study 2, adolescents who were repeatedly exposed over two weeks to security primes showed lower depression symptoms than participants exposed to neutral primes. Overall, our findings provide initial support to the idea that attachment security priming can be a useful method to help decrease depressive symptoms.
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Arat G, Wong PWC. The relationship between parental involvement and adolescent mental health in six sub-Saharan African countries: findings from Global School-based Health Surveys (GSHS). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH PROMOTION 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/14623730.2016.1194305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Okello J, Nakimuli-Mpungu E, Klasen F, Voss C, Musisi S, Broekaert E, Derluyn I. The impact of attachment and depression symptoms on multiple risk behaviors in post-war adolescents in northern Uganda. J Affect Disord 2015; 180:62-7. [PMID: 25881282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that depression symptoms are associated with multiple risk behaviors and that parental attachments are protective against depression symptoms in post-war adolescents. Accumulating literature indicates that low levels of attachment may sensitize individuals to increased multiple risk behaviors when depression symptoms exist. This investigation examined the interactive effects of attachment and depression symptoms on multiple risk behavior. METHODS We conducted hierarchical logistic regression analyses to examine the impact of attachment and depression symptoms on multiple risk behavior in our post-war sample of 551 adolescents in Gulu district. RESULTS Analyses revealed interactive effects for only maternal attachment-by-depression interaction. Interestingly, high levels of maternal attachment exacerbated the relationship between depression symptoms and multiple risk behaviors while low levels of maternal attachment attenuated this relationship. LIMITATIONS It is possible that this analysis could be biased by a common underlying factor that influences self-reporting and therefore is correlated with each of self-reported attachment security, depressive symptoms, and multiple risk behaviors. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that maternal attachment serves as a protective factor at low levels while serving as an additional risk factor at high levels. Findings support and expand current knowledge about the roles that attachment and depression symptoms play in the development of multiple risk behaviors and suggest a more complex etiology for post-war adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Okello
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Uganda; Gulu University, Department of Psychiatry, Gulu, Uganda.
| | - E Nakimuli-Mpungu
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Uganda
| | - F Klasen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University Medical Centre of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Voss
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University Medical Centre of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Musisi
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Uganda
| | - E Broekaert
- Department of Orthopedagogics, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - I Derluyn
- Department of Social Welfare Studies and Centre for Children in Vulnerable Situations, Ghent University, Belgium
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Lo J, Patel P, Roberts B. A systematic review on tobacco use among civilian populations affected by armed conflict. Tob Control 2015; 25:129-40. [PMID: 25770116 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-052054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically examine evidence on tobacco use among conflict-affected civilian populations. DATA SOURCES Primary quantitative and qualitative studies published in English up to April 2014. Bibliographic databases searched were EMBASE, Global Health, MEDLINE, PsycEXTRA, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Cochrane; with the main terms of: (Smoke*, tobacco*, cigarette*, nicotine, beedi, bidi, papirosi, dip, chew, snuff, snus, smokeless tobacco) AND (armed-conflict, conflict-affected, conflict, war, refugee, internally displaced, forcibly displaced, asylum, humanitarian). Grey literature was searched using humanitarian databases, websites and search engines. STUDY SELECTION Studies were independently selected by two reviewers, with a study outcome of tobacco use and a population of conflict-affected civilian populations such as internally displaced persons, refugees, residents in conflict-affected areas, residents and returning forcibly displaced populations returning in stabilised and postconflict periods. 2863 studies were initially identified. DATA EXTRACTION Data were independently extracted. The Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies and the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme for qualitative studies were used to assess study quality. DATA SYNTHESIS 39 studies met inclusion criteria and descriptive analysis was used. Findings were equivocal on the effect of conflict on tobacco use. Evidence was clearer on associations between post-traumatic stress and other mental disorders with nicotine dependence. However, there were too few studies for definitive conclusions. No study examined the effectiveness of tobacco-related interventions. The quantitative studies were moderate (N=13) or weak (N=22) quality, and qualitative studies were moderate (N=3) or strong (N=2). CONCLUSIONS Some evidence indicates links between conflict and tobacco use but substantially more research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Lo
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, ECOHOST-The Centre for Health and Social Change, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Preeti Patel
- Department of War Studies, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bayard Roberts
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, ECOHOST-The Centre for Health and Social Change, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the genocide occurred in 1994, Rwanda has faced up to the challenge of rebuilding. Public health is a main field to understand this rebuilding. OBJECTIVES In this paper, the aim was to map the scientific research on public health in Rwanda after the genocide and to present the links between different financing systems. METHODS We used bibliographic analyses with Web of Science of papers published during the period 1975-2014. We performed analyses on journals, most cited articles, authors, publication years, organizations, funding companies, countries, and keywords. RESULTS We obtained 86 articles between 1975 and 2014. Most articles were published after 2007. The main countries of research laboratories were the United States of America, Rwanda, England and Belgium and represented the main network collaboration. The relevant keywords were: HIV, woman, child, program, rural and violence. CONCLUSIONS Public health research on Rwanda appeared 14 years after the genocide. A main field was emerging: the spread of HIV with mother-child transmission, and the policies to take this subject into account in rural zones. The network of institutions developing these studies was USA-Rwanda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Poreau
- Institut Santé Publique Relations Internationales (ISPRI) / International Studies Public Health Institute (ISPHI) Rue E. Pons 69004 Lyon - France Tel: +33 45 65 20 753
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Okello J, De Schryver M, Musisi S, Broekaert E, Derluyn I. Differential roles of childhood adversities and stressful war experiences in the development of mental health symptoms in post-war adolescents in northern Uganda. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:260. [PMID: 25199474 PMCID: PMC4172830 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-014-0260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown a relationship between stressful war experiences and mental health symptoms in children and adolescents. To date, no comprehensive studies on the role of childhood adversities have been conducted with war-exposed adolescents living in post-war, low-resource settings in Sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 551 school-going adolescents aged 13-21 years old was undertaken four years post-war in northern Uganda. Participants completed self-administered questionnaires assessing demographics, stressful war experiences, childhood adversities, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety symptoms. RESULTS Our analyses revealed a main effect of gender on all mental health outcomes except avoidance symptoms, with girls reporting higher scores than boys. Stressful war experiences were associated with all mental health symptoms, after adjusting for potential confounders. Childhood adversity was independently associated with depression symptoms but not PTSD, anxiety, and PTSD cluster symptoms. However, in situations of high childhood adversity, our analyses showed that stressful war experiences were less associated with vulnerability to avoidance symptoms than in situations of low childhood adversity. CONCLUSIONS Both stressful war experiences and childhood adversities are risk factors for mental health symptoms among war-affected adolescents. Adolescents with histories of high childhood adversities may be less likely to develop avoidance symptoms in situations of high stressful war experiences. Further exploration of the differential roles of childhood adversities and stressful war experiences is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Okello
- Department of Psychiatry, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Maarten De Schryver
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, H. Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Seggane Musisi
- Department of Psychiatry, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O Box 1962, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Eric Broekaert
- Department of Orthopedagogics, Ghent University, H. Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilse Derluyn
- Department of Social Welfare Studies & Centre for Children in Vulnerable Situations, Ghent University, H. Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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