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Koziarz A, Koziarz F, Shen R, Gopee-Ramanan P, Black SE, Worsley D, Chan IYM, Streiner DL, Zukotynski KA. Diagnostic Accuracy of SPECT for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Nucl Med 2024:00003072-990000000-01188. [PMID: 38914012 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000005328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examines the diagnostic accuracy of brain perfusion SPECT for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). PATIENTS AND METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD42023484636). Five databases were searched for studies evaluating brain perfusion SPECT in adult patients with mTBI (GCS 13-15). Study quality was assessed using a modified QUADAS-2 tool. A meta-analysis was performed to pool proportions of hypoperfusion abnormalities across brain lobes. RESULTS Of 4735 records, 22 studies (5 longitudinal [40% high quality], 17 cross-sectional [24% high quality]) were included totaling 800 patients (mean age, 37.4 ± 12.6 years; 36.4% female). Meta-analysis of proportions indicated that the frontal lobe most frequently showed hypoperfusion on brain perfusion SPECT (pooled proportion 40.1% [95% confidence interval, 31.2% to 49.8%], 99/254, I2 = 54.5%), followed by the temporal lobe (26.1% [95% confidence interval, 19.9% to 33.6%], 68/254, I2 = 30.7%). Several studies found that hypoperfusion abnormalities were associated with neuropsychological findings. Also, brain perfusion SPECT could detect abnormalities not seen on MRI. Abnormalities in perfusion on brain perfusion SPECT may be more readily detected with a quantitative assessment compared with a visual assessment alone, although there appears to be no consensus on the optimal method for image interpretation. Evidence evaluating the sensitivity and specificity of brain perfusion SPECT for mTBI was limited. Using the GRADE framework, the evidence was rated as low. CONCLUSIONS Although perfusion abnormalities can be seen in patients with mTBI, commonly in the frontal and temporal lobes, the findings are nonspecific and may derive from various factors. Ultimately, brain perfusion SPECT provides additional information for mTBI, but the final added value for the detection of mTBI is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Koziarz
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank Koziarz
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rui Shen
- Center for Bioethics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Daniel Worsley
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ian Y M Chan
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Blum K, Ashford JW, Kateb B, Sipple D, Braverman E, Dennen CA, Baron D, Badgaiyan R, Elman I, Cadet JL, Thanos PK, Hanna C, Bowirrat A, Modestino EJ, Yamamoto V, Gupta A, McLaughlin T, Makale M, Gold MS. Dopaminergic dysfunction: Role for genetic & epigenetic testing in the new psychiatry. J Neurol Sci 2023; 453:120809. [PMID: 37774561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.120809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS), particularly linked to addictive disorders, costs billions of dollars globally and has resulted in over one million deaths in the United States (US). Illicit substance use has been steadily rising and in 2021 approximately 21.9% (61.2 million) of individuals living in the US aged 12 or older had used illicit drugs in the past year. However, only 1.5% (4.1 million) of these individuals had received any substance use treatment. This increase in use and failure to adequately treat or provide treatment to these individuals resulted in 106,699 overdose deaths in 2021 and increased in 2022. This article presents an alternative non-pharmaceutical treatment approach tied to gene-guided therapy, the subject of many decades of research. The cornerstone of this paradigm shift is the brain reward circuitry, brain stem physiology, and neurotransmitter deficits due to the effects of genetic and epigenetic insults on the interrelated cascade of neurotransmission and the net release of dopamine at the Ventral Tegmental Area -Nucleus Accumbens (VTA-NAc) reward site. The Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) test and pro-dopamine regulator nutraceutical KB220 were combined to induce "dopamine homeostasis" across the brain reward circuitry. This article aims to encourage four future actionable items: 1) the neurophysiologically accurate designation of, for example, "Hyperdopameism /Hyperdopameism" to replace the blaming nomenclature like alcoholism; 2) encouraging continued research into the nature of dysfunctional brainstem neurotransmitters across the brain reward circuitry; 3) early identification of people at risk for all RDS behaviors as a brain check (cognitive testing); 4) induction of dopamine homeostasis using "precision behavioral management" along with the coupling of GARS and precision Kb220 variants; 5) utilization of promising potential treatments include neuromodulating modalities such as Transmagnetic stimulation (TMS) and Deep Brain Stimulation(DBS), which target different areas of the neural circuitry involved in addiction and even neuroimmune agents like N-acetyl-cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Exercise, Sports and Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA; The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA; War Related Illness & Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Babak Kateb
- Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA; National Center for Nanobioelectronic, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Brain Technology and Innovation Park, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Eric Braverman
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX, USA
| | - Catherine A Dennen
- Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Baron
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Exercise, Sports and Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Rajendra Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX, USA; Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Igor Elman
- Center for Pain and the Brain (PAIN Group), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Waltham, MA, USA; Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIH National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Department of Psychology & Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Colin Hanna
- Department of Psychology & Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | | | - Vicky Yamamoto
- Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA; National Center for Nanobioelectronic, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Brain Technology and Innovation Park, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA; USC-Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Thomas McLaughlin
- Division of Reward Deficiency Research, Reward Deficiency Syndrome Clinics of America, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mlan Makale
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington College of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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3
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Kalyani P, Lippa SM, Werner JK, Amyot F, Moore CB, Kenney K, Diaz-Arrastia R. Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) Inhibitors as Therapy for Cerebrovascular Dysfunction in Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:1629-1640. [PMID: 37697134 PMCID: PMC10684467 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple phase III randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for pharmacologic interventions in traumatic brain injury (TBI) have failed despite promising results in experimental models. The heterogeneity of TBI, in terms of pathomechanisms and impacted brain structures, likely contributes to these failures. Biomarkers have been recommended to identify patients with relevant pathology (predictive biomarkers) and confirm target engagement and monitor therapy response (pharmacodynamic biomarkers). Our group focuses on traumatic cerebrovascular injury as an understudied endophenotype of TBI and is validating a predictive and pharmacodynamic imaging biomarker (cerebrovascular reactivity; CVR) in moderate-severe TBI. We aim to extend these studies to milder forms of TBI to determine the optimal dose of sildenafil for maximal improvement in CVR. We will conduct a phase II dose-finding study involving 160 chronic TBI patients (mostly mild) using three doses of sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitor. The study measures baseline CVR and evaluates the effect of escalating sildenafil doses on CVR improvement. A 4-week trial of thrice daily sildenafil will assess safety, tolerability, and clinical efficacy. This dual-site 4-year study, funded by the Department of Defense and registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05782244), plans to launch in June 2023. Biomarker-informed RCTs are essential for developing effective TBI interventions, relying on an understanding of underlying pathomechanisms. Traumatic microvascular injury (TMVI) is an attractive mechanism which can be targeted by vaso-active drugs such as PDE-5 inhibitors. CVR is a potential predictive and pharmacodynamic biomarker for targeted interventions aimed at TMVI. (Trial registration: NCT05782244, ClinicalTrials.gov ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kalyani
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Sara M Lippa
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, The National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Palmer Rd S, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University Health Sciences, 4301, Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - J Kent Werner
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, The National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Palmer Rd S, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University Health Sciences, 4301, Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Franck Amyot
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, The National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Palmer Rd S, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Carol B Moore
- Department of Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University Health Sciences, 4301, Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Kimbra Kenney
- Department of Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University Health Sciences, 4301, Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Ramon Diaz-Arrastia
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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4
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Reddy P, Izzetoglu K, Shewokis PA, Sangobowale M, Diaz-Arrastia R. Differences in time-frequency characteristics between healthy controls and TBI patients during hypercapnia assessed via fNIRS. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 40:103504. [PMID: 37734166 PMCID: PMC10518610 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Damage to the cerebrovascular network is a universal feature of traumatic brain injury (TBI). This damage is present during different phases of the injury and can be non-invasively assessed using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). fNIRS signals are influenced by partial arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2), neurogenic, Mayer waves, respiratory and cardiac oscillations, whose characteristics vary in time and frequency and may differ in the presence of TBI. Therefore, this study aims to investigate differences in time-frequency characteristics of these fNIRS signal components between healthy controls and TBI patients and characterize the changes in their characteristics across phases of the injury. Data from 11 healthy controls and 21 TBI patients were collected during the hypercapnic protocol. Results demonstrated significant differences in low-frequency oscillations between healthy controls and TBI patients, with the largest differences observed in Mayer wave band (0.06 to 0.15 Hz), followed by the PaCO2 band (0.012 to 0.02 Hz). The effects within these bands were opposite, with (i) Mayer wave activity being lower in TBI patients during acute phase of the injury (d = 0.37 [0.16, 0.57]) and decreasing further during subacute (d = 0.66 [0.44, 0.87]) and postacute (d = 0.75 [0.50, 0.99]) phases; (ii) PaCO2 activity being lower in TBI patients only during acute phase of the injury (d = 0.36 [0.15, 0.56]) and stabilizing to healthy levels by the subacute phase. These findings demonstrate that TBI patients have impairments in low frequency oscillations related to different mechanisms and that these impairments evolve differently over the course of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratusha Reddy
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Kurtulus Izzetoglu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Patricia A Shewokis
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Nutrition Sciences Department, Health Sciences Division of College of Nursing and Health Professions, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael Sangobowale
- Clinical TBI Research Center and Department of Neurology at University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ramon Diaz-Arrastia
- Clinical TBI Research Center and Department of Neurology at University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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5
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Wong ET, Kapadia A, Krishnamurthy V, Mikulis DJ. Cerebrovascular Reactivity and Concussion. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2023; 33:335-342. [PMID: 36965950 DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) reflects the change in cerebral blood flow in response to vasodilatory stimuli enabling assessment of the health of the cerebral vasculature. Recent advances in the quantitative delivery of CO2 stimuli with computer-controlled sequential gas delivery have enabled mapping of the speed and magnitude of response to flow stimuli. These CVR advances when applied to patients with acute concussion have unexpectedly shown faster speed and greater magnitude of responses unseen in other diseases that typically show the opposite effects. The strength of the CVR alterations have diagnostic potential in single subjects with AUC values in the 0.90-0.94 range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin T Wong
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Anish Kapadia
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Venkatagiri Krishnamurthy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), 1670 Clairmont Road, Suite # 12C 141, Decatur, GA 30033, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David J Mikulis
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.
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6
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A Case Series of 39 United States Veterans with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Treated with Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy. CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/ctn6030021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance: The Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center reported 358,088 mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) among U.S. service members worldwide between the years 2000 and 2020. Veterans with mTBI have higher rates of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depressive disorder, substance use disorder, anxiety disorder, and suicide than their healthy counterparts. Currently, there is no effective treatment for mTBI. Objective: To assess the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) as a treatment option for mTBI. Design, Setting, Participants: This is a case series of 39 U.S. Veterans diagnosed with mTBI and treated with HBOT. Of these participants, 36 were men and 3 women, and their ages ranged between 28 and 69. The treatment was administered by The 22 Project (a veteran-centered nonprofit organization) using monoplace hyperbaric chambers located in Delray Beach, Florida. Neuroimaging using Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography (SPECT) brain scans performed pre- and post-HBOT were made available for secondary analysis. Nilearn Python Library was utilized to visualize the corresponding neuroimaging data. A two-sided paired t-test in R was used to compare the pre- and post-treatment results. Intervention: A full treatment of HBOT involved 40 sessions. Each session consisted of the administration of 100% oxygen at 1.5 atmospheres for 90 min, twice a day, for 20 days, Mondays to Fridays only. Main Outcome and Measure: Perfusion in the brain’s Brodmann Areas (BA) comparing pre- and post-HBOT using NeuroGam software analysis from brain SPECT scan neuroimaging and multi-symptom self-reports. Results: A comparison between the pre- and post-HBOT brain scans showed significant improvement in the brain perfusion, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Separately, participants reported reduced pain, improved mood, and better sleep, an outcome that translated into an average of about 46.6% improvement in the measured symptoms. Conclusions and Relevance: This series demonstrated that HBOT could be a useful treatment for mTBI in U.S. veterans. The participants in the study showed marked improvement in both brain perfusion measured on SPECT scan imaging and measured mTBI symptoms. This is the first study to use brain SPECT scans with quantitative numerical measurements to demonstrate improvement in brain perfusion in veterans with mild TBI treated with HBOT and measured mTBI symptoms. Future research studies are currently being done to validate these important findings.
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7
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Pavel DG, Henderson TA, DeBruin S, Cohen PF. The Legacy of the TTASAAN Report - Premature Conclusions and Forgotten Promises About SPECT Neuroimaging: A Review of Policy and Practice Part II. Front Neurol 2022; 13:851609. [PMID: 35655621 PMCID: PMC9152128 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.851609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans were initially developed in 1970s. A key radiopharmaceutical, hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO), was not stabilized until 1993 and most early SPECT scans were performed on single-head gamma cameras. These early scans were of inferior quality. In 1996, the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology (TTASAAN) issued a report regarding the use of SPECT in the evaluation of neurological disorders. This two-part series explores the policies and procedures related to perfusion SPECT functional neuroimaging. In Part I, the comparison between the quality of the SPECT scans and the depth of the data for key neurological and psychiatric indications at the time of the TTASAAN report vs. the intervening 25 years were presented. In Part II, the technical aspects of perfusion SPECT neuroimaging and image processing will be explored. The role of color scales will be reviewed and the process of interpreting a SPECT scan will be presented. Interpretation of a functional brain scans requires not only anatomical knowledge, but also technical understanding on correctly performing a scan, regardless of the scanning modality. Awareness of technical limitations allows the clinician to properly interpret a functional brain scan. With this foundation, four scenarios in which perfusion SPECT neuroimaging, together with other imaging modalities and testing, lead to a narrowing of the differential diagnoses and better treatment. Lastly, recommendations for the revision of current policies and practices are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan G Pavel
- PathFinder Brain SPECT, Deerfield, IL, United States.,The International Society of Applied Neuroimaging (ISAN), Denver, CO, United States
| | - Theodore A Henderson
- The International Society of Applied Neuroimaging (ISAN), Denver, CO, United States.,The Synaptic Space, Inc., Denver, CO, United States.,Neuro-Luminance, Inc., Denver, CO, United States.,Dr. Theodore Henderson, Inc., Denver, CO, United States.,Neuro-Laser Foundation, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Simon DeBruin
- The International Society of Applied Neuroimaging (ISAN), Denver, CO, United States.,Good Lion Imaging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Philip F Cohen
- The International Society of Applied Neuroimaging (ISAN), Denver, CO, United States.,Nuclear Medicine, Lions Gate Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Pavel DG, Henderson TA, DeBruin S. The Legacy of the TTASAAN Report-Premature Conclusions and Forgotten Promises: A Review of Policy and Practice Part I. Front Neurol 2022; 12:749579. [PMID: 35450131 PMCID: PMC9017602 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.749579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans were initially developed in 1970's. A key radiopharmaceutical, hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO), was originally approved in 1988, but was unstable. As a result, the quality of SPECT images varied greatly based on technique until 1993, when a method of stabilizing HMPAO was developed. In addition, most SPECT perfusion studies pre-1996 were performed on single-head gamma cameras. In 1996, the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology (TTASAAN) issued a report regarding the use of SPECT in the evaluation of neurological disorders. Although the TTASAAN report was published in January 1996, it was approved for publication in October 1994. Consequently, the reported brain SPECT studies relied upon to derive the conclusions of the TTASAAN report largely pre-date the introduction of stabilized HMPAO. While only 12% of the studies on traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the TTASAAN report utilized stable tracers and multi-head cameras, 69 subsequent studies with more than 23,000 subjects describe the utility of perfusion SPECT scans in the evaluation of TBI. Similarly, dementia SPECT imaging has improved. Modern SPECT utilizing multi-headed gamma cameras and quantitative analysis has a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 89% for the diagnosis of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease-comparable to fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Advances also have occurred in seizure neuroimaging. Lastly, developments in SPECT imaging of neurotoxicity and neuropsychiatric disorders have been striking. At the 25-year anniversary of the publication of the TTASAAN report, it is time to re-examine the utility of perfusion SPECT brain imaging. Herein, we review studies cited by the TTASAAN report vs. current brain SPECT imaging research literature for the major indications addressed in the report, as well as for emerging indications. In Part II, we elaborate technical aspects of SPECT neuroimaging and discuss scan interpretation for the clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan G Pavel
- Pathfinder Brain SPECT Imaging, Deerfield, IL, United States.,The International Society of Applied Neuroimaging (ISAN), Denver, CO, United States
| | - Theodore A Henderson
- The International Society of Applied Neuroimaging (ISAN), Denver, CO, United States.,The Synaptic Space, Inc., Denver, CO, United States.,Neuro-Luminance, Inc., Denver, CO, United States.,Dr. Theodore Henderson, Inc., Denver, CO, United States
| | - Simon DeBruin
- The International Society of Applied Neuroimaging (ISAN), Denver, CO, United States.,Good Lion Imaging, Columbia, SC, United States
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9
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Gosset A, Wagman H, Pavel D, Cohen PF, Tarzwell R, de Bruin S, Siow YH, Numerow L, Uszler J, Rossiter-Thornton JF, McLean M, van Lierop M, Waisman Z, Brown S, Mansouri B, Basile VS, Chaudhary N, Mehdiratta M. Using Single-Photon Emission Computerized Tomography on Patients With Positive Quantitative Electroencephalogram to Evaluate Chronic Mild Traumatic Brain Injury With Persistent Symptoms. Front Neurol 2022; 13:704844. [PMID: 35528740 PMCID: PMC9074759 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.704844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), also known as concussion, many patients with chronic symptoms (>3 months post injury) receive conventional imaging such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, these modalities often do not show changes after mTBI. We studied the benefit of triaging patients with ongoing symptoms >3 months post injury by quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) and then completing a brain single positron emission computed tomography (SPECT) to aid in diagnosis and early detection of brain changes. Methods We conducted a retrospective case review of 30 outpatients with mTBI. The patients were assessed by a neurologist, consented, and received a qEEG, and if the qEEG was positive, they consented and received a brain SPECT scan. The cases and diagnostic tools were collectively reviewed by a multidisciplinary group of physicians in biweekly team meetings including neurology, nuclear medicine, psychiatry, neuropsychiatry, general practice psychotherapy, neuro-ophthalmology, and chiropractic providers. The team noted the cause of injury, post injury symptoms, relevant past medical history, physical examination findings, and diagnoses, and commented on patients' SPECT scans. We then analyzed the SPECT scans quantitatively using the 3D-SSP software. Results All the patients had cerebral perfusion abnormalities demonstrated by SPECT that were mostly undetectable by conventional imaging (CT/MRI). Perfusion changes were localized primarily in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and cingulate cortex, and correlated with the patients' symptoms and examination findings. Qualitative and quantitative analyses yielded similar results. Most commonly, the patients experienced persistent headache, memory loss, concentration difficulties, depression, and cognitive impairment post mTBI. Because of their symptoms, most of the patients were unable to return to their previous employment and activity level. Conclusion Our findings outline the physical basis of neurological and psychiatric symptoms experienced by patients with mTBI. Increased detection of mTBI can lead to development of improved targeted treatments for mTBI and its various sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexi Gosset
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hayley Wagman
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dan Pavel
- University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Philip Frank Cohen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Robert Tarzwell
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Yin Hui Siow
- Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON, Canada
| | - Leonard Numerow
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - John Uszler
- Faculty of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Mary McLean
- Private Practice, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The International Society of Applied Neuroimaging (ISAN), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Zohar Waisman
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Brown
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Behzad Mansouri
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Navjot Chaudhary
- University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Manu Mehdiratta
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Manu Mehdiratta
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10
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Yoon Y, Kim S, Seol Y, Im H, Park U, Han HB, Choi JH, Ryu H. Increases of Phosphorylated Tau (Ser202/Thr205) in the Olfactory Regions Are Associated with Impaired EEG and Olfactory Behavior in Traumatic Brain Injury Mice. Biomedicines 2022; 10:865. [PMID: 35453615 PMCID: PMC9031269 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to long-term cognitive impairments, with an increased risk for neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Among these various impairments, olfactory dysfunction is one of the most common symptoms in TBI patients. However, there are very few studies that show the association between olfactory dysfunction and repetitive TBI. To investigate the effects of repetitive TBI on olfactory functioning and the related pathological neuronal injuries in mice, we applied a weight-drop model of TBI and performed neuropathological examinations and electroencephalography (EEG) in olfactory-bulb-associated areas. Through neuropathological examinations, we found significant increases of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) (S202/T205) in olfactory-bulb-associated areas. Neuronal atrophy in the lateral anterior olfactory nucleus (AOL), granule layer olfactory bulb (GrO), and dorsal tenia tecta (DTT) was also found to be correlated with p-Tau levels. However, there was no difference in the total Tau levels in the olfactory-bulb-associated areas of TBI mice. Electroencephalography (EEG) of repetitive TBI mouse models showed impaired spontaneous delta oscillation, as well as altered cross-frequency coupling between delta phase and amplitudes of the fast oscillations in the resting-state olfactory bulb. Furthermore, abnormal alterations in EEG band powers were observed during the olfactory oddball paradigm test. TBI also led to impairments of the olfactory-function-associated behaviors. This study provides evidence of behavioral, neuropathological, and physiological alterations in the mouse olfactory system caused by repetitive TBI. Together, p-Tau alterations and EEG impairments may serve as important biomarkers of olfactory-track-associated dysfunctions in repetitive TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghyun Yoon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA;
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.S.); (H.I.); (U.P.); (H.-B.H.)
| | - SuHyun Kim
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.S.); (H.I.); (U.P.); (H.-B.H.)
| | - YunHee Seol
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.S.); (H.I.); (U.P.); (H.-B.H.)
| | - Hyoenjoo Im
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.S.); (H.I.); (U.P.); (H.-B.H.)
| | - Uiyeol Park
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.S.); (H.I.); (U.P.); (H.-B.H.)
| | - Hio-Been Han
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.S.); (H.I.); (U.P.); (H.-B.H.)
- Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jee Hyun Choi
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.S.); (H.I.); (U.P.); (H.-B.H.)
- Neuroscience Program, Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Hoon Ryu
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.S.); (H.I.); (U.P.); (H.-B.H.)
- Neuroscience Program, Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02130, USA
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11
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Harch PG. Systematic Review and Dosage Analysis: Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Efficacy in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Persistent Postconcussion Syndrome. Front Neurol 2022; 13:815056. [PMID: 35370898 PMCID: PMC8968958 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.815056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mild traumatic brain injury results in over 15% of patients progressing to Persistent Postconcussion Syndrome, a condition with significant consequences and limited treatment options. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy has been applied to Persistent Postconcussion Syndrome with conflicting results based on its historical understanding/definition as a disease-specific therapy. This is a systematic review of the evidence for hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in Persistent Postconcussion Syndrome using a dose-analysis that is based on the scientific definition of hyperbaric oxygen therapy as a dual-component drug composed of increased barometric pressure and hyperoxia. Methods In this review, PubMed, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Systematic Review Database were searched from August 8–22, 2021 for all adult clinical studies published in English on hyperbaric oxygen therapy in mild traumatic brain injury Persistent Postconcussion Syndrome (symptoms present at least 3 months). Randomized trials and studies with symptomatic and/or cognitive outcomes were selected for final analysis. Randomized trials included those with no-treatment control groups or control groups defined by either the historical or scientific definition. Studies were analyzed according to the dose of oxygen and barometric pressure and classified as Levels 1–5 based on significant immediate post-treatment symptoms or cognitive outcomes compared to control groups. Levels of evidence classifications were made according to the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine and a practice recommendation according to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Methodologic quality and bias were assessed according to the PEDro Scale. Results Eleven studies were included: six randomized trials, one case-controlled study, one case series, and three case reports. Whether analyzed by oxygen, pressure, or composite oxygen and pressure dose of hyperbaric therapy statistically significant symptomatic and cognitive improvements or cognitive improvements alone were achieved for patients treated with 40 HBOTS at 1.5 atmospheres absolute (ATA) (four randomized trials). Symptoms were also improved with 30 treatments at 1.3 ATA air (one study), positive and negative results were obtained at 1.2 ATA air (one positive and one negative study), and negative results in one study at 2.4 ATA oxygen. All studies involved <75 subjects/study. Minimal bias was present in four randomized trials and greater bias in 2. Conclusion In multiple randomized and randomized controlled studies HBOT at 1.5 ATA oxygen demonstrated statistically significant symptomatic and cognitive or cognitive improvements alone in patients with mild traumatic brain injury Persistent Postconcussion Syndrome. Positive and negative results occurred at lower and higher doses of oxygen and pressure. Increased pressure within a narrow range appears to be the more important effect than increased oxygen which is effective over a broad range. Improvements were greater when patients had comorbid Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Despite small sample sizes, the 1.5 ATA HBOT studies meet the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Level 1 criteria and an American Society of Plastic Surgeons Class A Recommendation for HBOT treatment of mild traumatic brain injury persistent postconcussion syndrome.
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12
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Best SRD, Haustrup N, Pavel DG. Brain SPECT as an Imaging Biomarker for Evaluating Effects of Novel Treatments in Psychiatry-A Case Series. Front Psychiatry 2022; 12:713141. [PMID: 35095582 PMCID: PMC8793864 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.713141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The difficulties of evaluating patients with complex neuropsychiatric conditions and prescribing appropriate treatments are well known. Imaging complements clinical assessments and allows a clinician to narrow the differential diagnosis by facilitating accurate and efficient evaluation. This is particularly relevant to neuropsychiatric conditions that are often diagnosed using a trial-and error process of exclusion. Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) is a functional brain imaging procedure that allows practitioners to measure the functional changes of gray matter structures based on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). The accurate diagnosis and treatment selection in psychiatry is challenging due to complex cases and frequent comorbidities. However, such complex neuropsychiatric conditions are increasingly benefitting from new treatment approaches, in addition to established medications. Among these are combination transcranial magnetic stimulation with ketamine infusions (CTK), hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) and perispinal administration of etanercept (PSE). This article provides readers with six case study examples that demonstrate how brain SPECT imaging can be used, both as a diagnostic tool, and as a potential biomarker for monitoring and evaluating novel treatments for patients with complex neuropsychiatric conditions. Six patients were assessed in our clinic and baseline brain SPECT imagesTourettes and a long history of alcohol were visually compared with SPECT images collected after periods of treatment with CTK or HBOT followed by PSE. This retrospective review demonstrates the clinical utility of these novel treatments and describes how SPECT imaging can complement standard diagnostic assessments. A novel display technique for SPECT images is described and we argue that SPECT imaging can be used for monitoring biomarker for clinical change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dan G. Pavel
- PathFinder Brain SPECT, Deerfield, IL, United States
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13
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Quinn DK, Story-Remer J, Brandt E, Fratzke V, Rieger R, Wilson JK, Gill D, Mertens N, Hunter M, Upston J, Jones TR, Richardson JD, Myers O, Arciniegas DB, Campbell R, Clark VP, Yeo RA, Shuttleworth CW, Mayer AR. Transcranial direct current stimulation modulates working memory and prefrontal-insula connectivity after mild-moderate traumatic brain injury. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:1026639. [PMID: 36310843 PMCID: PMC9608772 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1026639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Persistent posttraumatic symptoms (PPS) may manifest after a mild-moderate traumatic brain injury (mmTBI) even when standard brain imaging appears normal. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) represents a promising treatment that may ameliorate pathophysiological processes contributing to PPS. Objective/Hypothesis: We hypothesized that in a mmTBI population, active tDCS combined with training would result in greater improvement in executive functions and post-TBI cognitive symptoms and increased resting state connectivity of the stimulated region, i.e., left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) compared to control tDCS. Methods: Thirty-four subjects with mmTBI underwent baseline assessments of demographics, symptoms, and cognitive function as well as resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) in a subset of patients (n = 24). Primary outcome measures included NIH EXAMINER composite scores, and the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI). All participants received 10 daily sessions of 30 min of executive function training coupled with active or control tDCS (2 mA, anode F3, cathode right deltoid). Imaging and assessments were re-obtained after the final training session, and assessments were repeated after 1 month. Mixed-models linear regression and repeated measures analyses of variance were calculated for main effects and interactions. Results: Both active and control groups demonstrated improvements in executive function (EXAMINER composite: p < 0.001) and posttraumatic symptoms (NSI cognitive: p = 0.01) from baseline to 1 month. Active anodal tDCS was associated with greater improvements in working memory reaction time compared to control (p = 0.007). Reaction time improvement correlated significantly with the degree of connectivity change between the right DLPFC and the left anterior insula (p = 0.02). Conclusion: Anodal tDCS improved reaction time on an online working memory task in a mmTBI population, and decreased connectivity between executive network and salience network nodes. These findings generate important hypotheses for the mechanism of recovery from PPS after mild-moderate TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin K Quinn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jacqueline Story-Remer
- Center for Brain Recovery and Repair, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Emma Brandt
- Center for Brain Recovery and Repair, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Violet Fratzke
- Center for Brain Recovery and Repair, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Rebecca Rieger
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - John Kevin Wilson
- Center for Brain Recovery and Repair, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Darbi Gill
- Center for Brain Recovery and Repair, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Nickolas Mertens
- Center for Brain Recovery and Repair, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Michael Hunter
- Center for Brain Recovery and Repair, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Joel Upston
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Thomas R Jones
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jessica D Richardson
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Orrin Myers
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - David B Arciniegas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Richard Campbell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Center for Brain Recovery and Repair, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Vincent P Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Ronald A Yeo
- Center for Brain Recovery and Repair, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - C William Shuttleworth
- Center for Brain Recovery and Repair, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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14
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Henderson TA, Cohen PF, Cardaci G, Urbain JLC. Editorial: The Emerging Role of SPECT Functional Neuroimaging in Psychiatry & Neurology. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:928653. [PMID: 35859601 PMCID: PMC9289600 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.928653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore A Henderson
- The International Society of Applied Neuroimaging (ISAN), Denver, CO, United States.,The Synaptic Space, Inc., Denver, CO, United States.,Neuro-Luminance, Inc., Denver, CO, United States.,Dr. Theodore Henderson, Inc., Denver, CO, United States.,Neuro-Laser Foundation, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Philip F Cohen
- The International Society of Applied Neuroimaging (ISAN), Denver, CO, United States.,Nuclear Medicine, Lions Gate Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Cardaci
- The International Society of Applied Neuroimaging (ISAN), Denver, CO, United States.,University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Jean-Luc C Urbain
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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15
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Thornton JF, Schneider H, Cohen PF, DeBruin S, Uszler JM, Siow YH, McLean MK, van Lierop MJ, Pavel DG, Henderson TA. Longitudinal Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Neuroimaging as an Indication of Improvement in Psychiatric Disorders in a Community Psychiatric Practice. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:787186. [PMID: 35401270 PMCID: PMC8990854 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.787186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the community, there is a need to more objectively evaluate the response of common chronic psychiatric disorders to treatment. Brain single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) indirectly measures cerebral functional activity by uptake of a radiotracer, which follows regional cerebral blood flow. Brain 3D Thresholded SPECT scans are thresholded three dimensional images derived from brain SPECT data. A retrospective community study of longitudinal (before and after treatment) brain 3D Thresholded SPECT scans of 73 patients with all-cause psychiatric disorders (most frequent diagnostic clusters: attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, post-mild traumatic brain injury, affective disorders, psychotic disorders, post-viral chronic syndromes), shows these baseline SPECT scans predict improvement (non-worsening to large improvement) in clinical functioning with a sensitivity of 94% (95% confidence interval 86-98%) and a specificity of 67% (95% confidence interval 21-94%). In contrast, contemporaneous analysis by the same radiologist of conventional 2D reading of the same before and after treatment brain SPECT scan data of the same 73 patients, predicted improvement (non-worsening to large improvement) in clinical functioning with a sensitivity of only 26% (95% confidence interval 17-37%) although with a specificity of 100% (95% confidence interval 44-100%). These data suggest 3D Thresholded SPECT scans can provide the clinician with a more objective measure for verifying improvement in psychiatric disorders seen in the community, consistent with prior studies of SPECT as a measure of neurobiological change. Furthermore, these data suggest 3D Thresholded SPECT scans may have clinical application in guiding treatment and potentially improving outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Thornton
- Rossiter-Thornton Associates, Toronto, ON, Canada.,International Society of Applied Neuroimaging, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Howard Schneider
- International Society of Applied Neuroimaging, Denver, CO, United States.,Sheppard Clinic North, Vaughan, ON, Canada
| | - Philip F Cohen
- International Society of Applied Neuroimaging, Denver, CO, United States.,Nuclear Medicine, Lions Gate Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - John Michael Uszler
- International Society of Applied Neuroimaging, Denver, CO, United States.,DrSPECTscan Inc., Lake Elsinore, CA, United States.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yin-Hui Siow
- International Society of Applied Neuroimaging, Denver, CO, United States.,Nuclear Medicine, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON, Canada
| | - Mary K McLean
- International Society of Applied Neuroimaging, Denver, CO, United States.,Private Practice, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Muriel J van Lierop
- International Society of Applied Neuroimaging, Denver, CO, United States.,Private Practice, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dan G Pavel
- International Society of Applied Neuroimaging, Denver, CO, United States.,PathFinder Brain SPECT LLC, Deerfield, IL, United States
| | - Theodore A Henderson
- International Society of Applied Neuroimaging, Denver, CO, United States.,Dr. Theodore Henderson, Inc., Denver, CO, United States.,The Synaptic Space, Inc., Denver, CO, United States.,Neuro-Luminance, Inc., Denver, CO, United States
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16
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Amen DG, Easton M. A New Way Forward: How Brain SPECT Imaging Can Improve Outcomes and Transform Mental Health Care Into Brain Health Care. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:715315. [PMID: 34955905 PMCID: PMC8702964 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.715315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past three decades, brain single-photon-emission-computed-tomography (SPECT) imaging has garnered a significant, evidence-based foundation for a wide array of indications relevant to the field of clinical psychiatry, including dementia, traumatic brain injuries, seizures, cerebrovascular disease, complex neuropsychiatric presentations, and treatment-resistant disorders. In clinical psychiatric practice, however, SPECT remains underutilized. Only a small percentage of psychiatric clinicians use brain imaging technology. In this article, the authors provide a rationale for shifting the paradigm to one that includes broader use of SPECT in the clinical psychiatric setting, primarily for patients with complex conditions. This paper will outline seven specific clinical applications. Adding neuroimaging tools like SPECT to day-to-day clinical practice can help move psychiatry forward by transforming mental health care, which can be stigmatizing and often shunned by the general public, to brain health care, which the authors argue will be more likely to be embraced by a larger group of people in need.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Easton
- Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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17
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Amen DG, Wu J, George N, Newberg A. Patterns of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow as a Function of Obesity in Adults. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 77:1331-1337. [PMID: 32773393 PMCID: PMC7683049 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: While obesity has been shown to be a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease, the potential mechanisms underlying this risk may be clarified with better understanding of underlying physiology in obese persons. Objective: To identify patterns of cerebral perfusion abnormality in adults as a function of body mass index (BMI) defined weight categories, including overweight or obese status. Methods: A large psychiatric cohort of 35,442 brain scans across 17,721 adults (mean age 40.8±16.2 years, range 18–94 years) were imaged with SPECT during baseline and concentration scans, the latter done after each participant completed the Connors Continuous Performance Test II. ANOVA was done to identify patterns of perfusion abnormality in this cohort across BMI designations of underweight (BMI < 18.5), normal weight (BMI = 18.5 to 24.9), overweight (BMI 24.9 to 29.9), obesity (BMI≥30), and morbid obesity (BMI≥40). This analysis was done for 128 brain regions quantifying SPECT perfusion using the automated anatomical labeling (AAL) atlas. Results: Across adulthood, higher BMI correlated with decreased perfusion on both resting and concentration brain SPECT scans. These are seen in virtually all brain regions, including those influenced by AD pathology such as the hippocampus. Conclusion: Greater BMI is associated with cerebral perfusion decreases in both resting and concentration SPECT scans across adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrew Newberg
- Thomas Jefferson University and Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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18
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Cerebral perfusion disturbances in chronic mild traumatic brain injury correlate with psychoemotional outcomes. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:1438-1449. [PMID: 32734434 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00343-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The study explored associations between hemodynamic changes and psychoemotional status in 32 patients with chronic mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and 31 age-matched healthy volunteers. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral blood volume (CBV) values were obtained using Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging in brain regions suspected to play a role in anxiety and depression. Patients were administered self-report measures of anxiety and depression symptoms and underwent neuropsychological assessment. As a group mTBI patients scored significantly below age- and education-adjusted population norms on multiple cognitive domains and reported high rates of anxiety and depression symptomatology. Significantly reduced CBF values were detected in the mTBI group compared to controls in dorsolateral prefrontal areas, putamen, and hippocampus, bilaterally. Within the mTBI group, depressive symptomatology was significantly associated with lower perfusion in the left anterior cingulate gyrus and higher perfusion in the putamen, bilaterally. The latter association was independent from verbal working memory capacity. Moreover, anxiety symptomatology was associated with lower perfusion in the hippocampus (after controlling for verbal episodic memory difficulties). Associations between regional perfusion and psychoemotional scores were specific to depression or anxiety, respectively, and independent of the presence of visible lesions on conventional MRI. Results are discussed in relation to the role of specific limbic and paralimbic regions in the pathogenesis of symptoms of depression and anxiety.
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19
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Clinical Evaluation and Treatment of Patients with Postconcussion Syndrome. Neurol Res Int 2021; 2021:5567695. [PMID: 34194843 PMCID: PMC8181109 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5567695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Postconcussion syndrome (PCS) is a complex set of symptoms occurring in a small percentage of patients following concussion. The condition is characterized by headaches, dizziness, cognitive difficulties, somatosensory issues, and a variety of other symptoms with varying durations. There is a lack of objective markers and standard treatment protocols. With the complexity created by premorbid conditions, psychosomatic issues, secondary gains, and litigations, providers often find themselves in a tough situation in the care of these patients. This article combines literature review and clinical insights with a focus on the underlying pathophysiology of PCS to provide a roadmap for evaluating and treating this condition.
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20
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Chaudhari AJ, Badawi RD. Application-specific nuclear medical in vivoimaging devices. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 33770765 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abf275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear medical imaging devices, such as those enabling photon emission imaging (gamma camera, single photon emission computed tomography, or positron emission imaging), that are typically used in today's clinics are optimized for assessing large portions of the human body, and are classified as whole-body imaging systems. These systems have known limitations for organ imaging, therefore application-specific devices have been designed, constructed and evaluated. These devices, given their compact nature and superior technical characteristics, such as their higher detection sensitivity and spatial resolution for organ imaging compared to whole-body imaging systems, have shown promise for niche applications. Several of these devices have further been integrated with complementary anatomical imaging devices. The objectives of this review article are to (1) provide an overview of such application-specific nuclear imaging devices that were developed over the past two decades (in the twenty-first century), with emphasis on brain, cardiac, breast, and prostate imaging; and (2) discuss the rationale, advantages and challenges associated with the translation of these devices for routine clinical imaging. Finally, a perspective on the future prospects for application-specific devices is provided, which is that sustained effort is required both to overcome design limitations which impact their utility (where these exist) and to collect the data required to define their clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit J Chaudhari
- Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States of America.,Center for Molecular and Genomic Imaging, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - Ramsey D Badawi
- Department of Radiology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States of America.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
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21
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Nagappan A, Kalokairinou L, Wexler A. Ethical and Legal Considerations of Alternative Neurotherapies. AJOB Neurosci 2021; 12:257-269. [PMID: 33759705 DOI: 10.1080/21507740.2021.1896601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurotherapies for diagnostics and treatment-such as electroencephalography (EEG) neurofeedback, single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) imaging for neuropsychiatric evaluation, and off-label/experimental uses of brain stimulation-are continuously being offered to the public outside mainstream healthcare settings. Because these neurotherapies share many key features of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) techniques-and meet the definition of CAM as set out in Kaptchuk and Eisenberg-here we refer to them as "alternative neurotherapies." By explicitly linking these alternative neurotherapy practices under a common conceptual framework, this paper draws attention to, and critically considers, the cross-cutting ethical and legal issues related to the provision of these services. The first section of this paper provides an updated empirical overview of uses of SPECT neuropsychiatric evaluations, EEG neurofeedback, and experimental/off-label forms of brain stimulation. Next, drawing on CAM bioethics scholarship, we highlight the pertinent ethical issues in the alternative neurotherapy context, including the truthful representation of evidence base, marketing to vulnerable populations, potential harms, provider competency, and conflicts of interest. Finally, we consider the principal legal issues at stake for the provision of alternative neurotherapies in the U.S., namely those related to licensing and scope-of-practice considerations. We conclude with recommendations for future research in this domain.
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22
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Quandt LM, Raji CA. Going against the norm: validation of a novel alternative to brain SPECT normative datasets. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.37349/emed.2020.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim:
Quantitative analysis of brain single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion imaging is dependent on normative datasets that are challenging to produce. This study investigated the combination of SPECT neuroimaging from a large clinical population rather than small numbers of controls. The authors hypothesized this “population template” would demonstrate noninferiority to a control dataset, providing a viable alternative for quantifying perfusion abnormalities in SPECT neuroimaging.
Methods:
A total of 2, 068 clinical SPECT scans were averaged to form the “population template”. Validation was three-fold. First, the template was imported into SPECT brain analysis software, MIMneuro®, and compared against its control dataset of 90 individuals through its region and cluster analysis tools. Second, a cohort of 100 cognitively impaired subjects was evaluated against both the population template and MIMneuro®’s normative dataset to compute region-based metrics. Concordance and intraclass correlation coefficients, mean square deviations, total deviation indices, and limits of agreement were derived from these data to measure agreement and test for noninferiority. Finally, the same patients were clinically read in CereMetrix® to confirm that expected perfusion patterns appeared after comparison to the template.
Results:
MIMneuro®’s default threshold for normality is ± 1.65 z-score and this served as our noninferiority margin. Direct comparison of the template to controls produced no regions that exceeded this threshold and all clusters identified were far from statistically significant. Agreement measures revealed consistency between the softwares and that CereMetrix® results were noninferior to MIMneuro®, albeit with proportional bias. Visual analysis also confirmed that expected perfusion patterns appeared when individual scans were compared to the population template within CereMetrix®.
Conclusions:
The authors demonstrated a population template was noninferior to a smaller control dataset despite inclusion of abnormal scans. This suggests that our patient-based population template can serve as an alternative for identifying and quantifying perfusion abnormalities in brain SPECT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cyrus A. Raji
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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23
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Ugwuanyi DC, Sibeudu TF, Irole CP, Ogolodom MP, Nwagbara CT, Ibekwe AM, Mbaba AN. Evaluation of common findings in brain computerized tomography (CT) scan: A single center study. AIMS Neurosci 2020; 7:311-318. [PMID: 32995488 PMCID: PMC7519969 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Computed Tomography (CT) is an invaluable imaging tool in the diagnostic workup of patients presenting with head trauma, stroke, brain tumour and epilepsy. The objective of this study was to document the common intracranial pathologies as revealed by CT in our setting and also determine if the indications for CT scan are justified so that patients are not exposed to radiation unnecessarily. Materials and methods This was a cross-sectional study carried out in Hansa Clinic Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria. Demographic data and brain CT radiological reports with imaging findings and clinical indications for patients referred to this study centre from January, 2017 to January 2019 were retrieved from the CT reports' archives and reviewed retrospectively. Relevant information such age, gender, radiological CT findings and clinical indications were collected using structured proforma. Results A total of 300 patients' brain CT radiological reports were included in this study. The mean age of the patients was 41.25 ± 16.5 years with majority been within the age group of 31–40 years 92 (30.67%). Out of 300 cases, normal finding was highest 117 (39%) and the least was intracranial physiological calcification, which is 1 (0.33%). Headache is the most common clinical indication, 53 (17.67%) the least was unsteady Gait, which is 3 (1%). The Chi-square test revealed that there was statistically significance relationship between brain CT findings and clinical indications for the investigations (X2 = 285.60, p = 0.002). Conclusion The study showed that more males than females undergo brain CT scan with headache being the most common presenting complaint. The majority of findings of the brain CT scans in this study are normal despite, myriads of complaints necessitating the investigations. The study also revealed significant association between clinical indications and CT findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chimuanya Ugwuanyi
- Department of Medical Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Tochukwu Florence Sibeudu
- Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health sciences and Technology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Chidmma Precious Irole
- Department of Medical Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | | | - Chukwudi Thaddeus Nwagbara
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi Nigeria
| | - Adaobi Maryann Ibekwe
- Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health sciences and Technology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria
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24
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Fernández-Campos M, Góngora-Canul C, Das S, Kabir MR, Valent B, Cruz CD. Epidemiological Criteria to Support Breeding Tactics Against the Emerging, High-Consequence Wheat Blast Disease. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:2252-2261. [PMID: 32584156 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-19-2672-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant disease epidemiology can make a significant contribution for cultivar selection by elucidating the principles of an epidemic under different levels of resistance. For emerging diseases as wheat blast (WB), epidemiological parameters can provide support for better selection of genetic resources. Field experiments were conducted at two locations in Bolivia in 2018-2019 to characterize the temporal dynamics of the disease on 10 cultivars with different levels of reaction to WB. Logistic models best (R2 = 0.70-0.96) fit the disease progress curve in all cultivars followed by Gompertz (R2 = 0.64-0.94), providing additional evidence of a polycyclic disease. Total area under disease progress curve (tAUDPC), final disease severity (Ymax), and logistic apparent infection rates (rL*) were shown to be appropriate epidemiological parameters for describing resistance and cultivar selection. Cultivars that showed a high spike AUDPC (sAUDPC) showed a high leaf AUDPC (lAUDPC). tAUPDC, Ymax, and rL* were positively correlated among them (P < 0.01) and all were negatively correlated with grain weight (P < 0.01). Based on the epidemiological parameters used, cultivars that showed resistance to WB were Urubó, San Pablo, and AN-120, which were previously reported to have effective resistance against the disease under field conditions. The information generated could help breeding programs to make technical decisions about relevant epidemiological parameters to consider prior to cultivar release.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fernández-Campos
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A
| | - C Góngora-Canul
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A
| | - S Das
- Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Coochbehar, West Bengal 736165, India
| | - M R Kabir
- Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute, Nishapur, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
| | - B Valent
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, U.S.A
| | - C D Cruz
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A
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25
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Parker MFL, Flavell RR, Luu JM, Rosenberg OS, Ohliger MA, Wilson DM. Small Molecule Sensors Targeting the Bacterial Cell Wall. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1587-1598. [PMID: 32433879 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights recent efforts to detect bacteria using engineered small molecules that are processed and incorporated similarly to their natural counterparts. There are both scientific and clinical justifications for these endeavors. The use of detectable, cell-wall targeted chemical probes has elucidated microbial behavior, with several fluorescent labeling methods in widespread laboratory use. Furthermore, many existing efforts including ours, focus on developing new imaging tools to study infection in clinical practice. The bacterial cell wall, a remarkably rich and complex structure, is an outstanding target for bacteria-specific detection. Several cell wall components are found in bacteria but not mammals, especially peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, and teichoic acids. As this review highlights, the development of laboratory tools for fluorescence microscopy has vastly outstripped related positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) radiotracer development. However, there is great synergy between these chemical strategies, which both employ mimicry of endogenous substrates to incorporate detectable structures. As the field of bacteria-specific imaging grows, it will be important to understand the mechanisms involved in microbial incorporation of radionuclides. Additionally, we will highlight the clinical challenges motivating this imaging effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F. L. Parker
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Robert R. Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Justin M. Luu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Oren S. Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Michael A. Ohliger
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department of Radiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California 94110, United States
| | - David M. Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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26
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Huang M, Lewine JD, Lee RR. Magnetoencephalography for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2020; 30:175-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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27
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Sparks P, Lawrence T, Hinze S. Neuroimaging in the Diagnosis of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: A Systematic Review. Clin J Sport Med 2020; 30 Suppl 1:S1-S10. [PMID: 32132472 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative tauopathy associated with repeated subconcussive and concussive head injury. Clinical features include cognitive, behavioral, mood, and motor impairments. Definitive diagnosis is only possible at postmortem. Here, the utility of neuroimaging in the diagnosis of CTE is evaluated by systematically reviewing recent evidence for changes in neuroimaging biomarkers in suspected cases of CTE compared with controls. DATA SOURCES Providing an update on a previous systematic review of articles published until December 2014, we searched for articles published between December 2014 and July 2016. We searched PubMed for studies assessing neuroimaging changes in symptomatic suspected cases of CTE with a history of repeated subconcussive or concussive head injury or participation in contact sports involving direct impact to the head. Exclusion criteria were case studies, review articles, and articles focusing on repetitive head trauma from military service, head banging, epilepsy, physical abuse, or animal models. MAIN RESULTS Seven articles met the review criteria, almost all of which studied professional athletes. The range of modalities were categorized into structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion MRI, and radionuclide studies. Biomarkers which differed significantly between suspected CTE and controls were Evans index (P = 0.05), cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) rate (P < 0.0006), length (P < 0.03) and ratio of CSP length to septum length (P < 0.03), regional differences in axial diffusivity (P < 0.05) and free/intracellular water fractions (P < 0.005), single-photon emission computed tomography perfusion abnormalities (P < 0.01), positron emission tomography (PET) signals from tau-binding, glucose-binding, and GABA receptor-binding radionuclides (P < 0.0001, P < 0.005, and P < 0.005, respectively). Important limitations include low specificity in identification of suspected cases of CTE across studies, the need for postmortem validation, and a lack of generalizability to nonprofessional athletes. CONCLUSIONS The most promising biomarker is tau-binding radionuclide PET signal because it is most specific to the underlying neuropathology and differentiated CTE from both controls and patients with Alzheimer disease (P < 0.0001). Multimodal imaging will improve specificity further. Future research should minimize variability in identification of suspected cases of CTE using published clinical criteria.
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28
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Henderson TA, van Lierop MJ, McLean M, Uszler JM, Thornton JF, Siow YH, Pavel DG, Cardaci J, Cohen P. Functional Neuroimaging in Psychiatry-Aiding in Diagnosis and Guiding Treatment. What the American Psychiatric Association Does Not Know. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:276. [PMID: 32351416 PMCID: PMC7176045 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While early efforts in psychiatry were focused on uncovering the neurobiological basis of psychiatric symptoms, they made little progress due to limited ability to observe the living brain. Today, we know a great deal about the workings of the brain; yet, none of this neurobiological awareness has translated into the practice of psychiatry. The categorical system which dominates psychiatric diagnosis and thinking fails to match up to the real world of genetics, sophisticated psychological testing, and neuroimaging. Nevertheless, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) recently published a position paper stating that neuroimaging provided no benefit to the diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders. Using the diagnosis of depression as a model, we illustrate how setting aside the unrealistic expectation of a pathognomonic "fingerprint" for categorical diagnoses, we can avoid missing the biological and, therefore, treatable contributors to psychopathology which can and are visualized using functional neuroimaging. Infection, toxicity, inflammation, gut-brain dysregulation, and traumatic brain injury can all induce psychiatric manifestations which masquerade as depression and other psychiatric disorders. We review these and provide illustrative clinical examples. We further describe situations for which single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) functional neuroimaging already meet or exceed the criteria set forth by the APA to define a neuroimaging biomarker, including the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, the differential diagnosis of ADHD, and the evaluation of traumatic brain injury. The limitations, both real and perceived, of SPECT and PET functional neuroimaging in the field of psychiatry are also elaborated. An important overarching concept for diagnostic imaging in all its forms, including functional neuroimaging, is that imaging allows a clinician to eliminate possibilities, narrow the differential diagnosis, and tailor the treatment plan. This progression is central to any medical diagnostic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore A Henderson
- The Synaptic Space, Inc., Denver, CO, United States.,Neuro-Luminance, Inc., Denver, CO, United States.,Dr. Theodore Henderson, Inc., Denver, CO, United States.,International Society of Applied Neuroimaging, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Muriel J van Lierop
- International Society of Applied Neuroimaging, Denver, CO, United States.,Private Practice, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mary McLean
- International Society of Applied Neuroimaging, Denver, CO, United States.,Private Practice, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John Michael Uszler
- International Society of Applied Neuroimaging, Denver, CO, United States.,Nuclear Medicine, Providence St. John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, United States.,Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - John F Thornton
- International Society of Applied Neuroimaging, Denver, CO, United States.,Rossiter-Thornton Associates, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yin-Hui Siow
- International Society of Applied Neuroimaging, Denver, CO, United States.,Nuclear Medicine, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON, Canada
| | - Dan G Pavel
- International Society of Applied Neuroimaging, Denver, CO, United States.,PathFinder Brain SPECT, Deerfield, IL, United States
| | - Joe Cardaci
- International Society of Applied Neuroimaging, Denver, CO, United States.,Fremantle-School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, WA, Australia.,Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Consultant Physician, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Phil Cohen
- International Society of Applied Neuroimaging, Denver, CO, United States.,Nuclear Medicine, Lions Gate Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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29
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Bashir A, Abebe ZA, McInnes KA, Button EB, Tatarnikov I, Cheng WH, Haber M, Wilkinson A, Barron C, Diaz-Arrastia R, Stukas S, Cripton PA, Wellington CL. Increased severity of the CHIMERA model induces acute vascular injury, sub-acute deficits in memory recall, and chronic white matter gliosis. Exp Neurol 2019; 324:113116. [PMID: 31734317 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in modern societies. Diffuse axonal and vascular injury are nearly universal consequences of mechanical energy impacting the head and contribute to disability throughout the injury severity spectrum. CHIMERA (Closed Head Impact Model of Engineered Rotational Acceleration) is a non-surgical, impact-acceleration model of rodent TBI that reliably produces diffuse axonal injury characterized by white matter gliosis and axonal damage. At impact energies up to 0.7 joules, which result in mild TBI in mice, CHIMERA does not produce detectable vascular or grey matter injury. This study was designed to expand CHIMERA's capacity to induce more severe injuries, including vascular damage and grey matter gliosis. This was made possible by designing a physical interface positioned between the piston and animal's head to allow higher impact energies to be transmitted to the head without causing skull fracture. Here, we assessed interface-assisted single CHIMERA TBI at 2.5 joules in wild-type mice using a study design that spanned 6 h-60 d time points. Injured animals displayed robust acute neurological deficits, elevated plasma total tau and neurofilament-light levels, transiently increased proinflammatory cytokines in brain tissue, blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage and microstructural vascular abnormalities, and grey matter microgliosis. Memory deficits were evident at 30 d and resolved by 60 d. Intriguingly, white matter injury was not remarkable at acute time points but evolved over time, with white matter gliosis being most extensive at 60 d. Interface-assisted CHIMERA thus enables experimental modeling of distinct endophenotypes of TBI that include acute vascular and grey matter injury in addition to chronic evolution of white matter damage, similar to the natural history of human TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Bashir
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada.
| | - Zelalem A Abebe
- International Centre On Repair Discoveries, Department of Mechanical Engineering and School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V5Z 1M9, BC, Canada
| | - Kurt A McInnes
- International Centre On Repair Discoveries, Department of Mechanical Engineering and School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V5Z 1M9, BC, Canada
| | - Emily B Button
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada.
| | - Igor Tatarnikov
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada; Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada
| | - Wai Hang Cheng
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada
| | - Margalit Haber
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, 51 N 39th Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anna Wilkinson
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada.
| | - Carlos Barron
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada.
| | - Ramon Diaz-Arrastia
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, 51 N 39th Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Sophie Stukas
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada.
| | - Peter A Cripton
- International Centre On Repair Discoveries, Department of Mechanical Engineering and School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V5Z 1M9, BC, Canada.
| | - Cheryl L Wellington
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada.
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30
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Sandsmark DK, Bashir A, Wellington CL, Diaz-Arrastia R. Cerebral Microvascular Injury: A Potentially Treatable Endophenotype of Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Neurodegeneration. Neuron 2019; 103:367-379. [PMID: 31394062 PMCID: PMC6688649 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one the most common human afflictions, contributing to long-term disability in survivors. Emerging data indicate that functional improvement or deterioration can occur years after TBI. In this regard, TBI is recognized as risk factor for late-life neurodegenerative disorders. TBI encompasses a heterogeneous disease process in which diverse injury subtypes and multiple molecular mechanisms overlap. To develop precision medicine approaches where specific pathobiological processes are targeted by mechanistically appropriate therapies, techniques to identify and measure these subtypes are needed. Traumatic microvascular injury is a common but relatively understudied TBI endophenotype. In this review, we describe evidence of microvascular dysfunction in human and animal TBI, explore the role of vascular dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease, and discuss potential opportunities for vascular-directed therapies in ameliorating TBI-related neurodegeneration. We discuss the therapeutic potential of vascular-directed therapies in TBI and the use and limitations of preclinical models to explore these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asma Bashir
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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31
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Dallmeier JD, Meysami S, Merrill DA, Raji CA. Emerging advances of in vivo detection of chronic traumatic encephalopathy and traumatic brain injury. Br J Radiol 2019; 92:20180925. [PMID: 31287716 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20180925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is of epidemic proportions in contact sports athletes and is linked to subconcussive and concussive repetitive head impacts (RHI). Although postmortem analysis is currently the only confirmatory method to diagnose CTE, there has been progress in early detection techniques of fluid biomarkers as well as in advanced neuroimaging techniques. Specifically, promising new methods of diffusion MRI and radionucleotide PET scans could aid in the early detection of CTE.The authors examine early detection methods focusing on various neuroimaging techniques. Advances in structural and diffusion MRI have demonstrated the ability to measure volumetric and white matter abnormalities associated with CTE. Recent studies using radionucleotides such as flortaucipir and 18F-FDDNP have shown binding patterns that are consistent with the four stages of neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) distribution postmortem. Additional research undertakings focusing on fMRI, MR spectroscopy, susceptibility-weighted imaging, and singlephoton emission CT are also discussed as are advanced MRI methods such as diffusiontensor imaging and arterial spin labeled. Neuroimaging is fast becoming a key instrument in early detection and could prove essential for CTE quantification. This review explores a global approach to in vivo early detection.Limited data of in vivo CTE biomarkers with postmortem confirmation are available. While some data exist, they are limited by selection bias. It is unlikely that a single test will be sufficient to properly diagnosis and distinguish CTE from other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease or Frontotemporal Dementia. However, with a combination of fluid biomarkers, neuroimaging, and genetic testing, early detection may become possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian D Dallmeier
- 1Department of Neuroscience, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Somayeh Meysami
- 2Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - David A Merrill
- 3Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Pacific Brain Health Center, UCLA and Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Cyrus A Raji
- 4Radiology, Washington University Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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32
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Lewine JD, Plis S, Ulloa A, Williams C, Spitz M, Foley J, Paulson K, Davis J, Bangera N, Snyder T, Weaver L. Quantitative EEG Biomarkers for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 36:298-305. [DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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33
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Hribljan V, Lisjak D, Petrović DJ, Mitrečić D. Necroptosis is one of the modalities of cell death accompanying ischemic brain stroke: from pathogenesis to therapeutic possibilities. Croat Med J 2019; 60:121-126. [PMID: 31044583 PMCID: PMC6509625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to very limited therapeutic options, ischemic brain injury is one of the leading causes of death and lifelong disability worldwide, which imposes enormous public health burden. One of the main events occurring with ischemic brain stroke is cell death. Necroptosis is a type of cell death described as a regulated necrosis characterized by cell membrane disruption mediated by phosphorylated mixed lineage kinase like protein (MLKL). It can be triggered by activation of death receptors (eg, FAS, TNFR1), which lead to receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) activation by RIPK1 in the absence of active caspase-8. Here, we review articles that have reported that necroptosis significantly contributes to negative events occurring with the ischemic brain stroke, and that its inhibition is protective both in vitro and in vivo. We also review articles describing positive effects obtained by reducing necroptosis, including the reduction of infarct volume and improved functional recovery in animal models. Since necroptosis is characterized by cell content leakage and subsequent inflammation, in addition to reducing cell death, inhibition of necroptosis in ischemic brain stroke also reduces some inflammatory cytokines. By comparing various approaches in inhibition of necroptosis, we analyze the achieved effects from the perspective of controlling necroptosis as a part of future therapeutic interventions in brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Hribljan
- Valentina Hribljan, Laboratory for Stem Cells, Department for Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics and Regenerative Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Šalata 12, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia,
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34
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Imaging of traumatic brain injury. Dis Mon 2019; 65:100856. [PMID: 30819435 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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Martinez BI, Stabenfeldt SE. Current trends in biomarker discovery and analysis tools for traumatic brain injury. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:16. [PMID: 30828380 PMCID: PMC6381710 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0145-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects 1.7 million people in the United States each year, causing lifelong functional deficits in cognition and behavior. The complex pathophysiology of neural injury is a primary barrier to developing sensitive and specific diagnostic tools, which consequentially has a detrimental effect on treatment regimens. Biomarkers of other diseases (e.g. cancer) have provided critical insight into disease emergence and progression that lend to developing powerful clinical tools for intervention. Therefore, the biomarker discovery field has recently focused on TBI and made substantial advancements to characterize markers with promise of transforming TBI patient diagnostics and care. This review focuses on these key advances in neural injury biomarkers discovery, including novel approaches spanning from omics-based approaches to imaging and machine learning as well as the evolution of established techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana I. Martinez
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering, Arizona State University, PO Box 879709, Tempe, AZ 85287-9709 USA
| | - Sarah E. Stabenfeldt
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering, Arizona State University, PO Box 879709, Tempe, AZ 85287-9709 USA
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Dong Y, Hu XH, Wu T, Wang T. Effect of hyperbaric oxygenation therapy on post-concussion syndrome. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:2193-2202. [PMID: 30186458 PMCID: PMC6122203 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review evaluated the effect of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) therapy on post-concussion syndrome (PCS). Searches for publications from the earliest date possible up until the first week of 2016 were conducted using the electronic databases Cochrane, EBSCOhost, Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed and Web of Science. Additional trials were identified through reference list scanning. Randomized controlled trials assessing the effectiveness of HBO therapy in PCS were selected and tested for eligibility for inclusion in the present review. Two independent reviewers conducted data extraction and the Cochrane Collaboration's recommended method was used to assess the risk of bias in each study included. Review Manager 5.3 software was used for data synthesis and analysis and the standardized mean difference (SMD) or mean difference (MD) was estimated with a fixed or random effects model using a 95% confidence interval (CI). A total of 127 articles were identified, 4 of which were eligible for final analysis. The meta-analysis identified no difference in the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (MD=1.23; 95% CI, -3.47-5.94; P>0.05; I2=35%) or Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL) scores (SMD=0.12; 95% CI, -0.31-0.54; P>0.05; I2=0%) scores between groups receiving different oxygen doses. The differences in PCL scores (SMD=-0.13, 95% CI, -0.80-0.53; P>0.05; I2=63%) and neurobehavioral symptoms (SMD=-1.00, 95% CI, -2.58-0.58; P>0.05; I2=92%) between the HBO and sham groups were not significant. The current study demonstrated that HBO therapy has no significant effect on PCS compared with the sham group. Therefore, it was determined that effective design and execution of a large clinical trial, which includes treatment, control and sham groups is required in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Dong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hangzhou Hospital of Zhejiang CAPF, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xia Hua Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hangzhou Hospital of Zhejiang CAPF, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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Al-Dahhak R, Khoury R, Qazi E, Grossberg GT. Traumatic Brain Injury, Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, and Alzheimer Disease. Clin Geriatr Med 2018; 34:617-635. [PMID: 30336991 DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health and economic burden. With increasing aging population, this issue is expected to continue to rise. Neurodegenerative disorders are more common with aging population in general regardless of history of TBI. Recent evidence continues to support a relation between a TBI and neurocognitive decline later in life (such as in athletes and military). This article summarizes the pathologic and clinical effects of TBI (regardless of severity) on the later development of dementia in individuals 65 years or older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roula Al-Dahhak
- Department of Neurology, Saint Louis University, 1438 South Grand Boulevard, Suite 105, St Louis, MO 63104, USA.
| | - Rita Khoury
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, 1438 South Grand Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Erum Qazi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, 1438 South Grand Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - George T Grossberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, 1438 South Grand Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
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Raji CA, Henderson TA. PET and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography in Brain Concussion. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2018; 28:67-82. [PMID: 29157854 DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This article offers an overview of the application of PET and single photon emission computed tomography brain imaging to concussion, a type of mild traumatic brain injury and traumatic brain injury, in general. The article reviews the application of these neuronuclear imaging modalities in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Additionally, this article frames the current literature with an overview of the basic physics and radiation exposure risks of each modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus A Raji
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, UCSF China Basin, 185 Berry Street, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Theodore A Henderson
- The Synaptic Space Inc, Neuro-Laser Foundation, Neuro-Luminance Brain Health Centers Inc, Dr. Theodore Henderson Inc, 3979 East Arapahoe Road, Suite 200, Centennial, CO 80122, USA.
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Crider T, Eng D, Sarkar PR, Cordero J, Krusz JC, Sarkar SN. Microvascular and large vein abnormalities in young patients after mild head trauma and associated fatigue: A brain SPECT evaluation and posture dependence modeling. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2018; 170:159-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Amen DG, Harris WS, Kidd PM, Meysami S, Raji CA. Quantitative Erythrocyte Omega-3 EPA Plus DHA Levels are Related to Higher Regional Cerebral Blood Flow on Brain SPECT. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 58:1189-1199. [PMID: 28527220 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interrelationships between omega-3 fatty acids status, brain perfusion, and cognition are not well understood. OBJECTIVE To evaluate if SPECT brain imaging of cerebral perfusion and cognition varies as a function of omega-3 fatty acid levels. METHODS A random sample of 166 study participants was drawn from a psychiatric referral clinical for which erythrocyte quantification of omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (the Omega-3 Index) was available. Quantitative brain SPECT was done on 128 regions based on a standard anatomical Atlas. Persons with erythrocyte EPA+DHA concentrations were dichotomized based on membership in top 50th percentile versus bottom 50th percentile categories. Two-sample t-tests were done to identify statistically significant differences in perfusion between the percentile groups. Partial correlations were modeled between EPA+DHA concentration and SPECT regions. Neurocognitive status was assessed using computerized testing (WebNeuro) and was separately correlated to cerebral perfusion on brain SPECT imaging and omega-3 EPA+DHA levels. RESULTS Partial correlation analyses showed statistically significant relationships between higher omega-3 levels and cerebral perfusion were in the right parahippocampal gyrus (r = 0.20, p = 0.03), right precuneus (r = 0.20, p = 0.03), and vermis subregion 6 (p = 0.21, p = 0.03). Omega-3 Index levels separately correlated to the feeling subsection of the WebNeuro (r = 0.25, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Quantitative omega-3 EPA+DHA erythrocyte concentrations are independently correlated with brain perfusion on SPECT imaging and neurocognitive tests. These results have implications for the role of omega-3 fatty acids toward contributing to cognitive reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William S Harris
- University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD, USA
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Chong CD, Schwedt TJ. Research Imaging of Brain Structure and Function After Concussion. Headache 2018; 58:827-835. [DOI: 10.1111/head.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Douglas DB, Chaudhari R, Zhao JM, Gullo J, Kirkland J, Douglas PK, Wolin E, Walroth J, Wintermark M. Perfusion Imaging in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2018; 28:55-65. [PMID: 29157853 PMCID: PMC7890940 DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant problem worldwide and neuroimaging plays a critical role in diagnosis and management. Recently, perfusion neuroimaging techniques have been explored in TBI to determine and characterize potential perfusion neuroimaging biomarkers to aid in diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. In this article, computed tomography (CT) bolus perfusion, MR imaging bolus perfusion, MR imaging arterial spin labeling perfusion, and xenon CT are reviewed with a focus on their applications in acute TBI. Future research directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Douglas
- Department of Neuroradiology, Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room S047, Stanford, CA 94305-5105, USA; Department of Radiology, David Grant Medical Center, 101 Bodin Circle, Travis Air Force Base, CA 94535, USA
| | - Ruchir Chaudhari
- Department of Neuroradiology, Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room S047, Stanford, CA 94305-5105, USA
| | - Jason M Zhao
- Department of Radiology, David Grant Medical Center, 101 Bodin Circle, Travis Air Force Base, CA 94535, USA
| | - James Gullo
- Department of Radiology, David Grant Medical Center, 101 Bodin Circle, Travis Air Force Base, CA 94535, USA
| | - Jared Kirkland
- Department of Radiology, David Grant Medical Center, 101 Bodin Circle, Travis Air Force Base, CA 94535, USA
| | - Pamela K Douglas
- Institute for Simulation and Training, University of Central Florida, 3100 Technology Parkway, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Ely Wolin
- Department of Radiology, David Grant Medical Center, 101 Bodin Circle, Travis Air Force Base, CA 94535, USA
| | - James Walroth
- Department of Radiology, David Grant Medical Center, 101 Bodin Circle, Travis Air Force Base, CA 94535, USA
| | - Max Wintermark
- Department of Neuroradiology, Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room S047, Stanford, CA 94305-5105, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin K Quinn
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, the MIND Research Network, and the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; the Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and the Division of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Andrew R Mayer
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, the MIND Research Network, and the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; the Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and the Division of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Christina L Master
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, the MIND Research Network, and the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; the Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and the Division of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Jesse R Fann
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, the MIND Research Network, and the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; the Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and the Division of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Washington, Seattle
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Miletich RS. Positron Emission Tomography and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography in Neurology. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2018; 22:1636-1654. [PMID: 27740992 DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000000389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are now available for routine clinical applications in neurology. This article discusses their diagnostic use in dementia, brain tumors, epilepsy, parkinsonism, cerebrovascular disease, and traumatic brain injury. RECENT FINDINGS Neuromolecular imaging, also known as nuclear neurology, involves clinical imaging of both basal regional physiology (perfusion, metabolism, and transport mechanisms) and specific neurochemical physiology (currently, only the dopamine transporter). This article serves as an introduction to neuromolecular imaging, reviewing the literature supplemented by the author's experience. SUMMARY Neurologic PET and SPECT are no longer restricted to the research realm. These modalities have high diagnostic accuracy.
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Donnelly B, Touyz S, Hay P, Burton A, Russell J, Caterson I. Neuroimaging in bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder: a systematic review. J Eat Disord 2018; 6:3. [PMID: 29468065 PMCID: PMC5819247 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-018-0187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In recent decades there has been growing interest in the use of neuroimaging techniques to explore the structural and functional brain changes that take place in those with eating disorders. However, to date, the majority of research has focused on patients with anorexia nervosa. This systematic review addresses a gap in the literature by providing an examination of the published literature on the neurobiology of individuals who binge eat; specifically, individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED). METHODS A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines using PubMed, PsycInfo, Medline and Web of Science, and additional hand searches through reference lists. 1,003 papers were identified in the database search. Published studies were included if they were an original research paper written in English; studied humans only; used samples of participants with a diagnosed eating disorder characterised by recurrent binge eating; included a healthy control sample; and reported group comparisons between clinical groups and healthy control groups. RESULTS Thirty-two papers were included in the systematic review. Significant heterogeneity in the methods used in the included papers coupled with small sample sizes impeded the interpretation of results. Twenty-one papers utilised functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI); seven papers utilized Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) with one of these using both MRI and Positron Emission Technology (PET); three studies used Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and one study used PET only. A small number of consistent findings emerged in individuals in the acute phase of illness with BN or BED including: volume reduction and increases across a range of areas; hypoactivity in the frontostriatal circuits; and aberrant responses in the insula, amygdala, middle frontal gyrus and occipital cortex to a range of different stimuli or tasks; a link between illness severity in BN and neural changes; diminished attentional capacity and early learning; and in SPECT studies, increased rCBF in relation to disorder-related stimuli. CONCLUSIONS Studies included in this review are heterogenous, preventing many robust conclusions from being drawn. The precise neurobiology of BN and BED remains unclear and ongoing, large-scale investigations are required. One clear finding is that illness severity, exclusively defined as the frequency of binge eating or bulimic episodes, is related to greater neural changes. The results of this review indicate additional research is required, particularly extending findings of reduced cortical volumes and diminished activity in regions associated with self-regulation (frontostriatal circuits) and further exploring responses to disorder-related stimuli in people with BN and BED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Donnelly
- 1School of Psychology, Clinical Psychology Unit, University of Sydney, Sydney,, New South Wales Australia
| | - Stephen Touyz
- 1School of Psychology, Clinical Psychology Unit, University of Sydney, Sydney,, New South Wales Australia
| | - Phillipa Hay
- 2Translational Health Research Institute (THRI), School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales Australia
| | - Amy Burton
- 1School of Psychology, Clinical Psychology Unit, University of Sydney, Sydney,, New South Wales Australia
| | - Janice Russell
- 3The Peter Beumont Eating Disorder Service, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales Australia
| | - Ian Caterson
- 4The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales Australia
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Harch PG, Andrews SR, Fogarty EF, Lucarini J, Van Meter KW. Case control study: hyperbaric oxygen treatment of mild traumatic brain injury persistent post-concussion syndrome and post-traumatic stress disorder. Med Gas Res 2017; 7:156-174. [PMID: 29152209 PMCID: PMC5674654 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.215745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) persistent post-concussion syndrome (PPCS) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are epidemic in United States Iraq and Afghanistan War veterans. Treatment of the combined diagnoses is limited. The aim of this study is to assess safety, feasibility, and effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen treatments (HBOT) for mild TBI PPCS and PTSD. Thirty military subjects aged 18-65 with PPCS with or without PTSD and from one or more blast-induced mild-moderate traumatic brain injuries that were a minimum of 1 year old and occurred after 9/11/2001 were studied. The measures included symptom lists, physical exam, neuropsychological and psychological testing on 29 subjects (1 dropout) and SPECT brain imaging pre and post HBOT. Comparison was made using SPECT imaging on 29 matched Controls. Side effects (30 subjects) experienced due to the HBOT: reversible middle ear barotrauma (n = 6), transient deterioration in symptoms (n = 7), reversible bronchospasm (n = 1), and increased anxiety (n = 2; not related to confinement); unrelated to HBOT: ureterolithiasis (n = 1), chest pain (n = 2). Significant improvement (29 subjects) was seen in neurological exam, symptoms, intelligence quotient, memory, measures of attention, dominant hand motor speed and dexterity, quality of life, general anxiety, PTSD, depression (including reduction in suicidal ideation), and reduced psychoactive medication usage. At 6-month follow-up subjects reported further symptomatic improvement. Compared to Controls the subjects' SPECT was significantly abnormal, significantly improved after 1 and 40 treatments, and became statistically indistinguishable from Controls in 75% of abnormal areas. HBOT was found to be safe and significantly effective for veterans with mild to moderate TBI PPCS with PTSD in all four outcome domains: clinical medicine, neuropsychology, psychology, and SPECT imaging. Veterans also experienced a significant reduction in suicidal ideation and reduction in psychoactive medication use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Harch
- Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Susan R Andrews
- Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Edward F Fogarty
- University of North Dakota School of Medicine, Bismarck, ND, USA
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McCrea M, Meier T, Huber D, Ptito A, Bigler E, Debert CT, Manley G, Menon D, Chen JK, Wall R, Schneider KJ, McAllister T. Role of advanced neuroimaging, fluid biomarkers and genetic testing in the assessment of sport-related concussion: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2017; 51:919-929. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Wu X, Kirov II, Gonen O, Ge Y, Grossman RI, Lui YW. MR Imaging Applications in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: An Imaging Update. Radiology 2016; 279:693-707. [PMID: 27183405 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.16142535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), also commonly referred to as concussion, affects millions of Americans annually. Although computed tomography is the first-line imaging technique for all traumatic brain injury, it is incapable of providing long-term prognostic information in mTBI. In the past decade, the amount of research related to magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of mTBI has grown exponentially, partly due to development of novel analytical methods, which are applied to a variety of MR techniques. Here, evidence of subtle brain changes in mTBI as revealed by these techniques, which are not demonstrable by conventional imaging, will be reviewed. These changes can be considered in three main categories of brain structure, function, and metabolism. Macrostructural and microstructural changes have been revealed with three-dimensional MR imaging, susceptibility-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, and higher order diffusion imaging. Functional abnormalities have been described with both task-mediated and resting-state blood oxygen level-dependent functional MR imaging. Metabolic changes suggesting neuronal injury have been demonstrated with MR spectroscopy. These findings improve understanding of the true impact of mTBI and its pathogenesis. Further investigation may eventually lead to improved diagnosis, prognosis, and management of this common and costly condition. (©) RSNA, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wu
- From the Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, 660 First Ave, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10016
| | - Ivan I Kirov
- From the Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, 660 First Ave, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10016
| | - Oded Gonen
- From the Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, 660 First Ave, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10016
| | - Yulin Ge
- From the Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, 660 First Ave, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10016
| | - Robert I Grossman
- From the Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, 660 First Ave, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10016
| | - Yvonne W Lui
- From the Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, 660 First Ave, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10016
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Amen DG, Willeumier K, Omalu B, Newberg A, Raghavendra C, Raji CA. Perfusion Neuroimaging Abnormalities Alone Distinguish National Football League Players from a Healthy Population. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 53:237-41. [PMID: 27128374 PMCID: PMC4942725 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND National Football League (NFL) players are exposed to multiple head collisions during their careers. Increasing awareness of the adverse long-term effects of repetitive head trauma has raised substantial concern among players, medical professionals, and the general public. OBJECTIVE To determine whether low perfusion in specific brain regions on neuroimaging can accurately separate professional football players from healthy controls. METHOD A cohort of retired and current NFL players (n = 161) were recruited in a longitudinal study starting in 2009 with ongoing interval follow up. A healthy control group (n = 124) was separately recruited for comparison. Assessments included medical examinations, neuropsychological tests, and perfusion neuroimaging with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Perfusion estimates of each scan were quantified using a standard atlas. We hypothesized that hypoperfusion particularly in the orbital frontal, anterior cingulate, anterior temporal, hippocampal, amygdala, insular, caudate, superior/mid occipital, and cerebellar sub-regions alone would reliably separate controls from NFL players. Cerebral perfusion differences were calculated using a one-way ANOVA and diagnostic separation was determined with discriminant and automatic linear regression predictive models. RESULTS NFL players showed lower cerebral perfusion on average (p < 0.01) in 36 brain regions. The discriminant analysis subsequently distinguished NFL players from controls with 90% sensitivity, 86% specificity, and 94% accuracy (95% CI 95-99). Automatic linear modeling achieved similar results. Inclusion of age and clinical co-morbidities did not improve diagnostic classification. CONCLUSION Specific brain regions commonly damaged in traumatic brain injury show abnormally low perfusion on SPECT in professional NFL players. These same regions alone can distinguish this group from healthy subjects with high diagnostic accuracy. This study carries implications for the neurological safety of NFL players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bennet Omalu
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Newberg
- Myrna Brind Center of Integrative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cauligi Raghavendra
- Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cyrus A. Raji
- Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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