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Stannard H, Koszalka P, Deshpande N, Desjardins Y, Baz M. Pre-Clinical Evaluation of the Antiviral Activity of Epigalocatechin-3-Gallate, a Component of Green Tea, against Influenza A(H1N1)pdm Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:2447. [PMID: 38140688 PMCID: PMC10747412 DOI: 10.3390/v15122447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza antiviral drugs are important tools in our fight against both annual influenza epidemics and pandemics. Polyphenols are a group of compounds found in plants, some of which have demonstrated promising antiviral activity. Previous in vitro and mouse studies have outlined the anti-influenza virus effectiveness of the polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG); however, no study has utilised the ferret model, which is considered the gold-standard for influenza antiviral studies. This study aimed to explore the antiviral efficacy of EGCG in vitro and in ferrets. We first performed studies in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) and human lung carcinoma (Calu-3) cells, which demonstrated antiviral activity. In MDCK cells, we observed a selective index (SI, CC50/IC50) of 77 (290 µM/3.8 µM) and 96 (290 µM/3.0 µM) against A/California/07/2009 and A/Victoria/2570/2019 (H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus, respectively. Calu-3 cells demonstrated a SI of 16 (420 µM/26 µM) and 18 (420 µM/24 µM). Ferrets infected with A/California/07/2009 influenza virus and treated with EGCG (500 mg/kg/day for 4 days) had no change in respiratory tissue viral titres, in contrast to oseltamivir treatment, which significantly reduced viral load in the lungs of treated animals. Therefore, we demonstrated that although EGCG showed antiviral activity in vitro against influenza viruses, the drug failed to impair viral replication in the respiratory tract of ferrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Stannard
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (H.S.)
| | - Paulina Koszalka
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (H.S.)
| | - Nikita Deshpande
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (H.S.)
| | - Yves Desjardins
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Centre Nutrition, Santé et Societé (NUTRISS) Center, Faculté de Sciences de L’agriculture et de L’alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 4L3, Canada
| | - Mariana Baz
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (H.S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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2
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Kristensen C, Laybourn HA, Crumpton JC, Martiny K, Webb A, Ryt-Hansen P, Trebbien R, Jensen HE, Nissen JN, Skovgaard K, Webby RJ, Larsen LE. Experimental infection of pigs and ferrets with "pre-pandemic," human-adapted, and swine-adapted variants of the H1N1pdm09 influenza A virus reveals significant differences in viral dynamics and pathological manifestations. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011838. [PMID: 38048355 PMCID: PMC10721187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are RNA viruses that cause epidemics in humans and are enzootic in the pig population globally. In 2009, pig-to-human transmission of a reassortant H1N1 virus (H1N1pdm09) caused the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. This study investigated the infection dynamics, pathogenesis, and lesions in pigs and ferrets inoculated with natural isolates of swine-adapted, human-adapted, and "pre-pandemic" H1N1pdm09 viruses. Additionally, the direct-contact and aerosol transmission properties of the three H1N1pdm09 isolates were assessed in ferrets. In pigs, inoculated ferrets, and ferrets infected by direct contact with inoculated ferrets, the pre-pandemic H1N1pdm09 virus induced an intermediary viral load, caused the most severe lesions, and had the highest clinical impact. The swine-adapted H1N1pdm09 virus induced the highest viral load, caused intermediary lesions, and had the least clinical impact in pigs. The human-adapted H1N1pdm09 virus induced the highest viral load, caused the mildest lesions, and had the least clinical impact in ferrets infected by direct contact. The discrepancy between viral load and clinical impact presumably reflects the importance of viral host adaptation. Interestingly, the swine-adapted H1N1pdm09 virus was transmitted by aerosols to two-thirds of the ferrets. Further work is needed to assess the risk of human-to-human aerosol transmission of swine-adapted H1N1pdm09 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kristensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Helena A. Laybourn
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jeri-Carol Crumpton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Karen Martiny
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ashley Webb
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Pia Ryt-Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ramona Trebbien
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Henrik E. Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jakob N. Nissen
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Lars E. Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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3
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Findlay-Wilson S, Flett L, Salguero FJ, Ruedas-Torres I, Fotheringham S, Easterbrook L, Graham V, Dowall S. Establishment of a Nipah Virus Disease Model in Hamsters, including a Comparison of Intranasal and Intraperitoneal Routes of Challenge. Pathogens 2023; 12:976. [PMID: 37623936 PMCID: PMC10458503 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12080976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging pathogen that can cause severe respiratory illness and encephalitis in humans. The main reservoir is fruit bats, distributed across a large geographical area that includes Australia, Southeast Asia, and Africa. Incursion into humans is widely reported through exposure of infected pigs, ingestion of contaminated food, or through contact with an infected person. With no approved treatments or vaccines, NiV poses a threat to human public health and has epidemic potential. To aid with the assessment of emerging interventions being developed, an expansion of preclinical testing capability is required. Given variations in the model parameters observed in different sites during establishment, optimisation of challenge routes and doses is required. Upon evaluating the hamster model, an intranasal route of challenge was compared with intraperitoneal delivery, demonstrating a more rapid dissemination to wider tissues in the latter. A dose effect was observed between those causing respiratory illness and those resulting in neurological disease. The data demonstrate the successful establishment of the hamster model of NiV disease for subsequent use in the evaluation of vaccines and antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stuart Dowall
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (S.F.-W.); (L.F.); (F.J.S.); (I.R.-T.); (S.F.); (L.E.); (V.G.)
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4
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Paterson J, Ryan KA, Morley D, Jones NJ, Yeates P, Hall Y, Whittaker CJ, Salguero FJ, Marriott AC. Infection with Seasonal H1N1 Influenza Results in Comparable Disease Kinetics and Host Immune Responses in Ferrets and Golden Syrian Hamsters. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050668. [PMID: 37242338 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models of influenza are important in preclinical research for the study of influenza infection and the assessment of vaccines, drugs and therapeutics. Here, we show that Golden Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) inoculated via the intranasal route with high dose of influenza H1N1 display comparable disease kinetics and immune responses to the 'gold standard' ferret (Mustela furo) model. We demonstrate that both the hamster and ferret models have measurable disease endpoints of weight loss, temperature change, viral shedding from the upper respiratory tract and increased lung pathology. We also characterised both the humoral and cellular immune responses to infection in both models. The comparability of these data supports the Golden Syrian hamster model being useful in preclinical evaluation studies to explore the efficacy of countermeasures against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma Paterson
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Kathryn A Ryan
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Daniel Morley
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Nicola J Jones
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Paul Yeates
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Yper Hall
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
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5
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Madrid DMDC, Gu W, Artiaga BL, Yang G, Loeb J, Hawkins IK, Castleman WL, Lednicky JA, Richt JA, Driver JP. Comparison of oseltamivir and α-galactosylceramide for reducing disease and transmission in pigs infected with 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:999507. [PMID: 36337191 PMCID: PMC9635317 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.999507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections are a major cause of respiratory disease in humans. Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are the primary antiviral medication used to treat ongoing influenza infections. However, NAIs are not always effective for controlling virus shedding and lung inflammation. Other concerns are the emergence of NAI-resistant virus strains and the risk of side effects, which are occasionally severe. Consequently, additional anti-influenza therapies to replace or combine with NAIs are desirable. Here, we compared the efficacy of the NAI oseltamivir with the invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell superagonist, α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), which induces innate immune responses that inhibit influenza virus replication in mouse models. We show that oseltamivir reduced lung lesions and lowered virus titers in the upper respiratory tract of pigs infected with A/California/04/2009 (CA04) pandemic H1N1pdm09. It also reduced virus transmission to influenza-naïve contact pigs. In contrast, α-GalCer had no impact on virus replication, lung disease, or virus transmission, even when used in combination with oseltamivir. This is significant as iNKT-cell therapy has been studied as an approach for treating humans with influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weihong Gu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Bianca L. Artiaga
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Guan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Julia Loeb
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ian K. Hawkins
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - William L. Castleman
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - John A. Lednicky
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jürgen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - John P. Driver
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States,*Correspondence: John P. Driver
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6
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Fell R, Potter JA, Yuille S, Salguero FJ, Watson R, Ngabo D, Gooch K, Hewson R, Howat D, Dowall S. Activity of a Carbohydrate-Binding Module Therapy, Neumifil, against SARS-CoV-2 Disease in a Hamster Model of Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050976. [PMID: 35632718 PMCID: PMC9147764 DOI: 10.3390/v14050976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid global spread of severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in an urgent effort to find efficacious therapeutics. Broad-spectrum therapies which could be used for other respiratory pathogens confer advantages, as do those based on targeting host cells that are not prone to the development of resistance by the pathogen. We tested an intranasally delivered carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) therapy, termed Neumifil, which is based on a CBM that has previously been shown to offer protection against the influenza virus through the binding of sialic acid receptors. Using the recognised hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, we demonstrate that Neumifil significantly reduces clinical disease severity and pathological changes in the nasal cavity. Furthermore, we demonstrate Neumifil binding to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. This is the first report describing the testing of this type of broad-spectrum antiviral therapy in vivo and provides evidence for the advancement of Neumifil in further preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Fell
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (R.F.); (F.J.S.); (R.W.); (D.N.); (K.G.); (R.H.)
| | - Jane A. Potter
- Pneumagen Ltd., Kinburn Castle, Doubledykes Road, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9DR, UK; (J.A.P.); (S.Y.); (D.H.)
| | - Samantha Yuille
- Pneumagen Ltd., Kinburn Castle, Doubledykes Road, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9DR, UK; (J.A.P.); (S.Y.); (D.H.)
| | - Franscisco J. Salguero
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (R.F.); (F.J.S.); (R.W.); (D.N.); (K.G.); (R.H.)
| | - Robert Watson
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (R.F.); (F.J.S.); (R.W.); (D.N.); (K.G.); (R.H.)
| | - Didier Ngabo
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (R.F.); (F.J.S.); (R.W.); (D.N.); (K.G.); (R.H.)
| | - Karen Gooch
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (R.F.); (F.J.S.); (R.W.); (D.N.); (K.G.); (R.H.)
| | - Roger Hewson
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (R.F.); (F.J.S.); (R.W.); (D.N.); (K.G.); (R.H.)
| | - David Howat
- Pneumagen Ltd., Kinburn Castle, Doubledykes Road, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9DR, UK; (J.A.P.); (S.Y.); (D.H.)
| | - Stuart Dowall
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (R.F.); (F.J.S.); (R.W.); (D.N.); (K.G.); (R.H.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Development of a Hamster Natural Transmission Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112251. [PMID: 34835057 PMCID: PMC8625437 DOI: 10.3390/v13112251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to an international thrust to study pathogenesis and evaluate interventions. Experimental infection of hamsters and the resulting respiratory disease is one of the preferred animal models since clinical signs of disease and virus shedding are similar to more severe cases of human COVID-19. The main route of challenge has been direct inoculation of the virus via the intranasal route. To resemble the natural infection, we designed a bespoke natural transmission cage system to assess whether recipient animals housed in physically separate adjacent cages could become infected from a challenged donor animal in a central cage, with equal airflow across the two side cages. To optimise viral shedding in the donor animals, a low and moderate challenge dose were compared after direct intranasal challenge, but similar viral shedding responses were observed and no discernible difference in kinetics. The results from our natural transmission set-up demonstrate that most recipient hamsters are infected within the system developed, with variation in the kinetics and levels of disease between individual animals. Common clinical outputs used for the assessment in directly-challenged hamsters, such as weight loss, are less obvious in hamsters who become infected from naturally acquiring the infection. The results demonstrate the utility of a natural transmission model for further work on assessing the differences between virus strains and evaluating interventions using a challenge system which more closely resembles human infection.
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8
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Animal Models Utilized for the Development of Influenza Virus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070787. [PMID: 34358203 PMCID: PMC8310120 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models have been an important tool for the development of influenza virus vaccines since the 1940s. Over the past 80 years, influenza virus vaccines have evolved into more complex formulations, including trivalent and quadrivalent inactivated vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, and subunit vaccines. However, annual effectiveness data shows that current vaccines have varying levels of protection that range between 40–60% and must be reformulated every few years to combat antigenic drift. To address these issues, novel influenza virus vaccines are currently in development. These vaccines rely heavily on animal models to determine efficacy and immunogenicity. In this review, we describe seasonal and novel influenza virus vaccines and highlight important animal models used to develop them.
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Marriott AC, Gooch KE, Brown PJ, Ryan KA, Jones NJ, Merredew N, Wiblin N, Dibben O, Bright H, Hallis B, Whittaker CJ, Carroll MW. Severity of heterosubtypic influenza virus infection in ferrets is reduced by live attenuated influenza vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:43. [PMID: 33782409 PMCID: PMC8007727 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00306-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is widely used to protect humans from seasonal influenza infection, particularly in children. In contrast to inactivated vaccines, the LAIV can induce both mucosal and cellular immune responses. Here we show that a single dose of monovalent H1N1pdm09-specific LAIV in the ferret model is fully protective against a subsequent wild-type H1N1pdm09 challenge, and furthermore reduces the severity of disease following challenge with a different influenza A subtype (H3N2). The reduced severity comprised reductions in weight loss and fever, as well as more rapid clearance of virus, compared to non-vaccinated H3N2-challenged ferrets. No H3N2-neutralizing antibodies were detected in vaccinated ferret sera. Rather, heterosubtypic protection correlated with interferon-gamma+ (IFN-γ+) T-cell responses measured in peripheral blood and in lung lymphocytes. The IFN-γ+ cells were cross-reactive to H3N2 virus even when obtained from vaccinated animals that had never been exposed to H3N2 virus. We believe this study provides compelling evidence that the LAIV can provide a significant reduction in infection and symptoms when challenged with heterosubtypic influenza strains not included in the LAIV, highlighting the importance of cross-reactive T-cells in the design of a universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Marriott
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK.
| | - Karen E Gooch
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Phillip J Brown
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Kathryn A Ryan
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Nicola J Jones
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Natasha Merredew
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Nathan Wiblin
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Oliver Dibben
- Flu-MSAT, Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Liverpool, UK
| | - Helen Bright
- Flu-MSAT, Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bassam Hallis
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | | | - Miles W Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
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10
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Le Sage V, Jones JE, Kormuth KA, Fitzsimmons WJ, Nturibi E, Padovani GH, Arevalo CP, French AJ, Avery AJ, Manivanh R, McGrady EE, Bhagwat AR, Lauring AS, Hensley SE, Lakdawala SS. Pre-existing heterosubtypic immunity provides a barrier to airborne transmission of influenza viruses. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009273. [PMID: 33600489 PMCID: PMC7891786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-to-human transmission of influenza viruses is a serious public health threat, yet the precise role of immunity from previous infections on the susceptibility to airborne infection is still unknown. Using the ferret model, we examined the roles of exposure duration and heterosubtypic immunity on influenza transmission. We demonstrate that a 48 hour exposure is sufficient for efficient transmission of H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. To test pre-existing immunity, a gap of 8–12 weeks between primary and secondary infections was imposed to reduce innate responses and ensure robust infection of donor animals with heterosubtypic viruses. We found that pre-existing H3N2 immunity did not significantly block transmission of the 2009 H1N1pandemic (H1N1pdm09) virus to immune animals. Surprisingly, airborne transmission of seasonal H3N2 influenza strains was abrogated in recipient animals with H1N1pdm09 pre-existing immunity. This protection from natural infection with H3N2 virus was independent of neutralizing antibodies. Pre-existing immunity with influenza B virus did not block H3N2 virus transmission, indicating that the protection was likely driven by the adaptive immune response. We demonstrate that pre-existing immunity can impact susceptibility to heterologous influenza virus strains, and implicate a novel correlate of protection that can limit the spread of respiratory pathogens through the air. Influenza viruses pose a major public health threat through both seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics. An individual’s first influenza virus infection leaves long-lasting immunity, which plays an unknown role on susceptibility to airborne transmission of new viral strains. We show that pre-existing heterosubtypic immunity against the 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus protects recipient animals from airborne transmission of a seasonal H3N2 influenza virus, which is independent of cross-neutralizing antibodies. Pre-existing immunity with influenza B viruses was not protective suggesting that this phenomenon is driven by an adaptive response. Taken together, these data indicate that pre-existing immunity is an important barrier to airborne transmission and can influence the emergence and spread of potentially pandemic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Le Sage
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jennifer E. Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Karen A. Kormuth
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - William J. Fitzsimmons
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Eric Nturibi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gabriella H. Padovani
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Claudia P. Arevalo
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrea J. French
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Annika J. Avery
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Richard Manivanh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth E. McGrady
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amar R. Bhagwat
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Adam S. Lauring
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Scott E. Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Seema S. Lakdawala
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Dose-dependent response to infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the ferret model and evidence of protective immunity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:81. [PMID: 33398055 PMCID: PMC7782478 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20439-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a vital need for authentic COVID-19 animal models to enable the pre-clinical evaluation of candidate vaccines and therapeutics. Here we report a dose titration study of SARS-CoV-2 in the ferret model. After a high (5 × 106 pfu) and medium (5 × 104 pfu) dose of virus is delivered, intranasally, viral RNA shedding in the upper respiratory tract (URT) is observed in 6/6 animals, however, only 1/6 ferrets show similar signs after low dose (5 × 102 pfu) challenge. Following sequential culls pathological signs of mild multifocal bronchopneumonia in approximately 5–15% of the lung is seen on day 3, in high and medium dosed groups. Ferrets re-challenged, after virus shedding ceased, are fully protected from acute lung pathology. The endpoints of URT viral RNA replication & distinct lung pathology are observed most consistently in the high dose group. This ferret model of SARS-CoV-2 infection presents a mild clinical disease. SARS-CoV-2 induces mild infection in ferret model. Here, Ryan et al. characterise optimal infection dosage inducing upper respiratory tract (UTR) viral shedding, progression time of viral shedding, and pathology in ferrets and finally provide evidence for protection after re-challenge.
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12
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Mooij P, Mortier D, Stammes M, Fagrouch Z, Verschoor EJ, Bogers WMJM, Koopman G. Aerosolized pH1N1 influenza infection induces less systemic and local immune activation in the lung than combined intrabronchial, nasal and oral exposure in cynomolgus macaques. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:1229-1241. [PMID: 32975505 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates form an important animal model for the evaluation of immunogenicity and efficacy of novel 'universal' vaccine candidates against influenza virus. However, in most studies a combination of intra-tracheal or intra-bronchial, oral and nasal virus inoculation is used with a standard virus dose of between 1 and 10 million tissue culture infective doses, which differs from typical modes of virus exposure in humans. This paper studies the systemic and local inflammatory and immune effects of aerosolized versus combined-route exposure to pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. In agreement with a previous study, both combined-route and aerosol exposure resulted in similar levels of virus replication in nose, throat and lung lavages. However, the acute release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, acute monocyte activation in peripheral blood as well as increased cytokine production and T-cell proliferation in the lungs were only observed after combined-route infection and not after aerosol exposure. Longitudinal evaluation by computed tomography demonstrated persistence of lung lesions after resolution of the infection and a tendency for more lesions in the lower lung lobes after combined-route exposure versus upper and middle lung lobes after aerosol exposure. Computed tomography scores were observed to correlate with fever. In conclusion, influenza virus infection by aerosol exposure is accompanied by less immune-activation and inflammation in comparison with direct virus installation, despite similar levels of virus replication and development of lesions in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Mooij
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Daniella Mortier
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Stammes
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Zahra Fagrouch
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst J Verschoor
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Willy M J M Bogers
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Koopman
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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13
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Toots M, Yoon JJ, Cox RM, Hart M, Sticher ZM, Makhsous N, Plesker R, Barrena AH, Reddy PG, Mitchell DG, Shean RC, Bluemling GR, Kolykhalov AA, Greninger AL, Natchus MG, Painter GR, Plemper RK. Characterization of orally efficacious influenza drug with high resistance barrier in ferrets and human airway epithelia. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/515/eaax5866. [PMID: 31645453 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax5866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses constitute a major health threat and economic burden globally, frequently exacerbated by preexisting or rapidly emerging resistance to antiviral therapeutics. To address the unmet need of improved influenza therapy, we have created EIDD-2801, an isopropylester prodrug of the ribonucleoside analog N 4-hydroxycytidine (NHC, EIDD-1931) that has shown broad anti-influenza virus activity in cultured cells and mice. Pharmacokinetic profiling demonstrated that EIDD-2801 was orally bioavailable in ferrets and nonhuman primates. Therapeutic oral dosing of influenza virus-infected ferrets reduced group pandemic 1 and group 2 seasonal influenza A shed virus load by multiple orders of magnitude and alleviated fever, airway epithelium histopathology, and inflammation, whereas postexposure prophylactic dosing was sterilizing. Deep sequencing highlighted lethal viral mutagenesis as the underlying mechanism of activity and revealed a prohibitive barrier to the development of viral resistance. Inhibitory concentrations were low nanomolar against influenza A and B viruses in disease-relevant well-differentiated human air-liquid interface airway epithelia. Correlating antiviral efficacy and cytotoxicity thresholds with pharmacokinetic profiles in human airway epithelium models revealed a therapeutic window >1713 and established dosing parameters required for efficacious human therapy. These data recommend EIDD-2801 as a clinical candidate with high potential for monotherapy of seasonal and pandemic influenza virus infections. Our results inform EIDD-2801 clinical trial design and drug exposure targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart Toots
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Jeong-Joong Yoon
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Robert M Cox
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Michael Hart
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Zachary M Sticher
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Negar Makhsous
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Roland Plesker
- Veterinary Medicine Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Alec H Barrena
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Prabhakar G Reddy
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Deborah G Mitchell
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ryan C Shean
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Gregory R Bluemling
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Alexander L Greninger
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael G Natchus
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - George R Painter
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Richard K Plemper
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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14
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Farrukee R, Tai CMK, Oh DY, Anderson DE, Gunalan V, Hibberd M, Lau GYF, Barr IG, von Messling V, Maurer-Stroh S, Hurt AC. Utilising animal models to evaluate oseltamivir efficacy against influenza A and B viruses with reduced in vitro susceptibility. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008592. [PMID: 32555740 PMCID: PMC7326275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor (NAI) oseltamivir (OST) is the most widely used influenza antiviral drug. Several NA amino acid substitutions are reported to reduce viral susceptibility to OST in in vitro assays. However, whether there is a correlation between the level of reduction in susceptibility in vitro and the efficacy of OST against these viruses in vivo is not well understood. In this study, a ferret model was utilised to evaluate OST efficacy against circulating influenza A and B viruses with a range of in vitro generated 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) values for OST. OST efficacy against an A(H1N1)pdm09 and an A(H1N1)pdm09 virus with the H275Y substitution in neuraminidase was also tested in the macaque model. The results from this study showed that OST had a significant impact on virological parameters compared to placebo treatment of ferrets infected with wild-type influenza A viruses with normal IC50 values (~1 nM). However, this efficacy was lower against wild-type influenza B and other viruses with higher IC50 values. Differing pathogenicity of the viruses made evaluation of clinical parameters difficult, although some effect of OST in reducing clinical signs was observed with influenza A(H1N1) and A(H1N1)pdm09 (H275Y) viruses. Viral titres in macaques were too low to draw conclusive results. Analysis of the ferret data revealed a correlation between IC50 and OST efficacy in reducing viral shedding but highlighted that the current WHO guidelines/criteria for defining normal, reduced or highly reduced inhibition in influenza B viruses based on in vitro data are not well aligned with the low in vivo OST efficacy observed for both wild-type influenza B viruses and those with reduced OST susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubaiyea Farrukee
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Celeste Ming-Kay Tai
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ding Yuan Oh
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Vithiagaran Gunalan
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Martin Hibberd
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gary Yuk-Fai Lau
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Ian G. Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Veronika von Messling
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Veterinary Medicine Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- National Public Health Laboratories, National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aeron C. Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Skarlupka AL, Ross TM. Immune Imprinting in the Influenza Ferret Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020173. [PMID: 32276530 PMCID: PMC7348859 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial exposure to influenza virus usually occurs during childhood. This imprinting has long-lasting effects on the immune responses to subsequent infections and vaccinations. Animal models that are used to investigate influenza pathogenesis and vaccination do recapitulate the pre-immune history in the human population. The establishment of influenza pre-immune ferret models is necessary for understanding infection and transmission and for designing efficacious vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Skarlupka
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-542-9708
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16
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Toots M, Yoon JJ, Hart M, Natchus MG, Painter GR, Plemper RK. Quantitative efficacy paradigms of the influenza clinical drug candidate EIDD-2801 in the ferret model. Transl Res 2020; 218:16-28. [PMID: 31945316 PMCID: PMC7568909 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza viruses cause major morbidity and mortality worldwide, threatening in particular older adults and the immunocompromised. Two classes of influenza therapeutics dominate current disease management, but both are compromised by pre-existing or rapidly emerging viral resistance. We have recently reported a novel ribonucleoside analog clinical candidate, EIDD-2801, that combines potent antiviral efficacy in ferrets and human airway epithelium cultures with a high barrier against viral escape. In this study, we established fundamental EIDD-2801 efficacy paradigms against pandemic and seasonal influenza A virus (IAV) strains in ferrets that can be used to inform exposure targets and treatment regimens. Based on reduction of shed virus titers, alleviation of clinical signs, and lowered virus burden in upper and lower respiratory tract tissues, lowest efficacious oral dose concentrations of EIDD-2801, given twice daily, were 2.3 and 7 mg/kg of body weight against seasonal and pandemic IAVs, respectively. The latest opportunity for initiation of efficacious treatment was 36 hours after infection of ferrets. Administered in 12-hour intervals, three 7 mg/kg doses of EIDD-2801 were sufficient for maximal therapeutic benefit against a pandemic IAV and significantly shortened the time to resolution of clinical signs. Ferrets infected with pandemic IAV and treated following the minimally efficacious EIDD-2801 regimen demonstrated significantly less shed virus and inflammatory cellular infiltrates in nasal lavages, but mounted a robust humoral antiviral response after recovery that was indistinguishable from that of vehicle-treated animals. These results provide an experimental basis in a human disease-relevant influenza animal model for clinical testing of EIDD-2801.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart Toots
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jeong-Joong Yoon
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael Hart
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael G Natchus
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - George R Painter
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Richard K Plemper
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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17
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Mifsud EJ, Tilmanis D, Oh DY, Ming-Kay Tai C, Rossignol JF, Hurt AC. Prophylaxis of ferrets with nitazoxanide and oseltamivir combinations is more effective at reducing the impact of influenza a virus infection compared to oseltamivir monotherapy. Antiviral Res 2020; 176:104751. [PMID: 32088248 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Combination therapy is an alternative approach to reduce viral shedding and improve clinical outcomes following influenza virus infections. In this study we used oseltamivir (OST), a neuraminidase inhibitor and nitazoxanide (NTZ), a host directed drug, and found in vitro that the combination of these two antivirals have a synergistic relationship. Using the ferret model of (A/Perth/265/2009, (H1N1)pdm09), virus infections, we found that the combination of NTZ and OST was more effective than either NTZ or OST independently in preventing infection and reducing duration of viral shedding. However, these benefits were only seen if treatment was administered prophylactically, as opposed to therapeutically. We also found that if prophylactically treated ferrets that had detectable virus in the upper respiratory tract, no virus was detected in the lower respiratory tract. This benefit was not observed with NTZ or OST alone. The combination of NTZ and OST enhances the antiviral effect of OST, which is the standard of care in most settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edin J Mifsud
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Danielle Tilmanis
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ding Yuan Oh
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Celeste Ming-Kay Tai
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Aeron C Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Lewandowski K, Xu Y, Pullan ST, Lumley SF, Foster D, Sanderson N, Vaughan A, Morgan M, Bright N, Kavanagh J, Vipond R, Carroll M, Marriott AC, Gooch KE, Andersson M, Jeffery K, Peto TEA, Crook DW, Walker AS, Matthews PC. Metagenomic Nanopore Sequencing of Influenza Virus Direct from Clinical Respiratory Samples. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 58:e00963-19. [PMID: 31666364 PMCID: PMC6935926 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00963-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a major global public health threat as a result of its highly pathogenic variants, large zoonotic reservoir, and pandemic potential. Metagenomic viral sequencing offers the potential for a diagnostic test for influenza virus which also provides insights on transmission, evolution, and drug resistance and simultaneously detects other viruses. We therefore set out to apply the Oxford Nanopore Technologies sequencing method to metagenomic sequencing of respiratory samples. We generated influenza virus reads down to a limit of detection of 102 to 103 genome copies/ml in pooled samples, observing a strong relationship between the viral titer and the proportion of influenza virus reads (P = 4.7 × 10-5). Applying our methods to clinical throat swabs, we generated influenza virus reads for 27/27 samples with mid-to-high viral titers (cycle threshold [CT ] values, <30) and 6/13 samples with low viral titers (CT values, 30 to 40). No false-positive reads were generated from 10 influenza virus-negative samples. Thus, Nanopore sequencing operated with 83% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI], 67 to 93%) and 100% specificity (95% CI, 69 to 100%) compared to the current diagnostic standard. Coverage of full-length virus was dependent on sample composition, being negatively influenced by increased host and bacterial reads. However, at high influenza virus titers, we were able to reconstruct >99% complete sequences for all eight gene segments. We also detected a human coronavirus coinfection in one clinical sample. While further optimization is required to improve sensitivity, this approach shows promise for the Nanopore platform to be used in the diagnosis and genetic analysis of influenza virus and other respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuiama Lewandowski
- Public Health England, National infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Yifei Xu
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR BRC, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Steven T Pullan
- Public Health England, National infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila F Lumley
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dona Foster
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR BRC, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Sanderson
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR BRC, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Vaughan
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR BRC, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Morgan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Bright
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James Kavanagh
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Vipond
- Public Health England, National infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Miles Carroll
- Public Health England, National infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony C Marriott
- Public Health England, National infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E Gooch
- Public Health England, National infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Monique Andersson
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Jeffery
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy E A Peto
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR BRC, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Derrick W Crook
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR BRC, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - A Sarah Walker
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa C Matthews
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR BRC, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
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19
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Chua SCJH, Tan HQ, Engelberg D, Lim LHK. Alternative Experimental Models for Studying Influenza Proteins, Host-Virus Interactions and Anti-Influenza Drugs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:E147. [PMID: 31575020 PMCID: PMC6958409 DOI: 10.3390/ph12040147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ninety years after the discovery of the virus causing the influenza disease, this malady remains one of the biggest public health threats to mankind. Currently available drugs and vaccines only partially reduce deaths and hospitalizations. Some of the reasons for this disturbing situation stem from the sophistication of the viral machinery, but another reason is the lack of a complete understanding of the molecular and physiological basis of viral infections and host-pathogen interactions. Even the functions of the influenza proteins, their mechanisms of action and interaction with host proteins have not been fully revealed. These questions have traditionally been studied in mammalian animal models, mainly ferrets and mice (as well as pigs and non-human primates) and in cell lines. Although obviously relevant as models to humans, these experimental systems are very complex and are not conveniently accessible to various genetic, molecular and biochemical approaches. The fact that influenza remains an unsolved problem, in combination with the limitations of the conventional experimental models, motivated increasing attempts to use the power of other models, such as low eukaryotes, including invertebrate, and primary cell cultures. In this review, we summarized the efforts to study influenza in yeast, Drosophila, zebrafish and primary human tissue cultures and the major contributions these studies have made toward a better understanding of the disease. We feel that these models are still under-utilized and we highlight the unique potential each model has for better comprehending virus-host interactions and viral protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja C J H Chua
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore.
- NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.
- CREATE-NUS-HUJ Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammatory Diseases Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore.
| | - Hui Qing Tan
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore.
- NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.
| | - David Engelberg
- CREATE-NUS-HUJ Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammatory Diseases Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore.
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
| | - Lina H K Lim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore.
- NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.
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20
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Lineage-dependent differences of Zika virus infection in a susceptible mouse model are associated with different profiles of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and acute phase proteins. Cytokine 2019; 125:154864. [PMID: 31577989 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is phylogenetically divided into two lineages comprising African (ZIKVAF) and Asian (ZIKVAS) genotypes. In the type-I interferon receptor deficient mouse model, ZIKVAF causes severe disease with all mice meeting humane endpoints with doses as low as 10 plaque-forming units (pfu) whereas a much milder infection is seen after challenge with ZIKVAS, including with doses as high as 106 pfu. Using this mouse model, the elucidation of cytokine, chemokine, growth factor and acute phase protein responses over the course of infection were studied to determine whether these analytes contributed to the stark difference in clinical outcome. Results demonstrated some significant differences, with the ZIKVAF infection being associated with increases in a higher number of biomarkers than ZIKVAS. When low (10 pfu) and high (106 pfu) challenge doses were compared, animals given the lower virus inoculum showed a wider range of responses, indicating a different disease progression compared to those challenged with high doses. These results aid with elucidating the different outcomes with the two lineages of ZIKV and with future work to assess pathogenicity of virus infection.
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Heterosubtypic cross-protection correlates with cross-reactive interferon-gamma-secreting lymphocytes in the ferret model of influenza. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2617. [PMID: 30796267 PMCID: PMC6384896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38885-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective universal vaccine for influenza will likely need to induce virus-specific T-cells, which are the major mediator of heterosubtypic cross-protection between different subtypes of influenza A virus. In this study we characterise the cell-mediated immune response in ferrets during heterosubtypic protection induced by low-dose H1N1 virus infection against an H3N2 virus challenge, given 4 weeks later. Although the ferrets were not protected against the infection by H3N2 virus, the duration of virus shedding was shortened, and clinical disease was markedly reduced. No cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies were detected, but cross-reactive interferon-gamma-secreting T cells were detected in the circulation prior to H3N2 challenge. These T-cells peaked at 11 days post-H1N1 infection, and were strongly induced in blood and in lung following H3N2 infection. The rapid induction of interferon-gamma-secreting cells in ferrets previously infected with H1N1 virus, but not in naïve ferrets, suggests induction of memory T-cells. These results are in accord with the observations that pre-existing cross-reactive T-cells correlate with protection in humans and have implications for outbreak modelling and universal vaccine design.
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22
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Intramuscular Exposure of Macaca fascicularis to Low Doses of Low Passage- or Cell Culture-Adapted Sudan Virus or Ebola Virus. Viruses 2018; 10:v10110642. [PMID: 30453499 PMCID: PMC6267154 DOI: 10.3390/v10110642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The filoviruses Ebola virus (EBOV) and Sudan virus (SUDV) can cause severe diseases, and there are currently no licensed countermeasures available for use against them. Transmission occurs frequently via contact with bodily fluids from infected individuals. However, it can be difficult to determine when or how someone became infected, or the quantity of infectious virus to which they were exposed. Evidence suggests the infectious dose is low, but the majority of published studies use high exposure doses. This study characterized the outcome of exposure to a low dose of EBOV or SUDV, using a Macaca fascicularis model. Further, because the effect of virus passage in cell culture may be more pronounced when lower exposure doses are used, viruses that possessed either the characteristics of wild type viruses (possessing predominantly 7-uridine (7U) genotype and a high particle-to-plaque forming unit (PFU) ratio) or cell culture-passaged viruses (predominantly 8-uridine (8U) genotype, a lower particle-to-PFU ratio) were used. The time to death after a low dose exposure was delayed in comparison to higher exposure doses. These data demonstrated that an extremely low dose of EBOV or SUDV is sufficient to cause lethal disease. A low dose exposure model can help inform studies on pathogenesis, transmission, and optimization of prevention strategies.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Influenza continues to be a major public health concern. Antivirals play an important role in limiting the burden of disease and preventing infection and/or transmission. The developments of such agents are heavily dependent on pre-clinical evaluation where animal models are used to answer questions that cannot be easily addressed in human clinical trials. There are numerous animal models available to study the potential benefits of influenza antivirals but each animal model has its own pros and cons. Areas covered: In this review, the authors describe the advantages and disadvantages of using mice, ferrets, guinea pigs, cotton rats, golden hamsters and non-human primates to evaluate influenza therapeutics. Expert opinion: Animals used for evaluating influenza therapeutics differ in their susceptibility to influenza virus infection, their ability to display clinical signs of illness following viral infection and in their practical requirements such as housing. Therefore, defining the scientific question being asked and the data output required will assist in selecting the most appropriate animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edin J Mifsud
- a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza , VIDRL, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Celeste Mk Tai
- a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza , VIDRL, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Aeron C Hurt
- a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza , VIDRL, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne , Australia.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
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24
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D'Alessio F, Koopman G, Houard S, Remarque EJ, Stockhofe N, Engelhardt OG. Workshop report: Experimental animal models for universal influenza vaccines. Vaccine 2018; 36:6895-6901. [PMID: 30340885 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in influenza research is the selection of an appropriate animal model that accurately reflects the disease and the protective immune response observed in humans. A workshop organised by the EDUFLUVAC consortium, a European Union funded project coordinated by the European Vaccine Initiative, brought together experts from the influenza vaccine community with the aim to discuss the current knowledge and future perspectives for testing broadly reactive influenza vaccines in animal models. The programme included a diversity of models from well-established and publicly accepted models to cutting edge, newly developed animal models as well as ex-vivo approaches and human models. The audience concluded that different vaccine approaches may require evaluation in different animal models, depending on the type of immune response induced by the vaccine. Safety is the main concern for transition to clinical development and influenza vaccine associated enhanced disease was specifically emphasised. An efficient animal model to evaluate this aspect of safety still needs to be identified. Working with animal models requires ethical compliance and consideration of the 3R principles. Development of alternative approaches such as ex-vivo techniques is progressing but is still at an early stage and these methods are not yet suitable for broader application for vaccine evaluation. The human challenge is the ultimate model to assess influenza vaccines. However this model is expensive and not largely applicable. The currently used pre-clinical models are not yet specifically focused on studying unique aspects of a universal influenza vaccine. Further collaboration, communication and effective networking are needed for success in establishment of harmonised and standardised pre-clinical models for evaluation of new influenza vaccines. This report does not provide a complete review of the field but discusses the data presented by the speakers and discussion points raised during the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia D'Alessio
- European Vaccine Initiative, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Voßstraße 2, Geb. 4040, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerrit Koopman
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands.
| | - Sophie Houard
- European Vaccine Initiative, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Voßstraße 2, Geb. 4040, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Edmond J Remarque
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Norbert Stockhofe
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research Wageningen University & Re-search, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Othmar G Engelhardt
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
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25
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Ryan KA, Slack GS, Marriott AC, Kane JA, Whittaker CJ, Silman NJ, Carroll MW, Gooch KE. Cellular immune response to human influenza viruses differs between H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes in the ferret lung. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202675. [PMID: 30192789 PMCID: PMC6128469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza virus infections cause yearly epidemics which are the source of a significant public health burden worldwide. The ferret model for human influenza A virus (IAV) is widely used and has several advantages over other animal models such as comparable symptomology, similar receptor distribution in the respiratory tract to humans and the ability to be infected with human isolates without the need for adaptation. However, a major disadvantage of the model has been a paucity of reagents for the evaluation of the cellular immune response. Investigation of T-cell mediated immunity in ferrets is crucial to vaccine development and efficacy studies. In this study we have used commercially produced antibodies to ferret interferon gamma (IFN-γ) allowing us to reliably measure influenza-specific IFN-γ as a marker of the cellular immune response using both enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) techniques. Here we demonstrate the application of these tools to evaluate cellular immunity in ferrets infected with clinically relevant seasonal H1N1 and H3N2 IAV subtypes at equivalent doses. Using small heparinised blood samples we were able to observe the longitudinal influenza-specific IFN-γ responses of ferrets infected with both seasonal subtypes of IAV and found a notable increase in influenza-specific IFN-γ responses in circulating peripheral blood within 8 days post-infection. Both seasonal strains caused a well-defined pattern of influenza-specific IFN-γ responses in infected ferrets when compared to naïve animals. Additionally, we found that while the influenza specific IFN-γ responses found in peripheral circulating blood were comparable between subtypes, the influenza specific IFN-γ responses found in lung lymphocytes significantly differed. Our results suggest that there is a distinct difference between the ability of the two seasonal influenza strains to establish an infection in the lung of ferrets associated with distinct signatures of acquired immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Ryan
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian S. Slack
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony C. Marriott
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A. Kane
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine J. Whittaker
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel J. Silman
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Miles W. Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E. Gooch
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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26
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Roosenhoff R, van der Vries E, van der Linden A, van Amerongen G, Stittelaar KJ, Smits SL, Schutten M, Fouchier RAM. Influenza A/H3N2 virus infection in immunocompromised ferrets and emergence of antiviral resistance. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200849. [PMID: 30024940 PMCID: PMC6053203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses can cause severe life threatening infections in high-risk patients, including young children, the elderly and patients with compromised immunity due to underlying medical conditions or immunosuppressive treatment. The impaired immunity of these patients causes prolonged virus infection and combined with antiviral treatment facilitates the emergence of viruses with resistance mutations. The diverse nature of their immune status makes them a challenging group to study the impact of influenza virus infection and the efficacy of antiviral therapy. Immunocompromised ferrets may represent a suitable animal model to assess influenza virus infection and antiviral treatment strategies in immunocompromised hosts. Here, ferrets were given a daily oral solution of mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus and prednisolone sodium phosphate to suppress their immune system. Groups of immunocompromised and immunocompetent ferrets were inoculated with an A/H3N2 influenza virus and were subsequently treated with Oseltamivir or left untreated. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed on the throat and nose specimens to study virus replication during the course of infection. All immunocompromised ferrets had prolonged presence of viral RNA and a higher total amount of virus shedding compared to the immunocompetent ferrets. Although Oseltamivir reduced the total amount of virus shedding from the nose and throat of treated ferrets, it also resulted in the emergence of the neuraminidase R292K resistance substitution in all these animals, as determined by mutation specific RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing. No additional mutations that could be associated with the emergence of the R292K resistance mutation were detected. The immunocompromised ferret model can be used to study A/H3N2 virus shedding and is a promising model to study new antiviral strategies and the emergence of antiviral resistance in immunocompromised hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erhard van der Vries
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Division of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne van der Linden
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Zuid- Holland, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Saskia L. Smits
- Viroclinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Schutten
- Clinical Virology and Diagnostics, Alkmaar, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Zuid- Holland, The Netherlands
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27
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Abstract
Animal model systems for human and animal influenza virus infection and transmission have been established to address research questions which cannot be addressed using in vitro models. Several animal models have been established, such as mice, guinea pig, ferret, pig, poultry, nonhuman primates, and others. Each animal model has its own strength and weaknesses, which should be taken into consideration to select the appropriate animal model to use. This chapter will describe standard protocols relevant for in vivo experiment, including procedures required prior to the start of the animal experiment and sample processing. The animal models described in this chapter are mice, guinea pigs, ferrets, pigs, and chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanneke D Hemmink
- Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK. .,International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.
| | | | - Holly A Shelton
- The Pirbright Institute, Wiltshire, UK. .,The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK.
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28
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Heath MD, Swan NJ, Marriott AC, Silman NJ, Hallis B, Prevosto C, Gooch KE, Skinner MA. Comparison of a novel microcrystalline tyrosine adjuvant with aluminium hydroxide for enhancing vaccination against seasonal influenza. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:232. [PMID: 28347293 PMCID: PMC5369220 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccination against seasonal influenza strains is recommended for “high risk” patient groups such as infants, elderly and those with respiratory or circulatory diseases. However, efficacy of the trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) is poor in many cases and in the event of an influenza pandemic, mono-valent vaccines have been rapidly developed and deployed. One of the main issues with use of vaccine in pandemic situations is the lack of a suitable quantity of vaccine early enough during the pandemic to exert a major influence on the transmission of virus and disease outcome. One approach is to use a dose-sparing regimen which inevitably involves enhancing the efficacy using adjuvants. Methods In this study we compare the use of a novel microcrystalline tyrosine (MCT) adjuvant, which is currently used in a niche area of allergy immunotherapy, for its ability to enhance the efficacy of a seasonal TIV preparation. The efficacy of the MCT adjuvant formulation was compared to alum adjuvanted TIV and to TIV administered without adjuvant using a ferret challenge model to determine vaccine efficacy. Results The MCT was found to possess high protein-binding capacity. In the two groups where TIV was formulated with adjuvant, the immune response was found to be higher (as determined by HAI titre) than vaccine administered without adjuvant and especially so after challenge with a live influenza virus. Vaccinated animals exhibited lower viral loads (as determined using RT-PCR) than control animals where no vaccine was administered. Conclusions The attributes of each adjuvant in stimulating single-dose protection against a poorly immunogenic vaccine was demonstrated. The properties of MCT that lead to the reported effectiveness warrants further exploration in this and other vaccine targets - particularly where appropriate immunogenic, biodegradable and stable alternative adjuvants are sought. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2329-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Heath
- Allergy Therapeutics Ltd, Dominion Way, West Sussex, BN14 8SA, UK.
| | - N J Swan
- Allergy Therapeutics Ltd, Dominion Way, West Sussex, BN14 8SA, UK
| | - A C Marriott
- Public Health England, PHE Porton, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - N J Silman
- Public Health England, PHE Porton, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - B Hallis
- Public Health England, PHE Porton, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - C Prevosto
- Public Health England, PHE Porton, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK.,Present address: Kings College, Guys Campus, London, SE1 3QD, UK
| | - K E Gooch
- Public Health England, PHE Porton, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - M A Skinner
- Allergy Therapeutics Ltd, Dominion Way, West Sussex, BN14 8SA, UK
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29
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Pascua PNQ, Marathe BM, Burnham AJ, Vogel P, Webby RJ, Webster RG, Govorkova EA. Competitive Fitness of Influenza B Viruses Possessing E119A and H274Y Neuraminidase Inhibitor Resistance-Associated Substitutions in Ferrets. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159847. [PMID: 27466813 PMCID: PMC4965113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs) are the only antiviral drugs recommended for influenza treatment and prophylaxis. Although NAI-resistant influenza B viruses that could pose a threat to public health have been reported in the field, their fitness is poorly understood. We evaluated in ferrets the pathogenicity and relative fitness of reverse genetics (rg)-generated influenza B/Yamanashi/166/1998-like viruses containing E119A or H274Y NA substitutions (N2 numbering). Ferrets inoculated with NAI-susceptible rg-wild-type (rg-WT) or NAI-resistant (rg-E119A or rg-H274Y) viruses developed mild infections. Growth of rg-E119A virus in the nasal cavities was delayed, but the high titers at 3 days post-inoculation (dpi) were comparable to those of the rg-WT and rg-H274Y viruses (3.6-4.1 log10TCID50/mL). No virus persisted beyond 5 dpi and replication did not extend to the trachea or lungs. Positive virus antigen-staining of the nasal turbinate epithelium was intermittent with the rg-WT and rg-H274Y viruses; whereas antigen-staining for the rg-E119A virus was more diffuse. Virus populations in ferrets coinoculated with NAI-susceptible and -resistant viruses (1:1 mixture) remained heterogeneous at 5 dpi but were predominantly rg-WT (>70%). Although the E119A substitution was associated with delayed replication in ferrets, the H274Y substitution did not measurably affect viral growth properties. These data suggest that rg-H274Y has undiminished fitness in single virus inoculations, but neither rg-E119A nor rg-H274Y gained a fitness advantage over rg-WT in direct competition experiments without antiviral drug pressure. Taken together, our data suggest the following order of relative fitness in a ferret animal model: rg-WT > rg-H274Y > rg-E119A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Noriel Q. Pascua
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bindumadhav M. Marathe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - Peter Vogel
- Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Elena A. Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
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30
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Frise R, Bradley K, van Doremalen N, Galiano M, Elderfield RA, Stilwell P, Ashcroft JW, Fernandez-Alonso M, Miah S, Lackenby A, Roberts KL, Donnelly CA, Barclay WS. Contact transmission of influenza virus between ferrets imposes a looser bottleneck than respiratory droplet transmission allowing propagation of antiviral resistance. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29793. [PMID: 27430528 PMCID: PMC4949428 DOI: 10.1038/srep29793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause annual seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. It is important to elucidate the stringency of bottlenecks during transmission to shed light on mechanisms that underlie the evolution and propagation of antigenic drift, host range switching or drug resistance. The virus spreads between people by different routes, including through the air in droplets and aerosols, and by direct contact. By housing ferrets under different conditions, it is possible to mimic various routes of transmission. Here, we inoculated donor animals with a mixture of two viruses whose genomes differed by one or two reverse engineered synonymous mutations, and measured the transmission of the mixture to exposed sentinel animals. Transmission through the air imposed a tight bottleneck since most recipient animals became infected by only one virus. In contrast, a direct contact transmission chain propagated a mixture of viruses suggesting the dose transferred by this route was higher. From animals with a mixed infection of viruses that were resistant and sensitive to the antiviral drug oseltamivir, resistance was propagated through contact transmission but not by air. These data imply that transmission events with a looser bottleneck can propagate minority variants and may be an important route for influenza evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Frise
- Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Konrad Bradley
- Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Neeltje van Doremalen
- Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Monica Galiano
- Public Health England, Colindale, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth A. Elderfield
- Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Stilwell
- Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan W. Ashcroft
- Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | | | - Shahjahan Miah
- Public Health England, Colindale, London, United Kingdom
| | - Angie Lackenby
- Public Health England, Colindale, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kim L. Roberts
- Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Christl A. Donnelly
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy S. Barclay
- Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
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31
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Complexities in Ferret Influenza Virus Pathogenesis and Transmission Models. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:733-44. [PMID: 27412880 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00022-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferrets are widely employed to study the pathogenicity, transmissibility, and tropism of influenza viruses. However, inherent variations in inoculation methods, sampling schemes, and experimental designs are often overlooked when contextualizing or aggregating data between laboratories, leading to potential confusion or misinterpretation of results. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of parameters to consider when planning an experiment using ferrets, collecting data from the experiment, and placing results in context with previously performed studies. This review offers information that is of particular importance for researchers in the field who rely on ferret data but do not perform the experiments themselves. Furthermore, this review highlights the breadth of experimental designs and techniques currently available to study influenza viruses in this model, underscoring the wide heterogeneity of protocols currently used for ferret studies while demonstrating the wealth of information which can benefit risk assessments of emerging influenza viruses.
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32
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Marriott AC, Dennis M, Kane JA, Gooch KE, Hatch G, Sharpe S, Prevosto C, Leeming G, Zekeng EG, Staples KJ, Hall G, Ryan KA, Bate S, Moyo N, Whittaker CJ, Hallis B, Silman NJ, Lalvani A, Wilkinson TM, Hiscox JA, Stewart JP, Carroll MW. Influenza A Virus Challenge Models in Cynomolgus Macaques Using the Authentic Inhaled Aerosol and Intra-Nasal Routes of Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157887. [PMID: 27311020 PMCID: PMC4911124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates are the animals closest to humans for use in influenza A virus challenge studies, in terms of their phylogenetic relatedness, physiology and immune systems. Previous studies have shown that cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are permissive for infection with H1N1pdm influenza virus. These studies have typically used combined challenge routes, with the majority being intra-tracheal delivery, and high doses of virus (> 107 infectious units). This paper describes the outcome of novel challenge routes (inhaled aerosol, intra-nasal instillation) and low to moderate doses (103 to 106 plaque forming units) of H1N1pdm virus in cynomolgus macaques. Evidence of virus replication and sero-conversion were detected in all four challenge groups, although the disease was sub-clinical. Intra-nasal challenge led to an infection confined to the nasal cavity. A low dose (103 plaque forming units) did not lead to detectable infectious virus shedding, but a 1000-fold higher dose led to virus shedding in all intra-nasal challenged animals. In contrast, aerosol and intra-tracheal challenge routes led to infections throughout the respiratory tract, although shedding from the nasal cavity was less reproducible between animals compared to the high-dose intra-nasal challenge group. Intra-tracheal and aerosol challenges induced a transient lymphopaenia, similar to that observed in influenza-infected humans, and greater virus-specific cellular immune responses in the blood were observed in these groups in comparison to the intra-nasal challenge groups. Activation of lung macrophages and innate immune response genes was detected at days 5 to 7 post-challenge. The kinetics of infection, both virological and immunological, were broadly in line with human influenza A virus infections. These more authentic infection models will be valuable in the determination of anti-influenza efficacy of novel entities against less severe (and thus more common) influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C. Marriott
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Mike Dennis
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A. Kane
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E. Gooch
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Hatch
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Sharpe
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Prevosto
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gail Leeming
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Elsa-Gayle Zekeng
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Karl J. Staples
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Hall
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn A. Ryan
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Bate
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nathifa Moyo
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine J. Whittaker
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Bassam Hallis
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel J. Silman
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ajit Lalvani
- Department of Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom M. Wilkinson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Julian A. Hiscox
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Stewart
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Miles W. Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
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Oh DY, Hurt AC. Using the Ferret as an Animal Model for Investigating Influenza Antiviral Effectiveness. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:80. [PMID: 26870031 PMCID: PMC4740393 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The concern of the emergence of a pandemic influenza virus has sparked an increased effort toward the development and testing of novel influenza antivirals. Central to this is the animal model of influenza infection, which has played an important role in understanding treatment effectiveness and the effect of antivirals on host immune responses. Among the different animal models of influenza, ferrets can be considered the most suitable for antiviral studies as they display most of the human-like symptoms following influenza infections, they can be infected with human influenza virus without prior viral adaptation and have the ability to transmit influenza virus efficiently between one another. However, an accurate assessment of the effectiveness of an antiviral treatment in ferrets is dependent on three major experimental considerations encompassing firstly, the volume and titer of virus, and the route of viral inoculation. Secondly, the route and dose of drug administration, and lastly, the different methods used to assess clinical symptoms, viral shedding kinetics and host immune responses in the ferrets. A good understanding of these areas is necessary to achieve data that can accurately inform the human use of influenza antivirals. In this review, we discuss the current progress and the challenges faced in these three major areas when using the ferret model to measure influenza antiviral effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Y Oh
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, MelbourneVIC, Australia; School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University Australia, GippslandVIC, Australia
| | - Aeron C Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, MelbourneVIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
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Fullen DJ, Noulin N, Catchpole A, Fathi H, Murray EJ, Mann A, Eze K, Balaratnam G, Borley DW, Gilbert A, Lambkin-Williams R. Accelerating Influenza Research: Vaccines, Antivirals, Immunomodulators and Monoclonal Antibodies. The Manufacture of a New Wild-Type H3N2 Virus for the Human Viral Challenge Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145902. [PMID: 26761707 PMCID: PMC4711822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza and its associated diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The United States Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends influenza vaccination for everyone over 6 months of age. The failure of the flu vaccine in 2014-2015 demonstrates the need for a model that allows the rapid development of novel antivirals, universal/intra-seasonal vaccines, immunomodulators, monoclonal antibodies and other novel treatments. To this end we manufactured a new H3N2 influenza virus in compliance with Good Manufacturing Practice for use in the Human Viral Challenge Model. METHODS AND STRAIN SELECTION We chose an H3N2 influenza subtype, rather than H1N1, given that this strain has the most substantial impact in terms of morbidity or mortality annually as described by the Centre for Disease Control. We first subjected the virus batch to rigorous adventitious agent testing, confirmed the virus to be wild-type by Sanger sequencing and determined the virus titres appropriate for human use via the established ferret model. We built on our previous experience with other H3N2 and H1N1 viruses to develop this unique model. HUMAN CHALLENGE AND CONCLUSIONS We conducted an initial safety and characterisation study in healthy adult volunteers, utilising our unique clinical quarantine facility in London, UK. In this study we demonstrated this new influenza (H3N2) challenge virus to be both safe and pathogenic with an appropriate level of disease in volunteers. Furthermore, by inoculating volunteers with a range of different inoculum titres, we established the minimum infectious titre required to achieve reproducible disease whilst ensuring a sensitive model that can be translated to design of subsequent field based studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02525055.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Fullen
- hVIVO Services Limited, Queen Mary BioEnterprises Innovation Centre, 42 New Rd, London, E1 2AX, England, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicolas Noulin
- hVIVO Services Limited, Queen Mary BioEnterprises Innovation Centre, 42 New Rd, London, E1 2AX, England, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Catchpole
- hVIVO Services Limited, Queen Mary BioEnterprises Innovation Centre, 42 New Rd, London, E1 2AX, England, United Kingdom
| | - Hosnieh Fathi
- hVIVO Services Limited, Queen Mary BioEnterprises Innovation Centre, 42 New Rd, London, E1 2AX, England, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J. Murray
- hVIVO Services Limited, Queen Mary BioEnterprises Innovation Centre, 42 New Rd, London, E1 2AX, England, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Mann
- hVIVO Services Limited, Queen Mary BioEnterprises Innovation Centre, 42 New Rd, London, E1 2AX, England, United Kingdom
| | - Kingsley Eze
- hVIVO Services Limited, Queen Mary BioEnterprises Innovation Centre, 42 New Rd, London, E1 2AX, England, United Kingdom
| | - Ganesh Balaratnam
- hVIVO Services Limited, Queen Mary BioEnterprises Innovation Centre, 42 New Rd, London, E1 2AX, England, United Kingdom
| | - Daryl W. Borley
- hVIVO Services Limited, Queen Mary BioEnterprises Innovation Centre, 42 New Rd, London, E1 2AX, England, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Gilbert
- hVIVO Services Limited, Queen Mary BioEnterprises Innovation Centre, 42 New Rd, London, E1 2AX, England, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Lambkin-Williams
- hVIVO Services Limited, Queen Mary BioEnterprises Innovation Centre, 42 New Rd, London, E1 2AX, England, United Kingdom
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Correlation between Virus Replication and Antibody Responses in Macaques following Infection with Pandemic Influenza A Virus. J Virol 2015; 90:1023-33. [PMID: 26537681 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02757-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza virus infection of nonhuman primates is a well-established animal model for studying pathogenesis and for evaluating prophylactic and therapeutic intervention strategies. However, usually a standard dose is used for the infection, and there is no information on the relation between challenge dose and virus replication or the induction of immune responses. Such information is also very scarce for humans and largely confined to evaluation of attenuated virus strains. Here, we have compared the effect of a commonly used dose (4 × 10(6) 50% tissue culture infective doses) versus a 100-fold-higher dose, administered by intrabronchial installation, to two groups of 6 cynomolgus macaques. Animals infected with the high virus dose showed more fever and had higher peak levels of gamma interferon in the blood. However, virus replication in the trachea was not significantly different between the groups, although in 2 out of 6 animals from the high-dose group it was present at higher levels and for a longer duration. The virus-specific antibody response was not significantly different between the groups. However, antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, virus neutralization, and hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers correlated with cumulative virus production in the trachea. In conclusion, using influenza virus infection in cynomolgus macaques as a model, we demonstrated a relationship between the level of virus production upon infection and induction of functional antibody responses against the virus. IMPORTANCE There is only very limited information on the effect of virus inoculation dose on the level of virus production and the induction of adaptive immune responses in humans or nonhuman primates. We found only a marginal and variable effect of virus dose on virus production in the trachea but a significant effect on body temperature. The induction of functional antibody responses, including virus neutralization titer, hemagglutination inhibition titer, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, correlated with the level of virus replication measured in the trachea. The study reveals a relationship between virus production and functional antibody formation, which could be relevant in defining appropriate criteria for new influenza virus vaccine candidates.
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Evaluation of a dry powder delivery system for laninamivir in a ferret model of influenza infection. Antiviral Res 2015; 120:66-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Belser JA, Maines TR, Creager HM, Katz JM, Tumpey TM. Oseltamivir inhibits influenza virus replication and transmission following ocular-only aerosol inoculation of ferrets. Virology 2015; 484:305-312. [PMID: 26142497 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ocular exposure to influenza virus represents an alternate route of virus entry capable of establishing a respiratory infection in mammals, but the effectiveness of currently available antiviral treatments to limit virus replication within ocular tissue or inhibit virus spread from ocular sites to the respiratory tract is poorly understood. Using an inoculation method that delivers an aerosol inoculum exclusively to the ocular surface, we demonstrate that oral oseltamivir administration following ocular-only aerosol inoculation with multiple avian and human influenza viruses protected ferrets from a fatal and systemic infection, reduced clinical signs and symptoms of illness, and decreased virus transmissibility to susceptible contacts when a respiratory infection was initiated. The presence of oseltamivir further inhibited influenza virus replication in primary human corneal epithelial cells. These findings provide critical experimental evidence supporting the use of neuraminidase inhibitors during outbreaks of influenza virus resulting in ocular disease or following ocular exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Belser
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Taronna R Maines
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Hannah M Creager
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Katz
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Terrence M Tumpey
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Oh DY, Barr IG, Hurt AC. A novel video tracking method to evaluate the effect of influenza infection and antiviral treatment on ferret activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118780. [PMID: 25738900 PMCID: PMC4349809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferrets are the preferred animal model to assess influenza virus infection, virulence and transmission as they display similar clinical symptoms and pathogenesis to those of humans. Measures of disease severity in the ferret include weight loss, temperature rise, sneezing, viral shedding and reduced activity. To date, the only available method for activity measurement has been the assignment of an arbitrary score by a ‘blind’ observer based on pre-defined responsiveness scale. This manual scoring method is subjective and can be prone to bias. In this study, we described a novel video-tracking methodology for determining activity changes in a ferret model of influenza infection. This method eliminates the various limitations of manual scoring, which include the need for a sole ‘blind’ observer and the requirement to recognise the ‘normal’ activity of ferrets in order to assign relative activity scores. In ferrets infected with an A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, video-tracking was more sensitive than manual scoring in detecting ferret activity changes. Using this video-tracking method, oseltamivir treatment was found to ameliorate the effect of influenza infection on activity in ferret. Oseltamivir treatment of animals was associated with an improvement in clinical symptoms, including reduced inflammatory responses in the upper respiratory tract, lower body weight loss and a smaller rise in body temperature, despite there being no significant reduction in viral shedding. In summary, this novel video-tracking is an easy-to-use, objective and sensitive methodology for measuring ferret activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Yuan Oh
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Victoria, 3842, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Ian G. Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Victoria, 3842, Australia
| | - Aeron C. Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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