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Pham TX, Huynh TTX, Choi J, Lee JB, Park SC, Kim B, Lim YS, Hwang SB. SARS-CoV-2 exploits cellular RAD51 to promote viral propagation: implication of RAD51 inhibitor as a potential drug candidate against COVID-19. J Virol 2023; 97:e0173723. [PMID: 38051260 PMCID: PMC10734463 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01737-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Viruses are constantly evolving to promote propagation in the host. Here, we show that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) utilizes host RAD51 for replication. Silencing of RAD51 impaired SARS-CoV-2 propagation. Viral RNA colocalized with RAD51 in the cytoplasm of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, suggesting that both viral RNA and RAD51 may form a replication complex. We, therefore, evaluated RAD51 inhibitors as possible therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2. Indeed, RAD51 inhibitors exerted antiviral activities against not only Wuhan but also variants of SARS-CoV-2. Molecular docking model shows that RAD51 inhibitors impede SARS-CoV-2 propagation by interfering with dimerization of RAD51. These data suggest that RAD51 may represent a novel host-based drug target for coronavirus disease 2019 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy X. Pham
- Laboratory of RNA Viral Diseases, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Trang T. X. Huynh
- Laboratory of RNA Viral Diseases, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Jiwon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Bong Lee
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Seok-Chan Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Yun-Sook Lim
- Laboratory of RNA Viral Diseases, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Soon B. Hwang
- Laboratory of RNA Viral Diseases, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul, South Korea
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2
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Chinniah R, Adimulam T, Nandlal L, Arumugam T, Ramsuran V. The Effect of miRNA Gene Regulation on HIV Disease. Front Genet 2022; 13:862642. [PMID: 35601502 PMCID: PMC9117004 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.862642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over many years, research on HIV/AIDS has advanced with the introduction of HAART. Despite these advancements, significant gaps remain with respect to aspects in HIV life cycle, with specific attention to virus-host interactions. Investigating virus-host interactions may lead to the implementation of novel therapeutic strategies against HIV/AIDS. Notably, host gene silencing can be facilitated by cellular small non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs paving the way for epigenetic anti-viral therapies. Numerous studies have elucidated the importance of microRNAs in HIV pathogenesis. Some microRNAs can either promote viral infection, while others can be detrimental to viral replication. This is accomplished by targeting the HIV-proviral genome or by regulating host genes required for viral replication and immune responses. In this review, we report on 1) the direct association of microRNAs with HIV infection; 2) the indirect association of known human genetic factors with HIV infection; 3) the regulation of human genes by microRNAs in other diseases that can be explored experimentally to determine their effect on HIV-1 infection; and 4) therapeutic interactions of microRNA against HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romona Chinniah
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Theolan Adimulam
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Louansha Nandlal
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thilona Arumugam
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Veron Ramsuran
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Gut microbiota of bats: pro-mutagenic properties and possible frontiers in preventing emerging disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21075. [PMID: 34702917 PMCID: PMC8548564 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are potential natural reservoirs for emerging viruses, causing deadly human diseases, such as COVID-19, MERS, SARS, Nipah, Hendra, and Ebola infections. The fundamental mechanisms by which bats are considered “living bioreactors” for emerging viruses are not fully understood. Some studies suggest that tolerance to viruses is linked to suppressing antiviral immune and inflammatory responses due to DNA damage by energy generated to fly. Our study reveals that bats' gut bacteria could also be involved in the host and its microbiota's DNA damage. We performed screening of lactic acid bacteria and bacilli isolated from bats' feces for mutagenic and oxidative activity by lux-biosensors. The pro-mutagenic activity was determined when expression of recA increased with the appearance of double-strand breaks in the cell DNA, while an increase of katG expression in the presence of hydroxyl radicals indicated antioxidant activity. We identified that most of the isolated bacteria have pro-mutagenic and antioxidant properties at the same time. This study reveals new insights into bat gut microbiota's potential involvement in antiviral response and opens new frontiers in preventing emerging diseases originating from bats.
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Targeting ABL1 or ARG Tyrosine Kinases to Restrict HIV-1 Infection in Primary CD4+ T-Cells or in Humanized NSG Mice. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2020; 82:407-415. [PMID: 31658184 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies support dasatinib as a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 replication. However, a functional distinction between 2 kinase targets of the drug, ABL1 and ARG, has not been assessed. SETTING We used primary CD4 T-cells, CD8-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a treatment naïve HIV-1 patient, and a humanized mouse model of HIV-1 infection. We assessed the roles of ABL1 and ARG during HIV-1 infection and use of dasatinib as a potential antiviral against HIV-1 in humanized mice. METHODS Primary CD4 T-cells were administered siRNA targeting ABL1 or ARG, then infected with HIV-1 containing luciferase reporter viruses. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction of viral integration of 4 HIV-1 strains was also assessed. CD8-depleted PBMCs were treated for 3 weeks with dasatinib. NSG mice were engrafted with CD34 pluripotent stem cells from human fetal cord blood, and infected with Ba-L virus after 19 weeks. Mice were treated daily with dasatinib starting 5 weeks after infection. RESULTS siRNA knockdown of ABL1 or ARG had no effect on viral reverse transcripts, but increased 2-LTR circles 2- to 4-fold and reduced viral integration 2- to 12-fold. siRNA knockdown of ARG increased SAMHD1 activation, whereas knockdown of either kinase reduced RNA polymerase II activation. Treating CD8-depleted PBMCs from a treatment-naïve patient with 50 nM of dasatinib for 3 weeks reduced p24 levels by 99.8%. Ba-L (R5)-infected mice injected daily with dasatinib showed a 95.1% reduction in plasma viral load after 2 weeks of treatment. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate a novel nuclear role for ABL1 and ARG in ex vivo infection experiments, and proof-of-principle use of dasatinib in a humanized mouse model of HIV-1 infection.
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SEN SATARUPA, DESHMANE SATISHL, KAMINSKI RAFAL, AMINI SHOHREH, DATTA PRASUNK. Non-Metabolic Role of PKM2 in Regulation of the HIV-1 LTR. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:517-525. [PMID: 27249540 PMCID: PMC5714288 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Identification of cellular proteins, in addition to already known transcription factors such as NF-κB, Sp1, C-EBPβ, NFAT, ATF/CREB, and LEF-1, which interact with the HIV-1 LTR, is critical in understanding the mechanism of HIV-1 replication in monocytes/macrophages. Our studies demonstrate upregulation of pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2) expression during HIV-1SF162 infection of monocyte/macrophages and reactivation of HIV-1 in U1 cells, a macrophage model of latency. We observed that HIV-1SF162 infection of monocyte/macrophages and reactivation of HIV-1 in U1 cells by PMA resulted in increased levels of nuclear PKM2 compared to PMA-induced U937 cells. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the nuclear dimeric form of PKM2 in the PMA-induced U1 cells in comparison to PMA-induced U937 cells. We focused on understanding the potential role of PKM2 in HIV-1 LTR transactivation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis in PMA-activated U1 and TZM-bl cells demonstrated the interaction of PKM2 with the HIV-1 LTR. Our studies show that overexpression of PKM2 results in transactivation of HIV-1 LTR-luciferase reporter in U937, U-87 MG, and TZM-bl cells. Using various truncated constructs of the HIV-1 LTR, we mapped the region spanning -120 bp to -80 bp to be essential for PKM2-mediated transactivation. This region contains the NF-κB binding site and deletion of this site attenuated PKM2-mediated activation of HIV-1 LTR. Immunoprecipitation experiments using U1 cell lysates demonstrated a physical interaction between PKM2 and the p65 subunit of NF-κB. These observations demonstrate for the first time that PKM2 is a transcriptional co-activator of HIV-1 LTR. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 517-525, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- SATARUPA SEN
- Department of Neuroscience, Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - SATISH L. DESHMANE
- Department of Neuroscience, Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - RAFAL KAMINSKI
- Department of Neuroscience, Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - SHOHREH AMINI
- Department of Neuroscience, Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - PRASUN K. DATTA
- Department of Neuroscience, Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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White MK, Bellizzi A, Ibba G, Pietropaolo V, Palamara AT, Wollebo HS. The DNA damage response promotes polyomavirus JC infection by nucleus to cytoplasm NF- kappaB activation. Virol J 2017; 14:31. [PMID: 28202068 PMCID: PMC5312431 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0707-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection of glial cells by human neurotropic polyomavirus JC (JCV), the causative agent of the CNS demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), rapidly inflicts damage to cellular DNA. This activates DNA damage response (DDR) signaling including induction of expression of DNA repair factor Rad51. We previously reported that Rad51 co-operates with the transcription factor NF-κB p65 to activate JCV early transcription. Thus Rad51 induction by JCV infection may provide positive feedback for viral activation early in JCV infection. DDR is also known to stimulate NF-κB activity, a phenomenon known as nucleus to cytoplasm or "inside-out" NF-κB signaling, which is initiated by Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein, a serine/threonine kinase recruited and activated by DNA double-strand breaks. Downstream of ATM, there occurs a series of post-translational modifications of NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO), the γ regulatory subunit of inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB) kinase (IKK), resulting in NF-κB activation. METHODS We analyzed the effects of downstream pathways in the DDR by phosphospecific Western blots and analysis of the subcellular distribution of NEMO by cell fractionation and immunocytochemistry. The role of DDR in JCV infection was analyzed using a small molecule inhibitor of ATM (KU-55933). NEMO sumoylation was investigated by Western and association of ATM and NEMO by immunoprecipitation/Western blots. RESULTS We show that JCV infection caused phosphorylation and activation of ATM while KU-55933 inhibited JCV replication. JCV infection caused a redistribution of NEMO from cytoplasm to nucleus. Co-expression of JCV large T-antigen and FLAG-tagged NEMO showed the occurrence of sumoylation of NEMO, while co-expression of ATM and FLAG-NEMO demonstrated physical association between ATM and NEMO. CONCLUSIONS We propose a model where JCV infection induces both overexpression of Rad51 protein and activation of the nucleus to cytoplasm NF-κB signaling pathway, which then act together to enhance JCV gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn K White
- Center for Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Anna Bellizzi
- Center for Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur Italia, Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, 5 P.le Aldo Moro, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Ibba
- Center for Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, 5 P.le Aldo Moro, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna T Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur Italia, Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, 5 P.le Aldo Moro, 00185, Rome, Italy
- San Raffaele Pisana IRCCS, Telematic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Hassen S Wollebo
- Center for Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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Thierry S, Benleulmi MS, Sinzelle L, Thierry E, Calmels C, Chaignepain S, Waffo-Teguo P, Merillon JM, Budke B, Pasquet JM, Litvak S, Ciuffi A, Sung P, Connell P, Hauber I, Hauber J, Andreola ML, Delelis O, Parissi V. Dual and Opposite Effects of hRAD51 Chemical Modulation on HIV-1 Integration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:712-23. [PMID: 26051216 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cellular DNA repair hRAD51 protein has been shown to restrict HIV-1 integration both in vitro and in vivo. To investigate its regulatory functions, we performed a pharmacological analysis of the retroviral integration modulation by hRAD51. We found that, in vitro, chemical activation of hRAD51 stimulates its integration inhibitory properties, whereas inhibition of hRAD51 decreases the integration restriction, indicating that the modulation of HIV-1 integration depends on the hRAD51 recombinase activity. Cellular analyses demonstrated that cells exhibiting high hRAD51 levels prior to de novo infection are more resistant to integration. On the other hand, when hRAD51 was activated during integration, cells were more permissive. Altogether, these data establish the functional link between hRAD51 activity and HIV-1 integration. Our results highlight the multiple and opposite effects of the recombinase during integration and provide new insights into the cellular regulation of HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ludivine Sinzelle
- MFP, UMR5234, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, SFR Transbiomed, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Christina Calmels
- MFP, UMR5234, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, SFR Transbiomed, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Pierre Waffo-Teguo
- GESVAB, EA 3675 - UFR Pharmacie, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Michel Merillon
- GESVAB, EA 3675 - UFR Pharmacie, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Brian Budke
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jean-Max Pasquet
- Laboratoire Biothérapies des Maladies Génétiques et Cancers, INSERM U1035, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Simon Litvak
- MFP, UMR5234, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, SFR Transbiomed, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Angela Ciuffi
- Institute of Microbiology (IMUL), Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Sung
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06320-8024, USA
| | - Philip Connell
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ilona Hauber
- HPI, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Hauber
- HPI, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marie-Line Andreola
- MFP, UMR5234, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, SFR Transbiomed, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Vincent Parissi
- MFP, UMR5234, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, SFR Transbiomed, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
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White MK, Kaminski R, Khalili K, Wollebo HS. Rad51 activates polyomavirus JC early transcription. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110122. [PMID: 25310191 PMCID: PMC4195707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human neurotropic polyomavirus JC (JCV) causes the fatal CNS demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). JCV infection is very common and after primary infection, the virus is able to persist in an asymptomatic state. Rarely, and usually only under conditions of immune impairment, JCV re-emerges to actively replicate in the astrocytes and oligodendrocytes of the brain causing PML. The regulatory events involved in the reactivation of active viral replication in PML are not well understood but previous studies have implicated the transcription factor NF-κB acting at a well-characterized site in the JCV noncoding control region (NCCR). NF-κB in turn is regulated in a number of ways including activation by cytokines such as TNF-α, interactions with other transcription factors and epigenetic events involving protein acetylation – all of which can regulate the transcriptional activity of JCV. Active JCV infection is marked by the occurrence of rapid and extensive DNA damage in the host cell and the induction of the expression of cellular proteins involved in DNA repair including Rad51, a major component of the homologous recombination-directed double-strand break DNA repair machinery. Here we show that increased Rad51 expression activates the JCV early promoter. This activation is co-operative with the stimulation caused by NF-κB p65, abrogated by mutation of the NF-κB binding site or siRNA to NFκB p65 and enhanced by the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate. These data indicate that the induction of Rad51 resulting from infection with JCV acts through NF-κB via its binding site to stimulate JCV early transcription. We suggest that this provides a novel positive feedback mechanism to enhance viral gene expression during the early stage of JCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn K. White
- Center for Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MKW); (KK)
| | - Rafal Kaminski
- Center for Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Center for Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MKW); (KK)
| | - Hassen S. Wollebo
- Center for Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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