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Santarém VA, Pinto GLB, Ferreira IB, Ribeiro J, Filho RTDS, Meisel DMC, Gryschek RCB, Lescano SAZ, Giuffrida R, Kmetiuk LB, de Paula FM, Biondo AW. A silent threat behind bars: Serosurvey and associated risk factors for strongyloidiasis in female inmates and correctional officers. Acta Trop 2024; 257:107301. [PMID: 38955318 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis has been a neglected parasitic infection caused by Strongyloides genus parasites. Despite assessment of S. stercoralis exposure in different vulnerable populations, seroprevalence in inmates worldwide remains to be fully established. Due to poor sanitation and lack of personal hygienic practices, incarcerated individuals have been considered prone to spread infectious illnesses. Accordingly, the present study has assessed exposure and associated risk factors for strongyloidiasis in women inmates and correctional officers at the Women's State Penitentiary of Parana, part of the third largest incarceration complex in Brazil at the time. Blood samplings were performed in 2020 and 2021from a total of 503 women inmates and 92 correctional officers. Participants voluntarily responded to an epidemiological questionnaire to assess associated risk factors to strongyloidiasis. Serological analysis was performed by ELISA for anti-S. stercoralis IgG detection. Statistical analysis was performed using R software, adopting a 5% level of significance. The data were submitted to univariate analysis by chi-square or Fisher´s Exact test for assessing the association among seropositivity and the variables. The variables with p-value < 0.2 in the univariate analysis were considered fit to be included in the logistic regression. In overall, 356/503 (70.8%; 95% CI: 66.7-74.6) inmates were seropositive for anti-S. stercoralis antibodies, with no statistically associated risk factor to seropositivity. A total of 57/92 (62.0%; 95% CI: 51.8-71.2) correctional officers were seropositive, and logistic regression revealed that individuals older than 50 years were more likely seropositive. In conclusion, the high endemicity observed herein has indicated a history of previous exposure to S. stercoralis and warned for a systematic strongyloidiasis screening for inmates, to prevent long term morbidity and disseminated infection during incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamilton Alvares Santarém
- Graduate College in Animal Sciences, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, SP 19050-920, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Luís Brucinski Pinto
- Graduate College of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Juvevê, Curitiba, PR 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Isabella Braghin Ferreira
- Graduate College in Animal Sciences, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, SP 19050-920, Brazil
| | - Juliano Ribeiro
- Graduate College of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Juvevê, Curitiba, PR 80035-050, Brazil
| | | | - Dirce Mary Correa Meisel
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM/06), Clinical Hospital of the University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rogério Giuffrida
- Graduate College in Animal Sciences, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, SP 19050-920, Brazil
| | - Louise Bach Kmetiuk
- Zoonoses Surveillance Unit, Municipal Secretary of Health, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Martins de Paula
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM/06), Clinical Hospital of the University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexander Welker Biondo
- Graduate College of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Juvevê, Curitiba, PR 80035-050, Brazil.
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Santarém VA, Pinto GLB, de Souza Filho RT, Ferreira IB, Lescano SAZ, Gonzáles WHR, Kosloski J, Ribeiro J, Giuffrida R, Dos Santos AP, Kmetiuk LB, Biondo AW. Risk factors for toxocariasis during incarceration: the One Health intervention approach. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19470. [PMID: 37945589 PMCID: PMC10636119 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45484-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite potential exposure to soil-transmitted helminths, especially when stray dogs and cats are present, toxocariasis in inmate populations remains to be established. Accordingly, the present study assessed the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of toxocariasis at the Women's State Penitentiary of Parana, Brazil. A total of 234/370 (63.2%; 95% CI 58.2-68.0) women inmates and 28/87 (32.2%; 95% CI 23.3-42.6) correctional officers were seropositive for anti-Toxocara spp. IgG by ELISA, with inmates 2.62-fold more likely positive (p = 0.00000026). The univariate model has identified that non-white (OR = 1.58, p = 0.047) and older than 39 years (OR = 1.28, p = 0.032) inmates were associated with mild but significant odds for seropositivity. Elementary or higher educational level was considered a protective factor for seropositivity. The presence of Toxocara spp. eggs was observed in 10/15 (66.7%) collected soil samples by centrifuge-flotation in Zinc Sulfate, and molecular analysis by PCR identified only Toxocara cati in these eggs. An intervention program was established with regular trap-neuter-release, with gradual removal for adoption (donation campaigns), treatment, and euthanasia when necessary (particularly due to advanced sporotrichosis). In addition, an educational awareness agenda was proposed, aiming to reduce soil contamination and accidental intake by the incarcerated population. A total of 40 feral cats were trapped, 20 males and 20 females, mostly adults. After trapping, 36 cats were neutered, treated, and microchipped in the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) at the Federal University of Paraná. Five trapped feral cats were euthanized, four diagnosed with advanced sporotrichosis, and one already neutered cat (not herein) with complications due to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Female inmates presented higher seroprevalence for Toxocara spp. antibodies when compared to correctional officers, significantly associated with age, self-declared ethnicity (non-white), and lack of formal education. Despite the non-natural scenario of a state penitentiary, the One Health approach of Toxocara spp. has highlighted the interdisciplinary nature of the study and its relevance in understanding the complex interactions between human, animal, and environmental factors, particularly impacting female inmates. Further studies should establish the rate of inmate infection over time while deprived of liberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamilton Alvares Santarém
- Graduate College in Animal Sciences, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19050-920, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Luís Brucinski Pinto
- Graduate College of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná (PR), 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Roberto Teixeira de Souza Filho
- Graduate College in Animal Sciences, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19050-920, Brazil
| | - Isabella Braghin Ferreira
- Graduate College in Animal Sciences, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19050-920, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jully Kosloski
- Graduate College of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná (PR), 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Juliano Ribeiro
- Graduate College of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná (PR), 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Rogério Giuffrida
- Graduate College in Animal Sciences, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19050-920, Brazil
| | | | - Louise Bach Kmetiuk
- Graduate College of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná (PR), 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Alexander Welker Biondo
- Graduate College of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná (PR), 80035-050, Brazil.
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Muñoz-Antoli C, Irisarri-Gutiérrez MJ, Acosta L, Bonet MJ, Esteban JG, Toledo R. Intestinal parasitic infections and their potential risk factors among prison inmates in Valencia, Spain. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:616. [PMID: 37726678 PMCID: PMC10507839 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08613-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the fact that prison inmates are a population at higher risk than other groups of suffering from intestinal parasite infections in relation to their living conditions, information about these diseases in prison environments is still scarce. Herein, we analyze the status of intestinal parasite infections in a Spanish prison. METHODS A cross-sectional study involving 528 inmates was conducted from April to June 2022 among inmates at Centro Penitenciario Picassent (Valencia, Spain). Stool specimens were examined using the direct wet mount technique, the formol-ether concentration technique, and the Ziehl-Neelsen staining method. We used STATA 16.1 for data analysis. We consider a p-value less than 0.05 significant at a 95% confidence level. RESULTS Of the 528 inmates (471 men and 57 women; a mean age of 41.94 years) enrolled in the study, 83 (15.7%) were infected. Only six species of protozoa were detected. The gut potential microeukaryotic pathobiont Blastocystis sp. was the predominant parasite, accounting for 37 (44.6%) of the infections. Gut parasite amebas (6.6%) and pathobionts (5.3%) were more prevalent than flagellates (2.3%). The prevalence of infection with pathogenic species (8.9%) was similar to that of non-pathogenic species (8.7%). Infection among men (15.2%) was higher than in women (0.6%) (p < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, the country of birth (AOR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.18-0.52) and the time spent in prison (AOR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.06-3.14) were statistically significant associated to intestinal parasite infections (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.028, respectively). CONCLUSION This study found low levels of intestinal parasite infections in the CPP which could be indicative of the implementation of sanitary measures in prison environments in Spain. The less time spent in prison favor the risk of having infection while the Spanish nationality of inmates could reduce the risk of infection. The main recommendation would be to introduce routine parasitological tests upon foreigners entering prison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Muñoz-Antoli
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - María José Irisarri-Gutiérrez
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucrecia Acosta
- Parasitology Area, Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, Miguel Hernández de Elche University, Alicante, Spain
| | - María José Bonet
- Medical Deputy Director, Picassent Penitentiary Center, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Guillermo Esteban
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Toledo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Zulu G, Stelzle D, Mwape KE, Welte TM, Strømme H, Mubanga C, Mutale W, Abraham A, Hachangu A, Schmidt V, Sikasunge CS, Phiri IK, Winkler AS. The epidemiology of human Taenia solium infections: A systematic review of the distribution in Eastern and Southern Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011042. [PMID: 37000841 PMCID: PMC10096517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background
Taenia solium is a tapeworm that causes taeniosis in humans and cysticercosis in humans and pigs. Within Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA), information on the presence of human taeniosis and cysticercosis seems scarce. This systematic review aimed to describe the current information available and gaps in the epidemiology of human T. solium infections in ESA.
Methods/Principle findings
Scientific literature published between 1st January 2000 and 20th June 2022 in international databases [MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), Global Health (Ovid), Scopus (Elsevier), African Index Medicus (via WHO Global Index Medicus), and Open Grey] was systematically reviewed for ESA. The study area included 27 countries that make up the ESA region. Information on either taeniosis, cysticercosis or NCC was available for 16 of 27 countries within the region and a total of 113 reports were retained for the review. Most case reports for cysticercosis and NCC were from South Africa, while Tanzania had the most aggregated cysticercosis reports. Eleven countries reported on NCC with seven countries reporting data on NCC and epilepsy. Unconfirmed human T. solium taeniosis cases were reported in nine countries while two countries (Madagascar and Zambia) reported confirmed T. solium cases. The cysticercosis seroprevalence ranged between 0.7–40.8% on antigen (Ag) ELISA and between 13.1–45.3% on antibody (Ab) ELISA. Based on immunoblot tests the Ab seroprevalence was between 1.7–39.3%, while the proportion of NCC-suggestive lesions on brain CT scans was between 1.0–76% depending on the study population. The human taeniosis prevalence based on microscopy ranged between 0.1–14.7%. Based on Copro Ag-ELISA studies conducted in Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Zambia, the highest prevalence of 19.7% was reported in Kenya.
Conclusions
Despite the public health and economic impact of T. solium in ESA, there are still large gaps in knowledge about the occurrence of the parasite, and the resulting One Health disease complex, and monitoring of T. solium taeniosis and cysticercosis is mostly not in place.
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Hajare ST, Betcha A, Sharma RJ, Bhosale SB, Upadhye VJ, Kuddus M, Eriso F. Giardia lamblia infection and associated risk factors among patients attending Kochore Health Center, Ethiopia. Infect Dis Now 2022; 52:311-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idnow.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Asymptomatic Malaria and Helminths Coinfection and Its Association with Anemia among Primary School Children in Gedeo Zone, Southern Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Trop Med 2021; 2021:7742960. [PMID: 34552634 PMCID: PMC8452447 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7742960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Asymptomatic malaria and helminths coinfection occurs mainly in the tropics and subtropics where poverty and sanitary practice favor its high prevalence. In the tropics, where malaria is endemic, helminths also thrive resulting in coinfection. This study aimed to access the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria and helminths coinfection and its contribution for anemia in primary school children of Gedeo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Methodology. This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 413 primary school children from February to April 2020. Finger-prick blood samples were used to determine asymptomatic malaria and hemoglobin concentrations. Stool samples were collected and processed through formalin-ether concentration techniques to detect the presence of intestinal helminths. Data were double entered into Epi Data version 3.1 software and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Pearson's chi-square and correlation analysis were performed as part of the statistical analyses. Result A total of 413 primary school children aged 6 to 16 years (mean age ± SD: 10.7 ± 2.64years) were enrolled in the study. 159 (38.5%) of school children were infected with at least one of the parasitic diseases. The overall prevalence of asymptomatic malaria and intestinal helminths was 46 (11.1%) and 113 (27.3%) respectively. Asymptomatic malaria and helminths coinfection was 29 (7%). Total of 39.1% of asymptomatic malaria-infected school children were anemic, which is statistically significant (P < 0.05). 15.9% of helminths-infected school children were anemic, not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The prevalence of anemia was 12 (41.3%) among coinfected students, which is statistically significant (P < 0.005). Conclusion Asymptomatic malaria and helminths coinfection affects the health status of considerable number of primary school children in the study area. Therefore, simultaneous combat against the two parasitic infections is crucial to improve health of the school children.
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Shumuye NA, Ohiolei JA, Gebremedhin MB, Yan HB, Li L, Li WH, Zhang NZ, Fu BQ, Jia WZ. A systematic review and meta-analysis on prevalence and distribution of Taenia and Echinococcus infections in Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:447. [PMID: 34488862 PMCID: PMC8419976 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04925-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tapeworm infections are among the tropical neglected parasitic diseases endemically occurring in Ethiopia. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims at estimating the pooled prevalence and distribution of Taenia and Echinococcus infections in humans and animals from reports from Ethiopia. Methods The systematic search was conducted in four bibliographic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Africa Journal Online and Science Direct). Additional data were retrieved from grey literature. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were considered for the systematic review and meta-analysis. The meta-analysis was conducted using MetaXL add-in for Microsoft Excel. Heterogeneity and inconsistency were evaluated using Cochran’s Q and I2 statistics, respectively. Results The study provides a country-based database of Taenia and Echinococcus infections consisting of 311 datasets from 201 publications which were mostly abattoir surveys; of these, 251 datasets were subjected to meta-analysis. Most of the studies were from Oromia (32.8%) followed by Amhara (22.9%) regional states. The pooled prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in intermediate and accidental hosts was calculated as 22% (95% CI 18–26%) and high study variability (Q = 24,420.65, I2 = 100%, P = 0.000). Moreover, a pooled prevalence of Echinococcus infections in final hosts was calculated as 33% (95% CI 20–48%) and low study variability (Q = 17.24, I2 = 65%, P = 0.001). Similarly, study subjects (human, cattle, sheep, goat and wolf) were infected by Taenia spp. with pooled prevalence of 3% (95% CI 2–4%) and moderate study variability (Q = 279.07, I2 = 89, P = 0.000). Meanwhile, the pooled prevalence of Taenia hydatigena, T. ovis and T. multiceps infections in intermediate hosts were calculated as 38%, 14% and 5%, respectively. The random effect meta-analysis of bovine cysticercosis showed a pooled prevalence of 7% (95% CI 5–9%) and high study variability was of (Q = 4458.76; I2 = 99%, P = 0.000). Significant differences in prevalence of Taenia and Echinococcus infections between study sites or different livestock origins have been reported. Conclusion The study evidenced a comprehensive dataset on the prevalence and distribution of Taenia and Echinococcus infections at different interfaces by regions and hosts and hence can aid in the design of more effective control strategies. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04925-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigus Abebe Shumuye
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Animal Echinococcosis Para-Reference Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Mekelle University, Kalamino campus, P.O. Box 2084, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - John Asekhaen Ohiolei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Animal Echinococcosis Para-Reference Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Mebrahtu Berhe Gebremedhin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Animal Echinococcosis Para-Reference Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Animal Echinococcosis Para-Reference Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Animal Echinococcosis Para-Reference Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Nian-Zhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Animal Echinococcosis Para-Reference Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Animal Echinococcosis Para-Reference Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Animal Echinococcosis Para-Reference Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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Feleke DG, Alemu Y, Bisetegn H, Mekonnen M, Yemanebrhane N. Intestinal parasitic infections and associated factors among street dwellers and prison inmates: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255641. [PMID: 34352000 PMCID: PMC8341648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal parasitic infections are closely associated with low household income, poor personal and environmental sanitation, and overcrowding, limited access to clean water, tropical climate and low altitude. Street dwellers and prisoners are forced to live in deprived situations characterized by inadequate facilities. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence and associated factors of intestinal parasitic infections among street dwellers and prison inmates. Method Study searches were carried out in Electronic data bases such as PubMed/Medline, HINARI, EMBASE, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar and Cochrane Library. Studies published only in English and have high quality Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) scores were included for analysis using Stata version 14 software. Random-effects meta-analysis model was used for analysis. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochrane’s Q test and I2 test statistics with its corresponding p-values. Moreover, subgroup, sensitivity analyses and publication bias were computed. Result Seventeen eligible studies consist of 4,544 study participants were included. Majority of the study participants were males (83.5%) and the mean age of the study participants was 25.7 years old. The pooled prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among street dwellers and prison inmates was 43.68% (95% CI 30.56, 56.79). Sub-group analysis showed that the overall pooled prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among prison inmates and street dwellers was 30.12% (95%CI: 19.61, 40.62) and 68.39% (95%CI: 57.30, 79.49), respectively. There was statistically significant association between untrimmed fingernail and intestinal parasitic infections (AOR: 1.09 (95%CI: 0.53, 2.23). Conclusion In this study, the pooled prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among street dwellers and prison inmates was relatively high. Fingernail status had statistically significant association with intestinal parasitic infection. The prevention and control strategy of intestinal parasitic infection should also target socially deprived segment of the population such as street dwellers and prison inmates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Getacher Feleke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Alemu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Habtye Bisetegn
- Department of Medical laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Melat Mekonnen
- Department of Medical laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
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Strongyloides Stercoralis Infection in Ethiopia: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on Prevalence and Diagnostic Methods. Helminthologia 2021; 58:17-27. [PMID: 33664615 PMCID: PMC7912231 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2021-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis is a helminthic intestinal parasite that causes the disease strongyloidiasis. Its prevalence is high in tropics and sub-tropics due to poor sanitation and hygiene. However, its true prevalence is not well known in Ethiopia as most health institutions use low sensitive diagnostic methods. This review aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of S. stercoralis at country, and regional state levels. Papers published on S. stercoralis in Ethiopia from 2010 to 2020 were collected from PubMed, Google Scholar and Science direct databases and Addis Ababa repository. Identification, screening, checking the eligibility, and inclusion of the relevant literatures were done. Articles with S. stercoralis positive results from Ethiopian populations were included. Articles which focused on Strongyloides infection in foreigners, and other than stool samples were excluded. The pooled prevalence of S. stercoralis and heterogeneity between studies and across regions were computed. From the 43 articles, the overall prevalence of S. stercoralis in Ethiopia was 1.82 %. Across regions, relatively high prevalence of S. stercoralis (8.78 %) was recorded in Addis Ababa city. High prevalence of S. stercoralis was found to be 44.02 % with a combination of formol ether concentration, Baermann concentration, and molecular methods. Low prevalence of 0.26 %, 0.31 %, and 1.20 % was evidenced respectively with Kato-Katz, direct saline microscopy, and formol ether concentration methods. Using random effect analysis, the pooled prevalence of S. stercoralis in Ethiopia, across regions and across diagnostic methods was 2.1 % (95 %CI: 1.20 – 3.60), 2.6 % (95 %CI: 0.80 – 8.20) and 3.7 % (95 %CI: 1.10 – 11.70), respectively. The heterogeneity was high (P<0.001). This review revealed that Strongyloides infection is probably underreported and its prevalence could be higher than the reported in Ethiopia. Therefore, a revision of the best combination of diagnostic methods could be advisable as it gives better diagnostic results in routine diagnosis of Strongyloides infection in Ethiopia.
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Hussen S, Assegu D, Tadesse BT, Shimelis T. Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 2021; 7:4. [PMID: 33522949 PMCID: PMC7849146 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-020-00127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is a common helminthic infection in the tropics and subtropics, particularly in sub-Saharan African countries including Ethiopia. In these counties, Schistosoma mansoni infection is a significant public health problem due to the risk of reinfection and recurrent disease despite implementing several rounds preventive chemotherapy. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at assessing the pooled prevalence of schistosomiasis in Ethiopia. Methods The PRISMA guidelines were followed to perform the systematic review and meta-analysis. Published studies from January 1999 to June 2020 were searched in Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, HINARI, and Cochrane Library using key words including: “prevalence”, “incidence”, “schistosomiasis” “Bilharziasis”, “Bilharzia”, “S. mansoni “, “Ethiopia”. Heterogeneity of included studies was assessed using Cochran’s Q test and I2 test statistics while publication bias was assessed using Egger’s test. Results Ninety-four studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of S. mansoni in Ethiopia was 18.0% (95%CI: 14.0–23.0). The southern region of Ethiopia had a higher S. mansoni prevalence of 25.9% (995% CI, 14.9–41.1) than the national prevalence. The burden of S. mansoni infection was also higher than the national average in rural areas and among men with pooled prevalence of 20.2% (95% CI, 13.2–28.5) and 28.5% (95%CI, 22.7,35.1), respectively. The trend analysis showed that the prevalence of S. mansoni infection in Ethiopia decreased over the past 15 years, potentially because of the repeated preventive chemotherapy. Conclusion The review unveiled a moderate prevalence of S. mansoni infection in Ethiopia. Targeted treatment of at-risk population groups ad high burden areas coupled with implementation of integrated vector control strategies are critical to address the burden of Schistosomiasis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40794-020-00127-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siraj Hussen
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
| | - Demissie Assegu
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Techalew Shimelis
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Jorga E, Van Damme I, Mideksa B, Gabriël S. Identification of risk areas and practices for Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:375. [PMID: 32727549 PMCID: PMC7391523 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04222-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine cysticercosis (BCC) is an infection of cattle with the metacestode stage of Taenia saginata, the beef tapeworm, which causes taeniosis in humans. BCC is responsible for considerable economic losses in the meat sector worldwide. This systematic review and meta-analysis summarizes the prevalence, risk factors and treatment efforts made so far on T. saginata infections in Ethiopia, providing a detailed analysis of different factors influencing the varying prevalence estimates in Ethiopia to gain more insight into the occurrence and risk factors of T. saginata taeniosis and cysticercosis to date. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted on data collected from published and grey literature accessed through an electronic database and manual search. Results The literature search resulted in 776 outputs of which 132 conformed to the predefined criteria. The average zonal prevalence of meat inspection-based BCC ranged from 2% in Buno-Bedele to 24.6% in Sidama zone. The pooled prevalence of BCC was influenced by the number of muscle/organs inspected, ranging from 3.4% (95% CI: 1.7–5.1%) using fewer predilection sites to 19.4% (95% CI: 13.3–25.4%) using inspection of a maximum number of predilection sites. None of the tested variables were significantly associated with BCC. Questionnaire-based taeniosis ranged between 19.0% in Halaba special woreda to 70.0% in Gedeo zone and stool test-based taeniosis varied from 0.6% in central Tigray to 10.7% in Gurage zone. Questionnaire-based prevalence of taeniosis was higher in people with a frequent raw beef consumption habit (pooled OR, pOR: 10.5, 95% CI: 6.0–17.9), adults (pOR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.7–3.6), men (pOR: 2.8, 95% CI: 2.1–3.6), and Christians (pOR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.4–2.8) compared to less frequent raw beef consumers, younger people, women and Muslims, respectively. Conclusions This review revealed a widespread but variable occurrence of BCC and taeniosis in Ethiopian regions and zones, urging for harmonized and enhanced detection for improved control of the parasite. Accurate prevalence estimates using more sensitive tests, detailed risk factor analysis, as well as data on financial losses are needed to develop effective control strategies for the Ethiopian epidemiologic condition.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilu Jorga
- Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Ambo University, P.O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Inge Van Damme
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Laboratory of Foodborne Parasitic Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bizunesh Mideksa
- Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Ambo University, P.O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Laboratory of Foodborne Parasitic Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Ameya G, Zerdo Z, Tesfaye M, Jabesa C, Awaje A, Dejene K, Shika P, Eshetu M. Intestinal parasite infections and associated factors among inmates of Arba Minch prison, southern Ethiopia: cross sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:1086. [PMID: 31888496 PMCID: PMC6937967 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4703-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal parasitic infection is one of the parasitic infections affecting people living in prison. Helminths and intestinal protozoan infections are the most common parasitic infection that may cause serious life-threatening diseases in inmates living in developing countries. This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) among inmates living in Arba Minch prison, southern Ethiopia. Methods Institutional based cross sectional study was conducted on Arba Minch inmates, southern Ethiopian. Pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire was used to gather the data of socio-demographic characteristics, hygiene status of the prisoners, sanitation condition of the prison, and associated factors for IPIs by face to face interview. Direct wet-mount examination and formol-ether sedimentation techniques were used to examine intestinal parasitic infection from stool specimens. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to see the association between different variables and the IPI. Odds ratio with 95% CI was computed to determine the presence association and strength of the associated factors. Result A total of 320 prisoners were participated in this study. Of these, 154(48.1%) of them were infected with one or more intestinal parasites. Eight different intestinal parasites species were identified and Giardia lamblia was the predominant parasite. Among infected inmates, nearly one out of four of them had multiple parasitic infections dominated by Giardia lamblia and E. histolytica/dispar co-infection. Sleeping in group [AOR = 1.9; 95% CI: (1.0–3.8)], married prisoners [AOR = 1.8; 95% CI: (1.1–2.9)], and hand washing habits after handling soil [AOR = 2.4; 95% CI: (1.0–5.6)] were independently associated with IPI. Conclusion High prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was detected in Arba Minch inmates, southern Ethiopian. Absence of hand washing, marital status, and way of sleeping were the factors associated with the IPI. Implementation of mass drug administration, education on water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and periodic screening of intestinal parasitic infection is very important to reduce the high prevalence IPIs in prison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemechu Ameya
- Department of medical laboratory sciences, College of medicine and health sciences, Kotebe Metropolitan University, P.O. Box: 31248, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Zerihun Zerdo
- Department of medical laboratory sciences, College of medicine and health sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Mihret Tesfaye
- Department of medical laboratory sciences, College of medicine and health sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Chimdo Jabesa
- Department of Medical laboratory Science, Hiwot Fana specialized referral hospital, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Abayneh Awaje
- Department of Medical laboratory Science, Shone Primary Hospital, Shone, Ethiopia
| | - Kaleb Dejene
- Department of Medical laboratory Science, Sawla General Hospital, Sawla, Ethiopia
| | - Petros Shika
- Department of Medical laboratory Science, Chire Primary Hospital, Chire Kanama, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Eshetu
- Department of Medical laboratory Science, Semera Health Center, Semera, Afar, Ethiopia
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Prevalence and Intensity of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection among Rural Community of Southwest Ethiopia: A Community-Based Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3687873. [PMID: 31915688 PMCID: PMC6931019 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3687873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Helminths are significant contributors to global health problems. Subgroup soil-transmitted helminths are among the listed neglected tropical diseases. The rural inhabitants often suffer from heavy infection, particularly children and pregnant women. Objective The study aimed at determining the magnitude and intensity of soil-transmitted helminth infection and associated risk factors in the study area where the prevalence and intensity of the infection are yet unknown at the community level. Method A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted between April and June 2016 on 377 individuals. Systematic random sampling was utilized to select the households. Lottery method was used for study subject selection in the households. Sociodemographic and risk factor data were collected using a pretested questionnaire. Parasitological tests were processed using Kato-Katz thick smear and duplicate direct wet mount analysis of the stool sample. Results A total of 377 subjects aged from 2 to 55 years were enrolled in the study, of which 211 were female (56%) and 166 were male (44%). The overall prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths was 265 (70.3%). The females shared more (36.6%, 138) as compared to males (33.7%, 127) at P < 0.05. Of all identified soil-transmitted helminths, Trichuris trichiura was the predominant infectious agent (66.8%, 252) followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (16.4%, 62) and hookworm (14.1%, 53). Gender (AOR: 1.67 (95% CI: 1.034-2.706)), lack of fruit washing before consumption (AOR: 1.7 (95% CI: 1.1-2.6)), open defecation habit (AOR: 1.75 (95% CI: 0.921-3.338)), and drinking untreated water (AOR: 1.994 (95% CI: 1.019-3.90)) were significantly associated with soil-transmitted helminth infection. Conclusion High prevalence of STH infection was still an important health issue of the community even after the implementation of the health extension program. Hence, intervention considering all population of the residents as eligible to deworm and health education are mandatory.
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Mardu F, Berhe B, Tesfay K, Negash H. Assessment of sanitary condition of services as implication for intestinal parasitic infections among prison inmates: institutional based cross-sectional study in eastern Tigrai zonal prison, northern Ethiopia, 2018. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:393. [PMID: 31300055 PMCID: PMC6624882 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4449-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed to assess the sanitary condition of services and its implication for intestinal parasitic infections among prison inmates in eastern Tigrai, northern Ethiopia. RESULTS We have assessed the availability and sanitary condition of services at Adigrat prison. Frequent water cuts and unavailability of soap in the prison have challenged prisoners and food handlers to maintain their hygiene. The living rooms were overcrowded and poorly ventilated besides to unsatisfactory kitchen rooms. The prevalence of intestinal parasites among the participants was 40% (108/270). The dominant parasite was Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (60, 22.2%) followed by Giardia lamblia, 39 (14.4%). The mixed infections of Entamoeba histolytica/dispar and Giardia lamblia were detected among 17 (6.3%) of the participants. In multivariate analysis, participants who were feeding in groups were more likely to harbor intestinal parasites than those who were feeding alone (AOR: 2.1; CI 1.05-4.3). Intestinal parasites are significant health problems to the prisoners of Adigrat prison with poor sanitation of services. Therefore, provision of necessary facilities such as hand washing basins, soaps, disinfectants, disinfestations, and food utensils could significantly reduce the burden of intestinal parasites in the prison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitsum Mardu
- Unit of Medical Parasitology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | - Brhane Berhe
- Unit of Medical Parasitology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | - Kebede Tesfay
- Unit of Medical Parasitology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | - Hadush Negash
- Unit of Medical Microbiology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
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Donohue RE, Cross ZK, Michael E. The extent, nature, and pathogenic consequences of helminth polyparasitism in humans: A meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007455. [PMID: 31211774 PMCID: PMC6599140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Individual helminth infections are ubiquitous in the tropics; geographical overlaps in endemicity and epidemiological reports suggest areas endemic for multiple helminthiases are also burdened with high prevalences of intestinal protozoan infections, malaria, tuberculosis (TB), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Despite this, pathogens tend to be studied in isolation, and there remains a need for a better understanding of the community ecology and health consequences of helminth polyparasitism to inform the design of effective parasite control programs. Methodology We performed meta-analyses to (i) evaluate the commonality of polyparasitism for helminth-helminth, helminth-intestinal protozoa, helminth-malaria, helminth-TB, and helminth-HIV co-infections, (ii) assess the potential for interspecies interactions among helminth-helminth and helminth-intestinal protozoan infections, and (iii) determine the presence and magnitude of association between specific parasite pairs. Additionally, we conducted a review of reported health consequences of multiply-infected individuals compared to singly- or not multiply-infected individuals. Principal findings We found that helminth-helminth and helminth-intestinal protozoan multiple infections were significantly more common than single infections, while individuals with malaria, TB, and HIV were more likely to be singly-infected with these infections than co-infected with at least one helminth. Most observed species density distributions significantly differed from the expected distributions, suggesting the potential presence of interspecies interactions. All significant associations between parasite pairs were positive in direction, irrespective of the combination of pathogens. Polyparasitized individuals largely exhibited lower hemoglobin levels and higher anemia prevalence, while the differences in growth-related variables were mostly statistically insignificant. Conclusions Our findings confirm that helminth polyparasitism and co-infection with major diseases is common in the tropics. A multitude of factors acting at various hierarchical levels, such as interspecies interactions at the within-host infra-parasite community level and environmental variables at the higher host community level, could explain the observed positive associations between pathogens; there remains a need to develop new frameworks which can consider these multilevel factors to better understand the processes structuring parasite communities to accomplish their control. Helminth infections are a highly prevalent global health problem. These parasitic worm infections occur in areas also burdened with intestinal protozoan infections, malaria, tuberculosis, and human immunodeficiency virus. While these pathogens tend to be studied in isolation, there remains a need to better understand the nature, extent, and health consequences of helminth polyparasitism and co-infection with major diseases. Here, we reviewed the literature and performed meta-analyses to evaluate the commonality of helminth polyparasitism and co-infection, the potential for interspecies interactions between parasites, the association between parasite pairs, and the health consequences among multiply-infected individuals. We confirmed that polyparasitism and co-infection with major diseases are common in the global South and found that multiply-infected individuals experienced worse health consequences when compared to singly or not-multiply infected individuals. Our analysis suggested the potential presence of interspecies interactions and we identified the existence of positive associations between parasite pairs. These findings support the call for integrating deworming into malaria, TB, and HIV treatment protocols and suggest there remains a need to improve our understanding of the factors influencing co-transmission to achieve sustainable parasite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose E. Donohue
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Zoë K. Cross
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Edwin Michael
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Terefe Y, Ross K, Whiley H. Strongyloidiasis in Ethiopia: systematic review on risk factors, diagnosis, prevalence and clinical outcomes. Infect Dis Poverty 2019; 8:53. [PMID: 31200770 PMCID: PMC6567471 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-019-0555-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strongyloidiasis is a gastrointestinal infection caused by the parasitic nematode Strongyloides stercoralis. It is estimated to infect up to 370 million people globally and is predominately found in tropical and subtropical areas of socioeconomic disadvantage. MAIN BODY This systematic literature review identified studies published in the last ten years on the risk factors, diagnosis, prevalence and/or clinical outcomes of strongyloidiasis in Ethiopia. The prevalence of S. stercoralis ranged from 0.2 to 11.1% in adults, 0.3% to 20.7% in children, 1.5% to 17.3% in HIV positive adults and 5% in HIV positive children. The identified studies primarily used microscopy based techniques that potentially underestimated the prevalence four fold compared with serology and PCR. Strongyloidiasis in children presents a particularly significant issue in Ethiopia as children often presented with anemia, which is associated with impaired mental and cognitive development. The most significant risk factor for strongyloidiasis was HIV status and although other risk factors were identified for helminth infections, none were statistically significant for S. stercoralis specifically. Several studies detected S. stercoralis in dogs and non-biting cyclorrhaphan flies. However, future research is needed to explore the role of these reservoirs in disease transmission. CONCLUSIONS This review demonstrated that strongyloidiasis is an overlooked and neglected disease in Ethiopia. There is a need for a systematic approach using a combination of molecular and serology based diagnostic methods to ascertain the true incidence and burden of strongyloidiasis in Ethiopia. Further research is also needed to break the cycle of transmission by identifying environmental reservoirs, risk factors and exploring the potential for zoonotic transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitagele Terefe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
- Foodborne Pathogen Diagnosis Research Laboratory, Haramaya University, P.O.Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Kirstin Ross
- Environmental Health, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001 Australia
| | - Harriet Whiley
- Environmental Health, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001 Australia
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Mardu F, Yohannes M, Tadesse D. Prevalence of intestinal parasites and associated risk factors among inmates of Mekelle prison, Tigrai Region, Northern Ethiopia, 2017. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:406. [PMID: 31077155 PMCID: PMC6511198 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Ethiopia, like other developing countries, intestinal parasitic infections are the major public health problems affecting millions annually. Overcrowding and poor living conditions are the major risk factors. Prison inmates are among the most vulnerable groups to intestinal parasitic infections. However, there is scarcity of epidemiological data regarding intestinal parasites among prison inmates in Ethiopia, notably in Tigrai. Thus, we aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and identify the associated factors among inmates of Mekelle prison, Tigrai, Northern Ethiopia. METHODS A cross sectional study involving 291 inmates was conducted from February to June 2017 among inmates of Mekelle prison. After systematically selecting subjects, stool specimens were examined using direct wet mount and formol-ether concentration techniques. We used SPSS version 21 for data analysis. We considered p-value less than 0.05 significant at 95% confidence level. RESULTS Of the 291 inmates enrolled in the study, 124 (42.6%) harbored one or more intestinal parasites. The protozoan Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii was the predominant parasite accounted for 68 (23.3%) of the infections followed by Giardia lamblia (10.3%) and Entamoeba coli (8.2%). Fourteen (4.8%) participants were co-infected with different parasite species. The co-infections of Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii and Giardia lamblia were detected among 3.1% of the participants. In bivariate analysis, hand fingernail status (COR 1.86, 95% CI, 1.08-3.20) and duration of stay in prison (COR 2.23, 95% CI 1.31-3.79) were statistically associated with intestinal parasite infections. In multivariable regression, inmates who stayed in the prison for one year or less were more likely to harbor intestinal parasitic infections (p = 0.013) than those who stayed longer. No other single predictor variable was found to be significantly associated with intestinal parasitic infections. CONCLUSIONS The result of this study showed that intestinal parasites are significant health problems among inmates of Mekelle prison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitsum Mardu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.
| | - Mekonnen Yohannes
- Unit of Medical parasitology and entomology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Desalegn Tadesse
- Unit of Medical parasitology and entomology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
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Dermauw V, Dorny P, Braae UC, Devleesschauwer B, Robertson LJ, Saratsis A, Thomas LF. Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in southern and eastern Africa. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:578. [PMID: 30400948 PMCID: PMC6219070 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The beef tapeworm, Taenia saginata, causing cysticercosis in bovines and taeniosis in humans, is thought to have a global distribution. In eastern and southern Africa, cattle production plays a crucial role in the economy, but a clear overview of the prevalence of T. saginata in the region is still lacking. This review aims to summarize existing knowledge on T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis distribution in eastern and southern Africa. Methods A systematic review was conducted, that gathered published and grey literature, including OIE reports, concerning T. saginata taeniosis and bovine cysticercosis in eastern and southern Africa published between January 1st, 1990 and December 31st, 2017. Results A total of 1232 records were initially retrieved, with 78 full text articles retained for inclusion in the database. Unspecified taeniosis cases were reported for Angola, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia, whereas T. saginata taeniosis cases were found for Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The prevalence of taeniosis ranged between 0.2–8.1% based on microscopy, and between 0.12–19.7% based on coproAg-ELISA. In Ethiopia, the percentage of tapeworm self-reporting was high (45.0–64.2%), and a substantial number of anthelmintic treatments were reported to be sold in towns. The presence of bovine cysticercosis was reported in all 27 countries/territories included in the study, except for Rwanda and Somalia, Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, Seychelles and Socotra. The prevalence of cysticercosis ranged between 0.02–26.3% based on meat inspection, and between 6.1–34.9% based on Ag-ELISA. Conclusions Although T. saginata has been reported in the majority of countries/territories of the study area, T. saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis remains a largely ignored condition, probably due to the absence of symptoms in cattle, the lack of data on its economic impact, and the fact that human taeniosis is considered a minor health problem. However, the occurrence of bovine cysticercosis is a clear sign of inadequate sanitation, insufficient meat inspection, and culinary habits that may favour transmission. Measures to reduce transmission of T. saginata are therefore warranted and the infection should be properly monitored. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3163-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Dermauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Uffe Christian Braae
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lucy J Robertson
- Parasitology, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Adamstuen Campus, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anastasios Saratsis
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lian F Thomas
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya.,Institute for Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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Curval LG, França ADO, Fernandes HJ, Mendes RP, de Carvalho LR, Higa MG, Ferreira EDC, Dorval MEC. Prevalence of intestinal parasites among inmates in Midwest Brazil. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182248. [PMID: 28934218 PMCID: PMC5608187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal parasitic infections constitute a public health issue in developing countries, with prevalence rates as high as 90%, a figure set to escalate as the socioeconomic status of affected populations deteriorates. Investigating the occurrence of these infections among inmates is critical, since this group is more vulnerable to the spread of a number of infectious illnesses. Methods This cross-sectional, analytical, quantitative study was conducted in July 2015 at prison facilities located in Midwest Brazil to estimate the prevalence of parasitic infection among inmates. For detection of parasites, 510 stool samples were examined by ether centrifugation and spontaneous sedimentation. Results Eight parasitic species were detected, with an overall prevalence of 20.2% (103/510). Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar were the most frequent pathogenic parasites. Endolimax nana was the predominant non-pathogenic species. Nearly half of the subjects (53/103; 51.4%) were positive for mixed infection. Logistic regression revealed that inmates held in closed conditions were more likely to contract parasitic infections than those held in a semi-open regime (OR = 1.97; 95% CI = 1.19–3.25; p = 0.0085). A higher prevalence of parasitic infections was observed among individuals who had received no prophylactic antiparasitic treatment in previous years (OR = 10.2; 95% CI = 5.86–17.66; p < 0.001). The other factors investigated had no direct association with the presence of intestinal parasites. Conclusion Infections caused by directly transmissible parasites were detected. Without adequate treatment and prophylactic guidance, inmates tend to remain indefinitely infected with intestinal parasites, whether while serving time in prison or after release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Gabrielle Curval
- Graduate Program in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Adriana de Oliveira França
- Graduate Program in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Henrique Jorge Fernandes
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Aquidauana, MS, Brazil
| | - Rinaldo Pôncio Mendes
- Visiting Professor, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Lídia Raquel de Carvalho
- Department of Biostatistics, Biosciences Institute of Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Minoru German Higa
- Graduate Program in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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Morawski BM, Yunus M, Kerukadho E, Turyasingura G, Barbra L, Ojok AM, DiNardo AR, Sowinski S, Boulware DR, Mejia R. Hookworm infection is associated with decreased CD4+ T cell counts in HIV-infected adult Ugandans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005634. [PMID: 28542260 PMCID: PMC5462474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Most studies evaluating epidemiologic relationships between helminths and HIV have been conducted in the pre-ART era, and evidence of the impact of helminth infections on HIV disease progression remains conflicting. Less is known about helminth infection and clinical outcomes in HIV-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). We sampled HIV-infected adults for eight gastrointestinal parasites and correlated parasitic infection with demographic predictors, and clinical and immunologic outcomes. Contrasting with previous studies, we measured parasitic infection with a quantitative, highly sensitive and specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. This cohort study enrolled HIV-infected Ugandans from August-September 2013 in Mbale, Uganda and collected stool and blood samples at enrollment. Real-time PCR quantified stool: Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus, Strongyloides stercoralis, Trichuris trichiura, Cryptosporidium spp., Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia intestinalis infection. Generalized linear models assessed relationships between parasitic infection and clinical or demographic data. 35% of participants (71/202) tested positive for ≥1 helminth, mainly N. americanus (55/199, 28%), and 4.5% (9/202) were infected with ≥2 stool parasites. Participants with hookworm infection had lower average CD4+ cell counts (-94 cells/mcL, 95%CI: -141, -48 cells/mcL; p<0.001) after adjustment for sex, CD4+ nadir at clinic entry, and time on ART. The high prevalence of parasitic infection and correlation with decreased CD4+ concentrations highlight the need to re-examine the effects of invasive helminth co-infection in rural, HIV-infected populations in the era of widely available ART. Elucidating the relationship between hookworm infection and immune recovery could provide opportunities for health optimization, e.g. integrated deworming, in these vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozena M. Morawski
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Miya Yunus
- The AIDS Support Organization, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew R. DiNardo
- Division of Global and Immigrant Health, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Stefanie Sowinski
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- The Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - David R. Boulware
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Rojelio Mejia
- Section of Tropical Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
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de Lucio A, Amor-Aramendía A, Bailo B, Saugar JM, Anegagrie M, Arroyo A, López-Quintana B, Zewdie D, Ayehubizu Z, Yizengaw E, Abera B, Yimer M, Mulu W, Hailu T, Herrador Z, Fuentes I, Carmena D. Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. among School Children in a Rural Area of the Amhara Region, North-West Ethiopia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159992. [PMID: 27466809 PMCID: PMC4965151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgroud Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. are enteric protozoan causing gastrointestinal illness in humans and animals. Giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis are not formally considered as neglected tropical diseases, but belong to the group of poverty-related infectious diseases that impair the development and socio-economic potential of infected individuals in developing countries. Methods We report here the prevalence and genetic diversity of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in children attending rural primary schools in the Bahir Dar district of the Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Stool samples were collected from 393 children and analysed by molecular methods. G. duodenalis was detected by real-time PCR, and the assemblages and sub-assemblages were determined by multilocus sequence-based genotyping of the glutamate dehydrogenase and β-giardin genes of the parasite. Detection and identification of Cryptosporidium species was carried out by sequencing of a partial fragment of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene. Principal Findings The PCR-based prevalences of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. were 55.0% (216/393) and 4.6% (18/393), respectively. A total of 78 G. duodenalis isolates were successfully characterized, revealing the presence of sub-assemblages AII (10.3%), BIII (28.2%), and BIV (32.0%). Discordant typing results AII/AIII and BIII/BIV were identified in 7.7% and 15.4% of the isolates, respectively. An additional five (6.4%) isolates were assigned to assemblage B. No mixed infections of assemblages A+B were found. Extensive genetic variation at the nucleotide level was observed within assemblage B (but no within assemblage A), resulting in the identification of a large number of sub-types. Cryptosporidium diversity was demonstrated by the occurrence of C. hominis, C. parvum, and C. viatorum in the population under study. Conclusions Our data suggest an epidemiological scenario with an elevated transmission intensity of a wide range of G. duodenalis genetic variants. Importantly, the elevated degree of genetic diversity observed within assemblage B is consistent with the occurrence of intra-assemblage recombination in G. duodenalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida de Lucio
- Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Saugar
- Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Melaku Anegagrie
- National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Madrid, Spain
- Mundo Sano Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Arroyo
- Microbiology and Parasitology Service, La Paz-Carlos III Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Derjew Zewdie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Zimmam Ayehubizu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Endalew Yizengaw
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Bayeh Abera
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Mulat Yimer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Wondemagen Mulu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Hailu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Isabel Fuentes
- Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: ;
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Kiani H, Haghighi A, Rostami A, Azargashb E, Tabaei SJS, Solgi A, Zebardast N. PREVALENCE, RISK FACTORS AND SYMPTOMS ASSOCIATED TO INTESTINAL PARASITE INFECTIONS AMONG PATIENTS WITH GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS IN NAHAVAND, WESTERN IRAN. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 58:42. [PMID: 27253744 PMCID: PMC4879999 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201658042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the prevalence of intestinal parasites (IPs), their risk factors and associated symptoms among patients with gastrointestinal disorders. A total of 1,301 participants aged 22 days-90 years were enrolled in this study. We used a structured questionnaire to obtain socio-demographic and stool examination to investigate intestinal parasite infections. Data analysis was performed using SPSS16. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites (IPs) was 32.2% (419/1,301). Three hundred and fifty nine cases/1,301 (27.6%) were infected with a single parasite and 60/1,301 cases (4.6%) presented polyparasitism. The most common IP was Blastocystis sp. 350/1,301 (26.9%), followed by Entamoeba coli 38/1,301 (2.92%), Giardia lamblia 30/1,301 (2.3%) and Cryptosporidium spp. 17/1,301 (1.3%). Regarding the socio-demographic variables, educational status (p = 0.001), contact with domestic animals and soil (p = 0.02), age above 15 years (p = 0.001) and seasons (p = 0.001) were significantly associated to intestinal parasitic infections. Concerning clinical characteristics, the presence of IPs was significantly associated to diarrhea (OR = 1.57; CI 95% = 1.24-1.98; p < 0.001) and dysentery (OR = 1.94; CI 95% = 1.03-3.66; p < 0.04). Our findings suggest that IPs are one of the main causal agents of gastrointestinal disorders. Improving the knowledge on local risk factors such as poverty, low level of education, poor sanitation, contact with soil and contact with domestic animal is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Kiani
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, , , , ,
| | - Ali Haghighi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, , , , ,
| | - Ali Rostami
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, , , , ,
| | | | | | - Abbas Solgi
- School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran,
| | - Nozhat Zebardast
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, , , , ,
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Casavechia MTG, Lonardoni MVC, Venazzi EAS, Campanerut-Sá PAZ, da Costa Benalia HR, Mattiello MF, Menechini PVL, Dos Santos CA, Teixeira JJV. Prevalence and predictors associated with intestinal infections by protozoa and helminths in southern Brazil. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:2321-9. [PMID: 26987643 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4980-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 2 billion people are infected with soil-transmitted helminths worldwide, mainly in tropical and subtropical areas. This research aimed to investigate the prevalence and predictors associated with parasitic infections in primary health care. A cross-sectional study was performed with a large random sample to identify the prevalence and predictors associated with parasitic infections in primary health care in Marialva, southern Brazil, from April 2011 to September 2013. Stool samples from 775 individuals were analyzed for the presence of protozoan cysts, helminth eggs, and larvae. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 13.94 %, and the prevalence of protozoa and helminths was 15.1 and 2.9 %, respectively. The predictor variables that were associated with intestinal parasites were male gender odds ratio (OR) 1.60, 95 % confidence interval (CI 1.10-2.40) and the absence of a kitchen garden (OR 2.28, 95 % CI, 1.08-4.85). Positive associations were found between Giardia duodenalis and individuals aged ≤18 with high risk (OR 19.0, 95 % CI 2.16-167.52), between Endolimax nana and the absence of a kitchen garden (p < 0.01), and between Trichuris trichiura and the presence of a kitchen garden (p = 0.014). Polyparasitism was present in 27.27 % of infected individuals. Our findings confirmed a relatively low prevalence in primary care, compared to international standards, despite the rare publications in the area. As variables, male gender and the absence of a kitchen garden stood out as important predictors. It is highly relevant that the health conditions of the population comply with consistent standards.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Matheus Felipe Mattiello
- Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jorge Juarez Vieira Teixeira
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Health Sciences Center, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
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Terefe B, Zemene E, Mohammed AE. Intestinal helminth infections among inmates in Bedele prison with emphasis on soil-transmitted helminths. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:779. [PMID: 26666341 PMCID: PMC4677449 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1775-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal helminths infect more than two billion people worldwide. They are common in developing countries where sanitary facilities are inadequate. There is scarcity of documented data on the magnitude of intestinal helminths among inmates in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to determine prevalence of intestinal helminth infections among inmates in Bedele prison, south-western Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study involving 234 inmates in Bedele prison was conducted in April 2012. Socio-demographic data was collected from each study participant using semi-structured questionnaire. Fresh stool specimens were collected and processed using modified McMaster technique. Results At least one species of intestinal helminth was identified in 111 (47.4 %) of the inmates. Ascaris lumbricoides was the most predominant parasite isolated, followed by the hookworms. Most of the cases of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) were light infections. Untrimmed hand fingernails was significantly associated with A. lumbricoides infection (AOR 0.383, 95 % CI 0.200–0.731). Conclusion Intestinal helminths are common among the inmates in Bedele prison. Health information should be given to the inmates on proper personal hygiene practices with emphasis on trimming of hand fingernails. Monitoring helminth infections in the inmate population is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahiru Terefe
- Jimma University Specialized Hospital Laboratory, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Endalew Zemene
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Abdurehman E Mohammed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
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Angal L, Mahmud R, Samin S, Yap NJ, Ngui R, Amir A, Ithoi I, Kamarulzaman A, Lim YAL. Determining intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) in inmates from Kajang Prison, Selangor, Malaysia for improved prison management. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:467. [PMID: 26511347 PMCID: PMC4625744 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prison management in Malaysia is proactively seeking to improve the health status of the prison inmates. Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are widely distributed throughout the world and are still gaining great concern due to their significant morbidity and mortality among infected humans. In Malaysia, there is a paucity of information on IPIs among prison inmates. In order to further enhance the current health strategies employed, the present study aims to establish firm data on the prevalence and diversity of IPIs among HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected individuals in a prison, an area in which informed knowledge is still very limited. METHODS Samples were subjected to microscopy examination and serological test (only for Strongyloides). Speciation for parasites on microscopy-positive samples and seropositive samples for Strongyloides were further determined via polymerase chain reaction. SPSS was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS A total of 294 stool and blood samples each were successfully collected, involving 131 HIV positive and 163 HIV negative adult male inmates whose age ranged from 21 to 69-years-old. Overall prevalence showed 26.5% was positive for various IPIs. The IPIs detected included Blastocystis sp., Strongyloides stercoralis, Entamoeba spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp., and Trichuris trichiura. Comparatively, the rate of IPIs was slightly higher among the HIV positive inmates (27.5%) than HIV negative inmates (25.8%). Interestingly, seropositivity for S. stercoralis was more predominant in HIV negative inmates (10.4%) compared to HIV-infected inmates (6.9%), however these findings were not statistically significant. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed the presence of Blastocystis, Strongyloides, Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar. CONCLUSIONS These data will enable the health care providers and prison management staff to understand the trend and epidemiological situations in HIV/parasitic co-infections in a prison. This information will further assist in providing evidence-based guidance to improve prevention, control and management strategies of IPIs co-infections among both HIV positive and HIV negative inmates in a prison environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorainne Angal
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Rohela Mahmud
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | | - Nan-Jiun Yap
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Romano Ngui
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Amirah Amir
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Init Ithoi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Yvonne A L Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Sequera VG, Valencia S, García-Basteiro AL, Marco A, Bayas JM. Vaccinations in prisons: A shot in the arm for community health. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:2615-26. [PMID: 26158401 PMCID: PMC4685700 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1051269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
From the first day of imprisonment, prisoners are exposed to and expose other prisoners to various communicable diseases, many of which are vaccine-preventable. The risk of acquiring these diseases during the prison sentence exceeds that of the general population. This excess risk may be explained by various causes; some due to the structural and logistical problems of prisons and others to habitual or acquired behaviors during imprisonment. Prison is, for many inmates, an opportunity to access health care, and is therefore an ideal opportunity to update adult vaccination schedules. The traditional idea that prisons are intended to ensure public safety should be complemented by the contribution they can make in improving community health, providing a more comprehensive vision of safety that includes public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salomé Valencia
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology Service; Hospital Clínic of Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto L García-Basteiro
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB); Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Rossello, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saude de Manhiça (CISM); Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Andrés Marco
- Health Services of Barcelona Men's Penitentiary Center; Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Bayas
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology Service; Hospital Clínic of Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB); Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Rossello, Barcelona, Spain
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Flecha MJ, Benavides CM, Tissiano G, Tesfamariam A, Cuadros J, de Lucio A, Bailo B, Cano L, Fuentes I, Carmena D. Detection and molecular characterisation of Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp. and Entamoeba spp. among patients with gastrointestinal symptoms in Gambo Hospital, Oromia Region, southern Ethiopia. Trop Med Int Health 2015; 20:1213-1222. [PMID: 25939247 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the prevalence and genetic diversity of the enteric protozoa species G. duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp. and Entamoeba histolytica in individuals with gastrointestinal symptoms compatible with infections by these pathogens seeking medical attention in a rural area in southern Ethiopia. METHODS A total of 92 stool samples were initially screened by direct microscopy and immunochromatography and further confirmed by molecular methods. G. duodenalis-positive samples were molecularly characterised by multilocus genotyping of the glutamate dehydrogenase and β-giardin genes of the parasite. PCR and DNA sequence analysis of the gene encoding the 60-kDa glycoprotein was used for the subtyping of Cryptosporidium isolates. Detection and differential diagnosis of E. histolytica/dispar were conducted by real-time PCR. RESULTS PCR-based prevalences were 10.9% for G. duodenalis, 1.1% for Cryptosporidium spp. and 3.3% for Entamoeba spp. Seven (four novel and three known) subtypes of G. duodenalis assemblage B were identified at the GDH locus and 5 (one novel and four known) at the BG locus. A novel variant of C. hominis subtype IbA9G3 was also identified. Two Entamoeba isolates were assigned to E. dispar and an additional one to E. histolytica. CONCLUSION Although preliminary, our results strongly suggest that giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis and amoebiasis represent a significant burden in Ethiopian rural population.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Flecha
- Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Juan Cuadros
- Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida de Lucio
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Cano
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Fuentes
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Thompson R. Neglected zoonotic helminths: Hymenolepis nana, Echinococcus canadensis and Ancylostoma ceylanicum. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:426-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Toledo R, Muñoz-Antoli C, Esteban JG. Strongyloidiasis with emphasis on human infections and its different clinical forms. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2015; 88:165-241. [PMID: 25911368 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis (caused by Strongyloides stercoralis, and to a lesser extent by Strongyloides fuelleborni) is one of the most neglected tropical diseases with endemic areas and affecting more than 100 million people worldwide. Chronic infections in endemic areas can be maintained for decades through the autoinfective cycle with the L3 filariform larvae. In these endemic areas, misdiagnosis, inadequate treatment and the facilitation of the hyperinfection syndrome by immunosuppression are frequent and contribute to a high mortality rate. Despite the serious health impact of strongyloidiasis, it is a neglected disease and very little is known about this parasite and the disease when compared to other helminth infections. Control of the disease is difficult because of the many gaps in our knowledge of strongyloidiasis. We examine the recent literature on different aspects of strongyloidiasis with emphasis in those aspects that need further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Toledo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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