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Pereira HM, Martins IS, Rosa IMD, Kim H, Leadley P, Popp A, van Vuuren DP, Hurtt G, Quoss L, Arneth A, Baisero D, Bakkenes M, Chaplin-Kramer R, Chini L, Di Marco M, Ferrier S, Fujimori S, Guerra CA, Harfoot M, Harwood TD, Hasegawa T, Haverd V, Havlík P, Hellweg S, Hilbers JP, Hill SLL, Hirata A, Hoskins AJ, Humpenöder F, Janse JH, Jetz W, Johnson JA, Krause A, Leclère D, Matsui T, Meijer JR, Merow C, Obersteiner M, Ohashi H, De Palma A, Poulter B, Purvis A, Quesada B, Rondinini C, Schipper AM, Settele J, Sharp R, Stehfest E, Strassburg BBN, Takahashi K, Talluto L, Thuiller W, Titeux N, Visconti P, Ware C, Wolf F, Alkemade R. Global trends and scenarios for terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem services from 1900 to 2050. Science 2024; 384:458-465. [PMID: 38662818 DOI: 10.1126/science.adn3441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Based on an extensive model intercomparison, we assessed trends in biodiversity and ecosystem services from historical reconstructions and future scenarios of land-use and climate change. During the 20th century, biodiversity declined globally by 2 to 11%, as estimated by a range of indicators. Provisioning ecosystem services increased several fold, and regulating services decreased moderately. Going forward, policies toward sustainability have the potential to slow biodiversity loss resulting from land-use change and the demand for provisioning services while reducing or reversing declines in regulating services. However, negative impacts on biodiversity due to climate change appear poised to increase, particularly in the higher-emissions scenarios. Our assessment identifies remaining modeling uncertainties but also robustly shows that renewed policy efforts are needed to meet the goals of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique M Pereira
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06108, Germany
- BIOPOLIS, CIBIO/InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal
| | - Inês S Martins
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06108, Germany
- Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Isabel M D Rosa
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06108, Germany
- Kenvue Portugal, JNTL Consumer Health Ltd, Porto Salvo 2740-262, Portugal
| | - HyeJin Kim
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06108, Germany
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Paul Leadley
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
| | - Alexander Popp
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam 14473, Germany
- Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen D-37213, Germany
| | - Detlef P van Vuuren
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Hague 2500 GH, Netherlands
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CB, Netherlands
| | - George Hurtt
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Luise Quoss
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06108, Germany
| | - Almut Arneth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Department of Meteorology and Climate/Atmospheric Environmental Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany
| | - Daniele Baisero
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome I-00185, Italy
- KBA Secretariat, BirdLife International, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - Michel Bakkenes
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Hague 2500 GH, Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Chaplin-Kramer
- Global Science, World Wildlife Fund, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Louise Chini
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Moreno Di Marco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome I-00185, Italy
| | | | - Shinichiro Fujimori
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Katsura Campus, Kyoto University, Kyoto-city 615-8540, Japan
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Carlos A Guerra
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-530, Portugal
| | - Michael Harfoot
- United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
| | - Thomas D Harwood
- CSIRO Environment, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Environmental Change Institute, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Tomoko Hasegawa
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
- Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | | | - Petr Havlík
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg 2361, Austria
| | - Stefanie Hellweg
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Jelle P Hilbers
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Hague 2500 GH, Netherlands
- Radboud University, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Nijmegen 6500 GL, Netherlands
| | - Samantha L L Hill
- United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Akiko Hirata
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Andrew J Hoskins
- CSIRO Environment, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- James Cook University, Townsville, 4811 Queensland, Australia
| | - Florian Humpenöder
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam 14473, Germany
| | - Jan H Janse
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Hague 2500 GH, Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology NIOO-KNAW, Wageningen 6700AB, Netherlands
| | - Walter Jetz
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Justin A Johnson
- Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Andreas Krause
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Department of Meteorology and Climate/Atmospheric Environmental Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - David Leclère
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg 2361, Austria
| | - Tetsuya Matsui
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Johan R Meijer
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Hague 2500 GH, Netherlands
| | - Cory Merow
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Michael Obersteiner
- Environmental Change Institute, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg 2361, Austria
| | - Haruka Ohashi
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Adriana De Palma
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Benjamin Poulter
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Andy Purvis
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Benjamin Quesada
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Department of Meteorology and Climate/Atmospheric Environmental Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany
- "Interactions Climate-Ecosystems (ICE)" Research Group, Earth System Science Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá DC 63B-48, Colombia
| | - Carlo Rondinini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome I-00185, Italy
| | - Aafke M Schipper
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Hague 2500 GH, Netherlands
- Radboud University, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Nijmegen 6500 GL, Netherlands
| | - Josef Settele
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Conservation Biology and Social-Ecological Systems, Halle 06210, Germany
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Richard Sharp
- Global Science, World Wildlife Fund, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
| | - Elke Stehfest
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Hague 2500 GH, Netherlands
| | - Bernardo B N Strassburg
- re.green, Rio de Janeiro 22470-060, Brazil
- Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, Brazil
| | - Kiyoshi Takahashi
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Lauren Talluto
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, LECA, Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine, Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - Nicolas Titeux
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Conservation Biology and Social-Ecological Systems, Halle 06210, Germany
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Observatory for Climate, Environment and Biodiversity, Belvaux 4422, Luxembourg
| | - Piero Visconti
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg 2361, Austria
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Observatory for Climate, Environment and Biodiversity, Belvaux 4422, Luxembourg
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London C1E6BT, UK
| | | | - Florian Wolf
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06108, Germany
| | - Rob Alkemade
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Hague 2500 GH, Netherlands
- Earth System and Global Change Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB Netherlands
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2
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Probst E, Fader M, Mauser W. The water-energy-food-ecosystem nexus in the Danube River Basin: Exploring scenarios and implications of maize irrigation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169405. [PMID: 38123083 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The Water-Energy-Food-Ecosystem (WEFE) nexus concept postulates that water, energy production, agriculture and ecosystems are closely interlinked. In transboundary river basins, different sectors and countries compete for shared water resources. In the Danube River Basin (DRB), possible expansion of agricultural irrigation is expected to intensify water competition in the WEFE nexus, however, trade-offs have not yet been quantified. Here, we quantified trade-offs between agriculture, hydropower and (aquatic) ecosystems in the DRB resulting from maize irrigation when irrigation water was withdrawn from rivers. Using the process-based hydro-agroecological model PROMET, we simulated three maize scenarios for the period 2011-2020: (i) rainfed; (ii) irrigated near rivers without considering environmental flow requirements (EFRs); (iii) irrigated near rivers with water abstractions complying with EFRs. Maize yield and water use efficiency (WUE) increased by 101-125 % and 29-34 % under irrigation compared to rainfed cultivation. Irrigation water withdrawals from rivers resulted in moderate to severe discharge reductions and, without consideration of EFRs, to substantial EFR infringements. Annual hydropower production decreased by 1.0-1.9 % due to discharge reductions. However, the financial turnover increase in agriculture (5.8-7.2 billion €/a) was two orders of magnitude larger than the financial turnover decrease in hydropower (23.9-47.8 million €/a), making water more profitable in agriculture. Irrigation WUE was highest for EFR-compliant irrigation, indicating that maintaining EFRs is economically beneficial and that improving WUE is key to attenuating nexus water competition. Current maize production could be met on the most productive 35-41 % of current maize cropland under irrigation, allowing 59-65 % to be returned to nature without loss of production. Maize priority areas were on fertile lowlands near major rivers, while biodiversity priority areas were on marginal cropland of highest biodiversity intactness. Our quantitative trade-off analysis can help identifying science-based pathways for sustainable WEFE nexus management in the DRB, also in light of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Probst
- Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Luisenstraße 37, D-80333 Munich, Germany.
| | - Marianela Fader
- Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Luisenstraße 37, D-80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfram Mauser
- Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Luisenstraße 37, D-80333 Munich, Germany; VISTA Inc., Gabelsbergerstraße 51, D-80333 Munich, Germany
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3
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Londe DW, Davis CA, Loss SR, Robertson EP, Haukos DA, Hovick TJ. Climate change causes declines and greater extremes in wetland inundation in a region important for wetland birds. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024; 34:e2930. [PMID: 37941497 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Wetland ecosystems are vital for maintaining global biodiversity, as they provide important stopover sites for many species of migrating wetland-associated birds. However, because weather determines their hydrologic cycles, wetlands are highly vulnerable to effects of climate change. Although changes in temperature and precipitation resulting from climate change are expected to reduce inundation of wetlands, few efforts have been made to quantify how these changes will influence the availability of stopover sites for migratory wetland birds. Additionally, few studies have evaluated how climate change will influence interannual variability or the frequency of extremes in wetland availability. For spring and fall bird migration in seven ecoregions in the south-central Great Plains of North America, we developed predictive models associating abundance of inundated wetlands with a suite of weather and land cover variables. We then used these models to generate predictions of wetland inundation at the end of the century (2069-2099) under future climate change scenarios. Climate models predicted the average number of inundated wetlands will likely decline during both spring and fall migration periods, with declines being greatest in the eastern ecoregions of the southern Great Plains. However, the magnitude of predicted declines varied considerably across climate models and ecoregions, with uncertainty among climate models being greatest in the High Plains ecoregion. Most ecoregions also were predicted to experience more-frequent extremely dry years (i.e., years with extremely low wetland abundances), but the projected change in interannual variability of wetland inundation was relatively small and varied across ecoregions and seasons. Because the south-central Great Plains represents an important link along the migratory routes of many wetland-dependent avian species, future declines in wetland inundation and more frequent periods of only a few wetlands being inundated will result in an uncertain future for migratory birds as they experience reduced availability of wetland stopover habitat across their migration pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Londe
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Craig A Davis
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Scott R Loss
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Ellen P Robertson
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - David A Haukos
- U.S. Geological Survey, Kansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Torre J Hovick
- School of Natural Resource Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
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4
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Du B, Ye S, Gao P, Ren S, Liu C, Song C. Analyzing spatial patterns and driving factors of cropland change in China's National Protected Areas for sustainable management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169102. [PMID: 38056649 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Farming in protected areas frequently challenges ecological conservation goals while supporting local livelihoods. To balance protection and agriculture, a comprehensive understanding of cropland dynamics in protected areas is of paramount importance. However, studies addressing this trade-off are relatively scarce, especially considering explicit Chinese government regulations on population relocation and cropland retirement in National Protected Areas (NPAs). Our study examined the spatial and temporal pattern of cropland in NPAs and explored the covariance between cropland density and species richness. Concurrently, the driving factors of cropland development in NPAs were analyzed using Multiple Linear Regression. The results indicate that the cropland area in NPAs continued to expand, growing from 1.93 to 2.34 million hectares in 2000-2020, with a cropland density of approximately 0.4. Cropland expansion in the northern NPAs, particularly in the resource-rich Northeast (28.12 %) and the Northwest with high marginal agricultural returns (38.26 %), have encroached upon species habitats and aggravated biodiversity loss. Moreover, cities with higher cropland densities in NPAs are usually located at borders, possibly due to decentralized management. The Multiple Linear Regression results show that high cropland density is usually associated with a high population density (β = 0.156) and lower levels of rural education (β = -0.101) and income (β = -0.122). To mitigate the issue of cropland development in NPAs, it is crucial to avoid one-size-fits-all management strategies, strengthen regional legal supervision, adjust fiscal incentives, and promote eco-friendly agriculture. In the north regions, the expansion of cropland in NPAs should be strictly controlled. For the southwest, the positive role of preserving cropland in NPAs for alleviating human-nature conflict and maintaining social stability should be emphasized. This study provides research support for China's exploration of geographically suitable strategies for controlling cropland in NPAs. Moreover, the findings could serve as a reference for the governance of NPAs in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Du
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Sijing Ye
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Peichao Gao
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shuyi Ren
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chenyu Liu
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Changqing Song
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Gardner AS, Trew BT, Maclean IMD, Sharma MD, Gaston KJ. Wilderness areas under threat from global redistribution of agriculture. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4721-4726.e2. [PMID: 37863061 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture expansion is already the primary cause of terrestrial biodiversity loss globally1,2; yet, to meet the demands of growing human populations, production is expected to have to double by 2050.3 The challenge of achieving expansion without further detriment to the environment and biodiversity is huge and potentially compounded by climate change, which may necessitate shifting agriculture zones poleward to regions with more suitable climates,4 threatening species or areas of conservation priority.5,6,7 However, the possible future overlap between agricultural suitability and wilderness areas, increasingly recognized for significant biodiversity, cultural, and climate regulation values, has not yet been examined. Here, using high-resolution climate data, we model global present and future climate suitability for 1,708 crop varieties. We project, over the next 40 years, that 2.7 million km2 of land within wilderness will become newly suitable for agriculture, equivalent to 7% of the total wilderness area outside Antarctica. The increase in potentially cultivable land in wilderness areas is particularly acute at higher latitudes in the northern hemisphere, where 76.3% of newly suitable land is currently wilderness, equivalent to 10.2% of the total wilderness area. Our results highlight an important and previously unidentified possible consequence of the disproportionate warming known to be occurring in high northern latitudes. Because we find that, globally, 72.0% of currently cultivable land is predicted to experience a net loss in total crop diversity, agricultural expansion is a major emerging threat to wilderness. Without protection, the vital integrity of these valuable areas could be irreversibly lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S Gardner
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK.
| | - Brittany T Trew
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Ilya M D Maclean
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK.
| | - Manmohan D Sharma
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Kevin J Gaston
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
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6
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Leijten F, Lantz C Baldos U, Johnson JA, Sim S, Verburg PH. Projecting global oil palm expansion under zero-deforestation commitments: Direct and indirect land use change impacts. iScience 2023; 26:106971. [PMID: 37332602 PMCID: PMC10275959 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last three decades, global production of oil palm has boomed, which has partly come at the expense of tropical rainforests. Recognizing this, many companies operating in the palm oil industry have committed to eliminate deforestation from their operations, often referred to as zero-deforestation commitments (ZDCs). Here, we estimate that if ZDCs are fully adopted and enforced across all sectors and geographies, the global extent of oil palm plantations may be 11 M ha or 40% smaller in 2030 than in a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario that assumes no compliance with ZDCs. As a result of such land-sparing effects, we estimate that 96 M ha of forests are saved from conversion, of which, 17% would otherwise have been converted (directly or indirectly) due to expanding oil palm plantations. Overall, these figures suggest that ZDCs have the potential to deliver major environmental benefits if they are fully adopted and enforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris Leijten
- Environmental Geography Group, Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Uris Lantz C Baldos
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, 403 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Justin A. Johnson
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Sarah Sim
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever R&D, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Peter H. Verburg
- Environmental Geography Group, Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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7
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von Jeetze PJ, Weindl I, Johnson JA, Borrelli P, Panagos P, Molina Bacca EJ, Karstens K, Humpenöder F, Dietrich JP, Minoli S, Müller C, Lotze-Campen H, Popp A. Projected landscape-scale repercussions of global action for climate and biodiversity protection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2515. [PMID: 37193693 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Land conservation and increased carbon uptake on land are fundamental to achieving the ambitious targets of the climate and biodiversity conventions. Yet, it remains largely unknown how such ambitions, along with an increasing demand for agricultural products, could drive landscape-scale changes and affect other key regulating nature's contributions to people (NCP) that sustain land productivity outside conservation priority areas. By using an integrated, globally consistent modelling approach, we show that ambitious carbon-focused land restoration action and the enlargement of protected areas alone may be insufficient to reverse negative trends in landscape heterogeneity, pollination supply, and soil loss. However, we also find that these actions could be combined with dedicated interventions that support critical NCP and biodiversity conservation outside of protected areas. In particular, our models indicate that conserving at least 20% semi-natural habitat within farmed landscapes could primarily be achieved by spatially relocating cropland outside conservation priority areas, without additional carbon losses from land-use change, primary land conversion or reductions in agricultural productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick José von Jeetze
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, PO Box 601203, 14412, Potsdam, Germany.
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Isabelle Weindl
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, PO Box 601203, 14412, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Justin Andrew Johnson
- Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, 1940 Buford Ave, Saint Paul, MN, 55105, USA
| | - Pasquale Borrelli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Environmental Geosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | - Panos Panagos
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra (VA), IT-21027, Italy
| | - Edna J Molina Bacca
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, PO Box 601203, 14412, Potsdam, Germany
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristine Karstens
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, PO Box 601203, 14412, Potsdam, Germany
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Humpenöder
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, PO Box 601203, 14412, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jan Philipp Dietrich
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, PO Box 601203, 14412, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sara Minoli
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, PO Box 601203, 14412, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christoph Müller
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, PO Box 601203, 14412, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hermann Lotze-Campen
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, PO Box 601203, 14412, Potsdam, Germany
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Popp
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, PO Box 601203, 14412, Potsdam, Germany
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8
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Tiwari AD, Pokhrel Y, Kramer D, Akhter T, Tang Q, Liu J, Qi J, Loc HH, Lakshmi V. A synthesis of hydroclimatic, ecological, and socioeconomic data for transdisciplinary research in the Mekong. Sci Data 2023; 10:283. [PMID: 37188677 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mekong River basin (MRB) is a transboundary basin that supports livelihoods of over 70 million inhabitants and diverse terrestrial-aquatic ecosystems. This critical lifeline for people and ecosystems is under transformation due to climatic stressors and human activities (e.g., land use change and dam construction). Thus, there is an urgent need to better understand the changing hydrological and ecological systems in the MRB and develop improved adaptation strategies. This, however, is hampered partly by lack of sufficient, reliable, and accessible observational data across the basin. Here, we fill this long-standing gap for MRB by synthesizing climate, hydrological, ecological, and socioeconomic data from various disparate sources. The data- including groundwater records digitized from the literature-provide crucial insights into surface water systems, groundwater dynamics, land use patterns, and socioeconomic changes. The analyses presented also shed light on uncertainties associated with various datasets and the most appropriate choices. These datasets are expected to advance socio-hydrological research and inform science-based management decisions and policymaking for sustainable food-energy-water, livelihood, and ecological systems in the MRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Deep Tiwari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Yadu Pokhrel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
| | - Daniel Kramer
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Tanjila Akhter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Qiuhong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junguo Liu
- School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiaguo Qi
- Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Ho Huu Loc
- Water Engineering and Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Khlong Nueng, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Venkataraman Lakshmi
- Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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9
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Le Mouël C, Forslund A, Marty P, Manceron S, Marajo-Petitzon E, Caillaud MA, Dumas P, Schmitt B. Can the Middle East-North Africa region mitigate the rise of its food import dependency under climate change? REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE 2023; 23:52. [PMID: 36968261 PMCID: PMC10028768 DOI: 10.1007/s10113-023-02045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The dependence on imports of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region for its food needs has increased steadily since the early 1960s, from 10% to about 40%. This import dependence could continue to rise in coming decades due to the projected MENA population growth and the expected negative impacts of climate change on the region's natural resources and agricultural performances. To what extent the food import dependency of the MENA region will continue to increase up to 2050 and how the region could mitigate its rising reliance on food imports is both a key question for the region itself and a crucial geopolitical issue for the world as a whole. In this paper, we use a biomass balance model to assess the level of the food import dependency of the MENA region in 2050 resulting from six scenarios. We show that under current trends and severe impacts of climate change the food import dependency of the MENA would continue to rise and reach 50% in 2050. Maghreb would be particularly affected becoming dependent on imports for almost 70% of its food needs. Adopting a Mediterranean diet, reaching faster productivity growth in agriculture or reducing waste and loss along the food chain would contribute to decelerate the rise of the MENA's food import dependency. However, only the combination of these three options could significantly offset the increased import dependency in the most affected sub-regions: Maghreb, the Middle and the Near East. In all scenarios, Turkey strengthens its position as a net exporter of agricultural products. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10113-023-02045-y.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pauline Marty
- Université de Technologie de Troyes, Pôle HETIC, F-10 000 Troyes, France
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10
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Suárez-Tangil BD, Rodríguez A. Environmental filtering drives the assembly of mammal communities in a heterogeneous Mediterranean region. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 33:e2801. [PMID: 36546604 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural expansion and intensification are major drivers of global change. Quantifying the importance of different processes governing the assembly of local communities in agroecosystems is essential to guide the conservation effort allocated to enhancing habitat connectivity, improving habitat quality or managing species interactions. We used multiple detection methods to record the occurrence of medium-sized and large-sized mammals in three managed landscapes of a heterogeneous Mediterranean region. Then we used a joint species distribution model to evaluate the relative influence of dispersal limitation, environmental filtering, and interspecific interactions on the local assembly of mammal communities in 4-km2 plots. The partitioning of the explained variation in species occurrence was attributed on average 99% to environmental filters and 1% to dispersal filters. No role was attributed to biotic filters, in agreement with the scarce support for strong competition or other negative interactions found after a literature review. Four principal environmental factors explained on average 63% of variance in species occurrence and operated mainly at the landscape scale. The amount of shrub cover in the neighboring landscape was the most influential factor favoring mammal occurrence and accounted for nearly one-third of the total variance. The proportion of intensively managed croplands and proxies of human activity within landscape samples limited mammal presence. At the microhabitat scale (~80 m2 plots) the mean percentage area deprived of woody vegetation also had a negative effect. Functional traits such as body mass or social behavior accounted for a substantial fraction of the variation attributed to environmental factors. We concluded that multiscale environmental filtering governed local community assembly, whereas the role of dispersal limitation and interspecific interactions was negligible. Our results suggest that further removal of shrubland, the expansion of intensive agriculture, and the increase of human activity are expected to result in species losses. The fact that community integrity responds to a single type of ecological process simplifies practical recommendations. Management strategies should focus on the conservation and restoration of shrubland, adopting alternatives to intensive schemes of agricultural production, and minimizing recreational and other human activities in remnant natural habitats within agroecosystems or mosaic landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno D Suárez-Tangil
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alejandro Rodríguez
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
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11
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Filippin D, Sarni AR, Rizzo G, Baroni L. Environmental Impact of Two Plant-Based, Isocaloric and Isoproteic Diets: The Vegan Diet vs. the Mediterranean Diet. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20053797. [PMID: 36900805 PMCID: PMC10001513 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Food consumption is one of the major causes of climate change, resource depletion, loss of biodiversity, and other kinds of environmental impact by modern households. According to evidence, a global change in dietary habits could be the single most effective and rapid intervention to reduce anthropic pressure on the planet, especially with respect to climate change. Our study applied Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to investigate the total environmental impact of two plant-based diets: the Mediterranean and the Vegan diets, according to relevant Italian nutritional recommendations. The two diets share the same macronutrient rates and cover all the nutritional recommendations. Calculations were made on the basis of a theoretical one-week 2000 kcal/day diet. According to our calculations, the Vegan diet showed about 44% less total environmental impact when compared to the Mediterranean diet, despite the fact that the content of animal products of the latter was low (with 10.6% of the total diet calories). This result clearly supports the concept that meat and dairy consumption plays a critical role, above all, in terms of damage to human health and ecosystems. Our study supports the thesis that even a minimal-to-moderate content of animal foods has a consistent impact on the environmental footprint of a diet, and their reduction can elicit significant ecological benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Filippin
- Scientific Society for Vegetarian Nutrition, 30171 Venice, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Sarni
- Scientific Society for Vegetarian Nutrition, 30171 Venice, Italy
| | - Gianluca Rizzo
- Independent Researcher, Via Venezuela 66, 98121 Messina, Italy
| | - Luciana Baroni
- Scientific Society for Vegetarian Nutrition, 30171 Venice, Italy
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12
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Van Gijn R, Norder S, Arias L, Emlen NQ, Azevedo MCBC, Caine A, Dunn S, Howard A, Julmi N, Krasnoukhova O, Stoneking M, Wiegertjes J. The social lives of isolates (and small language families): the case of the Northwest Amazon. Interface Focus 2023; 13:20220054. [PMID: 36655194 PMCID: PMC9732644 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2022.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Americas are home to patches of extraordinary linguistic (genealogical) diversity. These high-diversity areas are particularly unexpected given the recent population of the Americas. In this paper, we zoom in on one such area, the Northwest Amazon, and address the question of how the diversity in this area has persisted to the present. We contrast two hypotheses that claim opposite mechanisms for the maintenance of diversity: the isolation hypothesis suggests that isolation facilitates the preservation of diversity, while the integration hypothesis proposes that conscious identity preservation in combination with contact drives diversity maintenance. We test predictions for both hypotheses across four disciplines: biogeography, cultural anthropology, population genetics and linguistics. Our results show signs of both isolation and integration, but they mainly suggest considerable diversity in how groups of speakers have interacted with their surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik Van Gijn
- Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden 2311 BE, The Netherlands
| | - Sietze Norder
- Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden 2311 BE, The Netherlands
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science Group, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CB, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Arias
- Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden 2311 BE, The Netherlands
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Nicholas Q. Emlen
- Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden 2311 BE, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, Campus Fryslân 8911 CE, The Netherlands
| | | | - Allison Caine
- Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden 2311 BE, The Netherlands
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, 82071, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Saskia Dunn
- Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden 2311 BE, The Netherlands
| | - Austin Howard
- Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden 2311 BE, The Netherlands
| | - Nora Julmi
- Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden 2311 BE, The Netherlands
| | - Olga Krasnoukhova
- Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden 2311 BE, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Stoneking
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France
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13
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Seppelt R, Klotz S, Peiter E, Volk M. Agriculture and food security under a changing climate: An underestimated challenge. iScience 2022; 25:105551. [PMID: 36458255 PMCID: PMC9706706 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathways to eradicate global hunger while bending the curve of biodiversity loss unanimously suggest changing to less energy-rich diets, closing yield gaps through agroecological principles, adopting modern breeding technologies to foster stress resilience and yields, as well as minimizing harvest losses and food waste. Against the background of a brief history of global agriculture, we review the available evidence on how the global food system might look given a global temperature increase by 3°. We show that a moderate gain in the area suitable for agriculture is confronted with substantial yield losses through strains on crop physiology, multitrophic interactions, and more frequent extreme events. Self-amplifying feedback are unresolved and might lead to further losses. In light of these uncertainties, we see that complexity is underestimated and more systemic research is needed. Efficiency gains in agriculture, albeit indispensable, will not be enough to achieve food security under severe climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Seppelt
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Department Computational Landscape Ecology, Leipzig, Germany
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute for Geosciences and Geography, Halle (Saale), Germany
- iDiv – German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Klotz
- iDiv – German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Community Ecology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Edgar Peiter
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Martin Volk
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Department Computational Landscape Ecology, Leipzig, Germany
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute for Geosciences and Geography, Halle (Saale), Germany
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14
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Yang L, Meng F, Ma C, Hou D. Elucidating the spatial determinants of heavy metals pollution in different agricultural soils using geographically weighted regression. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158628. [PMID: 36087662 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intensive human activities caused massive socio-economic and land-use changes that directly or indirectly resulted in excessive accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils. The goal of our study was to explore the spatial determinants of heavy metals pollution for agricultural soil environment in Sunan economic region of China. We applied geographically weighted regressions (GWR) to measure the spatially varying relationship as well as conducted principal component analysis (PCA) to incorporate multiple variables. The results indicated that our GWR models performed well to identify the determinants of heavy metal pollution in different agricultural soils with relatively high values of local R2. Heavy metal pollution in Sunan economic region was crucially determined by accessibility, varying agricultural inputs as well as the composition and configuration of agricultural landscape, and such impacts exhibited significantly heterogeneity over space and farming practices. For the both agricultural soils, the major variance proportion for our determinants can be grouped into the first four factors (82.64 % for cash-crop soils and 73.065 for cereal-crop soils), indicating the incorporation and interactions between variables determining agricultural soil environment. Our findings yielded valuable insights into understanding the spatially varying 'human-land interrelationship' in rapidly developing areas. Methodologically, our study highlighted the applicability of geographically weighted regression to explore the spatial determinants associated with unwanted environmental outcomes in large areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiao Yang
- School of Public Administration and Law, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fanhao Meng
- College of Geographical Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, China
| | - Chen Ma
- School of Public Administration and Law, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Dawei Hou
- School of Public Administration and Law, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; College of Public Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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15
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Siegel K, Farah Perez A, Kinnebrew E, Mills‐Novoa M, Ochoa J, Shoffner E. Integration of qualitative and quantitative methods for land-use-change modeling in a deforestation frontier. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2022; 36:e13924. [PMID: 35443092 PMCID: PMC10084278 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Development and implementation of effective protected area management to reduce deforestation depend in part on identifying factors contributing to forest loss and areas at risk of conversion, but standard land-use-change modeling may not fully capture contextual factors that are not easily quantified. To better understand deforestation and agricultural expansion in Amazonian protected areas, we combined quantitative land-use-change modeling with qualitative discourse analysis in a case study of Brazil's Jamanxim National Forest. We modeled land-use change from 2008 to 2018 and projected deforestation through 2028. We used variables identified in a review of studies that modeled land-use change in the Amazon (e.g., variables related to agricultural suitability and economic accessibility) and from a critical discourse analysis that examined documents produced by different actors (e.g., government agencies and conservation nonprofit organizations) at various spatial scales. As measured by analysis of variance, McFadden's adjusted pseudo R2 , and quantity and allocation disagreement, we found that including variables in the model identified as important to deforestation dynamics through the qualitative discourse analysis (e.g., the proportion of unallocated public land, distance to proposed infrastructure developments, and density of recent fires) alongside more traditional variables (e.g., elevation, distance to roads, and protection status) improved the predictive ability of these models. Models that included discourse analysis variables and traditional variables explained up to 19.3% more of the observed variation in deforestation probability than a model that included only traditional variables and 4.1% more variation than a model with only discourse analysis variables. Our approach of integrating qualitative and quantitative methods in land-use-change modeling provides a framework for future interdisciplinary work in land-use change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Siegel
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & ManagementUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Aldo Farah Perez
- Department of Earth & the EnvironmentFlorida International UniversityMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Eva Kinnebrew
- Rubenstein School of the Environment & Natural Resources and Gund Institute for EnvironmentUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermontUSA
| | - Megan Mills‐Novoa
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & ManagementUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- School of Geography & DevelopmentUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
- Energy and Resources GroupUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - José Ochoa
- Geography Graduate GroupUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
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16
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Jian L, Yan J, Liu J. De Novo Domestication in the Multi-Omics Era. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:1592-1606. [PMID: 35762778 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Most cereal crops were domesticated within the last 12,000 years and subsequently spread around the world. These crops have been nourishing the world by supplying a primary energy and nutrient source, thereby playing a critical role in determining the status of human health and sustaining the global population. Here, we review the major challenges of future agriculture and emphasize the utilization of wild germplasm. De novo domestication is one of the most straightforward strategies to manipulate domestication-related and/or other genes with known function, and thereby introduce desired traits into wild plants. We also summarize known causal variations and their corresponding pathways in order to better understand the genetic basis of crop evolution, and how this knowledge could facilitate de novo domestication. Indeed knowledge-driven de novo domestication has great potential for the development of new sustainable crops that have climate-resilient high yield with low resource input and meet individual nutrient needs. Finally, we discuss current opportunities for and barriers to knowledge-driven de novo domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liumei Jian
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianbing Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jie Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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17
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Diversity and Typology of Land-Use Explain the Occurrence of Alien Plants in a Protected Area. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11182358. [PMID: 36145760 PMCID: PMC9503411 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant life history and functional characteristics play an important role in determining the invasive potential of plant species and have implications for management approaches. We studied the distribution of 24 alien plant taxa in a protected area in relation to different land-uses by applying ordination analyses and generalized linear models. Taxa richness is best explained by the presence of built-up areas, followed by residential areas, marshlands, and agricultural lands with semi-natural formations. The diversity of land-use within the grid cell proved to be an important explanatory factor, being the only significant variable explaining the richness of wood perennials and vines. The richness of annual herbs and seed-dispersed taxa is explained by a similar set of variables, with the exception of residential areas. The richness of invasive species is explained only by agricultural land and the diversity of land-use. The richness of taxa with predominant vegetative dispersal is best explained by built-up, marshland, and seminatural areas along with land-use diversity. When we consider only the presence of plant groups within grid cells, the results are similar. The results of similar studies may provide an important tool for defining sustainable practices and overall conservation management in protected areas.
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18
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Schneider JM, Zabel F, Mauser W. Global inventory of suitable, cultivable and available cropland under different scenarios and policies. Sci Data 2022; 9:527. [PMID: 36030257 PMCID: PMC9420104 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Where land-use change and particularly the expansion of cropland could potentially take place in the future is a central research question to investigate emerging trade-offs between food security, climate protection and biodiversity conservation. We provide consistent global datasets of land potentially suitable, cultivable and available for agricultural use for historic and future time periods from 1980 until 2100 under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, available at 30 arc-seconds spatial resolution and aggregated at country level. Based on the agricultural suitability of land for 23 globally important food, feed, fiber and bioenergy crops, and high resolution land cover data, our dataset indicates where cultivation is possible and how much land could potentially be used as cropland when biophysical constraints and different assumptions on land-use regulations are taken into account. By serving as an input for land-use models, the produced data could improve the comparability of the models and their output, and thereby contribute to a better understanding of potential land-use trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Schneider
- Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Florian Zabel
- Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfram Mauser
- Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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19
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Baloch ZA, Tan Q, Fahad S. Analyzing farm households' perception and choice of adaptation strategies towards climate change impacts: a case study of vulnerable households in an emerging Asian region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:57306-57316. [PMID: 35352220 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19895-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Poor agricultural communities are particularly more disruptive to changes in climate. In southeast Asian countries, Pakistan is extremely vulnerable to weather-related events including droughts and floods. This research study aims to determine the farmers' perception towards climatic risks, farmers' choice of adaptation strategies and factors influencing farmers' decision of adaptation measures. A face-to-face household survey was conducted to collect primary data of 378 farm households from three tehsils of district Charsadda-Khyber Pakhuntkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan. A structured questionnaire was utilized as an instrument to collect data from the targeted farmers in study areas (three tehsils of district Charsadda). A binary probit model approach was used to assess the major factors affecting farmers' decision towards adaptation measures. Results revealed that changing crop varieties, diversification of crops, changing crop calendar, and insurance of crops were the major adaptive measures exercised by farm households in their farms. Findings of the binary probit approach showed that age of the respondents, farm size, educational level, credit access, household size, extension services access and perception of increased floods, and reduction in precipitation had substantial effect on the farmers' adaptation strategies choice. Advanced agricultural practices in response to the climatic risks can thus have substantial effects and reduction in farmers' exposure to natural calamities. Study findings of our research can guide policy makers and concerned authorities and provide policy implications for future research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfiqar Ali Baloch
- College of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Qingmei Tan
- Institute of Regional Economy, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, China
- Institute for Techo-economics and Innovation Management, College of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Shah Fahad
- School of Economics and Management, Leshan Normal University, Leshan, 614000, Sichuan, China.
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20
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Schumacher BL, Yost MA, Burchfield EK, Allen N. Water in the West: Trends, production efficiency, and a call for open data. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 306:114330. [PMID: 35033889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is projected to transform US agriculture, particularly in places reliant on limited irrigation water resources. As water demand and scarcity increase simultaneously over the coming decades, water managers and growers will need to optimize water use on their irrigated lands. Understanding how growers maintain high yields in arid, water stressed places, while conserving water, is of key importance for the future of US agriculture in the West. We explore water use management and trends in irrigated agriculture in the Western US using operator-level USDA-NASS Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey/Irrigation and Water Management Survey data aggregated for the first time to the county-scale. In this exploration, we build the first county-level, openly accessible dataset linking farm(er) characteristics to irrigation behaviors in the West. We find notable spatial and temporal variability in Western irrigation practices, with neighboring counties exhibiting large differences in efficiency, water use, and crop yields, as well as in the sources of information, scheduling methods, and technological improvements employed. To produce effective management initiatives in the West, we call for the express and open dissemination of USDA irrigation data at sub-state scales. These data will contribute to our understanding of irrigated production and could support a pathway that will prepare growers for a more resilient agricultural future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta L Schumacher
- MA Geography, MS Ecology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, 400 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Matt A Yost
- Agroclimate Extension Specialist, Department of Plants, Soils and Climate, 4820 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-4820, USA.
| | - Emily K Burchfield
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, 400 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Niel Allen
- Extension Irrigation Specialist, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, UMC 4110, Logan, UT, 84322-4820, USA.
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21
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22
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Zhao X, Wise MA, Waldhoff ST, Kyle GP, Huster JE, Ramig CW, Rafelski LE, Patel PL, Calvin KV. The impact of agricultural trade approaches on global economic modeling. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE : HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS 2022; 73:1-15. [PMID: 36203542 PMCID: PMC9534032 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Researchers explore future economic and climate scenarios using global economic and integrated assessment models to understand long-term interactions between human development and global environmental changes. However, differences in trade modeling approaches are an important source of uncertainty in these types of assessments, particularly for regional projections. In this study, we modified the Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM) to include a novel logit-based Armington trade structure, to examine two approaches to modeling trade: (1) an approach that represents segmented regional markets (SRM), and (2) an approach that represents integrated world markets (IWM). Our results demonstrate that assuming IWM, i.e., homogeneous product modeling and neglecting economic geography, could lead to lower cropland use (i.e., by 115 million hectares globally) and terrestrial carbon fluxes (i.e., by 25%) by the end of the century under the default GCAM scenario, compared with the logit-based Armington SRM structure. The results are highly heterogeneous across regions, with more pronounced regional trade responses driven by global market integration. Our study highlights the critical role that assumptions about future trade paradigms play in global economic and integrated assessment modeling. The results imply that closer harmonization of trade modeling approaches and trade parameter values could increase the convergence of regional results among models in model intercomparison studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 5825 University Research Ct, College Park, MD 20740, United States
| | - Marshall A. Wise
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 5825 University Research Ct, College Park, MD 20740, United States
| | - Stephanie T. Waldhoff
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 5825 University Research Ct, College Park, MD 20740, United States
| | - G. Page Kyle
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 5825 University Research Ct, College Park, MD 20740, United States
| | - Jonathan E. Huster
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 5825 University Research Ct, College Park, MD 20740, United States
- Department of Energy Resources Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Christopher W. Ramig
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460, United States
| | - Lauren E. Rafelski
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460, United States
| | - Pralit L. Patel
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 5825 University Research Ct, College Park, MD 20740, United States
| | - Katherine V. Calvin
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 5825 University Research Ct, College Park, MD 20740, United States
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23
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Elsen PR, Saxon EC, Simmons BA, Ward M, Williams BA, Grantham HS, Kark S, Levin N, Perez-Hammerle KV, Reside AE, Watson JEM. Accelerated shifts in terrestrial life zones under rapid climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:918-935. [PMID: 34719077 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rapid climate change is impacting biodiversity, ecosystem function, and human well-being. Though the magnitude and trajectory of climate change are becoming clearer, our understanding of how these changes reshape terrestrial life zones-distinct biogeographic units characterized by biotemperature, precipitation, and aridity representing broad-scale ecosystem types-is limited. To address this gap, we used high-resolution historical climatologies and climate projections to determine the global distribution of historical (1901-1920), contemporary (1979-2013), and future (2061-2080) life zones. Comparing the historical and contemporary distributions shows that changes from one life zone to another during the 20th century impacted 27 million km2 (18.3% of land), with consequences for social and ecological systems. Such changes took place in all biomes, most notably in Boreal Forests, Temperate Coniferous Forests, and Tropical Coniferous Forests. Comparing the contemporary and future life zone distributions shows the pace of life zone changes accelerating rapidly in the 21st century. By 2070, such changes would impact an additional 62 million km2 (42.6% of land) under "business-as-usual" (RCP8.5) emissions scenarios. Accelerated rates of change are observed in hundreds of ecoregions across all biomes except Tropical Coniferous Forests. While only 30 ecoregions (3.5%) had over half of their areas change to a different life zone during the 20th century, by 2070 this number is projected to climb to 111 ecoregions (13.1%) under RCP4.5 and 281 ecoregions (33.2%) under RCP8.5. We identified weak correlations between life zone change and threatened vertebrate richness, levels of vertebrate endemism, cropland extent, and human population densities within ecoregions, illustrating the ubiquitous risks of life zone changes to diverse social-ecological systems. The accelerated pace of life zone changes will increasingly challenge adaptive conservation and sustainable development strategies that incorrectly assume current ecological patterns and livelihood provisioning systems will persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Elsen
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Earl C Saxon
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Geography, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - B Alexander Simmons
- Global Development Policy Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michelle Ward
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- WWF Australia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brooke A Williams
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hedley S Grantham
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Salit Kark
- The Biodiversity Research Group, The School of Biological Sciences, NESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Noam Levin
- Department of Geography, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Remote Sensing Research Centre, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katharina-Victoria Perez-Hammerle
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - April E Reside
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James E M Watson
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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24
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Viana CM, Freire D, Abrantes P, Rocha J, Pereira P. Agricultural land systems importance for supporting food security and sustainable development goals: A systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150718. [PMID: 34606855 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture provides the largest share of food supplies and ensures a critical number of ecosystem services (e.g., food provisioning). Therefore, agriculture is vital for food security and supports the Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs) 2 (SDG 2 - zero hunger) as others SDG's. Several studies have been published in different world areas with different research directions focused on increasing food and nutritional security from an agricultural land system perspective. The heterogeneity of the agricultural research studies calls for an interdisciplinary and comprehensive systematization of the different research directions and the plethora of approaches, scales of analysis, and reference data used. Thus, this work aims to systematically review the contributions of the different agricultural research studies by systematizing the main research fields and present a synthesis of the diversity and scope of research and knowledge. From an initial search of 1151 articles, 260 meet the criteria to be used in the review. Our analysis revealed that most articles were published between 2015 and 2019 (59%), and most of the case studies were carried out in Asia (36%) and Africa (20%). The number of studies carried out in the other continents was lower. In the last 30 years, most of the research was centred in six main research fields: land-use changes (28%), agricultural efficiency (27%), climate change (16%), farmer's motivation (12%), urban and peri-urban agriculture (11%), and land suitability (7%). Overall, the research fields identified are directly or indirectly linked to 11 of the 17 SDGs. There are essential differences in the number of articles among research fields, and future efforts are needed in the ones that are less represented to support food security and the SDGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia M Viana
- Centre for Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Dulce Freire
- Faculty of Economics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Abrantes
- Centre for Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Rocha
- Centre for Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Pereira
- Environmental Management Laboratory, Mykolas Romeris University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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25
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Franke JA, Müller C, Minoli S, Elliott J, Folberth C, Gardner C, Hank T, Izaurralde RC, Jägermeyr J, Jones CD, Liu W, Olin S, Pugh TAM, Ruane AC, Stephens H, Zabel F, Moyer EJ. Agricultural breadbaskets shift poleward given adaptive farmer behavior under climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:167-181. [PMID: 34478595 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Modern food production is spatially concentrated in global "breadbaskets." A major unresolved question is whether these peak production regions will shift poleward as the climate warms, allowing some recovery of potential climate-related losses. While agricultural impacts studies to date have focused on currently cultivated land, the Global Gridded Crop Model Intercomparison Project (GGCMI) Phase 2 experiment allows us to assess changes in both yields and the location of peak productivity regions under warming. We examine crop responses under projected end of century warming using seven process-based models simulating five major crops (maize, rice, soybeans, and spring and winter wheat) with a variety of adaptation strategies. We find that in no-adaptation cases, when planting date and cultivar choices are held fixed, regions of peak production remain stationary and yield losses can be severe, since growing seasons contract strongly with warming. When adaptations in management practices are allowed (cultivars that retain growing season length under warming and modified planting dates), peak productivity zones shift poleward and yield losses are largely recovered. While most growing-zone shifts are ultimately limited by geography, breadbaskets studied here move poleward over 600 km on average by end of the century under RCP 8.5. These results suggest that agricultural impacts assessments can be strongly biased if restricted in spatial area or in the scope of adaptive behavior considered. Accurate evaluation of food security under climate change requires global modeling and careful treatment of adaptation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Franke
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Robust Decision-making on Climate and Energy Policy (RDCEP), University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christoph Müller
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sara Minoli
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Joshua Elliott
- Center for Robust Decision-making on Climate and Energy Policy (RDCEP), University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christian Folberth
- Ecosystem Services and Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Charles Gardner
- Program on Global Environment, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tobias Hank
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jonas Jägermeyr
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York City, New York, USA
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Curtis D Jones
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Wenfeng Liu
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Stefan Olin
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas A M Pugh
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alex C Ruane
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Haynes Stephens
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Robust Decision-making on Climate and Energy Policy (RDCEP), University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Florian Zabel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth J Moyer
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Robust Decision-making on Climate and Energy Policy (RDCEP), University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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26
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Horizon scanning and review of the impact of five food and food production models for the global food system in 2050. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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27
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Lyon C, Saupe EE, Smith CJ, Hill DJ, Beckerman AP, Stringer LC, Marchant R, McKay J, Burke A, O'Higgins P, Dunhill AM, Allen BJ, Riel-Salvatore J, Aze T. Climate change research and action must look beyond 2100. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:349-361. [PMID: 34558764 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activity is changing Earth's climate and ecosystems in ways that are potentially dangerous and disruptive to humans. Greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere continue to rise, ensuring that these changes will be felt for centuries beyond 2100, the current benchmark for projection. Estimating the effects of past, current, and potential future emissions to only 2100 is therefore short-sighted. Critical problems for food production and climate-forced human migration are projected to arise well before 2100, raising questions regarding the habitability of some regions of the Earth after the turn of the century. To highlight the need for more distant horizon scanning, we model climate change to 2500 under a suite of emission scenarios and quantify associated projections of crop viability and heat stress. Together, our projections show global climate impacts increase significantly after 2100 without rapid mitigation. As a result, we argue that projections of climate and its effects on human well-being and associated governance and policy must be framed beyond 2100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lyon
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Erin E Saupe
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher J Smith
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Daniel J Hill
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Andrew P Beckerman
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Robert Marchant
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
| | - James McKay
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ariane Burke
- Département d'Anthropologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul O'Higgins
- Department of Archaeology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Bethany J Allen
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Tracy Aze
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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28
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National-scale changes in crop diversity through the Anthropocene. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20361. [PMID: 34645880 PMCID: PMC8514462 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99728-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion of crops beyond their centres of domestication is a defining feature of the Anthropocene Epoch. This process has fundamentally altered the diversity of croplands, with likely consequences for the ecological functioning and socio-economic stability of agriculture under environmental change. While changes in crop diversity through the Anthropocene have been quantified at large spatial scales, the patterns, drivers, and consequences of change in crop diversity and biogeography at national-scales remains less explored. We use production data on 339 crops, grown in over 150 countries from 1961 to 2017, to quantify changes in country-level crop richness and evenness. Virtually all countries globally have experienced significant increases in crop richness since 1961, with the early 1980s marking a clear onset of a ~ 9-year period of increase in crop richness in countries worldwide. While these changes have increased the similarity of diversity of croplands among countries, only half of countries experienced increases in crop evenness through time. Ubiquitous increases in crop richness within nearly all countries between 1980 and 2000 are a unique biogeographical feature of the Anthropocene. At the same time, we detected opposing changes in crop evenness, and only modest signatures of increased homogenization of croplands among countries. Therefore context-dependent and, at least, national-scale assessments are needed to understand and predict how changes in crop diversity influence agricultural resistance and resilience to environmental change.
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29
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Zhu Y, Yu Q, Luo Q, Zhang H, Zhao J, Ju Z, Du Y, Yang Y. Impacts of climate change on suitability zonation for potato cultivation in Jilin Province, Northeast China. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13103. [PMID: 34489526 PMCID: PMC8421430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Global climate change is causing notable shifts in the environmental suitability of the main regions involved in potato cultivation and has, thus, changed the production potential of potatoes. These shifts can be mapped at fine scales to better understand climate change within areas of potato cultivation and to find infrastructural- and breeding-based solutions. As a case study, we have identified and mapped the structural and spatial shifts that occurred in areas suitable for potato cultivation in Jilin Province, China. We identified a discontinuity in climate change trends between 1961 and 2018 based on data for Jilin Province, and analyzed the averages and linear trends for six important climatic parameters. We used the averages of these climatic parameters to establish climate models for the province and determined cultivation using a multi-criteria, decision-based model that integrates Analytical Hierarchy Process Weighted Principal Component Analysis (AHP-PCA) and Geographic Information System (GIS). We mapped the environmentally suitable areas for potato cultivation at a 3-km resolution based on the geo-climate model for each time period and analyzed differences between them. We found that "Most suitable” areas for potato cultivation were mainly distributed in the central area of Jilin Province, “Suitable” areas were located in the northwestern plains, and “Sub-suitable” areas were located in the eastern mountainous areas. In contrast, “Not suitable” areas occur mainly in the high-altitude areas in the east. The areas of “Most suitable” and “Suitable” areas for potato cultivation in Jilin Province were increasing, with increasing rates of 0.37 × 1,000 km2 decade−1 (R2 = 0.58, P < 0.01) and 0.20 × 1,000 km2 decade−1 (R2 = 0.28, P < 0.01), respectively, while the extent of “Sub-suitable” areas is decreasing, with a decreasing rate of 0.58 × 1,000 km2 decade−1 (R2 = 0.53, P < 0.05). The area of “Not suitable” areas had undergone little change. “Most suitable” and “Suitable” areas for potato cultivation showed a trend towards northward expansion. Overall, our results suggest that global climate change has had a positive impact on potato cultivation in Jilin Province over the past 58 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiu Zhu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Qiyou Luo
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jinling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Zhanghong Ju
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yating Du
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yadong Yang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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30
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Reese S, Pirez MC, Steele H, Kölle S. The reproductive success of bovine sperm after sex-sorting: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17366. [PMID: 34462506 PMCID: PMC8405645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96834-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the three decades since its inception, the sex-sorting technology has progressed significantly. However, field studies report conflicting findings regarding reproductive outcomes. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis of all trials published between 1999 and 2021. Non-return rates after 24 or 60 d (NRR 24/60), pregnancy, calving, abortion, and stillbirth rates were compared after AI with sex-sorted vs non-sorted sperm. Additionally, the impact of recent developments in the sex-sorting technology was assessed. Of 860 studies found, 45 studies (72 trials) provided extractable data and were included. Overall, the results of this meta-analysis provided evidence that the NRR 24/60 was diminished by 13%, pregnancy rates were reduced by 23% (25% cows, 21% heifers) and calving rates were reduced by 24% when using sex-sorted sperm. Enhancing the dosage to 4 million sex-sorted sperm/straw (including recent improvements, high vs low dose) as well as using fresh sex-sorted sperm (sorted vs non-sorted) increased pregnancy rate ratios by 7 percentage points. The refinement of the sex-sorting technology after 2015 resulted in a lowered reduction of pregnancy and calving rate of 19% and 23%, respectively. Whereas abortion rates were similar, the stillbirth of male calves was increased by 6.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Reese
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Miguel Camara Pirez
- School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Heather Steele
- School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sabine Kölle
- School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland.
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31
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Cezimbra IM, de Albuquerque Nunes PA, de Souza Filho W, Tischler MR, Genro TCM, Bayer C, Savian JV, Bonnet OJF, Soussana JF, de Faccio Carvalho PC. Potential of grazing management to improve beef cattle production and mitigate methane emissions in native grasslands of the Pampa biome. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 780:146582. [PMID: 34030331 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that improving sward structure through adjustments in forage allowance results in greater forage intake and live weight (LW) gains by beef cattle and lower CH4 emissions per unit LW gain and unit area in a native grassland ecosystem of the Pampa biome. The experiment was carried out during 2012 and 2013 in southern Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with two replicates. Treatments consisted of five contrasting forage allowances of a native grassland managed under continuous stocking: 4, 8, 8-12, 12, and 16 kg of dry matter (DM) 100 kg LW-1 day-1 (or % LW). The 8-12% LW treatment had a variable forage allowance of 8% LW in spring and 12% LW in summer, autumn, and winter. Forage allowance was controlled by changes in stocking rate (kg LW ha-1). Average daily gain (kg LW day-1) was high for forage allowances of 12 and 16% LW but decreased at 8%, reaching the lowest value at 4% LW treatment (p < 0.001). Live weight gain ha-1 year-1 was the greatest at forage allowance of 8-12% LW (p < 0.001). Forage DM intake peaked at a forage allowance of 12% LW (p = 0.005). Individual CH4 emissions remained constant around 150 g day-1 for the two highest forage allowances and decreased to 118 and 107 g day-1 under forage allowances of 8 and 4% LW, respectively (p = 0.002). Emissions per unit LW gain and unit area were driven by animal productivity changes and decreased with increasing forage allowance (p = 0.001 and p = 0.040, respectively). We propose that the combination of 8% LW forage allowance during spring and 12% LW during the rest of the year should be targeted to best balance animal production and environmental impact in the Pampa biome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Machado Cezimbra
- Department of Forage Plants and Agrometeorology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 7712 Bento Gonçalves Ave., Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Pedro Arthur de Albuquerque Nunes
- Department of Forage Plants and Agrometeorology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 7712 Bento Gonçalves Ave., Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil
| | - William de Souza Filho
- Department of Forage Plants and Agrometeorology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 7712 Bento Gonçalves Ave., Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ritzel Tischler
- Department of Forage Plants and Agrometeorology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 7712 Bento Gonçalves Ave., Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil
| | | | - Cimélio Bayer
- Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 7712 Bento Gonçalves Ave., Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Jean Víctor Savian
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Programa Pasturas y Forrajes, Estación Experimental INIA Treinta y Tres, Ruta 8, Km 281, Treinta y Tres, Uruguay
| | - Olivier Jean François Bonnet
- Department of Forage Plants and Agrometeorology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 7712 Bento Gonçalves Ave., Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Jean-François Soussana
- Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Écosystème Prairial (UREP), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Paulo César de Faccio Carvalho
- Department of Forage Plants and Agrometeorology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 7712 Bento Gonçalves Ave., Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil.
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Zabel F, Müller C, Elliott J, Minoli S, Jägermeyr J, Schneider JM, Franke JA, Moyer E, Dury M, Francois L, Folberth C, Liu W, Pugh TAM, Olin S, Rabin SS, Mauser W, Hank T, Ruane AC, Asseng S. Large potential for crop production adaptation depends on available future varieties. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:3870-3882. [PMID: 33998112 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change affects global agricultural production and threatens food security. Faster phenological development of crops due to climate warming is one of the main drivers for potential future yield reductions. To counter the effect of faster maturity, adapted varieties would require more heat units to regain the previous growing period length. In this study, we investigate the effects of variety adaptation on global caloric production under four different future climate change scenarios for maize, rice, soybean, and wheat. Thereby, we empirically identify areas that could require new varieties and areas where variety adaptation could be achieved by shifting existing varieties into new regions. The study uses an ensemble of seven global gridded crop models and five CMIP6 climate models. We found that 39% (SSP5-8.5) of global cropland could require new crop varieties to avoid yield loss from climate change by the end of the century. At low levels of warming (SSP1-2.6), 85% of currently cultivated land can draw from existing varieties to shift within an agro-ecological zone for adaptation. The assumptions on available varieties for adaptation have major impacts on the effectiveness of variety adaptation, which could more than half in SSP5-8.5. The results highlight that region-specific breeding efforts are required to allow for a successful adaptation to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Zabel
- Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Müller
- Climate Resilience, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Joshua Elliott
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sara Minoli
- Climate Resilience, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jonas Jägermeyr
- Climate Resilience, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julia M Schneider
- Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - James A Franke
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Robust Decision-making on Climate and Energy Policy (RDCEP), University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elisabeth Moyer
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Robust Decision-making on Climate and Energy Policy (RDCEP), University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Christian Folberth
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Wenfeng Liu
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Thomas A M Pugh
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Sam S Rabin
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wolfram Mauser
- Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Hank
- Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Alex C Ruane
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
| | - Senthold Asseng
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), München, Germany
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Abstract
Regional climate projections are widely used in impact studies such as adaptations in agronomy. The big challenge of the climate modeling community is to serve valuable instructions regarding the reliability of these simulations to encourage agronomists to use this kind of information properly. The study validates 15 high-resolution ensembles from the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment-European Domain (EURO-CORDEX) for maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and precipitation to fulfill this task. Three evaluation metrics are calculated (mean absolute error, root mean square error, and correlation) for the means and the 5th and 95th percentiles. The analyses are elaborated for annual and monthly means and the vegetation periods of maize and winter wheat. Only arable lands are considered to exclude the effects of the topography. Furthermore, an ensemble selection is applied based on the evaluation metrics to reduce the data use. The five models with the best performance in the case of winter wheat are CNRM-CM5-CLMcom-CCLM4-8-17_v1, MOHC-HadGEM2-ES-IPSL-WRF381P_v1, MOHC-HadGEM2-ES-KNMI-RACMO22E_v2, MOHC-HadGEM2-ES-CLMcom-CCLM4-8-17_v1, and MPI-M-MPI-ESM-LR-KNMI-RACMO22E_v1. In the case of the vegetation period of maize, the models with the best skills are MPI-M-MPI-ESM-LR-KNMI-RACMO22E_v1, CNRM-CM5-IPSL-WRF381P_v2, MPI-M-MPI-ESM-LR-SMHI-RCA4_v1a, MOHC-HadGEM2-ES-IPSL-WRF381P_v1, and MOHC-HadGEM2-ES-KNMI-RACMO22E_v2. Quantifying the errors in climate simulations against observations and elaborating a selection procedure, we developed a consistent ensemble of high time and space resolution climate projections for agricultural use in Romania.
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Kaur H, Kohli SK, Khanna K, Bhardwaj R. Scrutinizing the impact of water deficit in plants: Transcriptional regulation, signaling, photosynthetic efficacy, and management. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:935-962. [PMID: 33686690 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Suboptimal availability of water limits plant growth, development, and performance. Drought is one of the leading factors responsible for worldwide crop yield reduction. In the future, owing to climate changes, more agricultural land will be affected by prolonged periods of water deficit. Thus, understanding the fundamental mechanism of drought response is a major scientific concern for improvement of crop production. To combat drought stress, plants deploy varied mechanistic strategies and alter their morphological, physiochemical, and molecular attributes. This helps plant to enhance water uptake and storage, reduce water loss and avoid wilting. Induction of several transcription factors and drought responsive genes leads to synthesis of stress proteins, regulation of water channels i.e. aquaporins and production of osmolytes that are essential for maintenance of osmotic balance at the cellular level. Self- and hormone-regulated signaling pathways are often stimulated by plants after receiving drought stress signals via secondary messengers, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and stress hormones. These signaling cascades often leads to stomatal closure and reduction in transpiration rates. Reduced carbon dioxide diffusion in chloroplast, lowered efficacy of photosystems, and other metabolic constraints limits the key regulatory photosynthetic process during water deficit. The impact of these stomatal and nonstomatal limitations varies with stress intensity, superimposed stresses and plant species. A clear understanding of the drought resistance process is thus important before adopting strategies for imparting drought tolerance in plants. These management practices at present include exogenous hormone application, breeding, and genetic engineering techniques for combating the water deficit issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsimran Kaur
- PG Department of Agriculture, Plant Protection Division, Khalsa College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli
- PG Department of Agriculture, Plant Protection Division, Khalsa College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Kanika Khanna
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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Jamil I, Jun W, Mughal B, Raza MH, Imran MA, Waheed A. Does the adaptation of climate-smart agricultural practices increase farmers' resilience to climate change? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:27238-27249. [PMID: 33507505 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Traditional agricultural practices, extensive use of inputs, and abrupt changes in climate have been of great concern to agriculture production around the world, especially in developing countries. Therefore, it is very vital to adopt and expand Climate-Smart agricultural (CSA) practices. By the cross-sectional data of 350 cotton farmers from major cotton-growing districts of Punjab Pakistan, adoption of CSA practices such as irrigation and soil and crop management practices is evaluated, and factors which affect farmer adoption decision and its impact on poverty, income, and yield are estimated by using logistic regression and propensity score matching (PSM) respectively. The results found that education, access to credit, tubewell ownership, farming experience, and access to extension services positively influenced farmers' adoption behavior. Further, PSM results revealed that adoption of CSA practices is economical, financially, environmentally desirable, and pro-poor. According to these findings, ultimately adoption would help in reducing the negative impact of climate change on the cotton crop by ensuring profits, removing the barriers in the adoption, disseminating the information about CSA, and strictly enforcing the regulations for CSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihsan Jamil
- School of Economics and Finance, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen Jun
- School of Economics and Finance, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bushra Mughal
- School of Computer Science and Information Technology, Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Abu Dhabi Road, Rahimyar Khan, Punjab, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Haseeb Raza
- Institute of Business Management Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Imran
- Department of Agribusiness and Applied Economics, MNS-University of Agriculture Multan, Old Shujaabad Road, Chungi No. 21, Multan, Southern Punjab, 66000, Pakistan
| | - Ali Waheed
- School of Economics and Finance, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Distinguishing anthropogenic and natural contributions to coproduction of national crop yields globally. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10821. [PMID: 34031520 PMCID: PMC8144206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90340-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Crop production is a crucial ecosystem service that requires a combination of natural and anthropogenic contributions to high and stable yields, which is a coproduction process. We analysed this coproduction based on nationally aggregated data for 15 major crops for 67 countries and the European Union with data for four time steps (2000, 2006, 2010, 2014). We found strong increases in fertilizer use, net capital stock and manure use intensity for lower-middle-income countries and stagnation or decrease of these for high-income countries. We used a multiple linear regression model predicting yield to distinguish the effect of anthropogenic contributions (crop-specific fertilizer use intensity, net capital stock intensity, manure use intensity) and natural contributions (crop-specific agricultural suitability, including soil characteristics, topography and climate). We found that in particular fertilizer use intensity, manure use intensity and agricultural suitability explained variation in yields to a considerable degree (R2 = 0.62).
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Rocha LF, Pimentel MF, Bailey J, Wyciskalla T, Davidson D, Fakhoury AM, Bond JP. Impact of Wheat on Soybean Cyst Nematode Population Density in Double-Cropping Soybean Production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:640714. [PMID: 34040619 PMCID: PMC8141799 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.640714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Double-cropping is defined as producing more than one crop on the same parcel of land in a single growing season. It is reported to have many benefits when incorporated in cropping systems, including improving soil health. In some double-cropping systems, soybean is planted following winter wheat. The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is a major soybean pathogen, and several reports suggest suppressive effects of wheat on SCN populations. Field trials were conducted from 2017 to 2018 to investigate the effect of wheat on SCN populations in double-cropping soybean. Nine fields with three levels of initial SCN populations (low, moderate, and high) were selected in Illinois. Wheat was planted in strips alternating with strips-maintained weed-free and under fallow over winter and early spring. Soybean was planted in all strips after wheat harvest. SCN egg densities were acquired at four time points: wheat establishment, post-wheat/pre-soybean, mid-soybean (R1 growth stage or beginning of flowering), and post-soybean harvest. Wheat strips reduced SCN egg densities compared with fallow strips at the R1 stage (-31.8%) and after soybean harvest (-32.7%). Double-cropping soybean with wheat has the potential to suppress SCN field populations and is a system with the potential to provide additional farm income. This study is meant to be a first step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms that govern the suppression of SCN by wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo F. Rocha
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Mirian F. Pimentel
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - John Bailey
- JCB Ag Research, Effingham, IL, United States
| | | | | | - Ahmad M. Fakhoury
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Jason P. Bond
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
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Kummu M, Heino M, Taka M, Varis O, Viviroli D. Climate change risks pushing one-third of global food production outside the safe climatic space. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 4:720-729. [PMID: 34056573 PMCID: PMC8158176 DOI: 10.1016/j.oneear.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Food production on our planet is dominantly based on agricultural practices developed during stable Holocene climatic conditions. Although it is widely accepted that climate change perturbs these conditions, no systematic understanding exists on where and how the major risks for entering unprecedented conditions may occur. Here, we address this gap by introducing the concept of safe climatic space (SCS), which incorporates the decisive climatic factors of agricultural production: precipitation, temperature, and aridity. We show that a rapid and unhalted growth of greenhouse gas emissions (SSP5-8.5) could force 31% of the global food crop and 34% of livestock production beyond the SCS by 2081-2100. The most vulnerable areas are South and Southeast Asia and Africa's Sudano-Sahelian Zone, which have low resilience to cope with these changes. Our results underpin the importance of committing to a low-emissions scenario (SSP1-2.6), whereupon the extent of food production facing unprecedented conditions would be a fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Kummu
- Water and Development Research Group, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Corresponding author
| | - Matias Heino
- Water and Development Research Group, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Maija Taka
- Water and Development Research Group, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Olli Varis
- Water and Development Research Group, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Daniel Viviroli
- Department of Geography, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Predicting Shifts in Land Suitability for Maize Cultivation Worldwide Due to Climate Change: A Modeling Approach. LAND 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/land10030295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Suitable land is an important prerequisite for crop cultivation and, given the prospect of climate change, it is essential to assess such suitability to minimize crop production risks and to ensure food security. Although a variety of methods to assess the suitability are available, a comprehensive, objective, and large-scale screening of environmental variables that influence the results—and therefore their accuracy—of these methods has rarely been explored. An approach to the selection of such variables is proposed and the criteria established for large-scale assessment of land, based on big data, for its suitability to maize (Zea mays L.) cultivation as a case study. The predicted suitability matched the past distribution of maize with an overall accuracy of 79% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.72. The land suitability for maize is likely to decrease markedly at low latitudes and even at mid latitudes. The total area suitable for maize globally and in most major maize-producing countries will decrease, the decrease being particularly steep in those regions optimally suited for maize at present. Compared with earlier research, the method proposed in the present paper is simple yet objective, comprehensive, and reliable for large-scale assessment. The findings of the study highlight the necessity of adopting relevant strategies to cope with the adverse impacts of climate change.
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40
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Citron Watermelon Potential to Improve Crop Diversification and Reduce Negative Impacts of Climate Change. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13042269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Citron watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides (L.H. Bailey) Mansf. ex Greb.) is an underexploited and under-researched crop species with the potential to contribute to crop diversification in Sub-Saharan Africa. The species is cultivated in the drier parts of Southern Africa, mainly by smallholder farmers who maintain a wide range of landrace varieties. Understanding the molecular and morpho-physiological basis for drought adaptation in citron watermelon under these dry environments can aid in the identification of suitable traits for drought-tolerance breeding and improve food system resilience among smallholder farmers, thus adding to crop diversification. This paper reviews the literature on drought adaptation of Citrullus lanatus spp. (C3 xerophytes), using the systematic review approach. The review discusses the potential role of citron watermelon in adding to crop diversification, alternative food uses, and potential by-products that can be processed from the crop, and it analyzes the role of Sub-Saharan African farmers play as key actors in conserving citron watermelon germplasm and biodiversity. Finally, the review provides a summary of significant findings and identifies critical knowledge gaps for further research.
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41
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Zhu P, Burney J. Temperature-driven harvest decisions amplify US winter wheat loss under climate warming. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:550-562. [PMID: 33145917 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Most studies quantifying the impacts of climatic variability and warming on crop production have focused on yields and have overlooked potential areal and frequency responses, potentially biasing future projections of food security in a warming world. Here we analyze US winter wheat production from 1970 to 2017 and find that harvest area ratio (harvested area/planted area, HAR) has declined while yields have risen, standing in stark contrast to other US staple crops. Although lower profitability due to declining wheat prices appears to explain the HAR trend, fluctuating wheat yields-largely explained by temperature exposure-drive the interannual variation of HAR. Our analysis suggests that warming-induced declines in HAR are comparable in magnitude to heat-related yield losses, and lower wheat prices amplify the sensitivity of HAR to warming and yield variation. Although irrigation mitigates some temperature-driven yield effects, it does little to change HAR, likely due to infrastructure cost and limited influence on relative profitability. Our results suggest that an accurate quantification of climate impacts on crop production must account for harvested area response, and that future adaptation strategies should not only target crop choice and management but also harvest incentives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhu
- School of Global Policy and Strategy, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Burney
- School of Global Policy and Strategy, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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Mugiyo H, Chimonyo VG, Sibanda M, Kunz R, Masemola CR, Modi AT, Mabhaudhi T. Evaluation of Land Suitability Methods with Reference to Neglected and Underutilised Crop Species: A Scoping Review. LAND 2021; 10:125. [PMID: 39036712 PMCID: PMC7616268 DOI: 10.3390/land10020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In agriculture, land use and land classification address questions such as "where", "why" and "when" a particular crop is grown within a particular agroecology. To date, there are several land suitability analysis (LSA) methods, but there is no consensus on the best method for crop suitability analysis. We conducted a scoping review to evaluate methodological strategies for LSA. Secondary to this, we assessed which of these would be suitable for neglected and underutilised crop species (NUS). The review classified LSA methods reported in articles as traditional (26.6%) and modern (63.4%). Modern approaches, including multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods such as analytical hierarchy process (AHP) (14.9%) and fuzzy methods (12.9%); crop simulation models (9.9%) and machine learning related methods (25.7%) are gaining popularity over traditional methods. The MCDM methods, namely AHP and fuzzy, are commonly applied to LSA while crop models and machine learning related methods are gaining popularity. A total of 67 parameters from climatic, hydrology, soil, socio-economic and landscape properties are essential in LSA. Unavailability and the inclusion of categorical datasets from social sources is a challenge. Using big data and Internet of Things (IoT) improves the accuracy and reliability of LSA methods. The review expects to provide researchers and decision-makers with the most robust methods and standard parameters required in developing LSA for NUS. Qualitative and quantitative approaches must be integrated into unique hybrid land evaluation systems to improve LSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary Mugiyo
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg3209, South Africa
| | - Vimbayi G.P. Chimonyo
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg3209, South Africa
| | - Mbulisi Sibanda
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg3209, South Africa
- Department of Geography, Environmental Studies and Tourism, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville7535, South Africa
| | - Richard Kunz
- Centre for Water Resources Research, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg3209, South Africa
| | - Cecilia R. Masemola
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg3209, South Africa
| | - Albert T. Modi
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg3209, South Africa
| | - Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg3209, South Africa
- Centre for Water Resources Research, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg3209, South Africa
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43
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Mugiyo H, Chimonyo VGP, Sibanda M, Kunz R, Nhamo L, Masemola CR, Dalin C, Modi AT, Mabhaudhi T. Multi-criteria suitability analysis for neglected and underutilised crop species in South Africa. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244734. [PMID: 33465120 PMCID: PMC7815157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several neglected and underutilised species (NUS) provide solutions to climate change and creating a Zero Hunger world, the Sustainable Development Goal 2. Several NUS are drought and heat stress-tolerant, making them ideal for improving marginalised cropping systems in drought-prone areas. However, owing to their status as NUS, current crop suitability maps do not include them as part of the crop choices. This study aimed to develop land suitability maps for selected NUS [sorghum, (Sorghum bicolor), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), amaranth and taro (Colocasia esculenta)] using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in ArcGIS. Multidisciplinary factors from climatic, soil and landscape, socio-economic and technical indicators overlaid using Weighted Overlay Analysis. Validation was done through field visits, and area under the curve (AUC) was used to measure AHP model performance. The results indicated that sorghum was highly suitable (S1) = 2%, moderately suitable (S2) = 61%, marginally suitable (S3) = 33%, and unsuitable (N1) = 4%, cowpea S1 = 3%, S2 = 56%, S3 = 39%, N1 = 2%, amaranth S1 = 8%, S2 = 81%, S3 = 11%, and taro S1 = 0.4%, S2 = 28%, S3 = 64%, N1 = 7%, of calculated arable land of SA (12 655 859 ha). Overall, the validation showed that the mapping exercises exhibited a high degree of accuracies (i.e. sorghum AUC = 0.87, cowpea AUC = 0.88, amaranth AUC = 0.95 and taro AUC = 0.82). Rainfall was the most critical variable and criteria with the highest impact on land suitability of the NUS. Results of this study suggest that South Africa has a huge potential for NUS production. The maps developed can contribute to evidence-based and site-specific recommendations for NUS and their mainstreaming. Also, the maps can be used to design appropriate production guidelines and to support existing policy frameworks which advocate for sustainable intensification of marginalised cropping systems through increased crop diversity and the use of stress-tolerant food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary Mugiyo
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Vimbayi G. P. Chimonyo
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Mbulisi Sibanda
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Richard Kunz
- Centre for Water Resources Research, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Luxon Nhamo
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Water Research Commission of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Cecelia R. Masemola
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Caroline Dalin
- Institute for Sustainable Resources, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Albert T. Modi
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Tafadzwa Mabhaudhi
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Centre for Water Resources Research, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
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KC KB, Green AG, Wassmansdorf D, Gandhi V, Nadeem K, Fraser ED. Opportunities and trade-offs for expanding agriculture in Canada’s North: an ecosystem service perspective. Facets (Ott) 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2020-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change will create warmer temperatures, greater precipitation, and longer growing seasons in northern latitudes making agriculture increasingly possible in boreal regions. To assess the potential of any such expansion, this paper provides a first-order approximation of how much land could become suitable for four staple crops (corn, potato, soy, and wheat) in Canada by 2080. In addition, we estimate how the environmental trade-offs of northern agricultural expansion will impact critical ecosystem services. Primarily, we evaluate how the regulatory ecosystem services of carbon storage and sequestration and the habitat services supporting biodiversity would be traded for the provisioning services of food production. Here we show that under climate change projected by Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM2) Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5, ∼1.85 million km2 of land may become suitable for farming in Canada’s North, which, if utilized, would lead to the release of ∼15 gigatonnes of carbon if all forests and wetlands are cleared and plowed. These land-use changes would also have profound implications for Indigenous sovereignty and the governance of protected and conserved areas in Canada. These results highlight that research is urgently needed so that stakeholders can become aware of the scope of potential economic opportunities, cultural issues, and environmental trade-offs required for agricultural sustainability in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Bahadur KC
- Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Arthur Gill Green
- Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Dan Wassmansdorf
- Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Vivek Gandhi
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Khurram Nadeem
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Evan D.G. Fraser
- Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Arrell Food Institute, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Sampedro J, Kyle P, Ramig CW, Tanner D, Huster JE, Wise MA. Dynamic Linking of Upstream Energy and Freight Demands for Bio and Fossil Energy Pathways in the Global Change Analysis Model. APPLIED ENERGY 2021; 302:1-10. [PMID: 36072824 PMCID: PMC9447409 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive study of the environmental impacts associated with demand for an energy resource or carrier in any one sector requires a full consideration of the direct and indirect impacts on the rest of the regional and global energy system. Biofuels are especially complex since they have feedbacks to both the energy system and to regional and global crop markets. In this study, we present a strategy for dynamically including the upstream energy and transportation links to the Global Change Analysis Model. We incorporate the following inter-sectoral linkages: energy inputs to crop production, energy inputs to fossil resource production, and freight transport requirements of energy and agricultural commodities. We assess the implications of explicitly including these links by measuring the global impacts of increased corn ethanol demand in the United States with and without these links included. Although the net global impact of the upstream links on energy and emissions are relatively modest in the scenarios analyzed, the inclusion of these links illustrates interesting trade-offs in energy and transportation demand among fossil fuel and agriculture sectors. We find that the increment in agricultural energy driven by the additional biofuel production associated with the corn ethanol shock is higher than the decrease of energy associated with the displaced fossil fuel consumption. However, this effect is compensated by the reduction in freight transportation requirements of energy. These sectoral interactions suggest that this level of modeling detail could be important in evaluating future analytical questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Sampedro
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, USA
| | - Page Kyle
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, USA
| | - Christopher W. Ramig
- Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460, United States
| | - Daniel Tanner
- Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460, United States
| | - Jonathan E. Huster
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, USA
| | - Marshall A. Wise
- Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460, United States
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Assessing whether the best land is cultivated first: A quantile analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242222. [PMID: 33301462 PMCID: PMC7728207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical land rent theories imply that the best land is cultivated first. This principle forms the basis of many land-use studies, but empirical evidence remains limited, especially on a global scale. In this paper, we estimate the effects of agricultural suitability and market accessibility on the spatial allocation of cultivated areas at a 30 arc-min resolution in 15 world regions. Our results show that both determinants often have a significant positive effect on the cropland fraction, but with large variations in strength across regions. Based on a quantile analysis, we find that agricultural suitability is the dominant driver of cropland allocation in North America, Middle East and North Africa and Eastern Europe, whereas market accessibility shows a stronger effect in other regions, such as Western Africa. In some regions, such as South and Central America, both determinants have a limited effect on cropland fraction. Comparison of high versus low quantile regression coefficients shows that, in most regions, densely cropped areas are more sensitive to agricultural suitability and market accessibility than sparsely cropped areas.
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Ha TM, Kühling I, Trautz D. A systems approach toward climate resilient livelihoods: A case study in Thai Nguyen province, Vietnam. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05541. [PMID: 33294686 PMCID: PMC7689166 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to identify strategic actions towards climate resilient livelihoods and secure income for smallholder farmers in Thai Nguyen province of Vietnam using a systems approach and system dynamic modelling tools. Information and data for this research was collected through surveys, interviews, focus group discussions and workshops with relevant stakeholders and 187 farmers in two vulnerable districts during October 2019–April 2020. Findings of this study uncovered a number of shortcomings of the government policies and approaches in climate change adaptation. Local initiatives, community learning and ownership seem to be neglected. This research has substantiated the effectiveness and validity of systems approaches and tools in structuring and solving complex issues in agricultural research and development under the interwoven relationships between environmental and human factors. Climate resilient production models and practices are just part of the systemic interventions that need to be implemented in a coordinated manner towards a more resilient future of the farming communities. This study has addressed the current knowledge gap and the need for using integrated approaches and decision support systems for unravelling ill-structured and/or complex issues of climate change adaptation (CCA). It also provided practical recommendations for informed CCA policies and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan M Ha
- Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Thai Nguyen City, Viet Nam
| | | | - Dieter Trautz
- Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences, Osnabrück, Germany
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Sabatini FM, Keeton WS, Lindner M, Svoboda M, Verkerk PJ, Bauhus J, Bruelheide H, Burrascano S, Debaive N, Duarte I, Garbarino M, Grigoriadis N, Lombardi F, Mikoláš M, Meyer P, Motta R, Mozgeris G, Nunes L, Ódor P, Panayotov M, Ruete A, Simovski B, Stillhard J, Svensson J, Szwagrzyk J, Tikkanen O, Vandekerkhove K, Volosyanchuk R, Vrska T, Zlatanov T, Kuemmerle T. Protection gaps and restoration opportunities for primary forests in Europe. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco M. Sabatini
- Institut für Biologie Martin‐Luther‐Universität Halle‐Wittenberg Halle Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Germany
- Geography Department Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - William S. Keeton
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Vermont Burlington VT USA
| | - Marcus Lindner
- Resilience Programme European Forest Institute Bonn Germany
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha 6 – Suchdol Czech Republic
| | | | - Jürgen Bauhus
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institut für Biologie Martin‐Luther‐Universität Halle‐Wittenberg Halle Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Germany
| | - Sabina Burrascano
- Department of Environmental Biology Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | | | - Inês Duarte
- Centre for Applied Ecology “Professor Baeta Neves” (CEABN) InBIO School of Agriculture University of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal
| | - Matteo Garbarino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA) University of Torino Grugliasco Italy
| | | | - Fabio Lombardi
- Department of Agraria Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria – Feo Di Vito Reggio Calabria Italy
| | - Martin Mikoláš
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha 6 – Suchdol Czech Republic
- PRALES Rosina Slovakia
| | - Peter Meyer
- Northwest German Forest Research Institute Göttingen Germany
| | - Renzo Motta
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA) University of Torino Grugliasco Italy
| | - Gintautas Mozgeris
- Agriculture Academy Institute of Forest Management and Wood Science Vytautas Magnus University Akademija Lithuania
| | - Leónia Nunes
- Centre for Applied Ecology “Professor Baeta Neves” (CEABN) InBIO School of Agriculture University of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal
- CITAB Centre of the Research and Technology of Agro‐Environmental and Biological Science University of Trás‐os‐Montes and Alto Douro Vila Real Portugal
| | - Péter Ódor
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary
| | | | | | - Bojan Simovski
- Hans Em Faculty of Forest Sciences Landscape Architecture and Environmental Engineering Department of Botany and Dendrology Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje Skopje North Macedonia
| | - Jonas Stillhard
- Forest Resources and Management Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Johan Svensson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Jerzy Szwagrzyk
- Department of Forest Biodiversity University of Agriculture in Krakow Krakow Poland
| | | | | | | | - Tomas Vrska
- Silva Tarouca Research Institute Brno Czech Republic
| | - Tzvetan Zlatanov
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Tobias Kuemmerle
- Geography Department Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
- Integrative Research Institute on Transformation in Human‐Environment Systems Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
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49
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Effectiveness of protected areas in conserving tropical forest birds. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4461. [PMID: 32929068 PMCID: PMC7490714 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protected areas (PAs) are the cornerstones of global biodiversity conservation efforts, but to fulfil this role they must be effective at conserving the ecosystems and species that occur within their boundaries. Adequate monitoring datasets that allow comparing biodiversity between protected and unprotected sites are lacking in tropical regions. Here we use the largest citizen science biodiversity dataset – eBird – to quantify the extent to which protected areas in eight tropical forest biodiversity hotspots are effective at retaining bird diversity. We find generally positive effects of protection on the diversity of bird species that are forest-dependent, endemic to the hotspots, or threatened or Near Threatened, but not on overall bird species richness. Furthermore, we show that in most of the hotspots examined this benefit is driven by protected areas preventing both forest loss and degradation. Our results provide evidence that, on average, protected areas contribute measurably to conserving bird species in some of the world’s most diverse and threatened terrestrial ecosystems. Assessing the effectiveness of protected areas requires sufficient monitoring data inside and outside of protected areas; such data are lacking in many tropical regions. Here the authors use robust citizen science data on bird occupancy to show that protected areas are effective in maintaining bird species diversity across eight tropical biodiversity hotspots.
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50
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Dingkuhn M, Luquet D, Fabre D, Muller B, Yin X, Paul MJ. The case for improving crop carbon sink strength or plasticity for a CO 2-rich future. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 56:259-272. [PMID: 32682621 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 concentration [CO2] has increased from 260 to 280μmolmol-1 (level during crop domestication up to the industrial revolution) to currently 400 and will reach 550μmolmol-1 by 2050. C3 crops are expected to benefit from elevated [CO2] (e-CO2) thanks to photosynthesis responsiveness to [CO2] but this may require greater sink capacity. We review recent literature on crop e-CO2 responses, related source-sink interactions, how abiotic stresses potentially interact, and prospects to improve e-CO2 response via breeding or genetic engineering. Several lines of evidence suggest that e-CO2 responsiveness is related either to sink intrinsic capacity or adaptive plasticity, for example, involving enhanced branching. Wild relatives and old cultivars mostly showed lower photosynthetic rates, less downward acclimation of photosynthesis to e-CO2 and responded strongly to e-CO2 due to greater phenotypic plasticity. While reverting to such archaic traits would be an inappropriate strategy for breeding, we argue that substantial enhancement of vegetative sink vigor, inflorescence size and/or number and root sinks will be necessary to fully benefit from e-CO2. Potential ideotype features based on enhanced sinks are discussed. The generic 'feast-famine' sugar signaling pathway may be suited to engineer sink strength tissue-specifically and stage-specifically and help validate ideotype concepts. Finally, we argue that models better accounting for acclimation to e-CO2 are needed to predict which trait combinations should be targeted by breeders for a CO2-rich world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Denis Fabre
- CIRAD, UMR 108 AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Bertrand Muller
- INRAE, UMR 759 LEPSE, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Dept. Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew J Paul
- Plant Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
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