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Moeed A, Thilmany N, Beck F, Puthussery BK, Ortmann N, Haimovici A, Badr MT, Haghighi EB, Boerries M, Öllinger R, Rad R, Kirschnek S, Gentle IE, Donakonda S, Petric PP, Hummel JF, Pfaffendorf E, Zanetta P, Schell C, Schwemmle M, Weber A, Häcker G. The Caspase-Activated DNase drives inflammation and contributes to defense against viral infection. Cell Death Differ 2024; 31:924-937. [PMID: 38849575 PMCID: PMC11239672 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria react to infection with sub-lethal signals in the apoptosis pathway. Mitochondrial signals can be inflammatory but mechanisms are only partially understood. We show that activation of the caspase-activated DNase (CAD) mediates mitochondrial pro-inflammatory functions and substantially contributes to host defense against viral infection. In cells lacking CAD, the pro-inflammatory activity of sub-lethal signals was reduced. Experimental activation of CAD caused transient DNA-damage and a pronounced DNA damage response, involving major kinase signaling pathways, NF-κB and cGAS/STING, driving the production of interferon, cytokines/chemokines and attracting neutrophils. The transcriptional response to CAD-activation was reminiscent of the reaction to microbial infection. CAD-deficient cells had a diminished response to viral infection. Influenza virus infected CAD-deficient mice displayed reduced inflammation in lung tissue, higher viral titers and increased weight loss. Thus, CAD links the mitochondrial apoptosis system and cell death caspases to host defense. CAD-driven DNA damage is a physiological element of the inflammatory response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Moeed
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nico Thilmany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frederic Beck
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bhagya K Puthussery
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Noemi Ortmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Aladin Haimovici
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Tarek Badr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elham Bavafaye Haghighi
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), partner site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rupert Öllinger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, Department of Medicine II and TranslaTUM Cancer Center; TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, Department of Medicine II and TranslaTUM Cancer Center; TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Kirschnek
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ian E Gentle
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sainitin Donakonda
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp P Petric
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonas F Hummel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Pfaffendorf
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paola Zanetta
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schell
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arnim Weber
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Georg Häcker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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2
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Al-Maiahy TJ, Alexiou A, Mukerjee N, Batiha GES. Prostaglandins and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Covid-19. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022:1-21. [PMID: 36098621 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2122290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In response to different viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2 infection, pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and bioactive lipids are released from infected and immune cells. One of the most critical bioactive lipids is prostaglandins (PGs) which favor perseverance of inflammation leading to chronic inflammation as PGs act as cytokine amplifiers. PGs trigger the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, activate Th cells, recruit immune cells, and increase the expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Therefore, PGs may induce acute and chronic inflammations in various inflammatory disorders and viral infections like SARS-CoV-2. PGs are mainly inhibited by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by blocking cyclooxygenase enzymes (COXs), which involve PG synthesis. NSAIDs reduce inflammation by selective or non-selective blocking activity of COX2 or COX1/2, respectively. In the Covid-19 era, there is a tremendous controversy regarding the use of NSAIDs in the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection. As well, the possible role of PGs in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is not well-defined. Thus, the objective of the present study is to review the potential role of PGs and NSAIDs in Covid-19 in a narrative review regarding the preponderance of assorted views.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Thabat J Al-Maiahy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, AlBeheira
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department Of Gynecology and Obstetrics, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, aghdad, Iraq
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, Australia
| | - Nobendu Mukerjee
- AFNP Med, Wien, Austria
- Department of Microbiology, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, West Bengal, India
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Heber-sham, Australia
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3
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Kessler N, Viehmann SF, Krollmann C, Mai K, Kirschner KM, Luksch H, Kotagiri P, Böhner AM, Huugen D, de Oliveira Mann CC, Otten S, Weiss SA, Zillinger T, Dobrikova K, Jenne DE, Behrendt R, Ablasser A, Bartok E, Hartmann G, Hopfner KP, Lyons PA, Boor P, Rösen-Wolff A, Teichmann LL, Heeringa P, Kurts C, Garbi N. Monocyte-derived macrophages aggravate pulmonary vasculitis via cGAS/STING/IFN-mediated nucleic acid sensing. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213416. [PMID: 35997679 PMCID: PMC9402992 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune vasculitis is a group of life-threatening diseases, whose underlying pathogenic mechanisms are incompletely understood, hampering development of targeted therapies. Here, we demonstrate that patients suffering from anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) showed increased levels of cGAMP and enhanced IFN-I signature. To identify disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets, we developed a mouse model for pulmonary AAV that mimics severe disease in patients. Immunogenic DNA accumulated during disease onset, triggering cGAS/STING/IRF3-dependent IFN-I release that promoted endothelial damage, pulmonary hemorrhages, and lung dysfunction. Macrophage subsets played dichotomic roles in disease. While recruited monocyte-derived macrophages were major disease drivers by producing most IFN-β, resident alveolar macrophages contributed to tissue homeostasis by clearing red blood cells and limiting infiltration of IFN-β-producing macrophages. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of STING, IFNAR-I, or its downstream JAK/STAT signaling reduced disease severity and accelerated recovery. Our study unveils the importance of STING/IFN-I axis in promoting pulmonary AAV progression and identifies cellular and molecular targets to ameliorate disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kessler
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Nina Kessler:
| | - Susanne F. Viehmann
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Calvin Krollmann
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karola Mai
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina M. Kirschner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hella Luksch
- Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Prasanti Kotagiri
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander M.C. Böhner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dennis Huugen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Simon Otten
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefanie A.I. Weiss
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München and University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Zillinger
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kristiyana Dobrikova
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dieter E. Jenne
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München and University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany,Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Planegg-Martinsried, Planegg, Germany
| | - Rayk Behrendt
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea Ablasser
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eva Bartok
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Paul A. Lyons
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Angela Rösen-Wolff
- Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lino L. Teichmann
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Heeringa
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Correspondence to Natalio Garbi:
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4
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Theken KN, Tang SY, Sengupta S, FitzGerald GA. The roles of lipids in SARS-CoV-2 viral replication and the host immune response. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100129. [PMID: 34599996 PMCID: PMC8480132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The significant morbidity and mortality associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection has underscored the need for novel antiviral strategies. Lipids play essential roles in the viral life cycle. The lipid composition of cell membranes can influence viral entry by mediating fusion or affecting receptor conformation. Upon infection, viruses can reprogram cellular metabolism to remodel lipid membranes and fuel the production of new virions. Furthermore, several classes of lipid mediators, including eicosanoids and sphingolipids, can regulate the host immune response to viral infection. Here, we summarize the existing literature on the mechanisms through which these lipid mediators may regulate viral burden in COVID-19. Furthermore, we define the gaps in knowledge and identify the core areas in which lipids offer therapeutic promise for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N Theken
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Oral Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Soon Yew Tang
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shaon Sengupta
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Garret A FitzGerald
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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5
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Lee ACY, Zhang AJ, Li C, Chen Y, Liu F, Zhao Y, Chu H, Fong CHY, Wang P, Lau SY, To KKW, Chen H, Yuen KY. Intradermal vaccination of live attenuated influenza vaccine protects mice against homologous and heterologous influenza challenges. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:95. [PMID: 34349128 PMCID: PMC8339132 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously developed a temperature-sensitive, and NS1 gene deleted live attenuated influenza vaccine (DelNS1-LAIV) and demonstrated its potent protective efficacy in intranasally vaccinated mice. Here we investigated whether intradermal (i.d.) vaccination induces protective immunity. Our results showed that DelNS1-LAIV intradermal vaccination conferred effective and long-lasting protection against lethal virus challenge in mice. A single intradermal injection of DelNS1-LAIV conferred 100% survival with no weight loss in mice after A(H1N1)09 influenza virus (H1N1/415742Md) challenge. DelNS1-LAIV injection resulted in a significant reduction of lung viral load and reduced airway epithelial cell death and lung inflammatory cytokine responses at day 2 and 4 post challenge. Full protections of mice lasted for 6 months after immunization. In vitro infection of DelNS1-LAIV in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) demonstrated activation of antigen-presenting cells at 33 °C, together with the results of abortive replication of DelNS1-LAIV in skin tissue and strong upregulation of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines expression, our results suggested the strong immunogenicity of this vaccine. Further, we demonstrate that the underlying protection mechanism induced by intradermal DelNS1-LAIV is mainly attributed to antibody responses. Together, this study opens up an alternative route for the administration of LAIV, which may benefit individuals not suitable for intranasal LAIV immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chak-Yiu Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anna Jinxia Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Can Li
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanxia Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feifei Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hin Chu
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carol Ho-Yan Fong
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pui Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siu-Ying Lau
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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6
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Prasher P, Sharma M, Gunupuru R. Targeting cyclooxygenase enzyme for the adjuvant COVID-19 therapy. Drug Dev Res 2021; 82:469-473. [PMID: 33496060 PMCID: PMC8013002 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite vigorous efforts, the COVID-19 pandemic continues to take a toll on the global health. The contemporary therapeutic regime focused on the viral spike proteins, viral 3CL protease enzyme, immunomodulation, inhibition of viral replication, and providing a symptomatic relief encouraged the repurposing of drugs to meet the urgency of treatment. Similarly, the representative drugs that proved beneficial to alleviate SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, HIV, ZIKV, H1N1, and malarial infection in the past presented a sturdy candidature for ameliorating the COVID-19 therapeutic doctrine. However, most of the deliberations for developing effective pharmaceuticals proved inconsequential, thereby encouraging the identification of new pathways, and novel pharmaceuticals for capping the COVID-19 infection. The COVID-19 contagion encompasses a burst release of the cytokines that increase the severity of the infection mainly due to heightened immunopathogenicity. The pro-inflammatory metabolites, COX-2, cPLA2, and 5-LOX enzymes involved in their generation, and the substrates that instigate the origination of the innate inflammatory response therefore play an important role in intensifying and worsening of the tissue morbidity related to the coronavirus infection. The deployment of representative drugs for inhibiting these overexpressed immunogenic pathways in the tissues invaded by coronaviruses has been a matter of debate since the inception of the pandemic. The effectiveness of NSAIDs such as Aspirin, Indomethacin, Diclofenac, and Celecoxib in COVID-19 coagulopathy, discouraging the SARS viral replication, the inflammasome deactivation, and synergistic inhibition of H5N1 viral infection with representative antiviral drugs respectively, have provided a silver lining in adjuvant COVID-19 therapy. Since the anti-inflammatory NSAIDs and COXIBs mainly function by reversing the COX-2 overexpression to modulate the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, these drugs present a robust treatment option for COVID-19 infection. This commentary succinctly highlights the various claims that support the status of immunomodulatory NSAIDs, and COXIBs in the adjuvant COVID-19 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parteek Prasher
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of ChemistryGuru Nanak Dev UniversityAmritsarIndia
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Petroleum & Energy StudiesDehradunIndia
| | - Mousmee Sharma
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of ChemistryGuru Nanak Dev UniversityAmritsarIndia
- Department of ChemistryUttaranchal UniversityDehradunIndia
| | - Ravi Gunupuru
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Petroleum & Energy StudiesDehradunIndia
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7
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Dissanayake TK, Yan B, Ng ACK, Zhao H, Chan G, Yip CCY, Sze KH, To KKW. Differential role of sphingomyelin in influenza virus, rhinovirus and SARS-CoV-2 infection of Calu-3 cells. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 33956593 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Host cell lipids play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of respiratory virus infection. However, a direct comparison of the lipidomic profile of influenza virus and rhinovirus infections is lacking. In this study, we first compared the lipid profile of influenza virus and rhinovirus infection in a bronchial epithelial cell line. Most lipid features were downregulated for both influenza virus and rhinovirus, especially for the sphingomyelin features. Pathway analysis showed that sphingolipid metabolism was the most perturbed pathway. Functional study showed that bacterial sphingomyelinase suppressed influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) replication, but promoted rhinovirus replication. These findings suggest that sphingomyelin pathway can be a potential target for antiviral therapy, but should be carefully evaluated as it has opposite effects on different respiratory viruses. Furthermore, the differential effect of sphingomyelinase on rhinovirus and influenza virus may explain the interference between rhinovirus and influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thrimendra Kaushika Dissanayake
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Bingpeng Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Anthony Chin-Ki Ng
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Hanjun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Gabriella Chan
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Cyril Chik-Yan Yip
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Kong-Hung Sze
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China.,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
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8
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9
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Lee ACY, Zhang AJ, Chan JFW, Li C, Fan Z, Liu F, Chen Y, Liang R, Sridhar S, Cai JP, Poon VKM, Chan CCS, To KKW, Yuan S, Zhou J, Chu H, Yuen KY. Oral SARS-CoV-2 Inoculation Establishes Subclinical Respiratory Infection with Virus Shedding in Golden Syrian Hamsters. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2020; 1:100121. [PMID: 32984855 PMCID: PMC7508015 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is transmitted largely by respiratory droplets or airborne aerosols. Despite being frequently found in the immediate environment and feces of patients, evidence supporting the oral acquisition of SARS-CoV-2 is unavailable. Using the Syrian hamster model, we demonstrate that the severity of pneumonia induced by the intranasal inhalation of SARS-CoV-2 increases with virus inoculum. SARS-CoV-2 retains its infectivity in vitro in simulated human-fed-gastric and fasted-intestinal fluid after 2 h. Oral inoculation with the highest intranasal inoculum (105 PFUs) causes mild pneumonia in 67% (4/6) of the animals, with no weight loss. The lung histopathology score and viral load are significantly lower than those infected by the lowest intranasal inoculum (100 PFUs). However, 83% of the oral infections (10/12 hamsters) have a level of detectable viral shedding from oral swabs and feces similar to that of intranasally infected hamsters. Our findings indicate that the oral acquisition of SARS-CoV-2 can establish subclinical respiratory infection with less efficiency. Oral inoculation of SARS-CoV-2 can establish respiratory infection in hamsters Orally infected hamsters do not have body weight loss and signs of disease Orally infected hamsters have a lower viral load and milder inflammation in lung Orally and intranasally infected hamsters have comparable level of virus shedding
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chak-Yiu Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Anna Jinxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Can Li
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zhimeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Feifei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yanxia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ronghui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Siddharth Sridhar
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jian-Piao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Vincent Kwok-Man Poon
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chris Chung-Sing Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hin Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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10
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Perricone C, Triggianese P, Bartoloni E, Cafaro G, Bonifacio AF, Bursi R, Perricone R, Gerli R. The anti-viral facet of anti-rheumatic drugs: Lessons from COVID-19. J Autoimmun 2020; 111:102468. [PMID: 32317220 PMCID: PMC7164894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has posed the world at a pandemic risk. Coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, which causes pneumonia, requires intensive care unit hospitalization in about 10% of cases and can lead to a fatal outcome. Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. In COVID-19 patients a pro-inflammatory status with high levels of interleukin (IL)-1B, IL-1 receptor (R)A and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α has been demonstrated. Moreover, high levels of IL-6 and TNF-α have been observed in patients requiring intensive-care-unit hospitalization. This provided rationale for the use of anti-rheumatic drugs as potential treatments for this severe viral infection. Other agents, such as hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine might have a direct anti-viral effect. The anti-viral aspect of immunosuppressants towards a variety of viruses has been known since long time and it is herein discussed in the view of searching for a potential treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Perricone
- Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazzale Giorgio Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paola Triggianese
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of "Medicina dei Sistemi", University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Bartoloni
- Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazzale Giorgio Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giacomo Cafaro
- Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazzale Giorgio Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angelo F Bonifacio
- Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazzale Giorgio Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Bursi
- Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazzale Giorgio Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Perricone
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of "Medicina dei Sistemi", University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Gerli
- Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazzale Giorgio Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy.
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11
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Lianhua-Qingwen Displays Antiviral and Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Synergistic Effects with Oseltamivir against Influenza B Virus Infection in the Mouse Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3196375. [PMID: 32565852 PMCID: PMC7293728 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3196375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Influenza B virus (IBV) is one of the main pathogens of the annual influenza epidemic, and the disease burden is significant, especially among children and young teenagers. In this study, the antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects of a traditional Chinese medicine prescription, the Lianhua-Qingwen capsule, were evaluated. Our results showed that Lianhua-Qingwen capsule can inhibit both Victoria and Yamagata lineages, and the 50% inhibitive concentrations ranged from 0.228 ± 0.150 to 0.754 ± 0.161 mg/mL. The time course results demonstrated that IBV yields were reduced with treatment at 0–4 h after infection, and the mechanistic research verified that Lianhua-Qingwen capsule has hemagglutination inhibition activity against B/Guangzhou/0215/2012 but not A/California/04/2009. In addition to antiviral activity, Lianhua-Qingwen capsule can also inhibit excessive expression of RANTES, IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, TNF-α, MCP-1, MIP-1β, and IFN-λ at the mRNA level and prevent a severe inflammatory response. The in vivo results confirmed that orally administered Lianhua-Qingwen capsule (100–400 mg/kg/day) does not reduce IBV-induced lung viral load and mortality in mice. However, the pathological change in lungs was alleviated, and there were fewer inflammatory cells in the lungs of Lianhua-Qingwen capsule treated mice than those in controls. Further research confirmed that the combination treatment of 200 mg/kg/day of Lianhua-Qingwen capsule with 2 mg/kg/day of oseltamivir significantly reduced IBV infection over the individual administration of either alone in vivo. Our findings prove that Lianhua-Qingwen capsule could be used as an assistant medicine to enhance the effect of oseltamivir against influenza B virus infection.
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12
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Capuano A, Scavone C, Racagni G, Scaglione F. NSAIDs in patients with viral infections, including Covid-19: Victims or perpetrators? Pharmacol Res 2020; 157:104849. [PMID: 32360482 PMCID: PMC7189871 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Taking anti-inflammatory drugs, including non-steroidal (NSAIDs), during Covid-19 infection, how much is risky? The French Minister of Health, who has raised an alarm on a possible risk deriving from the use of ibuprofen for the control of fever and other symptoms during the disease, opened the debate a few days ago. In this paper we examine available evidence from preclinical and clinical studies that had analysed the role of COX in the inflammatory process and the effects of NSAIDs in patients with infections. Most of the published studies that suggested not protective effects of NSAIDs were mainly performed in vitro or on animals. Therefore, their meaning in humans is to be considered with great caution. Based also on data suggesting protective effects of NSAIDs, we concluded that currently there is no evidence suggesting a correlation between NSAIDs and a worsening of infections. Further studies will be certainly needed to better define the role of NSAIDs and particularly COX2 inhibitors in patients with infections. In the meantime, we must wait for results of the revision started by the PRAC on May 2019 on the association ibuprofen/ketoprofen and worsening of infections. Since nowadays no scientific evidence establishes a correlation between NSAIDS and worsening of COVID-19, patients should be advice against any NSAIDs self-medication when COVID-19 like symptoms are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Capuano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; Regional Centre of Pharmacogilance, Campania Region, Naples, Italy.
| | - Cristina Scavone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; Regional Centre of Pharmacogilance, Campania Region, Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgio Racagni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Scaglione
- Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Clinical Pharmacology Unit, ASST-GOM Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
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13
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Zhang H, Li H, Wang W, Wang Y, Han GZ, Chen H, Wang X. A unique feature of swine ANP32A provides susceptibility to avian influenza virus infection in pigs. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008330. [PMID: 32084248 PMCID: PMC7055917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the replication and transcription of the influenza virus are catalyzed by the viral polymerase complex. The polymerases of most avian influenza A viruses have poor performance in mammalian cells, which is considered to be one of the important species barriers. Pigs have been long considered as important intermediate hosts for interspecies transmission of the avian influenza virus, because of their susceptibility to infection with both avian and mammalian influenza viruses. However, the molecular basis of influenza polymerase adaptation in pigs remains largely unknown. ANP32A and ANP32B proteins have been identified as playing fundamental roles in influenza virus replication and host range determination. In this study, we found that swine ANP32A (swANP32A), unlike swine ANP32B or other mammalian ANP32A or B, shows stronger supporting activity to avian viral polymerase. Knockout of ANP32A in pig cells PK15 dramatically reduced avian influenza polymerase activity and viral infectivity, suggesting a unique feature of swANP32A in supporting avian influenza viral polymerase. This species-specific activity is mapped to two key sites, 106V and 156S, in swANP32A. Interestingly, the amino acid 106V is unique to pigs among all the vertebrate species studied, and when combined with 156S, exhibits positive epistasis in pigs. Mutation of 106V and 156S to the signature found in ANP32As from other mammalian species weakened the interaction between swANP32A and chicken viral polymerase, and reduced polymerase activity. Understanding the molecular basis of ANP32 proteins may help to discover new antiviral targets and design avian influenza resistant genome edited pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guan-Zhu Han
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- * E-mail:
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14
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Zhang AJX, Zhu H, Chen Y, Li C, Li C, Chu H, Gozali L, Lee ACY, To KKW, Hung IFN, Yuen KY. Prostaglandin E2-Mediated Impairment of Innate Immune Response to A(H1N1)pdm09 Infection in Diet-Induced Obese Mice Could Be Restored by Paracetamol. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:795-807. [PMID: 30202973 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with increased severity of influenza infection. However, the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. METHODS We employed a mouse model with diet-induced obesity (DIO) to study the innate immune responses induced by influenza virus. RESULTS The lungs of DIO mice were heavily affected by obesity-associated chronic systemic inflammation with a significant increase in inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. Concurrently, lipid immune mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was also significantly elevated in DIO mice. However, the DIO mice mounted a blunted and delayed upregulation of mRNA and protein concentrations of interferon-β and inflammatory cytokines/chemokines upon A(H1N1)pdm09 virus (H1N1/415742Md) challenge compared with those of lean mice. PGE2 concentrations were significantly higher in the lungs of DIO mice compared to that of lean mice postchallenge. Treatment with paracetamol in challenged DIO mice significantly enhanced the expression of interferon-α/β and cytokine genes at days 1 and 3 postinfection compared with that of untreated DIO mice. Furthermore, paracetamol treatment alone started 3 days before virus challenge and continued until 6 days postchallenge ameliorated the severity of a lethal H1N1/415742Md infection in DIO mice with improved survival. CONCLUSIONS Impaired innate response to influenza in DIO mice is associated with elevated PGE2, which could be restored to some degree by paracetamol treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J X Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Houshun Zhu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanxia Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chuangen Li
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Can Li
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hin Chu
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leonardi Gozali
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrew C Y Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelvin K W To
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ivan F N Hung
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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15
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Lui WY, Yuen CK, Li C, Wong WM, Lui PY, Lin CH, Chan KH, Zhao H, Chen H, To KKW, Zhang AJX, Yuen KY, Kok KH. SMRT sequencing revealed the diversity and characteristics of defective interfering RNAs in influenza A (H7N9) virus infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:662-674. [PMID: 31084471 PMCID: PMC6534226 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1611346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Influenza defective interfering (DI) particles are replication-incompetent viruses carrying large internal deletion in the genome. The loss of essential genetic information causes abortive viral replication, which can be rescued by co-infection with a helper virus that possesses an intact genome. Despite reports of DI particles present in seasonal influenza A H1N1 infections, their existence in human infections by the avian influenza A viruses, such as H7N9, has not been studied. Here we report the ubiquitous presence of DI-RNAs in nasopharyngeal aspirates of H7N9-infected patients. Single Molecule Real Time (SMRT) sequencing was first applied and long-read sequencing analysis showed that a variety of H7N9 DI-RNA species were present in the patient samples and human bronchial epithelial cells. In several abundantly expressed DI-RNA species, long overlapping sequences have been identified around at the breakpoint region and the other side of deleted region. Influenza DI-RNA is known as a defective viral RNA with single large internal deletion. Beneficial to the long-read property of SMRT sequencing, double and triple internal deletions were identified in half of the DI-RNA species. In addition, we examined the expression of DI-RNAs in mice infected with sublethal dose of H7N9 virus at different time points. Interestingly, DI-RNAs were abundantly expressed as early as day 2 post-infection. Taken together, we reveal the diversity and characteristics of DI-RNAs found in H7N9-infected patients, cells and animals. Further investigations on this overwhelming generation of DI-RNA may provide important insights into the understanding of H7N9 viral replication and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Yu Lui
- a Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Kit Yuen
- a Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China
| | - Can Li
- a Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China
| | - Wan Man Wong
- a Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China
| | - Pak-Yin Lui
- a Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China
| | - Chi-Ho Lin
- b Center for Genome Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China
| | - Kwok-Hung Chan
- a Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China.,c State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China.,d Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China.,e Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China
| | - Hanjun Zhao
- a Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China.,c State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China.,d Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China.,e Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China
| | - Honglin Chen
- a Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China
| | - Kelvin K W To
- a Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China.,c State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China.,d Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China.,e Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China
| | - Anna J X Zhang
- a Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China.,c State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China.,d Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China.,e Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- a Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China.,c State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China.,d Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China.,e Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China
| | - Kin-Hang Kok
- a Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China
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16
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Littauer EQ, Skountzou I. Hormonal Regulation of Physiology, Innate Immunity and Antibody Response to H1N1 Influenza Virus Infection During Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2455. [PMID: 30420854 PMCID: PMC6215819 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2009, the H1N1 swine flu pandemic highlighted the vulnerability of pregnant women to influenza viral infection. Pregnant women infected with influenza A virus were at increased risk of hospitalization and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is associated with high mortality, while their newborns had an increased risk of pre-term birth or low birth weight. Pregnant women have a unique immunological profile modulated by the sex hormones required to maintain pregnancy, namely progesterone and estrogens. The role of these hormones in coordinating maternal immunotolerance in uterine tissue and cellular subsets has been well researched; however, these hormones have wide-ranging effects outside the uterus in modulating the immune response to disease. In this review, we compile research findings in the clinic and in animal models that elaborate on the unique features of H1N1 influenza A viral pathogenesis during pregnancy, the crosstalk between innate immune signaling and hormonal regulation during pregnancy, and the role of pregnancy hormones in modulating cellular responses to influenza A viral infection at mid-gestation. We highlight the ways in which lung architecture and function is stressed by pregnancy, increasing baseline inflammation prior to infection. We demonstrate that infection disrupts progesterone production and upregulates inflammatory mediators, such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandins, resulting in pre-term labor and spontaneous abortions. Lastly, we profile the ways in which pregnancy alters innate and adaptive cellular immune responses to H1N1 influenza viral infection, and the ways in which these protect fetal development at the expense of effective long-term immune memory. Thus, we highlight advancements in the field of reproductive immunology in response to viral infection and illustrate how that knowledge might be used to develop more effective post-infection therapies and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Q Littauer
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ioanna Skountzou
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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17
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Yip TF, Selim ASM, Lian I, Lee SMY. Advancements in Host-Based Interventions for Influenza Treatment. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1547. [PMID: 30042762 PMCID: PMC6048202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a major acute respiratory infection that causes mortality and morbidity worldwide. Two classes of conventional antivirals, M2 ion channel blockers and neuraminidase inhibitors, are mainstays in managing influenza disease to lessen symptoms while minimizing hospitalization and death in patients with severe influenza. However, the development of viral resistance to both drug classes has become a major public health concern. Vaccines are prophylaxis mainstays but are limited in efficacy due to the difficulty in matching predicted dominant viral strains to circulating strains. As such, other potential interventions are being explored. Since viruses rely on host cellular functions to replicate, recent therapeutic developments focus on targeting host factors involved in virus replication. Besides controlling virus replication, potential targets for drug development include controlling virus-induced host immune responses such as the recently suggested involvement of innate lymphoid cells and NADPH oxidases in influenza virus pathogenesis and immune cell metabolism. In this review, we will discuss the advancements in novel host-based interventions for treating influenza disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz-Fung Yip
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Aisha Sami Mohammed Selim
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ida Lian
- School of Life Sciences and Chemical Technology, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Suki Man-Yan Lee
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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18
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Triple combination of FDA-approved drugs including flufenamic acid, clarithromycin and zanamivir improves survival of severe influenza in mice. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2349-2358. [PMID: 29736671 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3852-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza virus remains a common cause of mortality despite the use of neuraminidase inhibitors. This study evaluated the efficacy of a triple combination of zanamivir, clarithromycin and flufenamic acid (FFA) in the treatment of influenza virus A(H1N1) infection. An in vitro cell protection assay and a multiple-cycle growth assay showed that the antiviral activity of zanamivir was enhanced when combined with clarithromycin or FFA. A mouse challenge model was used here for the evaluation of the in vivo efficacy of the triple combination treatment. We found that mice receiving the triple combination of FFA, zanamivir, and clarithromycin had a significantly better survival rate than those receiving the double combination of zanamivir and clarithromycin (88% versus 44%, P = 0.0083) or zanamivir monotherapy (88% versus 26%, P = 0.0002). Mice in the FFA-zanamivir-clarithromycin triple combination group also exhibited significantly less body weight loss than those in the zanamivir-clarithromycin double combination group. There was no significant difference in the lung viral titers among the different groups from day 2 to day 6 postinfection. However, the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and RANTES in the FFA-zanamivir-clarithromycin triple combination group were significantly lower than those in the zanamivir-clarithromycin double combination group, zanamivir monotherapy group, or solvent group on day 2 postinfection. Our findings showed that the FFA-zanamivir-clarithromycin triple combination improved the inflammatory markers and survival of severe influenza A(H1N1) infection in mice.
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To KKW, Lu L, Fong CHY, Wu AKL, Mok KY, Yip CCY, Ke YH, Sze KH, Lau SKP, Hung IFN, Yuen KY. Rhinovirus respiratory tract infection in hospitalized adult patients is associated with T H2 response irrespective of asthma. J Infect 2018; 76:465-474. [PMID: 29454786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed the immunological response of hospitalized adult patients with rhinovirus infection, including critically-ill patients. METHODS The differential white blood cell (WBC) count and the levels of 29 plasma cytokines/chemokines were compared between 50 adult hospitalized patients with rhinovirus infection and 100 age-matched controls with influenza virus infection. RESULTS The demographics and comorbidities were similar between rhinovirus and influenza patients, but severe disease was more common for the rhinovirus cohort. Rhinovirus patients had significantly higher WBC counts than influenza patients, especially for eosinophil (P = 3.1 × 10-8). The level of the TH2 cytokine IL-5 was significantly higher among rhinovirus patients, while the levels of 9 other cytokines/chemokines were significantly lower among rhinovirus patients. The levels of CXCL-10 (IP-10), CCL-2 (MCP-1), IFN-α2, IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-15 remained significantly lower among rhinovirus patients after correction for multiple comparisons. Notably, CXCL-10 had the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) in differentiating rhinovirus from influenza patients (AUC, 0.918). In the patient subgroup without asthma, the difference in the WBC count and cytokine/chemokine levels between rhinovirus and influenza patients remained statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Rhinovirus infection was characterized by a prominent TH2 response, even in patients without asthma. CXCL-10 (IP-10) is a potential biomarker in differentiating rhinovirus from influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin K W To
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carol H Y Fong
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alan K L Wu
- Department of Pathology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Yi Mok
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cyril C Y Yip
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi-Hong Ke
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kong-Hung Sze
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ivan F N Hung
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
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20
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Hui DS, Lee N, Chan PK, Beigel JH. The role of adjuvant immunomodulatory agents for treatment of severe influenza. Antiviral Res 2018; 150:202-216. [PMID: 29325970 PMCID: PMC5801167 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A severe inflammatory immune response with hypercytokinemia occurs in patients hospitalized with severe influenza, such as avian influenza A(H5N1), A(H7N9), and seasonal A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infections. The role of immunomodulatory therapy is unclear as there have been limited published data based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Passive immunotherapy such as convalescent plasma and hyperimmune globulin have some studies demonstrating benefit when administered as an adjunctive therapy for severe influenza. Triple combination of oseltamivir, clarithromycin, and naproxen for severe influenza has one study supporting its use, and confirmatory studies would be of great interest. Likewise, confirmatory studies of sirolimus without concomitant corticosteroid therapy should be explored as a research priority. Other agents with potential immunomodulating effects, including non-immune intravenous immunoglobulin, N-acetylcysteine, acute use of statins, macrolides, pamidronate, nitazoxanide, chloroquine, antiC5a antibody, interferons, human mesenchymal stromal cells, mycophenolic acid, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors agonists, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, mesalazine, herbal medicine, and the role of plasmapheresis and hemoperfusion as rescue therapy have supportive preclinical or observational clinical data, and deserve more investigation preferably by RCTs. Systemic corticosteroids administered in high dose may increase the risk of mortality and morbidity in patients with severe influenza and should not be used, while the clinical utility of low dose systemic corticosteroids requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Hui
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Nelson Lee
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Paul K Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - John H Beigel
- Leidos Biomedical Research Inc, Support to National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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21
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Zhou J, Guo X, Fang D, Yu Y, Si L, Wang Y, Zeng G, Yan H, Wu J, Ke C, Jiang L. Avian Influenza A (H7N9) viruses isolated from patients with mild and fatal infection differ in pathogenicity and induction of cytokines. Microb Pathog 2017; 111:402-409. [PMID: 28826765 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since 2013, a novel Influenza A (H7N9) virus strain has continued to circulate within poultry and causing human disease. Influenza A (H7N9) virus results in two types of infection: mild and severe. The different results of clinical findings may be related with host susceptibility and characteristics of the virus itself. In order to investigate potential pathogenesis of Influenza A (H7N9) virus, we performed pathogenecity and cytokines analysis of two isolates, A/Guangdong/6/2013 H7N9 virus (GD-6) from a patient with a mild infection, and A/Guangdong/7/2013 H7N9 virus (GD-7) from a patient with a fatal infection. We found that GD-7 replicated to higher levels than GD-6 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), lung tissues, and mice. Furthermore, GD-7 infection resulted in more severe lung damage in mice lung tissues than GD-6 infection. GD-7 elicited higher levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) than GD-6 did. In conclusion, GD-7 was more pathogenic and induced higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines than GD-6 did.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Tropic Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Xiaolan Guo
- Key Laboratory for Tropic Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Teaching Center of Biology Experiment, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Danyun Fang
- Key Laboratory for Tropic Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yufeng Yu
- Key Laboratory for Tropic Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Lulu Si
- Key Laboratory for Tropic Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory for Tropic Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Gucheng Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Tropic Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Huijun Yan
- Key Laboratory for Tropic Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Microbiology Laboratory, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Changwen Ke
- Microbiology Laboratory, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 511430, China.
| | - Lifang Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Tropic Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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22
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Danqi B, Li Z, Liu Q, Richt JA. H7N9 avian influenza A virus in China: a short report on its circulation, drug resistant mutants and novel antiviral drugs. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2017; 15:723-727. [PMID: 28692316 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1353419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The first human H7N9 avian influenza virus case was reported in Shanghai in 2013. Shortly thereafter, this virus spread to other regions in China. Molecular analysis indicated that the H7N9 virus is a reassortant virus containing internal genes from the H9N2 virus and previously described mammalian adaption markers, which could allow the virus to adapt efficiently to a mammalian host. Fortunately, there is no evidence of sustained person-to-person spread. Most of the human H7N9 cases have a history of exposure to live poultry markets (LPMs). The circulating H7N9 were low pathogenic viruses, however highly pathogenic H7N9 viruses were recently identified in human cases. Areas covered: In the present article, the circulation of H7N9 in LPMs of China, the five waves of H7N9 infection in humans, recently identified drug resistant mutants and potential antiviral drugs against H7N9 are discussed; this may provide further understanding of the evolution and pandemic potential of the H7N9 influenza viruses. Expert commentary: All the data reveal that the major source of H7N9 viruses are LPMs and the H7N9 virus is still circulating widely in China. It is concerning that the recent emergence of highly pathogenic H7N9 viruses may result in highly transmissible viruses in mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Danqi
- a Department of Avian Diseases , Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai , People's Republic of China.,b College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University , Hohhot , People's Republic of China
| | - Zejun Li
- a Department of Avian Diseases , Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Qinfang Liu
- a Department of Avian Diseases , Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Juergen A Richt
- c Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan , KS , USA
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23
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Lee ACY, To KKW, Zhu H, Chu H, Li C, Mak WWN, Zhang AJX, Yuen KY. Avian influenza virus A H7N9 infects multiple mononuclear cell types in peripheral blood and induces dysregulated cytokine responses and apoptosis in infected monocytes. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:922-934. [PMID: 28555541 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most patients with avian influenza A H7N9 virus (H7N9) infection suffer from severe illness, accompanied by dysregulated cytokine/chemokine response, delayed viral clearance and impaired neutralizing antibody response. Here, we evaluated the role of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in the pathogenesis of H7N9 infection using an ex vivo infection model. H7N9 infected a significantly higher percentage of PBMCs (23.9 %) than those of avian influenza A H5N1 virus (H5N1) (12.3 %) and pandemic H1N1 virus (pH1N1) (5.5 %) (P<0.01). H7N9 infected significantly more B and T lymphocytes than H5N1. When compared with pH1N1, H7N9-infected PBMCs had significantly higher mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferons (IFNs) at 6 h post-infection (p.i.), but significantly lower levels of IFN-γ and IP-10 at 12 h p.i. Among the PBMCs, CD14+ monocytes were most permissive to H7N9 infection. The percentage of infected CD14+ monocytes was significantly higher for H7N9 than that of pH1N1, but not significantly different from that of H5N1. H7N9-infected monocytes showed higher expression of MIP-1α, MIP-1β and RANTES than that of pH1N1 at 6 h p.i. H7N9- but not pH1N1-infected monocytes died rapidly via apoptosis. Furthermore, pH1N1- but not H7N9-infected monocytes showed increased expression of the monocyte activation and differentiation markers. Unlike pH1N1, H7N9 showed similar PBMC/monocyte cytokine/chemokine expression profile, monocyte cell death and expression of activation/differentiation markers to H5N1. Besides proinflammatory cytokine activation leading to a cytokine storm, impaired IFN-γ production, rapid monocytic death and lack of monocyte differentiation may affect the ability of H7N9-infected innate immune cells to recruit protective adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Y Lee
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Kelvin K W To
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Houshun Zhu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Hin Chu
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Can Li
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Winger W N Mak
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Anna J X Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
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24
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Awogbindin IO, Olaleye DO, Farombi EO. Mechanistic perspective of the oxido-immunopathologic resolution property of kolaviron in mice influenza pneumonitis. APMIS 2017; 125:184-196. [PMID: 28116826 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Implicated in influenza-associated pathology are innate defence overzealousness and unabated secretion of oxidative tissue-sensitive antimicrobial agents. At different time points, mice were pre-treated with kolaviron (400 mg/kg), a natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, and subsequently challenged with 2 LD50 influenza A/H3N2/Perth/16/09 virus. After euthanasia at day 6, blood, lungs, liver and spleen were collected and processed for biochemical, immunohistochemical and flow cytometric assessment of redo-inflammatory imbalance, cytokine storm indices and T helper 1 host response. Previously kolaviron was reported to delay mortality onset, improve morbidity and attenuate myeloperoxidase activity and nitric oxide production with minimal impact on viral clearance. This study additionally confirmed nitric oxide, but not hydrogen peroxide, as the major culprit implicated in influenza virus-induced oxido-pathology. Systemic effect of the sustained inflammation and nitrosative stress was more prominent in the spleen and lung than in the liver of mice infected with A/H3N2/Perth/16/09. Influential to immunopathology was heightened pulmonary expression of IL-1β, RANTES, IL-10, MCP-1, NF-κB, iNOS and COX-2. However, kolaviron combated the influenza-established nitrative stress, reversed the elicited cytokine storm and restored the oxidized environment to a reductive milieu. Our data also suggest that kolaviron administration early in infection may foster CD4+ response. These data indicate that kolaviron may confer disease-dwindling properties during acute influenza infection via a system-wide protective approach involving multiple targets especially at the early stage of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David O Olaleye
- Department of Virology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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25
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Liu Q, Liu Y, Yang J, Huang X, Han K, Zhao D, Bi K, Li Y. Two Genetically Similar H9N2 Influenza A Viruses Show Different Pathogenicity in Mice. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1737. [PMID: 27867373 PMCID: PMC5096341 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 Avian influenza virus has repeatedly infected humans and other mammals, which highlights the need to determine the pathogenicity and the corresponding mechanism of this virus for mammals. In this study, we found two H9N2 viruses with similar genetic background but with different pathogenicity in mice. The A/duck/Nanjing/06/2003 (NJ06) virus was highly pathogenic for mice, with a 50% mouse lethal dose (MLD50) of 102.83 50% egg infectious dose (EID50), whereas the A/duck/Nanjing/01/1999 (NJ01) virus was low pathogenic for mice, with a MLD50 of >106.81 EID50. Further studies showed that the NJ06 virus grew faster and reached significantly higher titers than NJ01 in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, the NJ06 virus induced more severe lung lesions, and higher levels of inflammatory cellular infiltration and cytokine response in lungs than NJ01 did. However, only 12 different amino acid residues (HA-K157E, NA-A9T, NA-R435K, PB2-T149P, PB2-K627E, PB1-R187K, PA-L548M, PA-M550L, NP-G127E, NP-P277H, NP-D340N, NS1-D171N) were found between the two viruses, and all these residues except for NA-R435K were located in the known functional regions involved in interaction of viral proteins or between the virus and host factors. Summary, our results suggest that multiple amino acid differences may be responsible for the higher pathogenicity of the NJ06 virus for mice, resulting in lethal infection, enhanced viral replication, severe lung lesions, and excessive inflammatory cellular infiltration and cytokine response in lungs. These observations will be helpful for better understanding the pathogenic potential and the corresponding molecular basis of H9N2 viruses that might pose threats to human health in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Yuzhuo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Xinmei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Kaikai Han
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Dongmin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Keran Bi
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Yin Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
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Peripheral Leukocyte Migration in Ferrets in Response to Infection with Seasonal Influenza Virus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157903. [PMID: 27315117 PMCID: PMC4912066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to better understand inflammation associated with influenza virus infection, we measured cell trafficking, via flow cytometry, to various tissues in the ferret model following infection with an A(H3N2) human seasonal influenza virus (A/Perth/16/2009). Changes in immune cells were observed in the blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and spleen, as well as lymph nodes associated with the site of infection or distant from the respiratory system. Nevertheless clinical symptoms were mild, with circulating leukocytes exhibiting rapid, dynamic, and profound changes in response to infection. Each of the biological compartments examined responded differently to influenza infection. Two days after infection, when infected ferrets showed peak fever, a marked, transient lymphopenia and granulocytosis were apparent in all infected animals. Both draining and distal lymph nodes demonstrated significant accumulation of T cells, B cells, and granulocytes at days 2 and 5 post-infection. CD8+ T cells significantly increased in spleen at days 2 and 5 post-infection; CD4+ T cells, B cells and granulocytes significantly increased at day 5. We interpret our findings as showing that lymphocytes exit the peripheral blood and differentially home to lymph nodes and tissues based on cell type and proximity to the site of infection. Monitoring leukocyte homing and trafficking will aid in providing a more detailed view of the inflammatory impact of influenza virus infection.
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27
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To KKW, Lau CCY, Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Chan JFW, Chan KH, Zhang AJX, Chen H, Yuen KY. Human H7N9 virus induces a more pronounced pro-inflammatory cytokine but an attenuated interferon response in human bronchial epithelial cells when compared with an epidemiologically-linked chicken H7N9 virus. Virol J 2016; 13:42. [PMID: 26975414 PMCID: PMC4791762 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0498-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian influenza virus H7N9 has jumped species barrier, causing sporadic human infections since 2013. We have previously isolated an H7N9 virus from a patient, and an H7N9 virus from a chicken in a live poultry market where the patient visited during the incubation period. These two viruses were genetically highly similar. This study sought to use a human bronchial epithelial cell line model to infer the virulence of these H7N9 viruses in humans. Methods Human bronchial epithelial cell line Calu-3 was infected with two H7N9 viruses (human H7N9-HU and chicken H7N9-CK), a human H5N1 virus and a human 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus. The infected cell lysate was collected at different time points post-infection for the determination of the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α] and interleukin 6 [IL-6]), anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 10 [IL-10] and transforming growth factor beta [TGF-β]), chemokines (interleukin 8 [IL-8] and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 [MCP-1]), and interferons (interferon β [IFN-β] and interferon lambda 1 [IFNL1]). The viral load in the cell lysate was also measured. Results Comparison of the human and chicken H7N9 viruses showed that H7N9-HU induced significantly higher levels of TNF-α at 12 h post-infection, and significantly higher levels of IL-8 from 12 to 48 h post-infection than those of H7N9-CK. However, the level of IFNL1 was lower for H7N9-HU than that of H7N9-CK at 48 h post-infection (P < 0.001). H7N9-HU had significantly higher viral loads than H7N9-CK at 3 and 6 h post-infection. H5N1 induced significantly higher levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and MCP-1 than those of H7N9 viruses at 48 h post-infection. Conversely, H1N1 induced lower levels of TNF-α, IL-10, MCP-1, IFNL1 and IFN-β when compared with H7N9 viruses at the same time point. Conclusions H7N9-HU induced higher levels of pro-inflammatory IL-6 and IL-8 and exhibited a more rapid viral replication than H7N9-CK. However, the level of antiviral IFNL1 was lower for H7N9-HU than H7N9-CK. Our results suggest that the gained properties in modulating human innate immunity by H7N9-HU transformed it to be a more virulent virus in humans than H7N9-CK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin K W To
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Candy C Y Lau
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jasper F W Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kwok-Hung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Anna J X Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. .,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. .,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
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Suboptimal Humoral Immune Response against Influenza A(H7N9) Virus Is Related to Its Internal Genes. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:1235-43. [PMID: 26446420 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00443-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A(H7N9) virus pneumonia is associated with a high case fatality rate in humans. Multiple viral factors have been postulated to account for the high virulence of the virus. It has been reported that patients with influenza A(H7N9) virus infection have relatively low titers of neutralizing antibodies compared to those with seasonal influenza virus infections. In this study, we compared serum hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (MN) antibody titers of mice challenged with wild-type A(H7N9) viruses [H7N9(Anhui) and H7N9(Zhejiang)], an A(H1N1)pdm09 virus [pH1N1(2009)], and a recombinant A(H7N9) virus with PR8/H1N1 internal genes (rg-PR8-H7-N9). All mice infected by H7N9(Anhui) and H7N9(Zhejiang) developed serum HI antibodies at 14 days postinfection (dpi) but no detectable MN antibodies, even at 28 dpi. A low level of neutralizing activity was detected in H7N9(Anhui)- and H7N9(Zhejiang)-infected mice using fluorescent focus MN assay, but convalescent-phase serum samples obtained from H7N9(Anhui)-infected mice did not reduce the mortality of naive mice after homologous virus challenge. Reinfection with homologous A(H7N9) virus induced higher HI and MN titers than first infection. In contrast, pH1N1(2009) virus infection induced robust HI and MN antibody responses, even during the first infection. Moreover, rg-PR8-H7-N9 induced significantly higher HI and MN antibody titers than H7N9(Zhejiang). In conclusion, the internal genes of A(H7N9) virus can affect the humoral immune response against homologous viral surface proteins, which may also contribute to the virulence of A(H7N9) virus.
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Zhang S, Gu D, Ouyang X, Xie W. Proinflammatory effects of the hemagglutinin protein of the avian influenza A (H7N9) virus and microRNA‑mediated homeostasis response in THP‑1 cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6241-6. [PMID: 26238163 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathology and immunological responses to hemagglutinin (HA) from H7N9 avian influenza viruses in humans remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the proinflammatory activity of the HA protein obtained from H7N9 viruses and the mechanisms underlying the homeostasis of microRNAs (miRNAs) in response to inflammatory stimuli. The expression of proinflammatory factors and miRNAs was assayed in the THP‑1 cells using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results showed that HA significantly increased the expression of interleukin (IL)‑1α, IL‑1β and IL‑6 in the THP‑1 cells. Furthermore, HA and lipopolysaccharide exhibited synergic effects on the expression of IL‑1α, IL‑1β and IL‑6 in the THP‑1 cells. Let‑7e can target IL‑6 and inhibit its expression. Notably, HA significantly increased let‑7e expression in THP‑1 cells and decreased the let‑7e levels in the medium. However, the knockdown of toll‑like receptor 4 (TLR4) significantly attenuated the effects of HA. These results indicate that the HA can induce inflammatory stress and may trigger an miRNA‑mediated homeostasis response to this stress. The effects of HA appeared to be mediated by the TLR4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Health Science and Technology, Division of Life Science & Health, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China
| | - Dayong Gu
- Central Laboratory of Health Quarantine, International Travel Health Care Center, Shenzhen Entry-exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxi Ouyang
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Xie
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Health Science and Technology, Division of Life Science & Health, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China
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Pleiotropic Effects of Levofloxacin, Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics, against Influenza Virus-Induced Lung Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130248. [PMID: 26086073 PMCID: PMC4473075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) are major pathogenic molecules produced during viral lung infections, including influenza. While fluoroquinolones are widely used as antimicrobial agents for treating a variety of bacterial infections, including secondary infections associated with the influenza virus, it has been reported that they also function as anti-oxidants against ROS and as a NO regulator. Therefore, we hypothesized that levofloxacin (LVFX), one of the most frequently used fluoroquinolone derivatives, may attenuate pulmonary injuries associated with influenza virus infections by inhibiting the production of ROS species such as hydroxyl radicals and neutrophil-derived NO that is produced during an influenza viral infection. The therapeutic impact of LVFX was examined in a PR8 (H1N1) influenza virus-induced lung injury mouse model. ESR spin-trapping experiments indicated that LVFX showed scavenging activity against neutrophil-derived hydroxyl radicals. LVFX markedly improved the survival rate of mice that were infected with the influenza virus in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the LVFX treatment resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the level of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (a marker of oxidative stress) and nitrotyrosine (a nitrative marker) in the lungs of virus-infected mice, and the nitrite/nitrate ratio (NO metabolites) and IFN-γ in BALF. These results indicate that LVFX may be of substantial benefit in the treatment of various acute inflammatory disorders such as influenza virus-induced pneumonia, by inhibiting inflammatory cell responses and suppressing the overproduction of NO in the lungs.
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Graham AC, Temple RM, Obar JJ. Mast cells and influenza a virus: association with allergic responses and beyond. Front Immunol 2015; 6:238. [PMID: 26042121 PMCID: PMC4435071 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a widespread infectious agent commonly found in mammalian and avian species. In humans, IAV is a respiratory pathogen that causes seasonal infections associated with significant morbidity in young and elderly populations, and has a large economic impact. Moreover, IAV has the potential to cause both zoonotic spillover infection and global pandemics, which have significantly greater morbidity and mortality across all ages. The pathology associated with these pandemic and spillover infections appear to be the result of an excessive inflammatory response leading to severe lung damage, which likely predisposes the lungs for secondary bacterial infections. The lung is protected from pathogens by alveolar epithelial cells, endothelial cells, tissue resident alveolar macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells. The importance of mast cells during bacterial and parasitic infections has been extensively studied; yet, the role of these hematopoietic cells during viral infections is only beginning to emerge. Recently, it has been shown that mast cells can be directly activated in response to IAV, releasing mediators such histamine, proteases, leukotrienes, inflammatory cytokines, and antiviral chemokines, which participate in the excessive inflammatory and pathological response observed during IAV infections. In this review, we will examine the relationship between mast cells and IAV, and discuss the role of mast cells as a potential drug target during highly pathological IAV infections. Finally, we proposed an emerging role for mast cells in other viral infections associated with significant host pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Graham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT , USA
| | - Rachel M Temple
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT , USA
| | - Joshua J Obar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT , USA
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