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Lim X. How do you make salty water drinkable? The hunt for fresh solutions to a briny problem. Nature 2024; 631:265-267. [PMID: 38965448 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-02073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
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2
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Francis A, Harhay MN, Ong ACM, Tummalapalli SL, Ortiz A, Fogo AB, Fliser D, Roy-Chaudhury P, Fontana M, Nangaku M, Wanner C, Malik C, Hradsky A, Adu D, Bavanandan S, Cusumano A, Sola L, Ulasi I, Jha V. Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:473-485. [PMID: 38570631 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-024-00820-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Early detection is a key strategy to prevent kidney disease, its progression and related complications, but numerous studies show that awareness of kidney disease at the population level is low. Therefore, increasing knowledge and implementing sustainable solutions for early detection of kidney disease are public health priorities. Economic and epidemiological data underscore why kidney disease should be placed on the global public health agenda - kidney disease prevalence is increasing globally and it is now the seventh leading risk factor for mortality worldwide. Moreover, demographic trends, the obesity epidemic and the sequelae of climate change are all likely to increase kidney disease prevalence further, with serious implications for survival, quality of life and health care spending worldwide. Importantly, the burden of kidney disease is highest among historically disadvantaged populations that often have limited access to optimal kidney disease therapies, which greatly contributes to current socioeconomic disparities in health outcomes. This joint statement from the International Society of Nephrology, European Renal Association and American Society of Nephrology, supported by three other regional nephrology societies, advocates for the inclusion of kidney disease in the current WHO statement on major non-communicable disease drivers of premature mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Francis
- Department of Nephrology, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Meera N Harhay
- Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Albert C M Ong
- Academic Nephrology Unit, Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sri Lekha Tummalapalli
- Division of Healthcare Delivery Science & Innovation, Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, RICORS2040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agnes B Fogo
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Danilo Fliser
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Renal and Hypertensive Disease & Transplant Centre, Saarland University Medical Centre, Homburg, Germany
| | - Prabir Roy-Chaudhury
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Masaomi Nangaku
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Department of Hemodialysis and Apheresis, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christoph Wanner
- Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Renal Research Unit, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Charu Malik
- International Society of Nephrology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Hradsky
- International Society of Nephrology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dwomoa Adu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sunita Bavanandan
- Department of Nephrology, Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ana Cusumano
- Instituto de Nefrologia Pergamino, Pergamino City, Argentina
| | - Laura Sola
- Centro de Hemodiálisis Crónica CASMU-IAMPP, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ifeoma Ulasi
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Vivekanand Jha
- George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, New Delhi, India.
- School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.
- Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
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Mazumder H, Mondol MH, Rahman M, Khan R, Doza S, Unicomb L, Jahan F, Mukhopadhyay A, Makris KC, Caban-Martinez A, Iqbal R, Ahmed F, Creencia L, Shamsudduha M, Mzayek F, Jia C, Zhang H, Musah A, Fleming LE, Mou X, Kovesdy CP, Gribble MO, Naser AM. Sex-Specific Association of Ambient Temperature With Urine Biomarkers in Southwest Coastal Bangladesh. Kidney Int Rep 2024; 9:1860-1875. [PMID: 38899224 PMCID: PMC11184407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Men are vulnerable to ambient heat-related kidney disease burden; however, limited evidence exists on how vulnerable women are when exposed to high ambient heat. We evaluated the sex-specific association between ambient temperature and urine electrolytes, and 24-hour urine total protein, and volume. Methods We pooled a longitudinal 5624 person-visits data of 1175 participants' concentration and 24-hour excretion of urine electrolytes and other biomarkers (24-hour urine total protein and volume) from southwest coastal Bangladesh (Khulna, Satkhira, and Mongla districts) during November 2016 to April 2017. We then spatiotemporally linked ambient temperature data from local weather stations to participants' health outcomes. For evaluating the relationships between average ambient temperature and urine electrolytes and other biomarkers, we plotted confounder-adjusted restricted cubic spline (RCS) plots using participant-level, household-level, and community-level random intercepts. We then used piece-wise linear mixed-effects models for different ambient temperature segments determined by inflection points in RCS plots and reported the maximum likelihood estimates and cluster robust standard errors. By applying interaction terms for sex and ambient temperature, we determined the overall significance using the Wald test. Bonferroni correction was used for multiple comparisons. Results The RCS plots demonstrated nonlinear associations between ambient heat and urine biomarkers for males and females. Piecewise linear mixed-effects models suggested that sex did not modify the relationship of ambient temperature with any of the urine parameters after Bonferroni correction (P < 0.004). Conclusion Our findings suggest that women are as susceptible to the effects of high ambient temperature exposure as men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoimonty Mazumder
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health; School of Public Health, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Momenul Haque Mondol
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Statistics, University of Barishal, Barishal-8254, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Bangladesh
| | - Rizwana Khan
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Bangladesh
| | - Solaiman Doza
- Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Oregon, USA
| | - Leanne Unicomb
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Bangladesh
| | - Farjana Jahan
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Bangladesh
| | - Ayesha Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health; School of Public Health, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Konstantinos C. Makris
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Alberto Caban-Martinez
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Romaina Iqbal
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Pakistan
| | - Faruk Ahmed
- Department of Engineering Technology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lota Creencia
- College of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Western Philippines University, Palawan, Philippines
| | - Mohammad Shamsudduha
- Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London, London, UK
| | - Fawaz Mzayek
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health; School of Public Health, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chunrong Jia
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health; School of Public Health, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health; School of Public Health, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Anwar Musah
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lora E. Fleming
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, Cornwall, UK
| | - Xichen Mou
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health; School of Public Health, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Csaba P. Kovesdy
- Division of Nephrology, University of Tennessee Health Science Centre, Memphis, Tenessee; USA
| | - Matthew O. Gribble
- Department of Medicine, Division of Occupational, Environmental, and Climate Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Abu Mohd Naser
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health; School of Public Health, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Saha A, Setu S, Das S, Hossain MI, Rahman AHMK, Rahman MM. Decision support system for community managed rainwater harvesting: A case study in the salinity-prone coastal region of Bangladesh. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30455. [PMID: 38774099 PMCID: PMC11106838 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change-induced saline intrusion into both surface and groundwater, extreme weather events, and unregulated water usage are serious threats to the drinking water supply in coastal areas worldwide, especially in least-developed countries. This research developed a data-driven decision-making methodology to evaluate the performance of rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems in the saline-prone southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh. Twenty-five community managed RWH systems, recently piloted in two major coastal districts, were considered the case study to develop and validate this evaluation tool. The evaluation methodology integrates daily water models, lifetime cost analysis, Geographic Information System (GIS)-based parameters supported by the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), and field observation. While the meteorological parameters as well as the hydrological and economic performance were found to be highly suitable, 36 % of the systems showed moderate performance, as challenges remain in ensuring proper operation and maintenance practices at the community level. However, 40 % of the systems showed high performance, with two systems showing very high suitability, which suggests community managed RWH systems as a sustainable adaptation for coastal water supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Saha
- Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Salahuddin Setu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Swadhin Das
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Md Imran Hossain
- Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - AHM Khalequr Rahman
- Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mafizur Rahman
- Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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5
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Damania R, Zaveri E. Hidden toxins: The effects of water quality on pregnancy and infant health. BJOG 2024; 131:535-537. [PMID: 37528058 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.17628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
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Lee SA, Corbett GA, McAuliffe FM. Obstetric care for environmental migrants. Ir J Med Sci 2024; 193:797-812. [PMID: 37715828 PMCID: PMC10961262 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-023-03481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migration due to environmental factors is an international crisis affecting many nations globally. Pregnant people are a vulnerable subgroup of migrants. AIM This article explores the potential effects of environmental migration on pregnancy and aims to draw attention to this rising concern. METHODS Based on the study aim, a semi-structured literature review was performed. The following databases were searched: MEDLine (PubMed) and Google Scholar. The search was originally conducted on 31st January 2021 and repeated on 22nd September 2022. RESULTS Pregnant migrants are at increased risk of mental health disorders, congenital anomalies, preterm birth, and maternal mortality. Pregnancies exposed to natural disasters are at risk of low birth weight, preterm birth, hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes, and mental health morbidity. Along with the health risks, there are additional complex social factors affecting healthcare engagement in this population. CONCLUSION Maternity healthcare providers are likely to provide care for environmental migrants over the coming years. Environmental disasters and migration as individual factors have complex effects on perinatal health, and environmental migrants may be at risk of specific perinatal complications. Obstetricians and maternity healthcare workers should be aware of these challenges and appreciate the individualised and specialised care that these patients require.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhbh A Lee
- National Maternity Hospital, Holles St., Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - Fionnuala M McAuliffe
- National Maternity Hospital, Holles St., Dublin 2, Ireland.
- UCD Perinatal Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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7
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Tsai C, Hoque MA, Vineis P, Ahmed KM, Butler AP. Salinisation of drinking water ponds and groundwater in coastal Bangladesh linked to tropical cyclones. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5211. [PMID: 38433257 PMCID: PMC10909877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54446-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Salinity is a widespread problem along the Asian coast, mainly in reclaimed lands where most people live. These low-lying areas are vulnerable to impacts from tropical cyclone induced storm surges. The role of such surges on the long-term salinity of water resources, particularly the salinisation of drinking water ponds, a key water resource, requires further investigation. Here we show, using high-resolution measurements of pond hydrology and numerical modelling, that episodic inundation events cause the widespread salinisation of surface water and groundwater bodies in coastal areas. Sudden salt fluxes in ponds cause salinity build-up in the underlying sediments and become a source of salinity. Rapid clean-up of drinking ponds immediately after a surge event can significantly minimize these salinity impacts, which are likely to increase under climate change. Our study has implications for coastal land use and water resources management in tropical deltas.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChiSan Tsai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Environmental Systems Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mohammad A Hoque
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- School of the Environment, Geography & Geosciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Adrian P Butler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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8
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Afsar B, Elsurer Afsar R. The dilemma of sodium intake in preeclampsia: beneficial or detrimental? Nutr Rev 2024; 82:437-449. [PMID: 37330671 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a disorder involving de novo development of hypertension plus end organ damage after 20 weeks of gestation. PE is considered to be a heterogeneous disease. There are 2 main types of PE: early-onset (<34 weeks of gestation), which is considered to be a placental disorder and is associated with vasoconstriction, low cardiac output, and placental hypoperfusion and organ damage due to decreased microcirculation to maternal organs; and late-onset PE, which is primarily a disorder of pregnant women with obesity, diabetes, and/or cardiovascular abnormalities. In late-onset PE, there is avid sodium reabsorption by the maternal kidneys, causing hypervolemia and increased cardiac output, along with vasodilatation causing venous congestion of organs. Although PE has been a well-known disease for a long time, it is interesting to note that there is no specific sodium (salt) intake recommendation for these patients. This may be due to the fact that studies since as far back as the 1900s have shown conflicting results, and the reasons for the inconsistent findings have not been fully explained; furthermore, the type of PE in these studies was not specifically defined. Some studies suggest that sodium restriction may be detrimental in early-onset PE, but may be feasible in late-onset PE. To explore this paradox, the current review explains the hemodynamic factors involved in these 2 types of PE, summarizes the findings of the current studies, and highlights the knowledge gaps and the research needed to determine whether increase or restriction of salt or sodium intake is beneficial in different types of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Afsar
- Department of Nephrology, Suleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Rengin Elsurer Afsar
- Department of Nephrology, Suleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
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9
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Dewan SMR, Meem SS, Proma AY, Shahriar M. Dietary Salt Can Be Crucial for Food-Induced Vascular Inflammation. CLINICAL PATHOLOGY (THOUSAND OAKS, VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.) 2024; 17:2632010X241228039. [PMID: 38313416 PMCID: PMC10838034 DOI: 10.1177/2632010x241228039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Salt enhances the taste as well as the nutritional value of food. Besides, several reports are available on the incidence and epidemiology of various illnesses in relation to salt intake. Excessive salt consumption has been found to be linked with high blood pressure, renal disease, and other cardiovascular disorders due to the result of vascular inflammation. Nevertheless, studies aimed at elucidating the molecular processes that produce vascular inflammation have yet to reach their conclusions. This article emphasizes the significance of investigating the mechanisms underlying both acute and chronic vascular inflammation induced by salt. It also explores the logical inferences behind cellular oxidative stress and the role of endothelial dysfunction as the potential initiator of the inflammatory segments that remain poorly understood. It is therefore hypothesized that salt is one of the causes of chronic vascular inflammation such as atherosclerosis. The hypothesis's secrets, when revealed, can help assure cardiovascular health by proactive efforts and the development of appropriate preventative measures, in combination with medication, dietary and lifestyle adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Shahid Meem
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Amrin Yeasin Proma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shahriar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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10
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Wright KN, Melnyk AI, Emont J, Van Dis J. Sustainability in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Obstet Gynecol 2023; 142:1341-1346. [PMID: 37944151 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000005435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Current practices in the U.S. health care industry drive climate change. This review summarizes the vast research on the negative health effects of the climate crisis on patients as relevant to obstetrics and gynecology. We further propose solutions to decarbonize operating rooms, labor and delivery units, and nurseries and neonatal intensive care units through evidence-based reduction in our single-use supply, energy, and water, as well as anesthetic gases and appropriate waste sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly N Wright
- Division of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; the Division of Urogynecology and Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, and NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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11
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Bank TC, Grasch JL, Chung J, Mercer BM, McNeil RB, Parry S, Saade G, Shanks A, Silver RM, Simhan H, Yee LM, Reddy U, Grobman WA, Frey HA. Sodium intake and the development of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2023; 5:101166. [PMID: 37741626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2023.101166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In nonpregnant populations, sodium intake has been associated with the development of chronic hypertension, and sodium restriction has been identified as a strategy to reduce blood pressure. Data regarding the relationship between sodium intake and the development of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are limited and conflicting. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the association between daily periconceptional sodium intake and the risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN This was a secondary analysis of the prospective Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: Monitoring Mothers-To-Be study. Individuals with nonanomalous, singleton pregnancies who completed food frequency questionnaires with recorded sodium intake in the 3 months before pregnancy were included in the analysis. Individuals whose pregnancies did not progress beyond 20 weeks of gestation were excluded from the analysis. Sodium intake was categorized as low (<2 g per day), medium (2 to <3 g per day), or high (≥3 g per day), based on thresholds used in the nonpregnant population. The primary outcome was the development of a new-onset hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, including gestational hypertension; preeclampsia; hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome; superimposed preeclampsia; or eclampsia. Bivariable analyses were performed using Kruskal-Wallis and chi-square tests. Poisson regression was used to estimate adjusted incidence risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals after controlling for potentially confounding factors. RESULTS Among 7458 individuals included in this analysis, 2336 (31%) reported low sodium intake, 2792 (37%) reported medium sodium intake, and 2330 (31%) reported high sodium intake. Individuals with high sodium intake were more likely to have chronic hypertension, to use tobacco, and to be living with obesity. The risk of developing a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy was similar among groups (medium vs low adjusted incidence risk ratio: 1.10 [95% confidence interval, 0.94-1.28]; high vs low adjusted incidence risk ratio: 1.17 [95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.37]). There was no difference in neonatal outcomes by sodium intake, including preterm birth, small-for-gestational-age neonate, and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. CONCLUSION Sodium intake was not associated with the risk of developing a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. This lack of association contrasts with that between sodium intake and hypertension in the nonpregnant state and may reflect differences in the pathophysiology underlying pregnancy- vs non-pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Caroline Bank
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH (Drs Bank, Grasch, Grobman, and Frey).
| | - Jennifer L Grasch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH (Drs Bank, Grasch, Grobman, and Frey)
| | - Judith Chung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (Dr Chung)
| | - Brian M Mercer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The MetroHealth System, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (Dr Mercer)
| | | | - Samuel Parry
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (Dr Parry)
| | - George Saade
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA (Dr Saade)
| | - Anthony Shanks
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN (Dr Shanks)
| | - Robert M Silver
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (Dr Silver)
| | - Hyagriv Simhan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (Dr Simhan)
| | - Lynn M Yee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (Dr Yee)
| | - Uma Reddy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, NY (Dr Reddy)
| | - William A Grobman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH (Drs Bank, Grasch, Grobman, and Frey)
| | - Heather A Frey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH (Drs Bank, Grasch, Grobman, and Frey)
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12
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Kaushal SS, Likens GE, Mayer PM, Shatkay RR, Shelton SA, Grant SB, Utz RM, Yaculak AM, Maas CM, Reimer JE, Bhide SV, Malin JT, Rippy MA. The Anthropogenic Salt Cycle. NATURE REVIEWS. EARTH & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 4:770-784. [PMID: 38515734 PMCID: PMC10953805 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-023-00485-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Increasing salt production and use is shifting the natural balances of salt ions across Earth systems, causing interrelated effects across biophysical systems collectively known as freshwater salinization syndrome. In this Review, we conceptualize the natural salt cycle and synthesize increasing global trends of salt production and riverine salt concentrations and fluxes. The natural salt cycle is primarily driven by relatively slow geologic and hydrologic processes that bring different salts to the surface of the Earth. Anthropogenic activities have accelerated the processes, timescales and magnitudes of salt fluxes and altered their directionality, creating an anthropogenic salt cycle. Global salt production has increased rapidly over the past century for different salts, with approximately 300 Mt of NaCl produced per year. A salt budget for the USA suggests that salt fluxes in rivers can be within similar orders of magnitude as anthropogenic salt fluxes, and there can be substantial accumulation of salt in watersheds. Excess salt propagates along the anthropogenic salt cycle, causing freshwater salinization syndrome to extend beyond freshwater supplies and affect food and energy production, air quality, human health and infrastructure. There is a need to identify environmental limits and thresholds for salt ions and reduce salinization before planetary boundaries are exceeded, causing serious or irreversible damage across Earth systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay S Kaushal
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Gene E Likens
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, USA
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Paul M Mayer
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, OR, USA
| | - Ruth R Shatkay
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sydney A Shelton
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Stanley B Grant
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via Jr Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Manassas, VA, USA
- Center for Coastal Studies, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Alexis M Yaculak
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Carly M Maas
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jenna E Reimer
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Shantanu V Bhide
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via Jr Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Joseph T Malin
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Megan A Rippy
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via Jr Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Manassas, VA, USA
- Center for Coastal Studies, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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13
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Raqib R, Islam MS. Bangladesh is facing the consequences of the climate emergency. BMJ 2023; 383:2211. [PMID: 37798014 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.p2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rubhana Raqib
- Nutrition Research Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Sirajul Islam
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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14
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Islam R, Ahmed R, Dey B, Haque MS, Aktar S, Bhuiyan MS, Arif MS, Habib Ador MA, Ul Haque MM, Saha N. Salinity hazard drives the alteration of occupation, land use and ecosystem service in the coastal areas: Evidence from the south-western coastal region of Bangladesh. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18512. [PMID: 37576307 PMCID: PMC10413002 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the salinity effects on the rural livelihood and ecosystems services are essential for policy implications and mitigations. Salinity-driven modulation in land use and land cover, community traditional occupations, and ecosystem service have been elucidated in the present investigation. The study was carried out in the south-western region of Bangladesh as a representative case using focus group discussions, questionnaire survey, and remote sensing techniques. The findings showed that salinity-induced land use changes seriously threatened ecosystem services, employment and livelihoods. Shrimp farming was found to have replaced the majority of agricultural and bare lands, which led to the poor locals losing their land. The increasing land transformation to shrimp ponds as a coping strategy with salinity was not reported to be a viable option as maximum marginal poor people were unable to run the capital-intensive shrimp aquaculture. Eventually, many rich people occupied the cropland for shrimp farming which forced the traditional farmers and fishermen to leave their job and sell their labor. Many of the traditional services derived from the ecosystems were drastically reduced or got lost. The ultimate effect on the traditional livelihoods of the communities increased vulnerability and reduced resilience. The findings could aid in formulating realistic policies and action for ensuring the future resilience of the community through an appropriate adaptation strategy, such as introducing salinity-tolerant crops and integrated farming to safeguard the interest of the poor farmers. Despite the geographical locality of the study, its implications are global given the identical salinity concerns in other emerging nations' coastal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rofiqul Islam
- Ministry of Public Administration, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Romel Ahmed
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Biplob Dey
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Saiful Haque
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Sokina Aktar
- Ministry of Public Administration, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Saifuzzaman Bhuiyan
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Ahosan Habib Ador
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Masum Ul Haque
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Narayan Saha
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
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15
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Araya D, Podgorski J, Berg M. Groundwater salinity in the Horn of Africa: Spatial prediction modeling and estimated people at risk. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 176:107925. [PMID: 37209488 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in climate and anthropogenic activities have made water salinization a significant threat worldwide, affecting biodiversity, crop productivity and contributing to water insecurity. The Horn of Africa, which includes eastern Ethiopia, northeast Kenya, Eritrea, Djibouti, and Somalia, has natural characteristics that favor high groundwater salinity. Excess salinity has been linked to infrastructure and health problems, including increased infant mortality. This region has suffered successive droughts that have limited the availability of safe drinking water resources, leading to a humanitarian crisis for which little spatially explicit information about groundwater salinity is available. METHODS Machine learning (random forest) is used to make spatial predictions of salinity levels at three electrical conductivity (EC) thresholds using data from 8646 boreholes and wells along with environmental predictor variables. Attention is paid to understanding the input data, balancing classes, performing many iterations, specifying cut-off values, employing spatial cross-validation, and identifying spatial uncertainties. RESULTS Estimates are made for this transboundary region of the population potentially exposed to hazardous salinity levels. The findings indicate that about 11.6 million people (∼7% of the total population), including 400,000 infants and half a million pregnant women, rely on groundwater for drinking and live in areas of high groundwater salinity (EC > 1500 µS/cm). Somalia is the most affected and has the largest number of people potentially exposed. Around 50% of the Somali population (5 million people) may be exposed to unsafe salinity levels in their drinking water. In only five of Somalia's 18 regions are less than 50% of infants potentially exposed to unsafe salinity levels. The main drivers of high salinity include precipitation, groundwater recharge, evaporation, ocean proximity, and fractured rocks. The combined overall accuracy and area under the curve of multiple runs is ∼ 82%. CONCLUSIONS The modelled groundwater salinity maps for three different salinity thresholds in the Horn of Africa highlight the uneven spatial distribution of salinity in the studied countries and the large area affected, which is mainly arid flat lowlands. The results of this study provide the first detailed mapping of groundwater salinity in the region, providing essential information for water and health scientists along with decision-makers to identify and prioritize areas and populations in need of assistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahyann Araya
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland.
| | - Joel Podgorski
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Michael Berg
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland.
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16
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Fan W, Zlatnik MG. Climate Change and Pregnancy: Risks, Mitigation, Adaptation, and Resilience. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2023; 78:223-236. [PMID: 37043299 PMCID: PMC10508966 DOI: 10.1097/ogx.0000000000001116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Importance Climate change is affecting the earth, resulting in more extreme temperatures and weather, rising sea levels, more frequent natural disasters, and displacement of populations of plants and animals, including people and insects. These changes affect food and housing security, vector-borne illnesses, and access to clean air and water, all of which influence human health. Evidence and Results There are a number of adverse health outcomes linked to heat, air pollution from wildfires, stress from natural disasters, and other elements of climate change. Pregnant people are especially vulnerable to the health harms resulting from climate change, namely, preterm birth, small for gestational age, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and other adverse reproductive health and birth outcomes. Strategies to minimize these harms include mitigation and adaptation. Conclusions and Relevance Physicians are in a unique position to protect the health of pregnant persons and children by advocating for policy changes that address climate change and providing clinical recommendations for patients to protect themselves from the health impacts of climate hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marya G Zlatnik
- Professor, Maternal Fetal Medicine, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Western States Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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17
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Woolf AD, Stierman BD, Barnett ED, Byron LG. Drinking Water From Private Wells and Risks to Children. Pediatrics 2023; 151:190542. [PMID: 36995188 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-060645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Drinking water for approximately 23 million US households is obtained from private wells. These wells can become contaminated by pollutant chemicals or pathogenic organisms, leading to significant illness. Although the US Environmental Protection Agency and all states offer guidance for construction, maintenance, and testing of private wells, most states only regulate the construction of new private water wells. With a few exceptions, there is little regulation after construction. Well owners are responsible for their own wells. Children may also drink well water at child care or when traveling. Illness resulting from children’s ingestion of contaminated water can be severe. This report reviews relevant aspects of groundwater and wells; describes the common chemical and microbiologic contaminants; gives an algorithm with recommendations for inspection, testing, and remediation for wells providing drinking water for children; and provides references and Internet resources for more information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Woolf
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bryan D Stierman
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth D Barnett
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lori G Byron
- Indian Health Service (retired), SCL Health, Billings, Montana
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18
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Segal TR, Giudice LC. Systematic review of climate change effects on reproductive health. Fertil Steril 2022; 118:215-223. [PMID: 35878942 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is a major risk factor for overall health, including reproductive health, and well-being. Increasing temperatures, due mostly to increased greenhouse gases trapping excess heat in the atmosphere, result in erratic weather patterns, wildfires, displacement of large communities, and stagnant water resulting in vector-borne diseases that, together, have set the stage for new and devastating health threats across the globe. These conditions disproportionately affect disadvantaged and vulnerable populations, including women, pregnant persons, young children, the elderly, and the disabled. This review reports on the evidence for the adverse impacts of air pollution, wildfires, heat stress, floods, toxic chemicals, and vector-borne diseases on male and female fertility, the developing fetus, and obstetric outcomes. Reproductive health care providers are uniquely positioned and have an unprecedented opportunity to educate patients and policy makers about mitigating the impact of climate change to assure reproductive health in this and future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalia R Segal
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Linda C Giudice
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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19
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Hossain MJ, Islam MA, Rahaman MH, Chowdhury MA, Islam MA, Rahman MM. Drinking water services in the primary schools: evidence from coastal areas in Bangladesh. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09786. [PMID: 35785238 PMCID: PMC9241045 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity intrusion both in surface and groundwater caused a crisis for safe drinking water in coastal Bangladesh. The situation is even worse for children especially at school. However, information on water services in coastal schools is limited. Here we assess the quality of drinking water and supply infrastructures in the primary schools of a severely saline affected coastal area of Bangladesh. To fulfill the objective, thirty-eight schools were purposively selected and investigated in Dacope Upazila of Khulna district in Bangladesh. Findings revealed that harvested rainwater (63%) and pond (21%) are the major drinking water sources where countries’ leading water supply technology, tube well (16%) were the least used option. Moreover, salinity in all the tube wells exceeded the national standard. DO, pH, NO3, SO4 and PO4 concentration of all options satisfied national standards. However, total coliform counts exceeded the national standard. More than half of the samples had a low to high risk of indicator bacteria which is a major public health concern. Although 29% schools have installed portable water filtration units, those are grossly inaccessible for the students. Hence, students are reportedly consuming unsafe drinking water, and thus are vulnerable to water-borne diseases. The lack of resources and poorly designed infrastructure are the principal challenges to the safe drinking water supply. Therefore, disinfection at the point of use along with proper maintenance of the water infrastructure is urgent needs to safeguard potable water services in the primary schools of coastal Bangladesh. 38 primary schools were evaluated for drinking water quality covering all sources. Microbial contamination at both sources and point of use was identified. 1 in 5 school depends heavily on the contaminated surface water sources. 3 in 10 schools had water filtration facilities, primarily for the teachers. About half of the sources can be identified as highly risky based on E. coli count.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jobayer Hossain
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, 7408, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ansarul Islam
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, 7408, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Hasibur Rahaman
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, 7408, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Arif Chowdhury
- Department of Climate and Disaster Management, Jashore University of Science and Technology, 7408, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Atikul Islam
- Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University, 9208, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahfuzur Rahman
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, 7408, Jashore, Bangladesh
- Corresponding author.
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20
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Diffusion of Disaster-Preparedness Information by Hearing from Early Adopters to Late Adopters in Coastal Bangladesh. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14073897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The successful social implementation of a rainwater-harvesting tank can save millions of people in coastal Bangladesh from drinking saline water and health risks. However, previous studies have shown that several potentially effective, innovative disaster-preventive technologies failed to disseminate even after proactive promotional campaigns. People at risk worry about adopting innovative preventive measures because of the uncertainties attached to the new technology, such as its merits, cost, maintenance, durability, social acceptance, etc. Instead of mass media, people rely on social networks to obtain trusted, verified, and personal information. Hearing plays an important role, through which information diffuses from pioneer adopters to late adopters or potential adopters across settlements, starting from the village to district to region. Unlike conventional studies, limited to understanding the regional dimension of diffusion, this study investigated how the information diffuses from pioneer adopters to potential adopters at both the macro-level (e.g., districts, subdistricts, and towns) and micro-level (e.g., villages and neighborhoods). This study was based on field surveys through interviewing 196 innovative rainwater-tank adopters from 30 villages and communities in two subdistricts in coastal Bangladesh. We found that the macro-level pioneer adopters played a critical role in diffusing awareness knowledge, through which people in new villages, neighborhoods, and sub-districts, where mass media and change agents failed to reach, became aware of the existence of the innovative measure. However, macro-adapters alone failed to disseminate the innovation further, as the local communities intend to pay to heed the suggestions and experiences of the local (micro) pioneer adopters to understand the principle and how-to knowledge of the innovation. Information is diffused in the villages and neighborhoods through local pioneer adopters through direct, intimate personal contacts.
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21
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Cruz YD, Rossi ML, Goldsmith ST. Impacts of Road Deicing Application on Sodium and Chloride Concentrations in Philadelphia Region Drinking Water. GEOHEALTH 2022; 6:e2021GH000538. [PMID: 35372746 PMCID: PMC8859511 DOI: 10.1029/2021gh000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Historical application of roadway deicing agents (e.g., road salt and brines) has led to an increase in sodium and chloride concentrations in surface water over time. Numerous studies have explored the impacts of road salt on freshwater aquatic organisms such as amphibians and benthic macroinvertebrates; however, the public health risk associated with consuming drinking water with elevated sodium has been largely unexplored in the literature. Yet, sodium ingestion, primarily through diet, has been linked to adverse human health conditions, such as hypertension. This study documents weekly sodium and chloride concentrations in municipal tap water from three municipalities within the Philadelphia metropolitan area during winter 2018-2019 (November through March). A late winter peak in sodium and chloride concentrations was observed for all three municipalities immediately following successive snow events coupled with daily high temperatures above 0°C. Among municipalities, mean and peak sodium and chloride concentrations were associated with relatively higher development in upstream areas. Observed sodium concentrations ranged from 1 to 6.4x the USEPA recommended guideline of 20 mg/L for individuals restricted to a total sodium intake of 500 mg/day. Additionally, the contribution of sodium ingestion from water consumption to the recommended daily sodium intake limits for adults ranged from 3.5% to 18.8% for non-restricted and 4.2%-33.3% for "low salt" (i.e., <1,500 mg/day) diets, respectively. The study results coupled with a records review for 40 U.S. municipalities in snow affected regions indicate the need for real-time communication between water utilities and the general public regarding sodium exposure risk during winter months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliza D. Cruz
- Department of Geography and the EnvironmentVillanova UniversityVillanovaPAUSA
| | - Marissa L. Rossi
- Department of Geography and the EnvironmentVillanova UniversityVillanovaPAUSA
| | - Steven T. Goldsmith
- Department of Geography and the EnvironmentVillanova UniversityVillanovaPAUSA
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22
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Bonell A, Badjie J, Jammeh S, Ali Z, Hydara M, Davies A, Faal M, Ahmed AN, Hand W, Prentice AM, Murray KA, Scheelbeek P. Grassroots and Youth-Led Climate Solutions From The Gambia. Front Public Health 2022; 10:784915. [PMID: 35462834 PMCID: PMC9021377 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.784915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change and environmental degradation are among the greatest threats to human health. Youth campaigners have very effectively focused global attention on the crisis, however children from the Global South are often under-represented (sometimes deliberately) in the dialogue. In The Gambia, West Africa, the impacts of climate change are already being directly experienced by the population, and this will worsen in coming years. There is strong government and community commitment to adapt to these challenges, as evidenced by The Gambia currently being the only country on target to meet the Paris agreement according to the Nationally Determined Contributions, but again children's voices are often missing-while their views could yield valuable additional insights. Here, we describe a "Climate Change Solutions Festival" that targeted and engaged school children from 13 to 18 years, and is to our knowledge, the first peer-to-peer (and student-to-professional) learning festival on climate change solutions for students in The Gambia. The event gave a unique insight into perceived climate change problems and scalable, affordable and sometimes very creative solutions that could be implemented in the local area. Logistical and practical methods for running the festival are shared, as well as details on all solutions demonstrated in enough detail to be duplicated. We also performed a narrative review of the most popular stalls to explore the scientific basis of these solutions and discuss these in a global context. Overall, we find extremely strong, grass-roots and student engagement in the Gambia and clear evidence of learning about climate change and the impacts of environmental degradation more broadly. Nevertheless, we reflect that in order to enact these proposed local solutions further steps to evaluate acceptability of adoption, feasibility within the communities, cost-benefit analyses and ability to scale solutions are needed. This could be the focus of future experiential learning activities with students and partnering stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bonell
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ana Bonell
| | - Jainaba Badjie
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Sariba Jammeh
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Zakari Ali
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | | | | | | | - Aliyu Nuhu Ahmed
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - William Hand
- Banjul American International School, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Andrew M. Prentice
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Kris A. Murray
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pauline Scheelbeek
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Miller JD, Workman CL, Panchang SV, Sneegas G, Adams EA, Young SL, Thompson AL. Water Security and Nutrition: Current Knowledge and Research Opportunities. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:2525-2539. [PMID: 34265039 PMCID: PMC8634318 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Water is an essential nutrient that has primarily been considered in terms of its physiological necessity. But reliable access to water in sufficient quantities and quality is also critical for many nutrition-related behaviors and activities, including growing and cooking diverse foods. Given growing challenges to water availability and safety, including climate change, pollution, and infrastructure degradation, a broader conceptualization of water and its diverse uses is needed to sustainably achieve global nutrition targets. Therefore, we review empirical and qualitative evidence describing the linkages between water security (the reliable availability, accessibility, and quality of water for all household uses) and nutrition. Primary linkages include water security for drinking, food production and preparation, infant and young child feeding, and limiting exposure to pathogens and environmental toxins. We then identify knowledge gaps within each linkage and propose a research agenda for studying water security and nutrition going forward, including the concurrent quantification of both food and water availability, accessibility, use, and stability. By making explicit the connections between water security and nutritional well-being, we aim to promote greater collaboration between the nutrition and water, sanitation, and hygiene sectors. Interdisciplinary policies and programs that holistically address the water-nutrition nexus, versus those that focus on water and nutrition independently, are likely to significantly advance our ability to ensure equitable access to healthy foods and safe water for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Miller
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cassandra L Workman
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Sarita V Panchang
- Social Research and Evaluation Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Gretchen Sneegas
- Department of Geography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ellis A Adams
- Keough School of Global Affairs, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Sera L Young
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Amanda L Thompson
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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24
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Geophysical Delineation of Freshwater–Saline Water Interfaces in Coastal Area of Southwest Bangladesh. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13182527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Insufficiency of potable water is acute in southwest (SW) coastal areas of Bangladesh. The local population ignores the depth to saltwater/freshwater interface causing many unsuccessful waters wells drilling. In this context, a combined use of borehole logs, geophysical well logs, vertical electrical soundings (VES), electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and electrical conductivity (EC) of sampled waters was performed to identify saltwater/freshwater interface depths in this coastal part. The study shows that the depth to freshwater/saltwater interface varies from place to place occurring commonly between 190 to 285 m, and locally as shallow as 146 m. The shallow freshwater/saltwater interface depth is greatly influenced by the upconing of fresh water from the deep aquifer (DA) near the major rivers and coast compared to the landward part and is mixed with more saline waters above. Vertically infiltrated saltwater is the main cause of brackish water in the upper shallow aquifer (USA), which is hydraulically connected with the lower shallow aquifer (LSA), and not directly recharged from the Bay of Bengal in the south. The study will contribute to find out the depth of the potential freshwater aquifer and assess the aquifer vulnerability in the coastal area of SW Bangladesh.
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25
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Vineis P, Butler A. Commentary: Climate change and health: the importance of experiments. Int J Epidemiol 2021; 50:929-930. [PMID: 33346353 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyaa261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Vineis
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Adrian Butler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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26
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Naser AM, Doza S, Rahman M, Unicomb L, Ahmed KM, Anand S, Selim S, Shamsudduha M, Narayan KV, Chang H, Clasen TF, Gribble MO, Luby SP. Consequences of access to water from managed aquifer recharge systems for blood pressure and proteinuria in south-west coastal Bangladesh: a stepped-wedge cluster-randomized trial. Int J Epidemiol 2021; 50:916-928. [PMID: 32653912 PMCID: PMC8271187 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyaa098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drinking-water salinity has been associated with high blood pressure (BP) among communities in south-west coastal Bangladesh. We evaluated whether access to water from managed aquifer recharge (MAR)—a hydrogeological intervention to lower groundwater salinity by infiltrating rainwater into the aquifers—can reduce community BP. Methods We conducted a stepped-wedge cluster-randomized trial with five monthly visits between December 2016 and April 2017 in 16 communities. At each visit following baseline, four communities were randomized to access MAR water. Systolic BP was the primary outcome, measured during each visit using Omron® HEM–907 devices. We also measured participants’ 24-hour urinary sodium and households’ drinking- and cooking-water salinity each visit. We used multilevel regression models to estimate the effects of MAR-water access on participants’ BP. The primary analysis was intention-to-treat. Results In total, 2911 person-visits were conducted in communities randomized to have MAR-water access and 2834 in communities without MAR-water access. Households without MAR-water access predominantly used low-salinity pond water and 42% (range: 26–50% across visits) of households exclusively consumed MAR water when access was provided. Communities randomized to MAR-water access had 10.34 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11, 19.58] mmol/day higher mean urinary sodium, 1.96 (95% CI: 0.66, 3.26; p = 0.004) mmHg higher mean systolic BP and 1.44 (95% CI: 0.40, 2.48; p = 0.007) mmHg higher mean diastolic BP than communities without MAR-water access. Conclusions Our findings do not support the scale-up of MAR systems as a routine drinking-water source, since communities that shifted to MAR water from the lower-salinity pond-water source had higher urinary sodium and BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Mohd Naser
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Solaiman Doza
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Leanne Unicomb
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kazi M Ahmed
- Department of Geology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shuchi Anand
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shahjada Selim
- Department of Endocrinology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shamsudduha
- Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Geography, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Km Venkat Narayan
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Howard Chang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Thomas F Clasen
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew O Gribble
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephen P Luby
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Sarker MMR, Van Camp M, Hossain D, Islam M, Ahmed N, Karim MM, Bhuiyan MAQ, Walraevens K. Groundwater salinization and freshening processes in coastal aquifers from southwest Bangladesh. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 779:146339. [PMID: 33743465 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The hydrogeochemical processes in the multilayer aquifers of southwest (SW) coastal area of Bangladesh provide important information for quantifying hydrochemical differences between different aquifers. Hydrogeochemical processes affecting groundwater chemistry in this coastal area have been evaluated by interpreting conventional plots, ionic delta, HFE-diagram, stable isotopes and geochemical modelling. The median TDS distribution of the aquifers has an increasing trend from below 1000 mg/l in the deep aquifer (DA) to 2622 mg/l in lower shallow aquifer (LSA) and 7012 mg/l in upper shallow aquifer (USA). Na+ is the dominant cation in all the aquifers. HCO3- is the dominant anion in DA with high median concentration (495 mg/l), which is more than double than that in LSA (214 mg/l) and USA (159 mg/l). The groundwater in the DA is freshened NaHCO3+ type due to cation exchange process that enhances second stage of calcite dissolution. Few NaCl+ type DA waters found in the SW corner of the study area indicate the presence of connate water confined in the inter-basin during the Holocene transgression. The stable isotopes indicate that the DA waters have been deposited during warmer periods. In contrast, both the LSA and USA are dominated by NaCl- type water; some CaCl- type waters have also been found in these aquifers, indicating salinization. The salinization processes consist of infiltration of redissolved evaporite salts, reverse cation exchange, and mixing with marine influenced flood water. Thus, the knowledge of different processes controlling freshening and salinization will help properly manage and preserve the environmental characteristics in the aquifer systems of SW Bangladesh as well as similar complex coastal geological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mizanur Rahman Sarker
- Laboratory for Applied Geology and Hydrogeology, Department of Geology, Ghent University, Belgium; Department of Geological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Marc Van Camp
- Laboratory for Applied Geology and Hydrogeology, Department of Geology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Delwar Hossain
- Department of Geological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mazeda Islam
- Laboratory for Applied Geology and Hydrogeology, Department of Geology, Ghent University, Belgium; Department of Geological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nasir Ahmed
- Isotope Hydrology Division, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Masud Karim
- Beach Sand Minerals Exploitation Centre (BSMEC), Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC), Kolatoli, Cox's Bazar 4700, Bangladesh
| | | | - Kristine Walraevens
- Laboratory for Applied Geology and Hydrogeology, Department of Geology, Ghent University, Belgium
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28
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Kabir MM, Akter S, Ahmed FT, Mohinuzzaman M, Didar-Ul-Alam M, Mostofa KMG, Islam ARMT, Niloy NM. Salinity-induced fluorescent dissolved organic matter influence co-contamination, quality and risk to human health of tube well water, southeast coastal Bangladesh. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 275:130053. [PMID: 33984905 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Salinity in the drinking water of coastal Bangladesh results from a severe socio-economic, environmental and human health safety crisis. In this paper, we analyzed 120 tube well water samples from southeast coastal Bangladesh for eight trace metals (TMs). Contamination, quality and risk of TMs to human health of tube well water influenced by salinity-induced fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) were assessed using multiple pollution indices, GW quality index (GWQI), traditional health risk, and PARAFAC models. The mean values of EC, Fe, Cd, Cr, and As surpassed the limit set by local and international standards with significant spatial variations. The results of the GWQI showed that 52.5% of the samples were within the moderate-poor quality range in the study region. PARAFAC modeling identified three groundwater FDOM constituents with a coupling of humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA), and degraded fulvic acid (DFA)-like substances. Moreover, the positive correlations among EC, TMs, HA, FA, and DFA proved that salinity-induced FDOM had significant contributions to the dissolution potential of contaminants in the aquifer, hence increased the mobilization of TMs. Health risk models suggested that children are more susceptible to the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks than adults at the community level. The carcinogenic risks of Cd, As, Pb, and Cr via oral exposure pathway indicated the highest carcinogenic risks for both adults and children. The findings also indicated that the salinity-derived FDOM-TMs complex is the key driver to groundwater co-contaminations and elevated health impacts. Besides, high concentrations of Fe and As are the key causal issues for sustainable water safety. Thus, strict water management and monitoring plans require preventing these contaminants for sustainable community well-being in the coastal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahbub Kabir
- Department of Environmental Science & Disaster Management, Noakhali Science & Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh; Research Cell, Noakhali Science & Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh.
| | - Samia Akter
- Department of Environmental Science & Disaster Management, Noakhali Science & Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Farah Tasneem Ahmed
- Nuclear and Radiation Chemistry Division, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mohinuzzaman
- Department of Environmental Science & Disaster Management, Noakhali Science & Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Didar-Ul-Alam
- Research Cell, Noakhali Science & Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Khan M G Mostofa
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | | | - Nahin Mostofa Niloy
- Hydrobiogeochemistry and Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
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Islam MM, Afrin S, Tarek MH, Rahman MM. Reliability and financial feasibility assessment of a community rainwater harvesting system considering precipitation variability due to climate change. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 289:112507. [PMID: 33839610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes a community rainwater harvesting (RWH) system as an alternative water supply solution for Paikgacha, a water-scarce coastal urban area in Bangladesh. Although individual household-based RWH systems have been implemented in many areas in Bangladesh, to date, no study has been conducted designing a community RWH system and assessing its reliability and financial feasibility. This study employs historical observed and available climate model predicted future rainfall data into stormwater management model (SWMM) for rainfall-runoff simulation of the community RWH, and compares SWMM's performance with rational formula based estimation. We then calculate volumetric and time reliability of the proposed system and assess its financial viability. We observe good agreement in reliability curves generated by SWMM and rational formula-based model. Under the historical rainfall scenario, our proposed community RWH shows up to 99% reliability for 100 L per day household demand, given that proper community size and storage tank size are chosen. Predicted rainfall pattern of 2041-2070 period shows similar reliability-tank size relation to that of historical observed rainfall; however, predicted high precipitation intensity during 2021-2040 and 2071-2100 seem to assist the system in attaining higher reliability. Cost-benefit analysis indicates the financial viability of the proposed system. Finally, we develop a nomograph incorporating interactive factors of RWH, which would ease decision making by the policymakers regarding the implementation of community RWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Maksimul Islam
- Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Sadia Afrin
- Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Mehedi Hasan Tarek
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Md Mujibur Rahman
- Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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30
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Naser AM, He FJ, Rahman M, Campbell NR. Spot Urine Formulas to Estimate 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion Alter the Dietary Sodium and Blood Pressure Relationship. Hypertension 2021; 77:2127-2137. [PMID: 33813848 PMCID: PMC8115426 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Mohd Naser
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory Global Diabetes Research Center (A.M.N.), Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Epidemiology (A.M.N.), Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Feng J. He
- Centre for Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (F.J.H.)
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, India (M.R.)
| | - Norm R.C. Campbell
- Department of Medicine, O’Brien Institute of Public Health, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta at the University of Calgary, Canada (N.R.C.C.)
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31
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Rosinger AY, Bethancourt H, Swanson ZS, Nzunza R, Saunders J, Dhanasekar S, Kenney WL, Hu K, Douglass MJ, Ndiema E, Braun DR, Pontzer H. Drinking water salinity is associated with hypertension and hyperdilute urine among Daasanach pastoralists in Northern Kenya. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:144667. [PMID: 33515884 PMCID: PMC7969420 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Water salinity is a growing global environmental health concern. However, little is known about the relation between water salinity and chronic health outcomes in non-coastal, lean populations. Daasanach pastoralists living in northern Kenya traditionally rely on milk, yet are experiencing socioecological changes and have expressed concerns about the saltiness of their drinking water. Therefore, this cross-sectional study conducted water quality analyses to examine how water salinity, along with lifestyle factors like milk intake, was associated with hypertension (blood pressure BP ≥140 mm Hg systolic or ≥90 mm Hg diastolic) and hyperdilute urine (urine specific gravity <1.003 g/mL, indicative of altered kidney function). We collected health biomarkers and survey data from 226 non-pregnant adults (46.9% male) aged 18+ from 134 households in 2019 along with participant observations in 2020. The salinity (total concentration of all dissolved salts) of reported drinking water from hand-dug wells in dry river beds, boreholes, and a pond ranged from 120 to 520 mg/L. Water from Lake Turkana and standpipes, which was only periodically used for consumption when no other drinking sources are available, ranged from 1100 to 2300 mg/L. Multiple logistic regression models with standard errors clustered on households indicate that each additional 100 mg/L of drinking water salinity was associated with 45% (95% CI: 1.09-1.93, P = 0.010) increased odds of hypertension and 33% (95% CI: 0.97-1.83, P = 0.075) increased odds of hyperdilute urine adjusted for confounders. Results were robust to multiple specifications of the models and sensitivity analyses. Daily milk consumption was associated with 61-63% (P < 0.01) lower odds of both outcomes. This considerable protective effect of milk intake may be due to the high potassium, magnesium, and calcium contents or the protective lifestyle considerations of moving with livestock. Our study results demonstrate that drinking water salinity may have critical health implications for blood pressure and kidney function even among lean, active pastoralists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher Y Rosinger
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States of America.
| | - Hilary Bethancourt
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Zane S Swanson
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | | | - Jessica Saunders
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Shiva Dhanasekar
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - W Larry Kenney
- Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Kebin Hu
- Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Matthew J Douglass
- College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources and Agricultural Research Division, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
| | - Emmanuel Ndiema
- Department of Earth Sciences, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David R Braun
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Herman Pontzer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America; Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
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Talukder B, van Loon GW, Hipel KW, Chiotha S, Orbinski J. Health impacts of climate change on smallholder farmers. One Health 2021; 13:100258. [PMID: 34027006 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The health of smallholder farmers is crucial for ensuring food and nutritional security for two billion people. However, their health is in jeopardy for several reasons including challenges from climate change impacts. Using a narrative literature review supported by field observations and informal interviews with key informants in India, Bangladesh and Malawi, this paper identifies and discusses the health impacts of climate change under four categories: (i) communicable diseases, (ii) non-communicable diseases, (iii) mental health, and (iv) occupational health, safety and other health issues. The health impacts of climate change on smallholder farmers will hamper the realization of many of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, and a series of recommendations are made to regional and country governments to address the increasing health impacts of accelerating climate change among smallholder farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byomkesh Talukder
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Canada
| | - Gary W van Loon
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Keith W Hipel
- System Engineering Department, Waterloo University; Canada Centre for International Governance Innovation Coordinator, Conflict Analysis Group, Waterloo, Canada
| | | | - James Orbinski
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Canada.,Faculty of Health, York University, Canada
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Padula AM, Ma C, Huang H, Morello-Frosch R, Woodruff TJ, Carmichael SL. Drinking water contaminants in California and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. Environ Epidemiol 2021; 5:e149. [PMID: 33870020 PMCID: PMC8043732 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollutants have been associated with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia, though few have focused on drinking water contamination. Water pollution can be an important source of exposures that may contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes. METHODS We linked water quality data on 13 contaminants and two violations from the California Communities Environmental Health Screening Tool to birth records from vital statistics and hospital discharge records (2007-2012) to examine the relationship between drinking water contamination and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. We examined contaminants in single- and multipollutant models. Additionally, we examined if the relationship between water contamination and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy differed by neighborhood poverty, individual socioeconomic status, and race/ethnicity. RESULTS Arsenic, nitrate, trihalomethane, hexavalent chromium, and uranium were detected in a majority of water systems. Increased risk of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy was modestly associated with exposure to cadmium, lead, trihalomethane, and hexavalent chromium in drinking water after adjusting for covariates in single pollutant models with odds ratios ranging from 1.01 to 1.08. In multipollutant models, cadmium was consistent, lead and trihalomethane were stronger, and additional contaminants were associated with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy including trichloroethylene, 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane, nitrate, and tetrachloroethylene. Other contaminants either showed null results or modest inverse associations. The relationship between water contaminants and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy did not differ by neighborhood poverty. CONCLUSIONS We found increased risk of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy associated with exposure to several contaminants in drinking water in California. Results for cadmium, lead, trihalomethane, and hexavalent chromium were robust in multipollutant models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Padula
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Chen Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Hongtai Huang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Rachel Morello-Frosch
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management & School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Tracey J. Woodruff
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Suzan L. Carmichael
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management & School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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Asma KM, Kotani K. Salinity and Water-Related Disease Risk in Coastal Bangladesh. ECOHEALTH 2021; 18:61-75. [PMID: 34002335 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01517-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An increase in surface and ground-water salinity due to climate change is reported to have become a great threat to the health of coastal inhabitants in Bangladesh. However, little is known about how much such salinity affects the risk of water-related diseases and how such risk can be mitigated in the field. This research examines the association between water-related diseases and coastal salinity along with sociodemographic and anthropometric factors. We conduct questionnaire surveys with 527 households: 273 subjects from the non-salinity and 254 subjects from the salinity rural coastal areas of Bangladesh. The logistic regression analysis demonstrates that the probability of suffering from water-borne, water-washed and water-related diseases are 8%, 14% and 11% higher in the salinity areas than in the non-salinity areas, respectively. However, it is also identified that people who consume rainwater as a drinking source even in the salinity areas have less chances and people who belong to "underweight body mass index" have more chances of being affected by water-related diseases. Overall, the results suggest that the long-term reservation of rainwater and addressing community-based food security & nutrition programs shall be effective countermeasures to reduce the risk of health problems in the coastal population and to sustain their lives even under the threat of land salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khatun Mst Asma
- School of Economics and Management, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi, Japan
- Department of Agricultural and Applied Statistics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Koji Kotani
- School of Economics and Management, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi, Japan.
- Research Institute for Future Design, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi, Japan.
- Urban Institute, Kyusyu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
- College of Business, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
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35
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Khan JR, Awan N, Archie RJ, Sultana N, Muurlink O. The association between drinking water salinity and hypertension in coastal Bangladesh. GLOBAL HEALTH JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.glohj.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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36
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Shuvo SD, Zahid MA, Rahman MM, Parvin R. Exploring the impact of soil and water salinity on dietary behavior and health risk of coastal communities in Bangladesh. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2020; 18:1110-1123. [PMID: 33328380 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2020.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of soil and water salinity on dietary behavior and health risk in the coastal people of Bangladesh. This study was conducted among 240 respondents in rural coastal sub-districts in Khulna and Patuakhali of Bangladesh using a simple random sampling technique. To evaluate the association between health risk and salinity exposure categories, a multinomial logit regression analysis was conducted and statistical significance was declared at p ≤ 0.05. A significantly higher amount of salinity (NaCl) level was found in radish, potato, bean, bitter gourd, rice, shallow tube-well, and pond water from Patuakhali than Khulna. Males and those aged 36-50 years (RRR:1.89, SE:0.58) and 51-65 years (RRR:4.51, SE:1.81) were associated with hypertension compared with the females (RRR:0.57, SE:0.18) and age group 20-35 years. Consumption of shallow tube-well water (RRR:3.12, SE:1.46), salt content rice (RRR:1.36, SE:0.50), salt content vegetables (RRR:1.09, SE:0.09), salt content fish (RRR:2.77, SE:0.47), and intake of table salt (RRR:1.05, SE:0.03) were significantly associated with risk factors of hypertension (p < 0.01). A sustainable policy for salt reduction through dietary interventions along with the promotion of low saline foods and drinking water must be a priority with special emphasis on coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvasish Das Shuvo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh E-mail:
| | - Md Ashrafuzzaman Zahid
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh E-mail:
| | - Mohammad Mahfuzur Rahman
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Rashida Parvin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh E-mail:
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Jandee K, Liabsuetrakul T, Sriwimol W, Musigavon P, Suksai M, Dyereg J. Correlations of spot urinary sodium and potassium with blood pressure in pregnant women: A longitudinal study in Southern Thailand. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2020; 153:239-247. [PMID: 33010035 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the changes of spot urinary sodium and potassium and blood pressure (BP) throughout pregnancy and their correlations in southern Thailand. METHODS A longitudinal study was conducted in southern Thailand from March 2018 to November 2019. Spot urinary excretion of sodium per creatinine (U[Na+ ]/[Cr]), potassium per creatinine (U[K+ ]/[Cr]) and U[Na+ ]/[K+ ] ratios, and BP were measured at four time points throughout pregnancy. A one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni correction with post hoc analysis was used to identify significant differences between time points. The correlations were measured using Pearson's correlation coefficients. RESULTS A total of 327 pregnant women were included. Both systolic and diastolic BPs decreased gradually from up to 14 weeks of pregnancy to 18-22 weeks and then increased until 30-34 weeks. Mean spot U[Na+ ]/[Cr] ratios did not significantly change during the study period. Mean spot U[K+ ]/[Cr] ratios gradually increased, and spot U[Na+ ]/[K+ ] ratios gradually decreased. The correlation of spot U[Na+ ]/[Cr] and U[K+ ]/[Cr] ratios with BPs was weakly negative at all four time points. CONCLUSIONS Spot U[Na+ ]/[Cr] and U[K+ ]/[Cr] ratios are inversely correlated with BPs; weak correlations are found among pregnant women in southern Thailand. Further research in different populations is required to confirm its correlation and broader use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasemsak Jandee
- Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Tippawan Liabsuetrakul
- Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Wilaiwan Sriwimol
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Panudda Musigavon
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Manaphat Suksai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Jaeuddress Dyereg
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Division, Naradhiwas Rajanagarindra Hospital, Narathiwat, Thailand
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Naser AM, He FJ, Rahman M, Narayan KMV, Campbell NRC. Urinary Sodium Excretion and Blood Pressure Relationship across Methods of Evaluating the Completeness of 24-h Urine Collections. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2772. [PMID: 32932868 PMCID: PMC7551660 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We compared the sodium intake and systolic blood pressure (SBP) relationship from complete 24-h urine samples determined by several methods: self-reported no-missed urine, creatinine index ≥0.7, measured 24-h urine creatinine (mCER) within 25% and 15% of Kawasaki predicted urine creatinine, and sex-specific mCER ranges (mCER 15-25 mg/kg/24-h for men; 10-20 mg/kg/24-h for women). We pooled 10,031 BP and 24-h urine sodium data from 2143 participants. We implemented multilevel linear models to illustrate the shape of the sodium-BP relationship using the restricted cubic spline (RCS) plots, and to assess the difference in mean SBP for a 100 mmol increase in 24-h urine sodium. The RCS plot illustrated an initial steep positive sodium-SBP relationship for all methods, followed by a less steep positive relationship for self-reported no-missed urine, creatinine index ≥0.7, and sex-specific mCER ranges; and a plateaued relationship for the two Kawasaki methods. Each 100 mmol/24-h increase in urinary sodium was associated with 0.64 (95% CI: 0.34, 0.94) mmHg higher SBP for self-reported no-missed urine, 0.68 (95% CI: 0.27, 1.08) mmHg higher SBP for creatinine index ≥0.7, 0.87 (95% CI: 0.07, 1.67) mmHg higher SBP for mCER within 25% Kawasaki predicted urine creatinine, 0.98 (95% CI: -0.07, 2.02) mmHg change in SBP for mCER within 15% Kawasaki predicted urine creatinine, and 1.96 (95% CI: 0.93, 2.99) mmHg higher SBP for sex-specific mCER ranges. Studies examining 24-h urine sodium in relation to health outcomes will have different results based on how urine collections are deemed as complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Mohd Naser
- Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Feng J. He
- Centre for Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AD, UK;
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - K. M. Venkat Narayan
- Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Norm R. C. Campbell
- Department of Medicine, O’Brien Institute of Public Health, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta at the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada;
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39
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Md Towfiqul Islam AR, Siddiqua MT, Zahid A, Tasnim SS, Rahman MM. Drinking appraisal of coastal groundwater in Bangladesh: An approach of multi-hazards towards water security and health safety. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 255:126933. [PMID: 32402881 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In Bangladesh, groundwater serves as the sole major potable water source. Salinization along with the elevated presence of metals become the major threat for this resource in coastal districts of Bangladesh. Therefore, a multi-hazard approach is planned to appraise the groundwater quality. Probabilistic health risks assessment was employed to quantify risk due to drinking from polluted water in coastal districts. Geostatistical tools, pollution indices, and health risk models were conducted using water quality data from 925 samples (n = 566 in the wet season, and n = 359 in the dry season). Groundwater quality index (GWQI) reveals about 65% of the samples are 'poor to unsuitable' as potable water in the study area. Metals pollution indices are correlated to each other, and demonstrated a diversified outcome. In addition, the multivariate analyses of water quality confirmed the major influencing factors that come from the geogenic processes along with the anthropogenic contribution. Probabilistic health risk assessment results depicted as a medium to high level of non-carcinogenic threats for consumers in the study area. Districts such as Khulna, Satkhira, Bhola, Pirojpur, Bagerhat, Jhalakati, Patuakhali, Barguna, and Lakshmipur possesses a high level of threat due to poor water-quality. Finally, it can be said that the study area is exposed to multi-hazards such as salinization, and elevated metals in groundwater. Substantial human health concerns might arise in the study area due to contaminated water consumption. This study clearly explained the groundwater quality challenges considering the multi-hazard in the coastal districts of Bangladesh, that could be applicable in policy formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Most Tahmina Siddiqua
- Department of Disaster Management, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur, 5400, Bangladesh
| | - Anwar Zahid
- Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Mostafizur Rahman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh.
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40
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Naser AM, Rahman M, Unicomb L, Doza S, Gazi MS, Alam GR, Karim MR, Uddin MN, Khan GK, Ahmed KM, Shamsudduha M, Anand S, Narayan KMV, Chang HH, Luby SP, Gribble MO, Clasen TF. Drinking Water Salinity, Urinary Macro-Mineral Excretions, and Blood Pressure in the Southwest Coastal Population of Bangladesh. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 8:e012007. [PMID: 31060415 PMCID: PMC6512114 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.012007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Sodium (Na+) in saline water may increase blood pressure (BP), but potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) may lower BP. We assessed the association between drinking water salinity and population BP. Methods and Results We pooled 6487 BP measurements from 2 cohorts in coastal Bangladesh. We used multilevel linear models to estimate BP differences across water salinity categories: fresh water (electrical conductivity, <0.7 mS/cm), mild salinity (electrical conductivity ≥0.7 and <2 mS/cm), and moderate salinity (electrical conductivity ≥2 and <10 mS/cm). We assessed whether salinity categories were associated with hypertension using multilevel multinomial logistic models. Models included participant‐, household‐, and community‐level random intercepts. Models were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, smoking, household wealth, alcohol consumption, sleep hours, religion, and salt consumption. We evaluated the 24‐hour urinary minerals across salinity categories, and the associations between urinary minerals and BP using multilevel linear models. Compared with fresh water drinkers, mild‐salinity water drinkers had lower mean systolic BP (−1.55 [95% CI: −3.22–0.12] mm Hg) and lower mean diastolic BP (−1.26 [95% CI: −2.21–−0.32] mm Hg) adjusted models. The adjusted odds ratio among mild‐salinity water drinkers for stage 1 hypertension was 0.60 (95% CI: 0.43–0.84) and for stage 2 hypertension was 0.56 (95% CI: 0.46–0.89). Mild‐salinity water drinkers had high urinary Ca2+, and Mg2+, and both urinary Ca2+ and Mg2+ were associated with lower BP. Conclusions Drinking mild‐salinity water was associated with lower BP, which can be explained by higher intake of Ca2+ and Mg2+ through saline water. See Editorial Bispham and Nowak
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Mohd Naser
- 1 Emory Global Diabetes Research Center Hubert Department of Global Health Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta GA.,2 Department of Environmental Health Sciences Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta GA
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- 3 International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Leanne Unicomb
- 3 International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Solaiman Doza
- 3 International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Shahid Gazi
- 3 International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Gazi Raisul Alam
- 3 International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Rabiul Karim
- 3 International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Nasir Uddin
- 3 International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Golam Kibria Khan
- 3 International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) Dhaka Bangladesh
| | | | - Mohammad Shamsudduha
- 5 Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction University College London London United Kingdom
| | - Shuchi Anand
- 6 Division of Nephrology School of Medicine Stanford University Stanford CA
| | - K M Venkat Narayan
- 1 Emory Global Diabetes Research Center Hubert Department of Global Health Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta GA
| | - Howard H Chang
- 7 Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta GA
| | - Stephen P Luby
- 8 Woods Institute for the Environment Stanford University Stanford CA
| | - Matthew O Gribble
- 2 Department of Environmental Health Sciences Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta GA.,9 Department of Epidemiology Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta GA
| | - Thomas F Clasen
- 2 Department of Environmental Health Sciences Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta GA
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41
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Naser AM, Rahman M, Unicomb L, Parvez SM, Islam S, Doza S, Khan GK, Ahmed KM, Anand S, Luby SP, Shamsudduha M, Gribble MO, Narayan KMV, Clasen TF. Associations of drinking rainwater with macro-mineral intake and cardiometabolic health: a pooled cohort analysis in Bangladesh, 2016-2019. NPJ CLEAN WATER 2020; 3:20. [PMID: 33777415 PMCID: PMC7610435 DOI: 10.1038/s41545-020-0067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the associations of drinking rainwater with mineral intake and cardiometabolic health in the Bangladeshi population. We pooled 10030 person-visit data on drinking water sources, blood pressure (BP) and 24-h urine minerals. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) was measured in 3724 person-visits, and lipids in 1118 person-visits. We measured concentrations of sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in 253 rainwater, 935 groundwater and 130 pond water samples. We used multilevel linear or gamma regression models with participant-, household- and community-level random intercepts to estimate the associations of rainwater consumption with urine minerals and cardiometabolic biomarkers. Rainwater samples had the lowest concentrations of Na, K, Ca and Mg. Rainwater drinkers had lower urine minerals than coastal groundwater drinkers: -13.42 (95% CI: -18.27, -8.57) mmol Na/24 h, -2.00 (95% CI: -3.16, -0.85) mmol K/24 h and -0.57 (95% CI: -1.02, -0.16) mmol Mg/24 h. The ratio of median 24-hour urinary Ca for rainwater versus coastal groundwater drinkers was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.64, 0.80). Rainwater drinkers had 2.15 (95% CI: 1.02, 3.27) mm Hg higher systolic BP, 1.82 (95% CI: 1.19, 2.54) mm Hg higher diastolic BP, 0.59 (95% CI: 0.17, 1.01) mmol/L higher FBG and -2.02 (95% CI: -5.85, 0.81) mg/dl change in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with the coastal groundwater drinkers. Drinking rainwater was associated with worse cardiometabolic health measures, which may be due to the lower intake of salubrious Ca, Mg and K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Mohd Naser
- Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Leanne Unicomb
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Sarker Masud Parvez
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Shariful Islam
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Solaiman Doza
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Golam Kibria Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | | | - Shuchi Anand
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephen P Luby
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mohammad Shamsudduha
- Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Geography, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Matthew O Gribble
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - K M Venkat Narayan
- Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas F Clasen
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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42
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Naser AM, Wang Q, Shamsudduha M, Chellaraj G, Joseph G. Modeling the Relationship of Groundwater Salinity to Neonatal and Infant Mortality From the Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey 2000 to 2014. GEOHEALTH 2020; 4:e2019GH000229. [PMID: 32159051 PMCID: PMC7025866 DOI: 10.1029/2019gh000229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the relationship of drinking water salinity to neonatal and infant mortality using Bangladesh Demographic Health Surveys of 2000, 2004, 2007, 2011, and 2014. Point data of groundwater electrical conductivity (EC)- a measure of salinity-were collated from the Bangladesh Water Development Board and digitizing salinity contour map. Data for groundwater dissolved elements (sodium, calcium, magnesium, and potassium) data came from a national hydrochemistry survey in Bangladesh. Point EC and dissolved minerals data were then interpolated over entire Bangladesh and extracted to each cluster location, the primary sampling unit of Bangladesh Demographic Health Surveys. We used restricted cubic splines and survey design-specific logistic regression models to determine the relationship of water salinity to neonatal and infant mortality. A U-shaped association between drinking water salinity and neonatal and infant mortality was found, suggesting higher mortality when salinity was very low and high. Compared to mildly saline (EC ≥0.7 and < 2 mS/cm) water drinkers, freshwater (EC < 0.7 mS/cm) drinkers had 1.37 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.84) times higher neonatal mortality and 1.43 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.89) times higher infant mortality. Compared to mildly saline water drinkers, severe-saline (EC ≥10 mS/cm) water drinkers had 1.77 (95% CI: 1.17, 2.68) times higher neonatal mortality and 1.93 (95% CI: 1.35, 2.76) times higher infant mortality. We found that mild-salinity water had a high concentration of calcium and magnesium, whereas severe-salinity water had a high concentration of sodium. Freshwater had the least concentrations of salubrious calcium and magnesium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Mohd Naser
- Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | | | - Mohammad Shamsudduha
- Institute for Risk and Disaster ReductionUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of GeographyUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
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43
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Why Do People Remain Attached to Unsafe Drinking Water Options? Quantitative Evidence from Southwestern Bangladesh. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The acceptance of newly implemented, safe drinking water options is not guaranteed. In the Khulna and Satkhira districts, Bangladesh, pond water is pathogen-contaminated, while groundwater from shallow tubewells may be arsenic- or saline-contaminated. This study aims to determine why, as well as the extent to which, people are expected to remain attached to using these unsafe water options, compared to the following four safer drinking water options: deep tubewells, pond sand filters, vendor water, and rainwater harvesting. Through 262 surveys, this study explores whether five explanatory factors (risk, attitude, norms, reliability, and habit) pose barriers to switching from unsafe to safe drinking water options or whether they could act as facilitators of such a switch. Users’ attachment to using pond water is generally low (facilitators: risk and attitude. Barrier: norms). Users are more attached to shallow tubewells (no facilitators. Barriers: reliability and habit). The safe alternatives (deep tubewell, rain water harvesting, pond sand filter, and vendor water) score significantly better than pond water and are estimated to have the potential to be adopted by pond water users. Deep tubewell, rain water harvesting, and pond sand filter also score better than shallow tubewells and could also have the potential to replace them. These findings may be used to optimise implementation strategies for safer drinking water alternatives.
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44
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Arvizu M, Bjerregaard AA, Madsen MTB, Granström C, Halldorsson TI, Olsen SF, Gaskins AJ, Rich-Edwards JW, Rosner BA, Chavarro JE. Sodium Intake during Pregnancy, but Not Other Diet Recommendations Aimed at Preventing Cardiovascular Disease, Is Positively Related to Risk of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy. J Nutr 2020; 150:159-166. [PMID: 31504673 PMCID: PMC6946899 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of diet on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDPs), including preeclampsia and gestational hypertension (GHTN), remains unclear. OBJECTIVES We evaluated whether adherence during pregnancy to dietary recommendations that reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population is related to the risk of HDPs. METHODS We followed 66,651 singleton pregnancies from 62,774 women participating in the Danish National Birth Cohort. Diet was assessed during week of gestation 25 with an FFQ from which we created 2 dietary pattern scores: 1) AHA, based on the diet recommendations from the AHA 2020 Strategic Impact Goals; and 2) the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. Cases of HDPs were identified through linkage with the Danish National Patient Registry. RRs and 95% CIs of HDPs were estimated by increasing quintiles of adherence to the AHA and DASH scores using log-Poisson regression models with generalized estimating equations-to account for repeated pregnancies per woman-while adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS We identified 1809 cases of HDPs: n = 1310 preeclampsia (n = 300 severe preeclampsia) and n = 499 cases of GHTN. Greater adherence to AHA or DASH scores was not related to the risk of HDPs. However, when each component of the scores was separately evaluated, there were positive linear relations of sodium intake with HDPs (P-linearity < 0.01). Women with the highest sodium intake [median 3.70 g/d (range: 3.52, 7.52 g/d)] had 54% (95% CI:16%, 104%) higher risk of GHTN and 20% (95% CI:1%, 42%) higher risk of preeclampsia than women with the lowest intake [median 2.60 g/d (range: 0.83, 2.79 g/d)]. In addition, intake of whole grains was positively related to the risk of GHTN but not to preeclampsia ( P-heterogeneity = 0.002). CONCLUSION Sodium intake during pregnancy, but no other diet recommendations to prevent CVD among nonpregnant adults, is positively related to the occurrence of HDPs among pregnant Danish women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel Arvizu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne A Bjerregaard
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie T B Madsen
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Thorhallur I Halldorsson
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark,Unit for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Sjurdur F Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Centre for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Audrey J Gaskins
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Janet W Rich-Edwards
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Women's Health, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bernard A Rosner
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jorge E Chavarro
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Address correspondence to JEC (E-mail: )
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45
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Akter S. Impact of drinking water salinity on children's education: Empirical evidence from coastal Bangladesh. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 690:1331-1341. [PMID: 31470495 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the impact of drinking water salinity on children's education using a unique and rich dataset collected from eight southwest coastal districts of Bangladesh. Salinity concentration in drinking water is measured at the household level using water samples from households' primary source of drinking water during the summer, wet and dry season of 20014-15. A third of the deep tube-well water samples was found to be slightly (1000 < TDS < 2000 mg/l) to moderately (TDS ≥ 2000 mg/l) saline. Linking the child-level data on educational outcome to water salinity (i.e. TDS level), the study reveals a statistically significant negative effect of excessive salinity on grade advancement for 7-12 year old children. More specifically, exposure to excessive drinking water salinity (TDS > 1000 mg/l) decreases the grade advancement likelihood of 7-12 year old children by 6.7 percentage points. The results remain robust to alternative model and econometric specifications. The adverse effect of salinity on grade advancement does not vary significantly across the gender of the child while poverty, as expected, exacerbates the effect. Impaired cognitive development due to early childhood exposure appears to be the most plausible channel through which the negative effects of excessive sodium consumption permeate to young children's educational deficit. Additionally, poor health of the adults and elevated medical expenditure play a small yet significant mediating role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Akter
- Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, 469C Bukit Timah Road, Singapore, 259772, Singapore.
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Talukder MRR, Rutherford S, Chu C, Hieu Nguyen T, Phung D. Association between salinity and hospital admission for hypertension: an ecological case-control study in the Mekong Delta Region in Vietnam. J Public Health (Oxf) 2019; 40:75-81. [PMID: 28419386 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdx041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drinking water in the Mekong Delta Region (MDR) is highly vulnerable to salinity intrusion and this problem is expected to increase with the projected climate change and sea level rise. Despite this, research on health effects of saline contaminated water is scarce in this region. This study examines the risk of hospital admission for hypertension in salinity-affected areas of the MDR. Methods Cases and controls were obtained from national/provincial hospital admission records for 2013. The cases were adult patients whom hypertension (ICD10-code: I10-I15) was primary diagnosis for admission. Of the 13 provinces in the MDR, we identified seven as 'salinity exposed' and the remaining as 'non-exposed' areas. A multi-level logistic regression model was used to examine the association between salinity exposure and hypertension outcome. Results Of the total 573 650 hospital admissions, 22 382 (~3.9%) were hypertensive cases. The multi-level logistic model combining both individual and ecological factors showed a 9% increase in risk (95% CI: 3-14%) of hypertension admission among individuals in exposed areas compared to those in non-exposed areas. Conclusion In order to develop and promote appropriate adaptation strategies, further research is recommended to identify the salt exposure pathways and consumption behaviours in the salinity exposed areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Radwanur Rahman Talukder
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland QLD4111, Australia.,icddr,b, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1225, Bangladesh
| | - Shannon Rutherford
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland QLD4111, Australia
| | - Cordia Chu
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland QLD4111, Australia
| | - Trung Hieu Nguyen
- Department of Environment and Natural Resources Management, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Dung Phung
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland QLD4111, Australia
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47
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Islam MA, Hoque MA, Ahmed KM, Butler AP. Impact of Climate Change and Land Use on Groundwater Salinization in Southern Bangladesh-Implications for Other Asian Deltas. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 64:640-649. [PMID: 31655864 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-019-01220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pervasive salinity in soil and water is affecting agricultural yield and the health of millions of delta dwellers in Asia. This is also being exacerbated by climate change through increases in sea level and tropical storm surges. One consequence of this has been a widespread introduction of salt water shrimp farming. Here, we show, using field data and modeling, how changes in climate and land use are likely to result in increased salinization of shallow groundwater in SE Asian mega-deltas. We also explore possible adaptation options. We find that possible future increase of episodic inundation events, combined with salt water shrimp farming, will cause rapid salinization of groundwater in the region making it less suitable for drinking water and irrigation. However, modified land use and water management practices can mitigate the impacts on groundwater, as well as the overlying soil, from future salinization. The study therefore provides guidance for adaptation planning to reduce future salinization in Asian deltas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Islam
- Department of Oceanography, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - M A Hoque
- School of Environment, Geography & Geosciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - K M Ahmed
- Department of Geology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A P Butler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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48
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Health Implications of Drinking Water Salinity in Coastal Areas of Bangladesh. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16193746. [PMID: 31590283 PMCID: PMC6801928 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Coastal areas in South Asian countries are particularly vulnerable to elevated water salinity. Drinking water salinity has been found to be associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD), diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Our study aimed to find if excess drinking water salinity was associated with increased hospital visits with an array of health effects in coastal sub-districts of Bangladesh. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 157 participants from three coastal sub-districts. A face-to-face interview was conducted to collect salinity exposure and hospital visit data. Water samples were collected from both drinking and other household water sources for the measurement of salinity and total dissolved solids (TDS). CVD, diarrhea, and abdominal pain related hospital visits were found to be significantly associated with high water salinity and TDS. Households exposed to high salinity demonstrated a higher frequency of hospital visits than the low salinity-exposed households. People exposed to high salinity seemed to lack awareness regarding salinity-inducing health effects. Water salinity is a public health concern that will continue to rise due to climate change. Therefore, raising awareness about the health risks of water salinity is essential for the government to frame policies and mitigation strategies to control this emerging threat.
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49
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Hoque SF, Hope R, Arif ST, Akhter T, Naz M, Salehin M. A social-ecological analysis of drinking water risks in coastal Bangladesh. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 679:23-34. [PMID: 31078772 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater resources in deltaic regions are vulnerable to contamination by saline seawater, posing significant crisis for drinking water. Current policy and practice of building water supply infrastructure, without adequate hydrogeological analysis and institutional coordination are failing to provide basic drinking water services for millions of poor people in such difficult hydrogeological contexts. We apply a social-ecological systems approach to examine interdisciplinary data from hydrogeological mapping, a water infrastructure audit, 2103 household surveys, focus group discussions and interviews to evaluate the risks to drinking water security in one of 139 polders in coastal Bangladesh. We find that increasing access through public tubewells is common but insufficient to reduce drinking water risks. In response, there has been a four-fold growth in private investments in shallow tubewells with new technologies and entrepreneurial models to mitigate groundwater salinity. Despite these interventions, poor households in water-stressed environments face significant trade-offs in drinking water quality, accessibility and affordability. We argue that institutional coordination and hydrogeological monitoring at a systems level is necessary to mitigate socio-ecological risks for more equitable and efficient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Ferdous Hoque
- School of Geography and the Environment and Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - Robert Hope
- School of Geography and the Environment and Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - Sharif Tanjim Arif
- Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tanjila Akhter
- Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Maheen Naz
- Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mashfiqus Salehin
- Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM), Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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50
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Menyanu E, Russell J, Charlton K. Dietary Sources of Salt in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2082. [PMID: 31212868 PMCID: PMC6617282 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16122082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is transforming dietary patterns from reliance on traditional staples to increased consumption of energy-dense foods high in saturated fats, trans fats, sugars, and salt. A systematic literature review was conducted to determine major food sources of salt in LMICs that could be targeted in strategies to lower population salt intake. Articles were sourced using Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and grey literature. Inclusion criteria were: reported dietary intake of Na/salt using dietary assessment methods and food composition tables and/or laboratory analysis of salt content of specific foods in populations in countries defined as low or middle income (LMIC) according to World Bank criteria. Of the 3207 records retrieved, 15 studies conducted in 12 LMICs from diverse geographical regions met the eligibility criteria. The major sources of dietary salt were breads, meat and meat products, bakery products, instant noodles, salted preserved foods, milk and dairy products, and condiments. Identification of foods that contribute to salt intake in LMICs allows for development of multi-faceted approaches to salt reduction that include consumer education, accompanied by product reformulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Menyanu
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Joanna Russell
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Karen Charlton
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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