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Lee SB, Gupta H, Min BH, Ganesan R, Sharma SP, Won SM, Jeong JJ, Cha MG, Kwon GH, Jeong MK, Hyun JY, Eom JA, Park HJ, Yoon SJ, Lee SY, Choi MR, Kim DJ, Oh KK, Suk KT. A consortium of Hordeum vulgare and gut microbiota against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via data-driven analysis. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 52:250-260. [PMID: 38687561 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2024.2347380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Despite many recent studies on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) therapeutics, the optimal treatment has yet to be determined. In this unfinished project, we combined secondary metabolites (SMs) from the gut microbiota (GM) and Hordeum vulgare (HV) to investigate their combinatorial effects via network pharmacology (NP). Additionally, we analyzed GM or barley - signalling pathways - targets - metabolites (GBSTMs) in combinatorial perspectives (HV, and GM). A total of 31 key targets were analysed via a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and JUN was identified as the uppermost target in NAFLD. On a bubble plot, we revealed that apelin signalling pathway, which had the lowest enrichment factor antagonize NAFLD. Holistically, we scrutinized GBSTM to identify key components (GM, signalling pathways, targets, and metabolites) associated with the Apelin signalling pathway. Consequently, we found that the primary GMs (Eubacterium limosum, Eggerthella sp. SDG-2, Alistipes indistinctus YIT 12060, Odoribacter laneus YIT 12061, Paraprevotella clara YIT 11840, Paraprevotella xylaniphila YIT 11841) to ameliorate NAFLD. The molecular docking test (MDT) suggested that tryptanthrin-JUN is an agonist, conversely, dihydroglycitein-HDAC5, 1,3-diphenylpropan-2-ol-NOS1, and (10[(Acetyloxy)methyl]-9-anthryl)methyl acetate-NOS2, which are antagonistic conformers in the apelin signalling pathway. Overall, these results suggest that combination therapy could be an effective strategy for treating NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Been Lee
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Haripriya Gupta
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Byeong-Hyun Min
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Satya Priya Sharma
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sung-Min Won
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jin-Ju Jeong
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Min-Gi Cha
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Goo-Hyun Kwon
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Min-Kyo Jeong
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Ji-Ye Hyun
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jung-A Eom
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Park
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Yoon
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sang Youn Lee
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Mi-Ran Choi
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Ki-Kwang Oh
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Suk
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
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2
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Moerings BGJ, Mes JJ, van Bergenhenegouwen J, Govers C, van Dijk M, Witkamp RF, van Norren K, Abbring S. Dietary Intake of Yeast-Derived β-Glucan and Rice-Derived Arabinoxylan Induces Dose-Dependent Innate Immune Priming in Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2300829. [PMID: 38682734 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Beta-glucans and arabinoxylans are known for their immunostimulatory properties. However, in vivo these have been documented almost exclusively following parenteral administration, underemphasizing oral intake. C57BL/6 mice are fed either a control diet or a diet supplemented with yeast-derived whole β-glucan particle (yWGP) or with rice-derived arabinoxylan (rice bran-1) at a concentration of 1%, 2.5%, or 5% weight/weight (w/w) for 2 weeks. Thereafter, cells from blood, bone marrow, and spleen are collected for ex vivo stimulation with various microbial stimuli. Dietary intake of yWGP for 2 weeks at concentrations of 1% and 2.5% w/w increases ex vivo cytokine production in mouse blood and bone marrow, whereas 5% w/w yWGP shows no effect. In the spleen, cytokine production remains unaffected by yWGP. At a concentration of 1% w/w, rice bran-1 increases ex vivo cytokine production by whole blood, but 2.5% and 5% w/w cause inhibitory effects in bone marrow and spleen. This study demonstrates that dietary yWGP and rice bran-1 induce immune priming in mouse blood and bone marrow, with the strongest effects observed at 1% w/w. Future human trials should substantiate the efficacy of dietary β-glucans and arabinoxylans to bolster host immunity, focusing on dose optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart G J Moerings
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 WG, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan J Mes
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 WG, The Netherlands
| | | | - Coen Govers
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 WD, The Netherlands
| | | | - Renger F Witkamp
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Klaske van Norren
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Abbring
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 WG, The Netherlands
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3
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Horneck Johnston CJ, Ledwith AE, Lundahl ML, Charles-Messance H, Hackett EE, O’Shaughnessy SD, Clegg J, Prendeville H, McGrath JP, Walsh AM, Case S, Austen Byrne H, Gautam P, Dempsey E, Corr SC, Sheedy FJ. Recognition of yeast β-glucan particles triggers immunometabolic signaling required for trained immunity. iScience 2024; 27:109030. [PMID: 38361630 PMCID: PMC10865028 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungal β-glucans are major drivers of trained immunity which increases long-term protection against secondary infections. Heterogeneity in β-glucan source, structure, and solubility alters interaction with the phagocytic receptor Dectin-1 and could impact strategies to improve trained immunity in humans. Using a panel of diverse β-glucans, we describe the ability of a specific yeast-derived whole-glucan particle (WGP) to reprogram metabolism and thereby drive trained immunity in human monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro and mice bone marrow in vivo. Presentation of pure, non-soluble, non-aggregated WGPs led to the formation of the Dectin-1 phagocytic synapse with subsequent lysosomal mTOR activation, metabolic reprogramming, and epigenetic rewiring. Intraperitoneal or oral administration of WGP drove bone marrow myelopoiesis and improved mature macrophage responses, pointing to therapeutic and food-based strategies to drive trained immunity. Thus, the investment of a cell in a trained response relies on specific recognition of β-glucans presented on intact microbial particles through stimulation of the Dectin-1 phagocytic response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna E. Ledwith
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | | | - Emer E. Hackett
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - Jonah Clegg
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - John P. McGrath
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Aaron M. Walsh
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sarah Case
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - Parth Gautam
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Elaine Dempsey
- School of Genetics & Microbiology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sinead C. Corr
- School of Genetics & Microbiology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Porbahaie M, Ulfman LH, Prodan A, Teodorowicz M, Schloesser JEL, Savelkoul HFJ, Kardinaal AFM, van Neerven RJJ. Dietary Intervention with Whey Protein Concentrate Does Not Affect Toll-like Receptor Responses and Gene Expression Patterns in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Healthy Volunteers. Nutrients 2024; 16:592. [PMID: 38474721 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine milk contains bioactive proteins, carbohydrates, and phospholipids with immunomodulatory properties impacting human immunity, potentially contributing to resistance to infections and allergies through diverse mechanisms. One such mechanism is the enhancing of the innate immune response to secondary pathogen-related stimuli, termed innate immune training. Although in vitro studies demonstrate that milk immunoglobulin G (IgG) can train human monocytes, evidence for in vivo immune training is limited. To explore the potential of bovine IgG for inducing innate immune training in vivo, this human study utilized an IgG-rich whey protein concentrate (WPC). Healthy male volunteers were assigned to a high dose WPC, low dose WPC, or placebo group. Blood was collected pre- and post-two weeks of WPC consumption. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and stimulated with TLR ligands, evaluating IL-6 and TNF-α production by monocytes, myeloid DCs, and plasmacytoid DCs. Additionally, RNA was isolated for differential gene expression (DGE) analysis. Results indicated that the two-week WPC intervention did not influence the ex vivo response of studied cells to TLR agonists. Furthermore, PBMC gene expression patterns showed no significant differences between the placebo and high dose WPC groups. The data suggests that oral WPC ingestion did not enhance immune responses in young, healthy male participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Porbahaie
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Malgorzata Teodorowicz
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - R J Joost van Neerven
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
- FrieslandCampina, 3818 LE Amersfoort, The Netherlands
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5
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Minute L, Bergón-Gutiérrez M, Mata-Martínez P, Fernández-Pascual J, Terrón V, Bravo-Robles L, Bıçakcıoğlu G, Zapata-Fernández G, Aguiló N, López-Collazo E, del Fresno C. Heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces trained immunity in vitro and in vivo administered systemically or intranasally. iScience 2024; 27:108869. [PMID: 38318361 PMCID: PMC10838711 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Trained immunity (TI) represents a memory-like process of innate immune cells. TI can be initiated with various compounds such as fungal β-glucan or the tuberculosis vaccine, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Nevertheless, considering the clinical applications of harnessing TI against infections and cancer, there is a growing need for new, simple, and easy-to-use TI inducers. Here, we demonstrate that heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis (HKMtb) induces TI both in vitro and in vivo. In human monocytes, this effect represents a truly trained process, as HKMtb confers boosted inflammatory responses against various heterologous challenges, such as lipopolysaccharide (Toll-like receptor [TLR] 4 ligand) and R848 (TLR7/8 ligand). Mechanistically, HKMtb-induced TI relies on epigenetic mechanisms in a Syk/HIF-1α-dependent manner. In vivo, HKMtb induced TI when administered both systemically and intranasally, with the latter generating a more robust TI response. Summarizing, our research has demonstrated that HKMtb has the potential to act as a mucosal immunotherapy that can successfully induce trained responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Minute
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Immunomodulation Laboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Bergón-Gutiérrez
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Immunomodulation Laboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Mata-Martínez
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Immunomodulation Laboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Fernández-Pascual
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Immunomodulation Laboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Terrón
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Bravo-Robles
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Immunomodulation Laboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gülce Bıçakcıoğlu
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Immunomodulation Laboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriela Zapata-Fernández
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Immunomodulation Laboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nacho Aguiló
- Department of Microbiology, Pediatrics, Radiology, and Public Health, University of Zaragoza/IIS Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBERES, CIBERINFEC, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo López-Collazo
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERES, CIBERINFEC, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos del Fresno
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Immunomodulation Laboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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Case S, O'Brien T, Ledwith AE, Chen S, Horneck Johnston CJH, Hackett EE, O'Sullivan M, Charles-Messance H, Dempsey E, Yadav S, Wilson J, Corr SC, Nagar S, Sheedy FJ. β-glucans from Agaricus bisporus mushroom products drive Trained Immunity. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1346706. [PMID: 38425482 PMCID: PMC10902450 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1346706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Macrofungi, such as edible mushrooms, have been used as a valuable medical resource for millennia as a result of their antibacterial and immuno-modulatory components. Mushrooms contain dietary fibers known as β-glucans, a class of polysaccharides previously linked to the induction of Trained Immunity. However, little is known about the ability of mushroom-derived β-glucans to induce Trained Immunity. Methods & results Using various powdered forms of the white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), we found that mouse macrophages pre-treated with whole mushroom powder (WMP) displayed enhanced responses to restimulation with TLR ligands, being particularly sensitive to Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 stimulation using synthetic lipopeptides. This trained response was modest compared to training observed with yeast-derived β-glucans and correlated with the amount of available β-glucans in the WMP. Enriching for β-glucans content using either a simulated in-vitro digestion or chemical fractionation retained and boosted the trained response with WMP, respectively. Importantly, both WMP and digested-WMP preparations retained β-glucans as identified by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and both displayed the capacity to train human monocytes and enhanced responses to restimulation. To determine if dietary incorporation of mushroom products can lead to Trained Immunity in myeloid cells in vivo, mice were given a regimen of WMP by oral gavage prior to sacrifice. Flow cytometric analysis of bone-marrow progenitors indicated alterations in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells population dynamics, with shift toward myeloid-committed multi-potent progenitor cells. Mature bone marrow-derived macrophages derived from these mice displayed enhanced responses to restimulation, again particularly sensitive to TLR2. Discussion Taken together, these data demonstrate that β-glucans from common macrofungi can train innate immune cells and could point to novel ways of delivering bio-available β-glucans for education of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Case
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tara O'Brien
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anna E. Ledwith
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shilong Chen
- NatPro Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Emer E. Hackett
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Elaine Dempsey
- School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Sinead C. Corr
- School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Shipra Nagar
- NatPro Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Frederick J. Sheedy
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- NatPro Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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Moerings BG, Abbring S, Tomassen MM, Schols HA, Witkamp RF, van Norren K, Govers C, van Bergenhenegouwen J, Mes JJ. Rice-derived arabinoxylan fibers are particle size-dependent inducers of trained immunity in a human macrophage-intestinal epithelial cell co-culture model. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 8:100666. [PMID: 38179220 PMCID: PMC10765302 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Arabinoxylans have been identified for a wide range of purported health-promoting applications, primarily attributed to its immunomodulatory effects. Previously, we have reported the ability of arabinoxylans to induce non-specific memory in innate immune cells, commonly referred to as "trained innate immunity". In the present study, we investigated the effect of particle size on innate immune training and resilience in primary human macrophages as well as in a more physiologically relevant macrophage-intestinal epithelial cell co-culture model. We demonstrated that smaller (>45 & < 90 μm) compared to larger (>90 μm) particle size fractions of rice bran-derived arabinoxylan preparations have a higher enhancing effect on training and resilience in both models. Smaller particle size fractions elevated TNF-α production in primary macrophages and enhanced Dectin-1 receptor activation in reporter cell lines compared to larger particles. Responses were arabinoxylan source specific as only the rice-derived arabinoxylans showed these immune-supportive effects. This particle size-dependent induction of trained immunity was confirmed in the established co-culture model. These findings demonstrate the influence of particle size on the immunomodulatory potential of arabinoxylans, provide further insight into the structure-activity relationship, and offer new opportunities to optimize the immune-enhancing effects of these dietary fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart G.J. Moerings
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Abbring
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Monic M.M. Tomassen
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henk A. Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Renger F. Witkamp
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Klaske van Norren
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Coen Govers
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jurriaan J. Mes
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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8
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Kaur G, Chawla S, Kumar P, Singh R. Advancing Vaccine Strategies against Candida Infections: Exploring New Frontiers. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1658. [PMID: 38005990 PMCID: PMC10674196 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, along with several non-albicans Candida species, comprise a prominent fungal pathogen in humans, leading to candidiasis in various organs. The global impact of candidiasis in terms of disease burden, suffering, and fatalities is alarmingly high, making it a pressing global healthcare concern. Current treatment options rely on antifungal drugs such as azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins but are delimited due to the emergence of drug-resistant strains and associated adverse effects. The current review highlights the striking absence of a licensed antifungal vaccine for human use and the urgent need to shift our focus toward developing an anti-Candida vaccine. A number of factors affect the development of vaccines against fungal infections, including the host, intraspecies and interspecies antigenic variations, and hence, a lack of commercial interest. In addition, individuals with a high risk of fungal infection tend to be immunocompromised, so they are less likely to respond to inactivated or subunit whole organisms. Therefore, it is pertinent to discover newer and novel alternative strategies to develop safe and effective vaccines against fungal infections. This review article provides an overview of current vaccination strategies (live attenuated, whole-cell killed, subunit, conjugate, and oral vaccine), including their preclinical and clinical data on efficacy and safety. We also discuss the mechanisms of immune protection against candidiasis, including the role of innate and adaptive immunity and potential biomarkers of protection. Challenges, solutions, and future directions in vaccine development, namely, exploring novel adjuvants, harnessing the trained immunity, and utilizing immunoinformatics approaches for vaccine design and development, are also discussed. This review concludes with a summary of key findings, their implications for clinical practice and public health, and a call to action for continued investment in candidiasis vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh College of Technology (CCT), Chandigarh Group of Colleges (CGC), Landran, Mohali 140307, India
| | - Sonam Chawla
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sector 62, Noida 201309, India; (S.C.)
| | - Piyush Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sector 62, Noida 201309, India; (S.C.)
| | - Ritu Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sector 62, Noida 201309, India; (S.C.)
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9
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Montagnani M, Bottalico L, Potenza MA, Charitos IA, Topi S, Colella M, Santacroce L. The Crosstalk between Gut Microbiota and Nervous System: A Bidirectional Interaction between Microorganisms and Metabolome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10322. [PMID: 37373470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that the gut microbiota influences behavior and, in turn, changes in the immune system associated with symptoms of depression or anxiety disorder may be mirrored by corresponding changes in the gut microbiota. Although the composition/function of the intestinal microbiota appears to affect the central nervous system (CNS) activities through multiple mechanisms, accurate epidemiological evidence that clearly explains the connection between the CNS pathology and the intestinal dysbiosis is not yet available. The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a separate branch of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the largest part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). It is composed of a vast and complex network of neurons which communicate via several neuromodulators and neurotransmitters, like those found in the CNS. Interestingly, despite its tight connections to both the PNS and ANS, the ENS is also capable of some independent activities. This concept, together with the suggested role played by intestinal microorganisms and the metabolome in the onset and progression of CNS neurological (neurodegenerative, autoimmune) and psychopathological (depression, anxiety disorders, autism) diseases, explains the large number of investigations exploring the functional role and the physiopathological implications of the gut microbiota/brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Montagnani
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area-Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Bottalico
- School of Technical Medical Sciences, "Alexander Xhuvani" University of Elbasan, 3001-3006 Elbasan, Albania
| | - Maria Assunta Potenza
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area-Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Ioannis Alexandros Charitos
- Pneumology and Respiratory Rehabilitation Division, Maugeri Clinical Scientific Research Institutes (IRCCS), 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Skender Topi
- School of Technical Medical Sciences, "Alexander Xhuvani" University of Elbasan, 3001-3006 Elbasan, Albania
| | - Marica Colella
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Virology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Santacroce
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Virology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
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Yang L, Chaves L, Kutscher HL, Karki S, Tamblin M, Kenney P, Reynolds JL. An immunoregulator nanomedicine approach for the treatment of tuberculosis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1095926. [PMID: 37304141 PMCID: PMC10249870 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1095926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A nanoparticle composed of a poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) core and a chitosan (CS) shell with surface-adsorbed 1,3 β-glucan (β-glucan) was synthesized. The exposure response of CS-PLGA nanoparticles (0.1 mg/mL) with surface-bound β-glucan at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25 ng or free β-glucan at 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25 ng/mL in macrophage in vitro and in vivo was investigated. Results: In vitro studies demonstrate that gene expression for IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα increased at 10 and 15 ng surface-bound β-glucan on CS-PLGA nanoparticles (0.1 mg/mL) and at 20 and 25 ng/mL of free β-glucan both at 24 h and 48 h. Secretion of TNFα protein and ROS production increased at 5, 10, 15, and 20 ng surface-bound β-glucan on CS-PLGA nanoparticles and at 20 and 25 ng/mL of free β-glucan at 24 h. Laminarin, a Dectin-1 antagonist, prevented the increase in cytokine gene expression induced by CS-PLGA nanoparticles with surface-bound β-glucan at 10 and 15 ng, indicating a Dectin-1 receptor mechanism. Efficacy studies showed a significant reduction in intracellular accumulation of mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) incubated with on CS-PLGA (0.1 mg/ml) nanoparticles with 5, 10, and 15 ng surface-bound β-glucan or with 10 and 15 ng/mL of free β-glucan. β-glucan-CS-PLGA nanoparticles inhibited intracellular Mtb growth more than free β-glucan alone supporting the role of β-glucan-CS-PLGA nanoparticles as stronger adjuvants than free β-glucan. In vivo studies demonstrate that oropharyngeal aspiration (OPA) of CS-PLGA nanoparticles with nanogram concentrations of surface-bound β-glucan or free β-glucan increased TNFα gene expression in alveolar macrophages and TNFα protein secretion in bronchoalveolar lavage supernatants. Discussion: Data also demonstrate no damage to the alveolar epithelium or changes in the murine sepsis score following exposure to β-glucan-CS-PLGA nanoparticles only, indicating safety and feasibility of this nanoparticle adjuvant platform to mice by OPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luona Yang
- Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Lee Chaves
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Hilliard L. Kutscher
- Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Shanta Karki
- Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Maria Tamblin
- Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Patrick Kenney
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jessica L. Reynolds
- Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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11
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Yang F, Cheung PCK. Fungal β-Glucan-Based Nanotherapeutics: From Fabrication to Application. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040475. [PMID: 37108930 PMCID: PMC10143420 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal β-glucans are naturally occurring active macromolecules used in food and medicine due to their wide range of biological activities and positive health benefits. Significant research efforts have been devoted over the past decade to producing fungal β-glucan-based nanomaterials and promoting their uses in numerous fields, including biomedicine. Herein, this review offers an up-to-date report on the synthetic strategies of common fungal β-glucan-based nanomaterials and preparation methods such as nanoprecipitation and emulsification. In addition, we highlight current examples of fungal β-glucan-based theranostic nanosystems and their prospective use for drug delivery and treatment in anti-cancer, vaccination, as well as anti-inflammatory treatments. It is anticipated that future advances in polysaccharide chemistry and nanotechnology will aid in the clinical translation of fungal β-glucan-based nanomaterials for the delivery of drugs and the treatment of illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Peter Chi Keung Cheung
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
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12
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Abbasi A, Rahbar Saadat T, Rahbar Saadat Y. Microbial exopolysaccharides-β-glucans-as promising postbiotic candidates in vaccine adjuvants. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:346-361. [PMID: 36347372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The urgent task of creating new, enhanced adjuvants is closely related to our comprehension of their mechanisms of action. A few adjuvants have shown sufficient efficacy and low toxicity to be allowed for use in human vaccines, despite the fact that they have a long history and an important function. Adjuvants have long been used without a clear understanding of how precisely they augment the immune response. The rational production of stronger and safer adjuvants has been impeded by this lack of information, which necessitates more mechanistic research to support the development of vaccines. Carbohydrate structures-polygalactans, fructans, β-D-glucans, α-D-glucans, D-galactose, and D-glucose-are desirable candidates for the creation of vaccine adjuvants and immunomodulators because they serve important functions in nature and are often biocompatible, safe, and well tolerated. In this review, we have discussed recent advances in microbial-derived carbohydrate-based adjuvants, their immunostimulatory activity, and the implications of this for vaccine development, along with the critical view on the microbial sources, chemical composition, and biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Abbasi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Yalda Rahbar Saadat
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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13
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Walachowski S, Breyne K, Secher T, Cougoule C, Guzylack-Piriou L, Meyer E, Foucras G, Tabouret G. Oral supplementation with yeast β-glucans improves the resolution of Escherichia coli-associated inflammatory responses independently of monocyte/macrophage immune training. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1086413. [PMID: 36605196 PMCID: PMC9809295 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1086413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Confronted with the emerging threat of antimicrobial resistance, the development of alternative strategies to limit the use of antibiotics or potentiate their effect through synergy with the immune system is urgently needed. Many natural or synthetic biological response modifiers have been investigated in this context. Among them, β-glucans, a type of soluble or insoluble polysaccharide composed of a linear or branched string of glucose molecules produced by various cereals, bacteria, algae, and inferior (yeast) and superior fungi (mushrooms) have garnered interest in the scientific community, with not less than 10,000 publications over the last two decades. Various biological activities of β-glucans have been reported, such as anticancer, antidiabetic and immune-modulating effects. In vitro, yeast β-glucans are known to markedly increase cytokine secretion of monocytes/macrophages during a secondary challenge, a phenomenon called immune training. Methods Here, we orally delivered β-glucans derived from the yeast S. cerevisiae to mice that were further challenged with Escherichia coli. Results β-glucan supplementation protected the mice from E. coli intraperitoneal and intra-mammary infections, as shown by a lower bacterial burden and greatly diminished tissue damage. Surprisingly, this was not associated with an increased local immune response. In addition, granulocyte recruitment was transient and limited, as well as local cytokine secretion, arguing for faster resolution of the inflammatory response. Furthermore, ex-vivo evaluation of monocytes/macrophages isolated or differentiated from β-glucan-supplemented mice showed these cells to lack a trained response versus those from control mice. Conclusion In conclusion, dietary β-glucans can improve the outcome of Escherichia coli infections and dampen tissue damages associated to excessive inflammatory response. The mechanisms associated with such protection are not necessarily linked to immune system hyper-activation or immune training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Walachowski
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique et Environnement (INRAE), Toulouse, France
| | - Koen Breyne
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Neurology and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital - Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Thomas Secher
- INSERM, Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Tours, France,Faculté de Médecine Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Céline Cougoule
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Guzylack-Piriou
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique et Environnement (INRAE), Toulouse, France
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Ghent, Belgium Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Gilles Foucras
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique et Environnement (INRAE), Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Tabouret
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique et Environnement (INRAE), Toulouse, France,*Correspondence: Guillaume Tabouret,
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Wan Mohtar WHM, Wan-Mohtar WAAQI, Zahuri AA, Ibrahim MF, Show PL, Ilham Z, Jamaludin AA, Abdul Patah MF, Ahmad Usuldin SR, Rowan N. Role of ascomycete and basidiomycete fungi in meeting established and emerging sustainability opportunities: a review. Bioengineered 2022; 13:14903-14935. [PMID: 37105672 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2023.2184785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal biomass is the future's feedstock. Non-septate Ascomycetes and septate Basidiomycetes, famously known as mushrooms, are sources of fungal biomass. Fungal biomass, which on averagely comprises about 34% protein and 45% carbohydrate, can be cultivated in bioreactors to produce affordable, safe, nontoxic, and consistent biomass quality. Fungal-based technologies are seen as attractive, safer alternatives, either substituting or complementing the existing standard technology. Water and wastewater treatment, food and feed, green technology, innovative designs in buildings, enzyme technology, potential health benefits, and wealth production are the key sectors that successfully reported high-efficiency performances of fungal applications. This paper reviews the latest technical know-how, methods, and performance of fungal adaptation in those sectors. Excellent performance was reported indicating high potential for fungi utilization, particularly in the sectors, yet to be utilized and improved on the existing fungal-based applications. The expansion of fungal biomass in the industrial-scale application for the sustainability of earth and human well-being is in line with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Environmental Management Centre, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar
- Functional Omics and Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Research Institutes and Industry Centres, Bioscience Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, MidlandsMidwest, Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Afnan Ahmadi Zahuri
- Functional Omics and Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Pau-Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Zul Ilham
- Environmental Science and Management Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin
- Environmental Science and Management Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Fazly Abdul Patah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Rokhiyah Ahmad Usuldin
- Functional Omics and Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Agro-Biotechnology Institute, Malaysia, National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Neil Rowan
- Research Institutes and Industry Centres, Bioscience Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, MidlandsMidwest, Westmeath, Ireland
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15
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Oh KK, Adnan M, Cho DH. Network pharmacology-based study to identify the significant pathways of Lentinula edodes against cancer. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14258. [PMID: 35633195 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lentinula edodes (LE) is known as a good food source with potent anticancer efficacy, but its active chemical compounds and pathways against cancer have not been revealed. This study was to uncover the active chemical constituents and pathways of LE against cancer through network pharmacology. The chemical compositions were recognized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and filtered drug-like compounds (DLCs) by SwissADME. Targets related to filtered compounds were recognized by two public databases and the final overlapping targets were identified by Venn diagram. Then, protein-protein interaction (PPI) and pathway-target-compound (PTC) networks were built by RStudio. Ultimately, we recognized the key compounds and targets via molecular docking test (MDT). A total of 33 compounds from LE were accepted by Lipinski's rule were selected as DLCs. The 33 compounds were associated with 108 targets and a key target (cyclooxygenase2 [COX2]) was identified through PPI networks. Most significantly, inactivation of pathways in cancer and activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway were significant pathways of LE. On MDT, we identified a key compound (Indole, 2-methyl-3-phenyl) on COX2 related to inactivation of athways in cancer, additionally, the number of 6 ergostane steroids was associated with the two pathways might be dual efficacy to alleviate inflammation against cancer. Overall, 13 targets, 11 compounds, and 2 key pathways of LE were identified as the significant elements to treat cancer. Hence, this study shows therapeutic evidence to verify the promising clinical effect of LE on cancer, suggesting that LE might be an important mushroom against cancer. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Lentinula edodes (LE) has been used widely in cuisine as well as alternative medicines, especially, for anticancer. The LE has rich nutritional compounds including proteins, vitamins, polyphenols, and glucans, however, most of which have a critical hurdle as poor bioavailability not to be applicable for pharmaceuticals. Its main cause is very hydrophilic property. Thus, we adopted GC-MS analysis to identify lipophilic compounds to enhance cell permeability involved in bioavailability. The compounds selected from LE were confirmed by Lipinski's rule for drug-like-compounds (DLCs). Then, we retrieved targets associated with DLCs, and multiple pathways, multiple targets, and multiple compounds against cancer on network-based analysis. In summary, our study reveals the medicinal value of LE on cancer based on the multicomponents. Overall, the aim of this work is to represent the pharmacological evidence to reveal the therapeutic efficacy of AC on cancer, suggesting that DLCs from AC might be alleviators to dampen cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Kwang Oh
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Md Adnan
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Dong Ha Cho
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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16
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β-Glucans from Yeast—Immunomodulators from Novel Waste Resources. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12105208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
β-glucans are a large class of complex polysaccharides with bioactive properties, including immune modulation. Natural sources of these compounds include yeast, oats, barley, mushrooms, and algae. Yeast is abundant in various processes, including fermentation, and they are often discarded as waste products. The production of biomolecules from waste resources is a growing trend worldwide with novel waste resources being constantly identified. Yeast-derived β-glucans may assist the host’s defence against infections by influencing neutrophil and macrophage inflammatory and antibacterial activities. β-glucans were long regarded as an essential anti-cancer therapy and were licensed in Japan as immune-adjuvant therapy for cancer in 1980 and new mechanisms of action of these molecules are constantly emerging. This paper outlines yeast β-glucans’ immune-modulatory and anti-cancer effects, production and extraction, and their availability in waste streams.
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17
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Dectin-1b activation by arabinoxylans induces trained immunity in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:942-950. [PMID: 35447262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Arabinoxylans of various structures and sources have shown to possess the ability to induce a range of immune responses in different cell types in vitro and in vivo. Although the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully established, several studies point towards the involvement of activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Activation of specific PRRs (i.e., Dectin-1 and CR3) has also been shown to play a key role in the induction of a non-specific memory response in innate immune cells, termed 'trained innate immunity'. In the current study, we assessed whether arabinoxylans are also able to induce trained innate immunity. To this end, a range of arabinoxylan preparations from different sources were tested for their physicochemical properties and their capacity to induce innate immune training and resilience. In human macrophages, rice and wheat-derived arabinoxylan preparations induced training and/or resilience effects, the extent depending on fiber particle size and solubility. Using a Dectin-1 antagonist or a CR3 antibody, it was demonstrated that arabinoxylan-induced trained immunity in macrophages is mainly dependent on Dectin-1b. These findings build on previous observations showing the immunomodulatory potential of arabinoxylans as biological response modifiers and open up promising avenues for their use as health promoting ingredients.
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18
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Govers C, Calder PC, Savelkoul HFJ, Albers R, van Neerven RJJ. Ingestion, Immunity, and Infection: Nutrition and Viral Respiratory Tract Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:841532. [PMID: 35296080 PMCID: PMC8918570 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.841532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections place a heavy burden on the health care system, particularly in the winter months. Individuals with a vulnerable immune system, such as very young children and the elderly, and those with an immune deficiency, are at increased risk of contracting a respiratory infection. Most respiratory infections are relatively mild and affect the upper respiratory tract only, but other infections can be more serious. These can lead to pneumonia and be life-threatening in vulnerable groups. Rather than focus entirely on treating the symptoms of infectious disease, optimizing immune responsiveness to the pathogens causing these infections may help steer towards a more favorable outcome. Nutrition may have a role in such prevention through different immune supporting mechanisms. Nutrition contributes to the normal functioning of the immune system, with various nutrients acting as energy sources and building blocks during the immune response. Many micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) act as regulators of molecular responses of immune cells to infection. It is well described that chronic undernutrition as well as specific micronutrient deficiencies impair many aspects of the immune response and make individuals more susceptible to infectious diseases, especially in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. In addition, other dietary components such as proteins, pre-, pro- and synbiotics, and also animal- and plant-derived bioactive components can further support the immune system. Both the innate and adaptive defense systems contribute to active antiviral respiratory tract immunity. The initial response to viral airway infections is through recognition by the innate immune system of viral components leading to activation of adaptive immune cells in the form of cytotoxic T cells, the production of neutralizing antibodies and the induction of memory T and B cell responses. The aim of this review is to describe the effects of a range different dietary components on anti-infective innate as well as adaptive immune responses and to propose mechanisms by which they may interact with the immune system in the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coen Govers
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Philip C. Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Huub F. J. Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - R. J. Joost van Neerven
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Research & Development, FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, Netherlands
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Abstract
Sepsis is expected to have a substantial impact on public health and cost as its prevalence increases. Factors contributing to increased prevalence include a progressively aging population, advances in the use of immunomodulatory agents to treat a rising number of diseases, and immune-suppressing therapies in organ transplant recipients and cancer patients. It is now recognized that sepsis is associated with profound and sustained immunosuppression, which has been implicated as a predisposing factor in the increased susceptibility of patients to secondary infections and mortality. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of sepsis-induced immunosuppression and biomarkers that identify a state of impaired immunity. We also highlight immune-enhancing strategies that have been evaluated in patients with sepsis, as well as therapeutics under current investigation. Finally, we describe future challenges and the need for a new treatment paradigm, integrating predictive enrichment with patient factors that may guide the future selection of tailored immunotherapy. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physiology, Volume 84 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Torres
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA;
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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20
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Abstract
Even with strict implementation of preventive measures, surgical site infections (SSIs) remain among the most prevalent health care-associated infections. New strategies to prevent SSIs would thus have a huge impact, also in light of increasing global rates of antimicrobial drug resistance. Considering the indispensable role of innate immune cells in host defense in surgical wounds, enhancing their function may represent a potential strategy for prevention of SSIs. Trained immunity is characterized by metabolic, epigenetic, and functional reprogramming of innate immune cells. These functional changes take place at multiple levels, namely, at the level of bone marrow precursors, circulating innate immune cells, and resident tissue macrophages. Experimental studies have shown that induction of trained immunity can protect against various infections. Increasing evidence suggests that it may also lower the risk and severity of SSIs. This may occur through several different mechanisms. First, trained immunity enhances local host defense against soft tissue infections, including those caused by Staphylococcus aureus, the most common cause of SSIs. Second, training effects on nonimmune cells such as fibroblasts have been shown to improve wound repair. Third, trained immunity may prevent or reverse the postoperative immunoparalysis that contributes to risk of infections following surgery. There are multiple approaches to inducing trained immunity, such as vaccination with the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) tuberculosis vaccine, topical administration of β-glucan, or treatment with the Toll-like receptor 7 agonist imiquimod. Clinical-experimental studies should establish if and how induction of trained immunity can best help prevent SSIs and what patient groups would most benefit.
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21
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Oh KK, Adnan M, Cho DH. A network pharmacology analysis on drug-like compounds from Ganoderma lucidum for alleviation of atherosclerosis. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13906. [PMID: 34409623 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum (GL) is known as a potent alleviator against chronic inflammatory disease like atherosclerosis (AS), but its mechanisms against AS have not been unveiled. This research aimed to identify the key compounds(s) and mechanism(s) of GL against AS through network pharmacology. The compounds from GL were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrum (GC-MS), and SwissADME screened their physicochemical properties. Then, the target(s) associated with the screened compound(s) or AS related targets were identified by public databases, and we selected the overlapping targets using a Venn diagram. The networks between overlapping targets and compounds were visualized, constructed, and analyzed by RStudio. Finally, we performed a molecular docking test (MDT) to explore key target(s), compound(s), on AutoDockVina. A total of 35 compounds in GL were detected via GC-MS, and 34 compounds (accepted by Lipinski's rule) were selected as drug-like compounds (DLCs). A total of 34 compounds were connected to the number of 785 targets, and DisGeNET and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) identified 2,606 AS-related targets. The final 98 overlapping targets were extracted between the compounds-targets and AS-related targets. On Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, the number of 27 signaling pathways were sorted out, and a hub signaling pathway (MAPK signaling pathway), a core gene (PRKCA), and a key compound (Benzamide, 4-acetyl-N-[2,6-dimethylphenyl]) were selected among the 27 signaling pathways via MDT. Overall, we found that the identified 3 DLCs from GL have potent anti-inflammatory efficacy, improving AS by inactivating the MAPK signaling pathway. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Ganoderma lucidum (GL) has been used as a medicinal or edible mushroom for chronic inflammatory patients: diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia, especially atherosclerosis (AS). Until now, the majority of mushroom research has been implemented regarding β-glucan derivatives with very hydrophilic physicochemical properties. It implies that β-glucan or its derivatives have poor bioavailability. Hence, we have involved GC-MS in identifying lipophilic compounds from GL, which filtered them in silico to sort drug-like compounds (DLCs). Then, we retrieved targets associated with the DLCs, and identified a key signaling pathway, key targets, and key compounds against AS. In this paper, we utilized bioinformatics and network pharmacology theory to understand the uncovered pharmacological mechanism of GL on AS. To sum things up, our analysis elucidates the relationships between signaling pathways, targets, and compounds in GL. Ultimately, this work provides biochemical evidence to identify the therapeutic effect of GL on AS, and a scientific basis for deciphering the key mechanism on DLCs of GL against AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Kwang Oh
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Md Adnan
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Dong Ha Cho
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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22
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Laue C, Stevens Y, van Erp M, Papazova E, Soeth E, Pannenbeckers A, Stolte E, Böhm R, Gall SL, Falourd X, Ballance S, Knutsen SH, Pinheiro I, Possemiers S, Ryan PM, Ross RP, Stanton C, Wells JM, van der Werf S, Mes JJ, Schrezenmeir J. Adjuvant Effect of Orally Applied Preparations Containing Non-Digestible Polysaccharides on Influenza Vaccination in Healthy Seniors: A Double-Blind, Randomised, Controlled Pilot Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:2683. [PMID: 34444843 PMCID: PMC8400163 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Senior individuals can suffer from immunosenescence and novel strategies to bolster the immune response could contribute to healthy ageing. In this double-blind, randomised, controlled pilot trial, we investigated the ability of non-digestible polysaccharide (NPS) preparations to enhance the immune response in a human vaccination model. In total, 239 subjects (aged 50-79 years) were randomised to consume one of five different NPS (yeast β-glucan (YBG), shiitake β-glucan (SBG), oat β-glucan (OBG), arabinoxylan (AX), bacterial exopolysaccharide (EPS)) or control (CTRL) product daily for five weeks. After two weeks of intervention, subjects were vaccinated with seasonal influenza vaccine. The post-vaccination increases in haemagglutination inhibition antibody titres and seroprotection rate against the influenza strains were non-significantly enhanced in the NPS intervention groups compared to CTRL. Specifically, a trend towards a higher mean log2 fold increase was observed in the AX group (uncorrected p = 0.074) combined with a trend for an increased seroprotection rate, AX group (48.7%) compared to CTRL (25.6%) (uncorrected p = 0.057), for the influenza A H1N1 strain. Subjects consuming AX also had a reduced incidence of common colds compared to CTRL (1 vs. 8; p = 0.029 in Fisher exact test). No adverse effects of NPS consumption were reported. The findings of this pilot study warrant further research to study AX as an oral adjuvant to support vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Laue
- Clinical Research Center Kiel, Kiel Center of Innovation and Technology, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (E.P.); (E.S.); (A.P.); (R.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Yala Stevens
- BioActor, Brightlands Health Campus, 6229 GS Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.S.); (M.v.E.)
| | - Monique van Erp
- BioActor, Brightlands Health Campus, 6229 GS Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.S.); (M.v.E.)
| | - Ekaterina Papazova
- Clinical Research Center Kiel, Kiel Center of Innovation and Technology, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (E.P.); (E.S.); (A.P.); (R.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Edlyn Soeth
- Clinical Research Center Kiel, Kiel Center of Innovation and Technology, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (E.P.); (E.S.); (A.P.); (R.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Angelika Pannenbeckers
- Clinical Research Center Kiel, Kiel Center of Innovation and Technology, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (E.P.); (E.S.); (A.P.); (R.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Ellen Stolte
- Host-Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.S.); (J.M.W.)
| | - Ruwen Böhm
- Clinical Research Center Kiel, Kiel Center of Innovation and Technology, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (E.P.); (E.S.); (A.P.); (R.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Sophie Le Gall
- UR1268 BIA, INRA, 44316 Nantes, France; (S.L.G.); (X.F.)
| | - Xavier Falourd
- UR1268 BIA, INRA, 44316 Nantes, France; (S.L.G.); (X.F.)
| | - Simon Ballance
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food Fisheries & Aquaculture Research , 1433 Ås, Norway; (S.B.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Svein H. Knutsen
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food Fisheries & Aquaculture Research , 1433 Ås, Norway; (S.B.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Iris Pinheiro
- Prodigest, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (I.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Sam Possemiers
- Prodigest, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (I.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Paul M. Ryan
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co., P61 C996 Cork, Ireland; (P.M.R.); (C.S.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland;
| | - R. Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co., P61 C996 Cork, Ireland; (P.M.R.); (C.S.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Jerry M. Wells
- Host-Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.S.); (J.M.W.)
| | | | - Jurriaan J. Mes
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Juergen Schrezenmeir
- Clinical Research Center Kiel, Kiel Center of Innovation and Technology, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (E.P.); (E.S.); (A.P.); (R.B.); (J.S.)
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23
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Moerings BGJ, de Graaff P, Furber M, Witkamp RF, Debets R, Mes JJ, van Bergenhenegouwen J, Govers C. Continuous Exposure to Non-Soluble β-Glucans Induces Trained Immunity in M-CSF-Differentiated Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:672796. [PMID: 34149707 PMCID: PMC8208035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.672796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-glucans enable functional reprogramming of innate immune cells, a process defined as "trained immunity", which results in enhanced host responsiveness against primary (training) and/or secondary infections (resilience). Trained immunity holds great promise for promoting immune responses in groups that are at risk (e.g. elderly and patients). In this study, we modified an existing in vitro model for trained immunity by actively inducing monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation using M-CSF and applying continuous exposure. This model reflects mucosal exposure to β-glucans and was used to study the training effects of a variety of soluble or non-soluble β-glucans derived from different sources including oat, mushrooms and yeast. In addition, trained immunity effects were related to pattern recognition receptor usage, to which end, we analyzed β-glucan-mediated Dectin-1 activation. We demonstrated that β-glucans, with different sources and solubilities, induced training and/or resilience effects. Notably, trained immunity significantly correlated with Dectin-1 receptor activation, yet Dectin-1 receptor activation did not perform as a sole predictor for β-glucan-mediated trained immunity. The model, as validated in this study, adds on to the existing in vitro model by specifically investigating macrophage responses and can be applied to select non-digestible dietary polysaccharides and other components for their potential to induce trained immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart G J Moerings
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Nutritional Biology Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Priscilla de Graaff
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC)-Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Renger F Witkamp
- Nutritional Biology Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Reno Debets
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC)-Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan J Mes
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Coen Govers
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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24
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Vlassopoulou M, Yannakoulia M, Pletsa V, Zervakis GI, Kyriacou A. Effects of fungal beta-glucans on health - a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Food Funct 2021; 12:3366-3380. [PMID: 33876798 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00122a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Beta-glucans are polysaccharides that exhibit a wide range of biological properties as a result of their varying chemical composition. Like all dietary fibers, they avoid catabolism in the upper gastrointestinal tract, and they reach the large intestine undigested. There, they undergo fermentation by the gut microbiota, a process that has potential beneficial effects for the host. The aim of this systematic review is to assess the effects of consumption of beta-(1 → 3,1 → 6)-d-glucans, naturally found in the cell walls of fungi, on health outcomes. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was performed on PubMed, Cochrane Library and Web of Science to retrieve studies that applied randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to investigate the impact of exclusive oral administration of fungal beta-glucans in any form and at any dosage to healthy subjects or patients. RESULTS Thirty-four RCTs, of the 917 records retrieved in total, met the eligibility criteria and are included in the present review. The sources of fungal beta-glucans were Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aureobasidium pullulans, Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinula edodes and Ganoderma lucidum, and the dosage of supplementation ranged from 2.5 to 1000 mg daily for up to 6.5 months. The primary physiological outcome of the majority of the interventions was immunomodulation, which resulted in (a) strengthened immune defense that reduces the incidence and symptoms of cold, flu and other respiratory infections and (b) improvement of allergic symptoms. However, the findings on the induction of immune response alterations were inconsistent at the cellular and molecular levels. Another aspect is psychological wellbeing, as the cohorts that received the polysaccharides of interest reported improvement in their mood states as well as amelioration of overall wellbeing. At the same time, it might also be useful as a complementary agent to patients undergoing cancer therapies. Furthermore, supplements containing beta-(1 → 3,1 → 6)-d-glucan administered to overweight/obese adults might have the potential to decrease comorbid conditions associated with obesity. Notably, no adverse event causally related to glucans was recorded. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with beta-(1 → 3,1 → 6)-d-glucans is well-tolerated, and health-promoting properties are manifested primarily through the potentiation of the immune system. More studies are required to confirm their additional beneficial effects, to establish the optimal dose, and to reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marigoula Vlassopoulou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Str., Kallithea 176 76, Greece. and Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., Athens 116 35, Greece
| | - Mary Yannakoulia
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Str., Kallithea 176 76, Greece.
| | - Vasiliki Pletsa
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., Athens 116 35, Greece
| | - Georgios I Zervakis
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., Athens 118 55, Greece
| | - Adamantini Kyriacou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Str., Kallithea 176 76, Greece.
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25
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Shokri-Mashhadi N, Kazemi M, Saadat S, Moradi S. Effects of select dietary supplements on the prevention and treatment of viral respiratory tract infections: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Expert Rev Respir Med 2021; 15:805-821. [PMID: 33858268 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2021.1918546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Viral respiratory tract infections (RTIs) have been recognized as a global public health burden. Despite current theories about their effectiveness, the true benefits of dietary supplements on the prevention and treatment of viral RTIs remain elusive, due to contradictory reports. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of dietary supplements on the prevention and treatment of viral RTIs.Areas covered: We systematically searched databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar through 4 March 2020, to identify randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effects of consuming selected dietary supplements on the prevention or treatment of viral RTIs.Expert opinion: Thirty-nine randomized controlled trials (n = 16,797 participants) were eligible and included. Namely, vitamin D supplementation appeared to improve viral RTIs across cohorts particulate in those with vitamin D deficiency. Among the evaluated dietary supplements, specific lactobacillus strains were used most commonly with selected prebiotics that showed potentially positive effects on the prevention and treatment of viral RTIs. Further, ginseng extract supplementation may effectively prevent viral RTIs as adjuvant therapy. However, longitudinal research is required to confirm these observations and address the optimal dose, duration, and safety of dietary supplements being publicly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Shokri-Mashhadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Kazemi
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Human Metabolic Research Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, NewYork, USA
| | - Saeed Saadat
- Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sajjad Moradi
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.,Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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26
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van Steenwijk HP, Bast A, de Boer A. Immunomodulating Effects of Fungal Beta-Glucans: From Traditional Use to Medicine. Nutrients 2021; 13:1333. [PMID: 33920583 PMCID: PMC8072893 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of a well-functioning and balanced immune system has become more apparent in recent decades. Various elements have however not yet been uncovered as shown, for example, in the uncertainty on immune system responses to COVID-19. Fungal beta-glucans are bioactive molecules with immunomodulating properties. Insights into the effects and function of beta-glucans, which have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries, advances with the help of modern immunological and biotechnological methods. However, it is still unclear into which area beta-glucans fit best: supplements or medicine? This review has highlighted the potential application of fungal beta-glucans in nutrition and medicine, reviewing their formulation, efficacy, safety profile, and immunomodulating effects. The current status of dietary fungal glucans with respect to the European scientific requirements for health claims related to the immune system and defense against pathogens has been reviewed. Comparing the evidence base of the putative health effects of fungal beta-glucan supplements with the published guidance documents by EFSA on substantiating immune stimulation and pathogen defense by food products shows that fungal beta-glucans could play a role in supporting and maintaining health and, thus, can be seen as a good health-promoting substance from food, which could mean that this effect may also be claimed if approved. In addition to these developments related to food uses of beta-glucan-containing supplements, beta-glucans could also hold a novel position in Western medicine as the concept of trained immunity is relatively new and has not been investigated to a large extent. These innovative concepts, together with the emerging success of modern immunological and biotechnological methods, suggest that fungal glucans may play a promising role in both perspectives, and that there are possibilities for traditional medicine to provide an immunological application in both medicine and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidde P. van Steenwijk
- Campus Venlo, Food Claims Centre Venlo, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, 5911 BV Venlo, The Netherlands;
| | - Aalt Bast
- Campus Venlo, University College Venlo, Maastricht University, 5911 BV Venlo, The Netherlands;
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health, Maastricht University, 5911 BV Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Alie de Boer
- Campus Venlo, Food Claims Centre Venlo, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, 5911 BV Venlo, The Netherlands;
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27
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Picetti TS, Soveral LDF, Miotto R, Erpen LMS, Kreutz Y, Guizzo JA, Frandoloso R, Kreutz LC. Orally administered β-glucan improves the hemolytic activity of the complement system in horses. Vet World 2021; 14:835-840. [PMID: 34083928 PMCID: PMC8167517 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.835-840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Immune-modulating molecules mainly act on innate immune cells, which are central to early defense against invading pathogens and contribute to developing adaptive immunity. Yeast-extracted β-glucan, a model immune-modulating molecule, is widely used in several animal species; however, its effect on horse immune parameters has not been thoroughly investigated yet. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of orally administered β-glucan on selected innate immune parameters in horses. Materials and Methods: Eighteen thoroughbred horses were assigned equally into three groups as follows: One control group (no β-glucan) and two β-glucan experimental groups (one received 125 mg and the other 2 g of β-glucan per day for 28 days). Blood samples were collected before and at the end of the experiment for hematological analysis, whole blood phagocytosis, respiratory burst assays, and to assess the serum lysozyme and complement hemolytic activities. Results: At the end of the experiment, significant decreases (p<0.05) in monocyte numbers were observed in the control horses (258.8±45.9 vs. 115.3±41.5) and in those fed 125 mg/day of β-glucan (208.8±72.3 vs. 99.2±60.7), whereas a significant increase in numbers was noted in the horses that were fed 2 g/day of β-glucan (303.5±45.8 vs. 429.8±86.0; p<0.05). The natural hemolytic activity of the complement was higher only in horses fed 2 g/day of β-glucan (p=0.018) compared to the other groups. The hemolytic activity in the classical pathway was higher in those fed 125 mg/day (p=0.0035) and 2 g/day of β-glucan (p=0.0001). Conclusion: β-glucan improves important innate immune parameters and might be fed to horses before stressful events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taline Scalco Picetti
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, 99052-900 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas de Figueiredo Soveral
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, 99052-900 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Rovian Miotto
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, 99052-900 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Luana Marina Scheer Erpen
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, 99052-900 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Yasmin Kreutz
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, 99052-900 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - João Antônio Guizzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Frandoloso
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, 99052-900 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Kreutz
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, 99052-900 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
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28
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Wouk J, Dekker RFH, Queiroz EAIF, Barbosa-Dekker AM. β-Glucans as a panacea for a healthy heart? Their roles in preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 177:176-203. [PMID: 33609583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. Factors increasing the risks for CVD development are related to obesity, diabetes, high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure and lifestyle. CVD risk factors may be treated with appropriate drugs, but prolonged can use cause undesirable side-effects. Among the natural products used in complementary and alternative medicines, are the β-ᴅ-glucans; biopolymers found in foods (cereals, mushrooms), and can easily be produced by microbial fermentation. Independent of source, β-glucans of the mixed-linked types [(1 → 3)(1 → 6)-β-ᴅ-glucans - fungal, and (1 → 3)(1 → 4)-β-ᴅ-glucans - cereal] have widely been studied because of their biological activities, and have demonstrated cardiovascular protective effects. In this review, we discuss the roles of β-ᴅ-glucans in various pathophysiological conditions that lead to CVDs including obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, hypertension, atherosclerosis and stroke. The β-glucans from all of the sources cited demonstrated potential hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic and anti-obesogenicity activities, reduced hypertension and ameliorated the atherosclerosis condition. More recently, β-glucans are recognized as possessing prebiotic properties that modulate the gut microbiome and impact on the health benefits including cardiovascular. Overall, all the studies investigated unequivocally demonstrated the dietary benefits of consuming β-glucans regardless of source, thus constituting a promising panaceutical approach to reduce CVD risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Wouk
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Campus CEDETEG, CEP: 85040-167, Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Robert F H Dekker
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, Câmpus Londrina, CEP: 86036-370 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Beta-Glucan Produtos Farmoquímicos - EIRELI, Avenida João Miguel Caram 731, Lote 24(A), Bloco Zircônia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, CEP: 86036-700 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Eveline A I F Queiroz
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, CEP: 78.557-267 Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Aneli M Barbosa-Dekker
- Beta-Glucan Produtos Farmoquímicos - EIRELI, Avenida João Miguel Caram 731, Lote 24(A), Bloco Zircônia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, CEP: 86036-700 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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29
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Camilli G, Bohm M, Piffer AC, Lavenir R, Williams DL, Neven B, Grateau G, Georgin-Lavialle S, Quintin J. β-Glucan-induced reprogramming of human macrophages inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation in cryopyrinopathies. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4561-4573. [PMID: 32716363 DOI: 10.1172/jci134778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of mononuclear phagocytes to β-glucan, a naturally occurring polysaccharide, contributes to the induction of innate immune memory, which is associated with long-term epigenetic, metabolic, and functional reprogramming. Although previous studies have shown that innate immune memory induced by β-glucan confers protection against secondary infections, its impact on autoinflammatory diseases, associated with inflammasome activation and IL-1β secretion, remains poorly understood. In particular, whether β-glucan-induced long-term reprogramming affects inflammasome activation in human macrophages in the context of these diseases has not been explored. We found that NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated caspase-1 activation and subsequent IL-1β production were reduced in β-glucan-reprogrammed macrophages. β-Glucan acted upstream of the NLRP3 inflammasome by preventing potassium (K+) efflux, mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) generation, and, ultimately, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) oligomerization and speck formation. Importantly, β-glucan-induced memory in macrophages resulted in a remarkable attenuation of IL-1β secretion and caspase-1 activation in patients with an NLRP3-associated autoinflammatory disease, cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS). Our findings demonstrate that β-glucan-induced innate immune memory represses IL-1β-mediated inflammation and support its potential clinical use in NLRP3-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Camilli
- Immunology of Fungal Infections, Department of Mycology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Bohm
- Immunology of Fungal Infections, Department of Mycology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Alícia Corbellini Piffer
- Immunology of Fungal Infections, Department of Mycology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rachel Lavenir
- Immunology of Fungal Infections, Department of Mycology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - David L Williams
- Department of Surgery, Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Benedicte Neven
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Department, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Gilles Grateau
- Service de Médecine Interne et Centre de Références des Maladies Auto-inflammatoires et des Amyloses Inflammatoires, Hôpital Tenon, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Georgin-Lavialle
- Service de Médecine Interne et Centre de Références des Maladies Auto-inflammatoires et des Amyloses Inflammatoires, Hôpital Tenon, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jessica Quintin
- Immunology of Fungal Infections, Department of Mycology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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30
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De Marco Castro E, Calder PC, Roche HM. β-1,3/1,6-Glucans and Immunity: State of the Art and Future Directions. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e1901071. [PMID: 32223047 PMCID: PMC7816268 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201901071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system responds in a rapid and non-specific manner against immunologic threats; inflammation is part of this response. This is followed by a slower but targeted and specific response termed the adaptive or acquired immune response. There is emerging evidence that dietary components, including yeast-derived β-glucans, can aid host defense against pathogens by modulating inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of neutrophils and macrophages. Innate immune training refers to a newly recognized phenomenon wherein compounds may "train" innate immune cells, such that monocyte and macrophage precursor biology is altered to mount a more effective immunological response. Although various human studies have been carried out, much uncertainty still exists and further studies are required to fully elucidate the relationship between β-glucan supplementation and human immune function. This review offers an up-to-date report on yeast-derived β-glucans as immunomodulators, including a brief overview of the current paradigm regarding the interaction of β-glucans with the immune system. The recent pre-clinical work that has partly decrypted mode of action and the newest evidence from human trials are also reviewed. According to pre-clinical studies, β-1,3/1,6-glucan derived from baker's yeast may offer increased immuno-surveillance, although the human evidence is weaker than that gained from pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Marco Castro
- Nutrigenomics Research GroupSchool of Public Health, Physiotherapy, and Sports ScienceConway Institute, and Institute of Food and HealthUniversity College DublinDublin 4D04 V1W8Ireland
- Diabetes Complications Research CentreConway InstituteUniversity College DublinDublin 4D04 V1W8Ireland
| | - Philip C. Calder
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO16 6YDUK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research CentreUniversity Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation TrustUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO16 6YDUK
| | - Helen M. Roche
- Nutrigenomics Research GroupSchool of Public Health, Physiotherapy, and Sports ScienceConway Institute, and Institute of Food and HealthUniversity College DublinDublin 4D04 V1W8Ireland
- Diabetes Complications Research CentreConway InstituteUniversity College DublinDublin 4D04 V1W8Ireland
- Institute for Global Food SecurityQueens University BelfastBelfastNorthern IrelandBT9 5DLUK
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Murphy EJ, Rezoagli E, Major I, Rowan NJ, Laffey JG. β-Glucan Metabolic and Immunomodulatory Properties and Potential for Clinical Application. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E356. [PMID: 33322069 PMCID: PMC7770584 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
β-glucans are complex polysaccharides that are found in several plants and foods, including mushrooms. β-glucans display an array of potentially therapeutic properties. β-glucans have metabolic and gastro-intestinal effects, modulating the gut microbiome, altering lipid and glucose metabolism, reducing cholesterol, leading to their investigation as potential therapies for metabolic syndrome, obesity and diet regulation, gastrointestinal conditions such as irritable bowel, and to reduce cardiovascular and diabetes risk. β-glucans also have immune-modulating effects, leading to their investigation as adjuvant agents for cancers (solid and haematological malignancies), for immune-mediated conditions (e.g., allergic rhinitis, respiratory infections), and to enhance wound healing. The therapeutic potential of β-glucans is evidenced by the fact that two glucan isolates were licensed as drugs in Japan as immune-adjuvant therapy for cancer in 1980. Significant challenges exist to further clinical testing and translation of β-glucans. The diverse range of conditions for which β-glucans are in clinical testing underlines the incomplete understanding of the diverse mechanisms of action of β-glucans, a key knowledge gap. Furthermore, important differences appear to exist in the effects of apparently similar β-glucan preparations, which may be due to differences in sources and extraction procedures, another poorly understood issue. This review will describe the biology, potential mechanisms of action and key therapeutic targets being investigated in clinical trials of β-glucans and identify and discuss the key challenges to successful translation of this intriguing potential therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J. Murphy
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (E.J.M.); (E.R.); (N.J.R.)
| | - Emanuele Rezoagli
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (E.J.M.); (E.R.); (N.J.R.)
- Lung Biology Group, Regenerative Medicine Institute at CURAM Centre for Medical Devices, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Galway, H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Ian Major
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland;
| | - Neil J. Rowan
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (E.J.M.); (E.R.); (N.J.R.)
| | - John G. Laffey
- Lung Biology Group, Regenerative Medicine Institute at CURAM Centre for Medical Devices, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Galway, H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland
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Dos Santos JC, Barroso de Figueiredo AM, Teodoro Silva MV, Cirovic B, de Bree LCJ, Damen MSMA, Moorlag SJCFM, Gomes RS, Helsen MM, Oosting M, Keating ST, Schlitzer A, Netea MG, Ribeiro-Dias F, Joosten LAB. β-Glucan-Induced Trained Immunity Protects against Leishmania braziliensis Infection: a Crucial Role for IL-32. Cell Rep 2020; 28:2659-2672.e6. [PMID: 31484076 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
American tegumentary leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by Leishmania protozoans. Innate immune cells undergo long-term functional reprogramming in response to infection or Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination via a process called trained immunity, conferring non-specific protection from secondary infections. Here, we demonstrate that monocytes trained with the fungal cell wall component β-glucan confer enhanced protection against infections caused by Leishmania braziliensis through the enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines. Mechanistically, this augmented immunological response is dependent on increased expression of interleukin 32 (IL-32). Studies performed using a humanized IL-32 transgenic mouse highlight the clinical implications of these findings in vivo. This study represents a definitive characterization of the role of IL-32γ in the trained phenotype induced by β-glucan or BCG, the results of which improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing trained immunity and Leishmania infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Cristina Dos Santos
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Sciences (RILMS), Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | - Branko Cirovic
- Myeloid Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - L Charlotte J de Bree
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Sciences (RILMS), Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Odense Patient Data Explorative Network, University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Michelle S M A Damen
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Sciences (RILMS), Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Simone J C F M Moorlag
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Sciences (RILMS), Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo S Gomes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Monique M Helsen
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marije Oosting
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Sciences (RILMS), Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Samuel T Keating
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Sciences (RILMS), Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A Schlitzer
- Myeloid Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics Unit at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the University of Bonn, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Sciences (RILMS), Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department for Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Fátima Ribeiro-Dias
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Sciences (RILMS), Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Byrne KA, Tuggle CK, Loving CL. Differential induction of innate memory in porcine monocytes by β-glucan or bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Innate Immun 2020; 27:448-460. [PMID: 32862748 PMCID: PMC8504267 DOI: 10.1177/1753425920951607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunomodulation via induction of innate memory is one mechanism to alter the host’s innate immune response to reduce or prevent disease. Microbial products modulate innate responses with immediate and lasting effects. Innate memory is characterized by enhanced (training) or depressed (tolerance) innate immune responses, including pro-inflammatory cytokine production, to secondary exposure following a priming event. To investigate the ability of β-glucans and bacillus Calmette-Guerin to induce innate training or tolerance in pig cells, porcine monocytes were cultured with priming agonist (β-glucans or bacillus Calmette-Guerin) then re-stimulated 5 d later with a heterologous microbial agonist to determine induction of innate memory. Priming with β-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae depressed IL-1β and TNF-α cytokine responses to re-stimulation with LPS, indicative of a tolerized state. However, bacillus Calmette-Guerin priming induced a trained state in porcine monocytes, as LPS re-stimulation enhanced IL-1β and TNF-α gene expression and protein production. We present the first evidence of innate memory in pig monocytes, with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (training) or Saccharomyces cerevisiae β-glucan (tolerance). Induction of a trained or tolerized state in vitro is a first step to identify agonists to alter the innate immune system at the animal level with the intent of enhancing disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Byrne
- Food Safety Enteric Pathogen Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States of America
| | | | - Crystal L Loving
- Food Safety Enteric Pathogen Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States of America
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Gudi R, Suber J, Brown R, Johnson BM, Vasu C. Pretreatment with Yeast-Derived Complex Dietary Polysaccharides Suppresses Gut Inflammation, Alters the Microbiota Composition, and Increases Immune Regulatory Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production in C57BL/6 Mice. J Nutr 2020; 150:1291-1302. [PMID: 31879786 PMCID: PMC7198290 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-Glucans (BGs), a group of complex dietary polysaccharides (CDPs), are available as dietary supplements. However, the effects of orally administered highly purified BGs on gut inflammation are largely unknown. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of orally administering highly purified, yeast-derived BG (YBG; β-1,3/1,6-d-glucan) on susceptibility to colitis. METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6 (B6) mice were used in a series of experiments. Experiment (Expt) 1: male and female mice were treated every day, for 40 d, with saline (control) or 250 μg YBG, followed by 2.5% (wt:vol) dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water during days 30-35; and colitis severity and intestinal immune phenotype were determined. Expt 2: female B6 mice were treated with saline or YBG for 30 d and intestinal immune phenotype, gut microbiota composition, and fecal SCFA concentrations were determined. Expt 3: female B6 mice were treated as in Expt 2, given drinking water with or without antibiotics [Abx; ampicillin (1 g/L), vancomycin (0.5 g/L), neomycin (1 g/L), and metronidazole (1 g/L)] during days 16-30, and gut immune phenotype and fecal SCFA concentrations were determined. Expt 4: female B6 Foxp3-green fluorescent protein (-GFP) reporter mice were treated as in Expt 3, and intestinal T-regulatory cell (Treg) frequencies and immune phenotypes were determined. Expt 5: female mice were treated as in Expt 1, given drinking water with or without antibiotics during days 16-40, and colitis severity and intestinal cytokine production were determined. RESULTS Compared with controls, the YBG group in Expt 1 exhibited suppressive effects on features of colitis, such as loss of body weight (by 47%; P < 0.001), shortening of colon (by 24%; P = 0.016), and histopathology severity score (by 45%; P = 0.01). The YBG group of Expt 2 showed a shift in the abundance of gut microbiota towards Bacteroides (by 16%; P = 0.049) and Verrucomicrobia (mean ± SD: control = 7.8 ± 0.44 vs. YBG = 21.0 ± 9.6%) and a reduction in Firmicutes (by 66%; P < 0.001). The YBG group also showed significantly higher concentrations of fecal SCFAs such as acetic (by 37%; P = 0.016), propionic (by 47%; P = 0.026), and butyric (by 57%; P = 0.013) acids. Compared with controls, the YBG group of Expt 2 showed higher frequencies of Tregs (by 32%; P = 0.043) in the gut mucosa. Depletion of gut microbiota in the YBG group of mice caused diminished fecal SCFA concentrations (Expt 3) and intestinal Treg frequencies (Expt 4). Compared with the YBG group, the YBG-(Abx) group of Expt 5 showed aggravated colitis features including loss of body weight (by >100%; P < 0.01) and colonic inflammation score (by 42%; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Studies using B6 mice show that dietary BGs are beneficial for promoting intestinal health when the gut microbiota is intact. However, these CDPs may produce adverse effects if gut microbiota is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Gudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jada Suber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Robert Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Benjamin M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Chenthamarakshan Vasu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA,Address correspondence to CV (e-mail: )
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35
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Del Cornò M, Gessani S, Conti L. Shaping the Innate Immune Response by Dietary Glucans: Any Role in the Control of Cancer? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010155. [PMID: 31936360 PMCID: PMC7016572 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
β-glucans represent a heterogeneous group of naturally occurring and biologically active polysaccharides found in many kinds of edible mushrooms, baker’s yeast, cereals and seaweeds, whose health-promoting effects have been known since ancient times. These compounds can be taken orally as food supplements or as part of daily diets, and are safe to use, nonimmunogenic and well tolerated. A main feature of β-glucans is their capacity to function as biological response modifiers, exerting regulatory effects on inflammation and shaping the effector functions of different innate and adaptive immunity cell populations. The potential to interfere with processes involved in the development or control of cancer makes β-glucans interesting candidates as adjuvants in antitumor therapies as well as in cancer prevention strategies. Here, the regulatory effects of dietary β-glucans on human innate immunity cells are reviewed and their potential role in cancer control is discussed.
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Geller A, Shrestha R, Yan J. Yeast-Derived β-Glucan in Cancer: Novel Uses of a Traditional Therapeutic. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3618. [PMID: 31344853 PMCID: PMC6695648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An increased understanding of the complex mechanisms at play within the tumor microenvironment (TME) has emphasized the need for the development of strategies that target immune cells within the TME. Therapeutics that render the TME immune-reactive have a vast potential for establishing effective cancer interventions. One such intervention is β-glucan, a natural compound with immune-stimulatory and immunomodulatory potential that has long been considered an important anti-cancer therapeutic. β-glucan has the ability to modulate the TME both by bridging the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system and by modulating the phenotype of immune-suppressive cells to be immune-stimulatory. New roles for β-glucan in cancer therapy are also emerging through an evolving understanding that β-glucan is involved in a concept called trained immunity, where innate cells take on memory phenotypes. Additionally, the hollow structure of particulate β-glucan has recently been harnessed to utilize particulate β-glucan as a delivery vesicle. These new concepts, along with the emerging success of combinatorial approaches to cancer treatment involving β-glucan, suggest that β-glucan may play an essential role in future strategies to prevent and inhibit tumor growth. This review emphasizes the various characteristics of β-glucan, with an emphasis on fungal β-glucan, and highlights novel approaches of β-glucan in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Geller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Rejeena Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jun Yan
- Immuno-Oncology Program, Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, The James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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de Graaff P, Govers C, Wichers HJ, Debets R. Consumption of β-glucans to spice up T cell treatment of tumors: a review. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 18:1023-1040. [PMID: 30221551 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1523392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adoptive T-cell treatments of solid cancers have evolved into a robust therapy with objective response rates surpassing those of standardized treatments. Unfortunately, only a limited fraction of patients shows durable responses, which is considered to be due to a T cell-suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Here we argue that naturally occurring β-glucans can enable reversion of such T cell suppression by engaging innate immune cells and enhancing numbers and function of lymphocyte effectors. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes timely reports with respect to absorption, trafficking and immune stimulatory effects of β-glucans, particularly in relation to innate immune cells. Furthermore, we list effects toward well-being and immune functions in healthy subjects as well as cancer patients treated with orally administered β-glucans, extended with effects of β-glucan treatments in mouse cancer models. EXPERT OPINION Beta-glucans, when present in food and following uptake in the proximal gut, stimulate immune cells present in gut-associated lymphoid tissue and initiate highly conserved pro-inflammatory pathways. When tested in mouse cancer models, β-glucans result in better control of tumor growth and shift the TME toward a T cell-sensitive environment. Along these lines, we advocate that intake of β-glucans provides an accessible and immune-potentiating adjuvant when combined with adoptive T-cell treatments of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla de Graaff
- a Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Medical Oncology , Erasmus MC Cancer Institute , Rotterdam , The Netherlands.,b Food and Biobased Research , Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Coen Govers
- b Food and Biobased Research , Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Harry J Wichers
- b Food and Biobased Research , Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Reno Debets
- a Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Medical Oncology , Erasmus MC Cancer Institute , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
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38
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Gudi R, Perez N, Johnson BM, Sofi MH, Brown R, Quan S, Karumuthil-Melethil S, Vasu C. Complex dietary polysaccharide modulates gut immune function and microbiota, and promotes protection from autoimmune diabetes. Immunology 2019; 157:70-85. [PMID: 30712258 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The dietary supplement and prebiotic values of β-glucan-rich products have been widely recognized and dietary approaches for modulating autoimmunity have been increasingly explored, we assess the impact of oral administration of high-purity yeast β-glucan (YBG) on gut immune function, microbiota and type 1 diabetes (T1D) using mouse models. Oral administration of this non-digestible complex polysaccharide caused a dectin-1-dependent immune response involving increased expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10), retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (Raldh) and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the gut mucosa. YBG-exposed intestinal dendritic cells induced/expanded primarily Foxp3+ , IL-10+ and IL-17+ T cells, ex vivo. Importantly, prolonged oral administration of low-dose YBG at pre-diabetic stage suppressed insulitis and significantly delayed the appearance of T1D in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Further, prolonged treatment with YBG showed increased Foxp3+ T-cell frequencies, and a significant change in the gut microbiota, particularly an increase in the abundance of Bacteroidetes and a decrease in the Firmicute members. Oral administration of YBG, together with Raldh-substrate and β-cell antigen, resulted in better protection of NOD mice from T1D. These observations suggest that YBG not only has a prebiotic property, but also an oral tolerogenic-adjuvant-like effect, and these features could be exploited for modulating autoimmunity in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Gudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Benjamin M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - M Hanief Sofi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Robert Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Songhua Quan
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Chenthamarakshan Vasu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Sánchez-Ramón S, Conejero L, Netea MG, Sancho D, Palomares Ó, Subiza JL. Trained Immunity-Based Vaccines: A New Paradigm for the Development of Broad-Spectrum Anti-infectious Formulations. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2936. [PMID: 30619296 PMCID: PMC6304371 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Challenge with specific microbial stimuli induces long lasting epigenetic changes in innate immune cells that result in their enhanced response to a second challenge by the same or unrelated microbial insult, a process referred to as trained immunity. This opens a new avenue in vaccinology to develop Trained Immunity-based Vaccines (TIbV), defined as vaccine formulations that induce training in innate immune cells. Unlike conventional vaccines, which are aimed to elicit only specific responses to vaccine-related antigens, TIbV aim to stimulate broader responses. As trained immunity is generally triggered by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), TIbV should be formulated with microbial structures containing suitable PRR-ligands. The TIbV concept we describe here may be used for the development of vaccines focused to promote host resistance against a wide spectrum of pathogens. Under the umbrella of trained immunity, a broad protection can be achieved by: (i) increasing the nonspecific effector response of innate immune cells (e.g., monocyte/macrophages) to pathogens, (ii) harnessing the activation state of dendritic cells to enhance adaptive T cell responses to both specific and nonrelated (bystander) antigens. This capacity of TIbV to promote responses beyond their nominal antigens may be particularly useful when conventional vaccines are not available or when multiple coinfections and/or recurrent infections arise in susceptible individuals. As the set of PRR-ligands chosen is essential not only for stimulating trained immunity but also to drive adaptive immunity, the precise design of TIbV will improve with the knowledge on the functional relationship among the different PRRs. While the TIbV concept is emerging, a number of the current anti-infectious vaccines, immunostimulants, and even vaccine adjuvants may already fall in the TIbV category. This may apply to increase immunogenicity of novel vaccine design approaches based on small molecules, like those achieved by reverse vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sánchez-Ramón
- Department of Clinical Immunology and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology, ENT and Ophthalmology, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department for Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - David Sancho
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Palomares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Induction of Trained Innate Immunity in Human Monocytes by Bovine Milk and Milk-Derived Immunoglobulin G. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101378. [PMID: 30262772 PMCID: PMC6213000 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune memory, also termed “trained immunity” in vertebrates, has been recently described in a large variety of plants and animals. In most cases, trained innate immunity is induced by pathogens or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and is associated with long-term epigenetic, metabolic, and functional reprogramming. Interestingly, recent findings indicate that food components can mimic PAMPs effects and induce trained immunity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether bovine milk or its components can induce trained immunity in human monocytes. To this aim, monocytes were exposed for 24 h to β-glucan, Toll-like receptor (TLR)-ligands, bovine milk, milk fractions, bovine lactoferrin (bLF), and bovine Immunoglobulin G (bIgG). After washing away the stimulus and a resting period of five days, the cells were re-stimulated with TLR ligands and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-) and interleukin (IL)-6 production was measured. Training with β-glucan resulted in higher cytokine production after TLR1/2, TLR4, and TLR7/8 stimulation. When monocytes trained with raw milk were re-stimulated with TLR1/2 ligand Pam3CSK4, trained cells produced more IL-6 compared to non-trained cells. Training with bIgG resulted in higher cytokine production after TLR4 and TLR7/8 stimulation. These results show that bovine milk and bIgG can induce trained immunity in human monocytes. This confirms the hypothesis that diet components can influence the long-term responsiveness of the innate immune system.
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Jin Y, Li P, Wang F. β-glucans as potential immunoadjuvants: A review on the adjuvanticity, structure-activity relationship and receptor recognition properties. Vaccine 2018; 36:5235-5244. [PMID: 30049632 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
β-glucans, a group of polysaccharides exist in many organism species such as mushrooms, yeasts, oats, barley, seaweed, but not mammalians, have a variety of biological activities and applications in drugs and other healthcare products. In recent years, β-glucans have been studied as adjuvants in anti-infection vaccines as well as immunomodulators in anti-cancer immunotherapy. β-glucans can regulate immune responses when administered alone and can connect innate and adaptive immunity to improve immunogenicity of vaccines. When β-glucans act as immunostimulants or adjuvants, a set of receptors have been revealed to recognize β-glucans, including dectin-1, complement receptor 3 (CR3), CD5, lactosylceramide, and so on. Therefore, this review is mainly focused on the application of β-glucans as immune adjuvants, the receptors of β-glucans, as well as their structure and activity relationship which will benefit future research of β-glucans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Jin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Pingli Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Fengshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, China.
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Ben Hmad I, Gargouri A. Two Distinct Hydrolysis Mechanisms of the Neutral Endoglucanases EG1 and EG2 of Stachybotrys microspora. Catal Letters 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-018-2410-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Tso GHW, Reales-Calderon JA, Pavelka N. The Elusive Anti- Candida Vaccine: Lessons From the Past and Opportunities for the Future. Front Immunol 2018; 9:897. [PMID: 29755472 PMCID: PMC5934487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidemia is a bloodstream fungal infection caused by Candida species and is most commonly observed in hospitalized patients. Even with proper antifungal drug treatment, mortality rates remain high at 40–50%. Therefore, prophylactic or preemptive antifungal medications are currently recommended in order to prevent infections in high-risk patients. Moreover, the majority of women experience at least one episode of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) throughout their lifetime and many of them suffer from recurrent VVC (RVVC) with frequent relapses for the rest of their lives. While there currently exists no definitive cure, the only available treatment for RVVC is again represented by antifungal drug therapy. However, due to the limited number of existing antifungal drugs, their associated side effects and the increasing occurrence of drug resistance, other approaches are greatly needed. An obvious prevention measure for candidemia or RVVC relapse would be to immunize at-risk patients with a vaccine effective against Candida infections. In spite of the advanced and proven techniques successfully applied to the development of antibacterial or antiviral vaccines, however, no antifungal vaccine is still available on the market. In this review, we first summarize various efforts to date in the development of anti-Candida vaccines, highlighting advantages and disadvantages of each strategy. We next unfold and discuss general hurdles encountered along these efforts, such as the existence of large genomic variation and phenotypic plasticity across Candida strains and species, and the difficulty in mounting protective immune responses in immunocompromised or immunosuppressed patients. Lastly, we review the concept of “trained immunity” and discuss how induction of this rapid and nonspecific immune response may potentially open new and alternative preventive strategies against opportunistic infections by Candida species and potentially other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Hoi Wan Tso
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Norman Pavelka
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
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Mourits VP, Wijkmans JC, Joosten LA, Netea MG. Trained immunity as a novel therapeutic strategy. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 41:52-58. [PMID: 29702467 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that upon certain vaccinations or infections human innate immune cells can undergo extensive metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming, which results in enhanced immune responses upon heterologous re-infection, a process termed trained immunity. Trained immunity has also been shown to be inappropriately activated in inflammatory diseases. This provides the potential for identifying novel therapeutic targets: potentiation of trained immunity could protect from secondary infections and reverse immunotolerant states, while inhibition of trained immunity might reduce excessive immune activation in chronic inflammatory conditions. By targeting specific mechanisms of trained immunity on either immunologic, metabolic or epigenetic level, novel therapeutic approaches could be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera P Mourits
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Leo Ab Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Camilli G, Tabouret G, Quintin J. The Complexity of Fungal β-Glucan in Health and Disease: Effects on the Mononuclear Phagocyte System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:673. [PMID: 29755450 PMCID: PMC5932370 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
β-glucan, the most abundant fungal cell wall polysaccharide, has gained much attention from the scientific community in the last few decades for its fascinating but not yet fully understood immunobiology. Study of this molecule has been motivated by its importance as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern upon fungal infection as well as by its promising clinical utility as biological response modifier for the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Its immune effect is attributed to the ability to bind to different receptors expressed on the cell surface of phagocytic and cytotoxic innate immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer cells. The characteristics of the immune responses generated depend on the cell types and receptors involved. Size and biochemical composition of β-glucans isolated from different sources affect their immunomodulatory properties. The variety of studies using crude extracts of fungal cell wall rather than purified β-glucans renders data difficult to interpret. A better understanding of the mechanisms of purified fungal β-glucan recognition, downstream signaling pathways, and subsequent immune regulation activated, is, therefore, essential not only to develop new antifungal therapy but also to evaluate β-glucan as a putative anti-infective and antitumor mediator. Here, we briefly review the complexity of interactions between fungal β-glucans and mononuclear phagocytes during fungal infections. Furthermore, we discuss and present available studies suggesting how different fungal β-glucans exhibit antitumor and antimicrobial activities by modulating the biologic responses of mononuclear phagocytes, which make them potential candidates as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Camilli
- Immunology of Fungal Infections, Department of Mycology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Jessica Quintin
- Immunology of Fungal Infections, Department of Mycology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Petit J, Wiegertjes GF. Long-lived effects of administering β-glucans: Indications for trained immunity in fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:93-102. [PMID: 26945622 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, it has become evident that immune-modulation of fish with β-glucans, using injection, dietary or even immersion routes of administration, has stimulating but presumed short-lived effects on both intestinal and systemic immunity and can increase protection against a subsequent pathogenic challenge. Although the exact effects can be variable depending on, among others, fish species and administration route, the immune-stimulating effects of β-glucans on the immune system of fish appear to be universal. This review provides a condensed update of the most recent literature describing the effects of β-glucans on the teleost fish immune system. We shortly discuss possible mechanisms influencing immune-stimulation by β-glucans, including microbial composition of the gut, receptor recognition and downstream signalling. Of interest, in mammalian monocytes, β-glucans are potent inducers of trained immunity. First, we screened the literature for indications of this phenomenon in fish. Criteria that we applied include indications for at least one out of three features considered characteristic of trained immunity; (i) providing protection against a secondary infection in a T- and B-lymphocyte independent manner, (ii) conferring increased resistance upon re-infection and, (iii) relying on key roles for innate immune cell types such as natural killer cells and macrophages. We conclude that several indications exist that support the notion that the innate immune system of teleost fish can be trained. Second, we screened the literature for indications of long-lived effects on innate immunity of fish after administering β-glucans, a criterion which could help to identify key roles for macrophages on resistance to infection. We discuss whether β-glucans, as well-known immune-stimulants, are able to train the immune system of fish and argue in favour of further studies designed to specifically investigate this phenomenon in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Petit
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert F Wiegertjes
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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van der Meer JWM, Joosten LAB, Riksen N, Netea MG. Trained immunity: A smart way to enhance innate immune defence. Mol Immunol 2016; 68:40-4. [PMID: 26597205 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The innate arm of the immune system is generally viewed as primitive and non-specific and - in contrast to the adaptive immune arm - not to possess memory. However in plants and invertebrate animals that lack adaptive immunity, innate immunity will exhibit a prolonged enhanced functional state after adequate priming. A similar enhancement of function of the innate immunity has occasionally been described in vertebrates, including humans. Over the past few years we have studied this phenomenon in greater detail and we have coined the term 'Trained (innate) immunity' (TI). TI can be induced by a variety of stimuli, of which we have studied BCG and β-glucan in greater detail. The non-specific protective effects of BCG that have been observed in vaccination studies in the literature are probably due to TI. Monocytes and macrophages are among the main cells of the innate immune arm that can be trained. We have discovered that both BCG (via NOD2 signalling) and β-glucan (via dectin-1) induce epigenetic reprogramming, in particular stable changes in histone trimethylation at H3K4. These epigenetic changes lead to cellular activation, enhanced cytokine production and a change in the metabolic state of the cell with a shift from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis. TI is not only important for host defence and vaccine responses, but most probably also for diseases like atherosclerosis. Modulation of TI is a promising area for new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos W M van der Meer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Riksen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Tian X, Tian J, Tang X, Rui K, Zhang Y, Ma J, Wang Y, Xu H, Lu L, Wang S. Particulate β-glucan regulates the immunosuppression of granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells by inhibiting NFIA expression. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1038687. [PMID: 26405609 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1038687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous group of cells which comprise two subsets: granulocytic MDSCs (G-MDSCs) and monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs). MDSCs involve in tumor-associated immune suppression by remarkably blocking effector T-cell activation and inducing expansion of regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment. The treatment that alters the suppression of MDSCs can effectively facilitate the antitumor immune responses. Recently, we showed that the whole β-glucan particles (WGPs) are capable of altering the suppression of MDSCs. However, the regulatory mechanism of MDSCs by WGP remains unknown. In this study, we found that the expression of nuclear factor I-A (NFIA), an integral transcriptional component of myeloid differentiation and lineage commitment, was inhibited by WGP in G-MDSCs. The effect of WGP on expression of NFIA was the c-jun molecule dependent via Dectin-1 pathway in vitro. Moreover, NFIA knockdown could alter the suppressive function of G-MDSCs, promote the antitumor immune responses and delay the tumor progression in tumor-bearing mice. Taken together, our results demonstrate a critical role of NFIA during WGP regulating the immunosuppression of G-MDSCs, with potential implications as an antitumor immune therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; The Affiliated People's Hospital; Jiangsu University ; Zhenjiang, China ; Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University ; Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University ; Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xinyi Tang
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University ; Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ke Rui
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University ; Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; The Affiliated People's Hospital; Jiangsu University ; Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University ; Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yungang Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University ; Zhenjiang, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University ; Zhenjiang, China
| | - Liwei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Centre of Infection and Immunology; The University of Hong Kong ; Hong Kong, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; The Affiliated People's Hospital; Jiangsu University ; Zhenjiang, China ; Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University ; Zhenjiang, China
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