1
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Bensel BM, Previs SB, Bookwalter C, Trybus KM, Walcott S, Warshaw DM. Kinesin-1-transported liposomes prefer to go straight in 3D microtubule intersections by a mechanism shared by other molecular motors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2407330121. [PMID: 38980901 PMCID: PMC11260143 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2407330121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-1 ensembles maneuver vesicular cargoes through the three-dimensional (3D) intracellular microtubule (MT) network. To define how such cargoes navigate MT intersections, we first determined how many kinesins from an ensemble on a lipid-based cargo simultaneously engage a MT, and then determined the directional outcomes (straight, turn, terminate) for liposome cargoes at perpendicular MT intersections. Run lengths of 350-nm diameter liposomes decorated with up to 20, constitutively active, truncated kinesin-1 KIF5B (K543) were longer than single motor transported cargo, suggesting multiple motor engagement. However, detachment forces of lipid-coated beads with ~20 kinesins, measured using an optical trap, showed no more than three simultaneously engaged motors, with a single engaged kinesin predominating, indicating anticooperative MT binding. At two-dimensional (2D) and 3D in vitro MT intersections, liposomes frequently paused (~2 s), suggesting kinesins simultaneously bind both MTs and engage in a tug-of-war. Liposomes showed no directional outcome bias in 2D (1.1 straight:turn ratio) but preferentially went straight (1.8 straight:turn ratio) in 3D intersections. To explain these data, we developed a mathematical model of liposome transport incorporating the known mechanochemistry of kinesins, which diffuse on the liposome surface, and have stiff tails in both compression and extension that impact how motors engage the intersecting MTs. Our model predicts the ~3 engaged motor limit observed in the optical trap and the bias toward going straight in 3D intersections. The striking similarity of these results to our previous study of liposome transport by myosin Va suggests a "universal" mechanism by which cargoes navigate 3D intersections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M. Bensel
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT05405
| | - Samantha Beck Previs
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT05405
| | - Carol Bookwalter
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT05405
| | - Kathleen M. Trybus
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT05405
| | - Sam Walcott
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, and Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA01609
| | - David M. Warshaw
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT05405
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2
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Yi H, Gong D, Daddysman MK, Renn M, Scherer NF. Distinct Sub- to Superdiffuse Insulin Granule Transport Behaviors in β-Cells Are Strongly Affected by Granule Age. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:6246-6256. [PMID: 38861346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c01403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Intracellular transport is a complex process that is difficult to describe by a single general model for motion. Here, we study the transport of insulin containing vesicles, termed granules, in live MIN6 cells. We characterize how the observed heterogeneity is affected by different intracellular factors by constructing a MIN6 cell line by CRISPR-CAS9 that constitutively expresses mCherry fused to insulin and is thus packaged in granules. Confocal microscopy imaging and single particle tracking of the granule transport provide long trajectories of thousands of single granule trajectories for statistical analysis. Mean squared displacement (MSD), angle correlation distribution, and step size distribution analysis allowed identifying five distinct granule transport subpopulations, from nearly immobile and subdiffusive to run-pause and superdiffusive. The subdiffusive subpopulation recapitulates the subordinated random walk we reported earlier (Tabei, 2013; ref 18). We show that the transport characteristics of the five subpopulations have a strong dependence on the age of insulin granules. The five subpopulations also reflect the effect of local microtubule and actin networks on transport in different cellular regions. Our results provide robust metrics to clarify the heterogeneity of granule transport and demonstrate the roles of microtubule versus actin networks with granule age since initial packaging in the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Yi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Daozheng Gong
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Matthew K Daddysman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Martha Renn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Norbert F Scherer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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3
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Woolley L, Burbidge A, Vermant J, Christakopoulos F. A microrheological examination of insulin-secreting β-cells in healthy and diabetic-like conditions. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:3464-3472. [PMID: 38573072 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01141k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells regulate glucose homeostasis through glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, which is hindered in type-2 diabetes. Transport of the insulin vesicles is expected to be affected by changes in the viscoelastic and transport properties of the cytoplasm. These are evaluated in situ through particle-tracking measurements using a rat insulinoma β-cell line. The use of inert probes assists in decoupling the material properties of the cytoplasm from the active transport through cellular processes. The effect of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion is examined, and the subsequent remodeling of the cytoskeleton, at constant effects of cell activity, is shown to result in reduced mobility of the tracer particles. Induction of diabetic-like conditions is identified to alter the mean-squared displacement of the passive particles in the cytoplasm and diminish its reaction to glucose stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Woolley
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Adam Burbidge
- Nestlé Research, Route de Jorat 57, vers-chez-les Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan Vermant
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Fotis Christakopoulos
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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4
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Li W, Li A, Yu B, Zhang X, Liu X, White KL, Stevens RC, Baumeister W, Sali A, Jasnin M, Sun L. In situ structure of actin remodeling during glucose-stimulated insulin secretion using cryo-electron tomography. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1311. [PMID: 38346988 PMCID: PMC10861521 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45648-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Actin mediates insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells through remodeling. Hampered by limited resolution, previous studies have offered an ambiguous depiction as depolymerization and repolymerization. We report the in situ structure of actin remodeling in INS-1E β-cells during glucose-stimulated insulin secretion at nanoscale resolution. After remodeling, the actin filament network at the cell periphery exhibits three marked differences: 12% of actin filaments reorient quasi-orthogonally to the ventral membrane; the filament network mainly remains as cell-stabilizing bundles but partially reconfigures into a less compact arrangement; actin filaments anchored to the ventral membrane reorganize from a "netlike" to a "blooming" architecture. Furthermore, the density of actin filaments and microtubules around insulin secretory granules decreases, while actin filaments and microtubules become more densely packed. The actin filament network after remodeling potentially precedes the transport and release of insulin secretory granules. These findings advance our understanding of actin remodeling and its role in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Li
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Angdi Li
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Bing Yu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Kate L White
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, USC Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Raymond C Stevens
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Wolfgang Baumeister
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152, Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Andrej Sali
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Marion Jasnin
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Liping Sun
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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5
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McLaughlin MR, Weaver SA, Syed F, Evans-Molina C. Advanced Imaging Techniques for the Characterization of Subcellular Organelle Structure in Pancreatic Islet β Cells. Compr Physiol 2023; 14:5243-5267. [PMID: 38158370 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c230002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) affects more than 32.3 million individuals in the United States, creating an economic burden of nearly $966 billion in 2021. T2D results from a combination of insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion from the pancreatic β cell. However, genetic and physiologic data indicate that defects in β cell function are the chief determinant of whether an individual with insulin resistance will progress to a diagnosis of T2D. The subcellular organelles of the insulin secretory pathway, including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and secretory granules, play a critical role in maintaining the heavy biosynthetic burden of insulin production, processing, and secretion. In addition, the mitochondria enable the process of insulin release by integrating the metabolism of nutrients into energy output. Advanced imaging techniques are needed to determine how changes in the structure and composition of these organelles contribute to the loss of insulin secretory capacity in the β cell during T2D. Several microscopy techniques, including electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and soft X-ray tomography, have been utilized to investigate the structure-function relationship within the β cell. In this overview article, we will detail the methodology, strengths, and weaknesses of each approach. © 2024 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 14:5243-5267, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline R McLaughlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Staci A Weaver
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- The Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Farooq Syed
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- The Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- The Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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6
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Hatakeyama H, Oshima T, Ono S, Morimoto Y, Takahashi N. Single-molecule analysis of intracellular insulin granule behavior and its application to analyzing cytoskeletal dependence and pathophysiological implications. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1287275. [PMID: 38124716 PMCID: PMC10731264 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1287275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Mobilization of intracellular insulin granules to the plasma membrane plays a crucial role in regulating insulin secretion. However, the regulatory mechanisms of this mobilization process have been poorly understood due to technical limitations. In this study, we propose a convenient approach for assessing intracellular insulin granule behavior based on single-molecule analysis of insulin granule membrane proteins labeled with Quantum dot fluorescent nanocrystals. Methods: This approach allows us to analyze intracellular insulin granule movement with subpixel accuracy at 33 fps. We tracked two insulin granule membrane proteins, phogrin and zinc transporter 8, fused to HaloTag in rat insulinoma INS-1 cells and, by evaluating the tracks with mean-square displacement, demonstrated the characteristic behavior of insulin granules. Results and discussion: Pharmacological perturbations of microtubules and F-actin affected insulin granule behavior on distinct modalities. Specifically, microtubule dynamics and F-actin positively and negatively regulate insulin granule behavior, respectively, presumably by modulating each different behavioral mode. Furthermore, we observed impaired insulin granule behavior and cytoskeletal architecture under chronic treatment of high concentrations of glucose and palmitate. Our approach provides detailed information regarding intracellular insulin granule mobilization and its pathophysiological implications. This study sheds new light on the regulatory mechanisms of intracellular insulin granule mobilization and has important implications for understanding the pathogenesis of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Hatakeyama
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomomi Oshima
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Ono
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuichi Morimoto
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institute for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Takahashi
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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7
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Bensel BM, Previs S, Bookwalter C, Trybus KM, Walcott S, Warshaw DM. "Spatial Relationships Matter: Kinesin-1 Molecular Motors Transport Liposome Cargo Through 3D Microtubule Intersections In Vitro". BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.01.569616. [PMID: 38076816 PMCID: PMC10705568 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.01.569616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Kinesin-1 ensembles maneuver vesicular cargoes through intersections in the 3-dimensional (3D) intracellular microtubule (MT) network. To characterize directional outcomes (straight, turn, terminate) at MT intersections, we challenge 350 nm fluid-like liposomes transported by ~10 constitutively active, truncated kinesin-1 KIF5B (K543) with perpendicular 2-dimensional (2D) and 3D intersections in vitro. Liposomes frequently pause at 2D and 3D intersections (~2s), suggesting that motor teams can simultaneously engage each MT and undergo a tug-of-war. Once resolved, the directional outcomes at 2D MT intersections have a straight to turn ratio of 1.1; whereas at 3D MT intersections, liposomes more frequently go straight (straight to turn ratio of 1.8), highlighting that spatial relationships at intersections bias directional outcomes. Using 3D super-resolution microscopy (STORM), we define the gap between intersecting MTs and the liposome azimuthal approach angle heading into the intersection. We develop an in silico model in which kinesin-1 motors diffuse on the liposome surface, simultaneously engage the intersecting MTs, generate forces and detach from MTs governed by the motors' mechanochemical cycle, and undergo a tug-of-war with the winning team determining the directional outcome in 3D. The model predicts that 1-3 motors typically engage the MT, consistent with optical trapping measurements. Modeled liposomes also predominantly go straight through 3D intersections over a range of intersection gaps and liposome approach angles, even when obstructed by the crossing MT. Our observations and modeling offer mechanistic insights into how cells might tune the MT cytoskeleton, cargo, and motors to modulate cargo transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Bensel
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Samantha Previs
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Carol Bookwalter
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Kathleen M Trybus
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Sam Walcott
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609
| | - David M Warshaw
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405
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8
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Moss ND, Wells KL, Theis A, Kim YK, Spigelman AF, Liu X, MacDonald PE, Sussel L. Modulation of insulin secretion by RBFOX2-mediated alternative splicing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7732. [PMID: 38007492 PMCID: PMC10676425 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin secretion is a tightly regulated process that is vital for maintaining blood glucose homeostasis. Although the molecular components of insulin granule trafficking and secretion are well established, how they are regulated to rapidly fine-tune secretion in response to changing environmental conditions is not well characterized. Recent studies have determined that dysregulation of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and aberrant mRNA splicing occurs at the onset of diabetes. We demonstrate that the RBP, RBFOX2, is a critical regulator of insulin secretion through the alternative splicing of genes required for insulin granule docking and exocytosis. Conditional mutation of Rbfox2 in the mouse pancreas results in decreased insulin secretion and impaired blood glucose homeostasis. Consistent with defects in secretion, we observe reduced insulin granule docking and corresponding splicing defects in the SNARE complex components. These findings identify an additional mechanism for modulating insulin secretion in both healthy and dysfunctional pancreatic β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Moss
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kristen L Wells
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alexandra Theis
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yong-Kyung Kim
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aliya F Spigelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Xiong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Patrick E MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lori Sussel
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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9
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Pugliese LA, De Lorenzi V, Bernardi M, Ghignoli S, Tesi M, Marchetti P, Pesce L, Cardarelli F. Unveiling nanoscale optical signatures of cytokine-induced β-cell dysfunction. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13342. [PMID: 37587148 PMCID: PMC10432522 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines contribute to β-cell failure in both Type-1 and Type-2 Diabetes. Data collected so far allowed to dissect the genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and biochemical landscape underlying cytokine-induced β-cell progression through dysfunction. Yet, no report thus far complemented such molecular information with the direct optical nanoscopy of the β-cell subcellular environment. Here we tackle this issue in Insulinoma 1E (INS-1E) β-cells by label-free fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and fluorescence-based super resolution imaging by expansion microscopy (ExM). It is found that 24-h exposure to IL-1β and IFN-γ is associated with a neat modification of the FLIM signature of cell autofluorescence due to the increase of either enzyme-bound NAD(P)H molecules and of oxidized lipid species. At the same time, ExM-based direct imaging unveils neat alteration of mitochondrial morphology (i.e. ~ 80% increase of mitochondrial circularity), marked degranulation (i.e. ~ 40% loss of insulin granules, with mis-localization of the surviving pool), appearance of F-actin-positive membrane blebs and an hitherto unknown extensive fragmentation of the microtubules network (e.g. ~ 37% reduction in the number of branches). Reported observations provide an optical-microscopy framework to interpret the amount of molecular information collected so far on β-cell dysfunction and pave the way to future ex-vivo and in-vivo investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licia Anna Pugliese
- NEST Laboratory - Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Valentina De Lorenzi
- NEST Laboratory - Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Bernardi
- NEST Laboratory - Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, Italy
| | - Samuele Ghignoli
- NEST Laboratory - Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marta Tesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Pesce
- NEST Laboratory - Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesco Cardarelli
- NEST Laboratory - Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, Italy.
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10
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Bracey KM, Noguchi P, Edwards C, Cario A, Gu G, Kaverina I. Glucose-stimulated KIF5B-driven microtubule sliding organizes microtubule networks in pancreatic beta cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.25.546468. [PMID: 37425827 PMCID: PMC10327020 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.25.546468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
In pancreatic islet beta cells, molecular motors use cytoskeletal polymers microtubules as tracks for intracellular transport of insulin secretory granules. Beta-cell microtubule network has a complex architecture and is non-directional, which provide insulin granules at the cell periphery for rapid secretion response, yet to avoid over-secretion and subsequent hypoglycemia. We have previously characterized a peripheral sub-membrane microtubule array, which is critical for withdrawal of excessive insulin granules from the secretion sites. Microtubules in beta cells originate at the Golgi in the cell interior, and how the peripheral array is formed is unknown. Using real-time imaging and photo-kinetics approaches in clonal mouse pancreatic beta cells MIN6, we now demonstrate that kinesin KIF5B, a motor protein with a capacity to transport microtubules as cargos, slides existing microtubules to the cell periphery and aligns them to each other along the plasma membrane. Moreover, like many physiological beta-cell features, microtubule sliding is facilitated by a high glucose stimulus. These new data, together with our previous report that in high glucose sub-membrane MT array is destabilized to allow for robust secretion, indicate that MT sliding is another integral part of glucose-triggered microtubule remodeling, likely replacing destabilized peripheral microtubules to prevent their loss over time and beta-cell malfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai M Bracey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Pi'illani Noguchi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Courtney Edwards
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alisa Cario
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Guoqiang Gu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Program of Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA. Corresponding author: Irina Kaverina
| | - Irina Kaverina
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Program of Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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11
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Fye MA, Kaverina I. Insulin secretion hot spots in pancreatic β cells as secreting adhesions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1211482. [PMID: 37305687 PMCID: PMC10250740 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1211482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β cell secretion of insulin is crucial to the maintenance of glucose homeostasis and prevention of diseases related to glucose regulation, including diabetes. Pancreatic β cells accomplish efficient insulin secretion by clustering secretion events at the cell membrane facing the vasculature. Regions at the cell periphery characterized by clustered secretion are currently termed insulin secretion hot spots. Several proteins, many associated with the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons, are known to localize to and serve specific functions at hot spots. Among these proteins are the scaffolding protein ELKS, the membrane-associated proteins LL5β and liprins, the focal adhesion-associated protein KANK1, and other factors typically associated with the presynaptic active zone in neurons. These hot spot proteins have been shown to contribute to insulin secretion, but many questions remain regarding their organization and dynamics at hot spots. Current studies suggest microtubule- and F-actin are involved in regulation of hot spot proteins and their function in secretion. The hot spot protein association with the cytoskeleton networks also suggests a potential role for mechanical regulation of these proteins and hot spots in general. This perspective summarizes the existing knowledge of known hot spot proteins, their cytoskeletal-mediated regulation, and discuss questions remaining regarding mechanical regulation of pancreatic beta cell hot spots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irina Kaverina
- Kaverina Lab, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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12
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Blandino-Rosano M, Scheys JO, Werneck-de-Castro JP, Louzada RA, Almaça J, Leibowitz G, Rüegg MA, Hall MN, Bernal-Mizrachi E. Novel roles of mTORC2 in regulation of insulin secretion by actin filament remodeling. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E133-E144. [PMID: 35723227 PMCID: PMC9291412 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00076.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase is an essential hub where nutrients and growth factors converge to control cellular metabolism. mTOR interacts with different accessory proteins to form complexes 1 and 2 (mTORC), and each complex has different intracellular targets. Although mTORC1's role in β-cells has been extensively studied, less is known about mTORC2's function in β-cells. Here, we show that mice with constitutive and inducible β-cell-specific deletion of RICTOR (βRicKO and iβRicKO mice, respectively) are glucose intolerant due to impaired insulin secretion when glucose is injected intraperitoneally. Decreased insulin secretion in βRicKO islets was caused by abnormal actin polymerization. Interestingly, when glucose was administered orally, no difference in glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion were observed, suggesting that incretins are counteracting the mTORC2 deficiency. Mechanistically, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), but not gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), rescued insulin secretion in vivo and in vitro by improving actin polymerization in βRicKO islets. In conclusion, mTORC2 regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by promoting actin filament remodeling.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The current studies uncover a novel mechanism linking mTORC2 signaling to glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by modulation of the actin filaments. This work also underscores the important role of GLP-1 in rescuing defects in insulin secretion by modulating actin polymerization and suggests that this effect is independent of mTORC2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Blandino-Rosano
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Joshua O Scheys
- Medical School, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes and Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joao Pedro Werneck-de-Castro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Ruy A Louzada
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Joana Almaça
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Gil Leibowitz
- Diabetes Unit and Endocrine Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | - Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, Florida
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13
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Bracey KM, Gu G, Kaverina I. Microtubules in Pancreatic β Cells: Convoluted Roadways Toward Precision. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:915206. [PMID: 35874834 PMCID: PMC9305484 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.915206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islet β cells regulate glucose homeostasis via glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Cytoskeletal polymers microtubules (MTs) serve as tracks for the transport and positioning of secretory insulin granules. MT network in β cells has unique morphology with several distinct features, which support granule biogenesis (via Golgi-derived MT array), net non-directional transport (via interlocked MT mesh), and control availability of granules at secretion sites (via submembrane MT bundle). The submembrane MT array, which is parallel to the plasma membrane and serves to withdraw excessive granules from the secretion hot spots, is destabilized and fragmented downstream of high glucose stimulation, allowing for regulated secretion. The origin of such an unusual MT network, the features that define its functionality, and metabolic pathways that regulate it are still to a large extent elusive and are a matter of active investigation and debate. Besides the MT network itself, it is important to consider the interplay of molecular motors that drive and fine-tune insulin granule transport. Importantly, activity of kinesin-1, which is the major MT-dependent motor in β cells, transports insulin granules, and has a capacity to remodel MT network, is also regulated by glucose. We discuss yet unknown potential avenues toward understanding how MT network and motor proteins provide control for secretion in coordination with other GSIS-regulating mechanisms.
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14
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Noordstra I, van den Berg CM, Boot FWJ, Katrukha EA, Yu KL, Tas RP, Portegies S, Viergever BJ, de Graaff E, Hoogenraad CC, de Koning EJP, Carlotti F, Kapitein LC, Akhmanova A. Organization and dynamics of the cortical complexes controlling insulin secretion in β-cells. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274234. [PMID: 35006275 PMCID: PMC8918791 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells is regulated by cortical complexes that are enriched at the sites of adhesion to extracellular matrix facing the vasculature. Many components of these complexes, including bassoon, RIM, ELKS and liprins, are shared with neuronal synapses. Here, we show that insulin secretion sites also contain the non-neuronal proteins LL5β (also known as PHLDB2) and KANK1, which, in migrating cells, organize exocytotic machinery in the vicinity of integrin-based adhesions. Depletion of LL5β or focal adhesion disassembly triggered by myosin II inhibition perturbed the clustering of secretory complexes and attenuated the first wave of insulin release. Although previous analyses in vitro and in neurons have suggested that secretory machinery might assemble through liquid–liquid phase separation, analysis of endogenously labeled ELKS in pancreatic islets indicated that its dynamics is inconsistent with such a scenario. Instead, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and single-molecule imaging showed that ELKS turnover is driven by binding and unbinding to low-mobility scaffolds. Both the scaffold movements and ELKS exchange were stimulated by glucose treatment. Our findings help to explain how integrin-based adhesions control spatial organization of glucose-stimulated insulin release. Summary: Characterization of the composition of cortical complexes controlling insulin secretion, showing that their dynamics is inconsistent with assembly through liquid–liquid phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivar Noordstra
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Cyntha M van den Berg
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fransje W J Boot
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ka Lou Yu
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roderick P Tas
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sybren Portegies
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan J Viergever
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther de Graaff
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco J P de Koning
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Françoise Carlotti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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Walcott S, Warshaw DM. Modeling myosin Va liposome transport through actin filament networks reveals a percolation threshold that modulates transport properties. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 33:ar18. [PMID: 34935414 PMCID: PMC9236151 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-08-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin Va (myoVa) motors transport membrane-bound cargo through three-dimensional, intracellular actin filament networks. We developed a coarse-grained, in silico model to predict how actin filament density (3-800 filaments) within a randomly oriented actin network affects fluid-like liposome (350 nm vs. 1750 nm) transport by myoVa motors. Five thousand simulated liposomes transported within each network adopted one of three states: transport, tug-of-war, or diffusion. Diffusion due to liposome detachment from actin rarely occurred given at least 10 motors on the liposome surface. However, with increased actin density, liposomes transitioned from primarily directed transport on single actin filaments to an apparent random walk, resulting from a mixture of transport and tug-of-wars as the probability of encountering additional actin filaments increased. This phase transition arises from a percolation phase transition at a critical number of accessible actin filaments, Nc. Nc is a geometric property of the actin network that depends only on the position and polarity of the actin filaments, transport distance, and the liposome diameter, as evidenced by a fivefold increase in liposome diameter resulting in a fivefold decrease in Nc. Thus in cells, actin network density and cargo size may be regulated to match cargo delivery to the cell’s physiological demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Walcott
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609
| | - D M Warshaw
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Health Science Research Facility, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405
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16
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Groen N, Leenders F, Mahfouz A, Munoz-Garcia A, Muraro MJ, de Graaf N, Rabelink TJ, Hoeben R, van Oudenaarden A, Zaldumbide A, Reinders MJT, de Koning EJP, Carlotti F. Single-Cell Transcriptomics Links Loss of Human Pancreatic β-Cell Identity to ER Stress. Cells 2021; 10:3585. [PMID: 34944092 PMCID: PMC8700697 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of pancreatic islet architecture is crucial for proper β-cell function. We previously reported that disruption of human islet integrity could result in altered β-cell identity. Here we combine β-cell lineage tracing and single-cell transcriptomics to investigate the mechanisms underlying this process in primary human islet cells. Using drug-induced ER stress and cytoskeleton modification models, we demonstrate that altering the islet structure triggers an unfolding protein response that causes the downregulation of β-cell maturity genes. Collectively, our findings illustrate the close relationship between endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis and β-cell phenotype, and strengthen the concept of altered β-cell identity as a mechanism underlying the loss of functional β-cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Groen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (N.G.); (F.L.); (A.M.-G.); (N.d.G.); (T.J.R.); (E.J.P.d.K.)
| | - Floris Leenders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (N.G.); (F.L.); (A.M.-G.); (N.d.G.); (T.J.R.); (E.J.P.d.K.)
| | - Ahmed Mahfouz
- Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (A.M.); (M.J.T.R.)
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, 2628 XE Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amadeo Munoz-Garcia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (N.G.); (F.L.); (A.M.-G.); (N.d.G.); (T.J.R.); (E.J.P.d.K.)
| | - Mauro J. Muraro
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.J.M.); (A.v.O.)
| | - Natascha de Graaf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (N.G.); (F.L.); (A.M.-G.); (N.d.G.); (T.J.R.); (E.J.P.d.K.)
| | - Ton. J. Rabelink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (N.G.); (F.L.); (A.M.-G.); (N.d.G.); (T.J.R.); (E.J.P.d.K.)
| | - Rob Hoeben
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.H.); (A.Z.)
| | - Alexander van Oudenaarden
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.J.M.); (A.v.O.)
- Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Zaldumbide
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.H.); (A.Z.)
| | - Marcel J. T. Reinders
- Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (A.M.); (M.J.T.R.)
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, 2628 XE Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco J. P. de Koning
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (N.G.); (F.L.); (A.M.-G.); (N.d.G.); (T.J.R.); (E.J.P.d.K.)
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.J.M.); (A.v.O.)
| | - Françoise Carlotti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (N.G.); (F.L.); (A.M.-G.); (N.d.G.); (T.J.R.); (E.J.P.d.K.)
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17
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Ferri G, Pesce L, Tesi M, Marchetti P, Cardarelli F. β-Cell Pathophysiology: A Review of Advanced Optical Microscopy Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312820. [PMID: 34884624 PMCID: PMC8657725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
β-cells convert glucose (input) resulting in the controlled release of insulin (output), which in turn has the role to maintain glucose homeostasis. β-cell function is regulated by a complex interplay between the metabolic processing of the input, its transformation into second-messenger signals, and final mobilization of insulin-containing granules towards secretion of the output. Failure at any level in this process marks β-cell dysfunction in diabetes, thus making β-cells obvious potential targets for therapeutic purposes. Addressing quantitatively β-cell (dys)function at the molecular level in living samples requires probing simultaneously the spatial and temporal dimensions at the proper resolution. To this aim, an increasing amount of research efforts are exploiting the potentiality of biophysical techniques. In particular, using excitation light in the visible/infrared range, a number of optical-microscopy-based approaches have been tailored to the study of β-cell-(dys)function at the molecular level, either in label-free mode (i.e., exploiting intrinsic autofluorescence of cells) or by the use of organic/genetically-encoded fluorescent probes. Here, relevant examples from the literature are reviewed and discussed. Based on this, new potential lines of development in the field are drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Ferri
- NEST Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (G.F.); (L.P.)
| | - Luca Pesce
- NEST Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (G.F.); (L.P.)
| | - Marta Tesi
- Islet Cell Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (M.T.); (P.M.)
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Islet Cell Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (M.T.); (P.M.)
| | - Francesco Cardarelli
- NEST Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (G.F.); (L.P.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Yau B, Hocking S, Andrikopoulos S, Kebede MA. Targeting the insulin granule for modulation of insulin exocytosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 194:114821. [PMID: 34748819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The pancreatic β-cells control insulin secretion in the body to regulate glucose homeostasis, and β-cell stress and dysfunction is characteristic of Type 2 Diabetes. Pharmacological targeting of the β-cell to increase insulin secretion is typically utilised, however, extended use of common drugs such as sulfonylureas are known to result in secondary failure. Moreover, there is evidence they may induce β-cell failure in the long term. Within β-cells, insulin secretory granules (ISG) serve as compartments to store, process and traffic insulin for exocytosis. There is now growing evidence that ISG exist in multiple populations, distinct in their protein composition, motility, age, and capacity for secretion. In this review, we discuss the implications of a heterogenous ISG population in β-cells and highlight the need for more understanding into how unique ISG populations may be targeted in anti-diabetic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Yau
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - Samantha Hocking
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health and Department of Endocrinology Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Melkam A Kebede
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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19
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Ferri G, Tesi M, Pesce L, Bugliani M, Grano F, Occhipinti M, Suleiman M, De Luca C, Marselli L, Marchetti P, Cardarelli F. Spatiotemporal Correlation Spectroscopy Reveals a Protective Effect of Peptide-Based GLP-1 Receptor Agonism against Lipotoxicity on Insulin Granule Dynamics in Primary Human β-Cells. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091403. [PMID: 34575477 PMCID: PMC8464798 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists are being used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and may have beneficial effects on the pancreatic β-cells. Here, we evaluated the effects of GLP-1R agonism on insulin secretory granule (ISG) dynamics in primary β-cells isolated from human islets exposed to palmitate-induced lipotoxic stress. Islets cells were exposed for 48 h to 0.5 mM palmitate (hereafter, ‘Palm’) with or without the addition of a GLP-1 agonist, namely 10 nM exendin-4 (hereafter, ‘Ex-4’). Dissociated cells were first transfected with syncollin-EGFP in order to fluorescently mark the ISGs. Then, by applying a recently established spatiotemporal correlation spectroscopy technique, the average structural (i.e., size) and dynamic (i.e., the local diffusivity and mode of motion) properties of ISGs are extracted from a calculated imaging-derived Mean Square Displacement (iMSD) trace. Besides defining the structural/dynamic fingerprint of ISGs in human cells for the first time, iMSD analysis allowed to probe fingerprint variations under selected conditions: namely, it was shown that Palm affects ISGs dynamics in response to acute glucose stimulation by abolishing the ISGs mobilization typically imparted by glucose and, concomitantly, by reducing the extent of ISGs active/directed intracellular movement. By contrast, co-treatment with Ex-4 normalizes ISG dynamics, i.e., re-establish ISG mobilization and ability to perform active transport in response to glucose stimulation. These observations were correlated with standard glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), which resulted in being reduced in cells exposed to Palm but preserved in cells concomitantly exposed to 10 nM Ex-4. Our data support the idea that GLP-1R agonism may exert its beneficial effect on human β-cells under metabolic stress by maintaining ISGs’ proper intracellular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Ferri
- Laboratorio NEST-Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (G.F.); (L.P.)
| | - Marta Tesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (M.T.); (M.B.); (F.G.); (M.O.); (M.S.); (C.D.L.); (L.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Luca Pesce
- Laboratorio NEST-Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (G.F.); (L.P.)
| | - Marco Bugliani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (M.T.); (M.B.); (F.G.); (M.O.); (M.S.); (C.D.L.); (L.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Francesca Grano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (M.T.); (M.B.); (F.G.); (M.O.); (M.S.); (C.D.L.); (L.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Margherita Occhipinti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (M.T.); (M.B.); (F.G.); (M.O.); (M.S.); (C.D.L.); (L.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Mara Suleiman
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (M.T.); (M.B.); (F.G.); (M.O.); (M.S.); (C.D.L.); (L.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Carmela De Luca
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (M.T.); (M.B.); (F.G.); (M.O.); (M.S.); (C.D.L.); (L.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (M.T.); (M.B.); (F.G.); (M.O.); (M.S.); (C.D.L.); (L.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (M.T.); (M.B.); (F.G.); (M.O.); (M.S.); (C.D.L.); (L.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Francesco Cardarelli
- Laboratorio NEST-Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (G.F.); (L.P.)
- Correspondence:
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20
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Hu R, Zhu X, Yuan M, Ho KH, Kaverina I, Gu G. Microtubules and Gαo-signaling modulate the preferential secretion of young insulin secretory granules in islet β cells via independent pathways. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0241939. [PMID: 34292976 PMCID: PMC8297875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For sustainable function, each pancreatic islet β cell maintains thousands of insulin secretory granules (SGs) at all times. Glucose stimulation induces the secretion of a small portion of these SGs and simultaneously boosts SG biosynthesis to sustain this stock. The failure of these processes, often induced by sustained high-insulin output, results in type 2 diabetes. Intriguingly, young insulin SGs are more likely secreted during glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) for unknown reasons, while older SGs tend to lose releasability and be degraded. Here, we examine the roles of microtubule (MT) and Gαo-signaling in regulating the preferential secretion of young versus old SGs. We show that both MT-destabilization and Gαo inactivation results in more SGs localization near plasma membrane (PM) despite higher levels of GSIS and reduced SG biosynthesis. Intriguingly, MT-destabilization or Gαo-inactivation results in higher secretion probabilities of older SGs, while combining both having additive effects on boosting GSIS. Lastly, Gαo inactivation does not detectably destabilize the β-cell MT network. These findings suggest that Gαo and MT can modulate the preferential release of younger insulin SGs via largely parallel pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiying Hu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Program of Developmental Biology and the Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Program of Developmental Biology and the Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Mingyang Yuan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Program of Developmental Biology and the Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Kung-Hsien Ho
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Program of Developmental Biology and the Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Irina Kaverina
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Program of Developmental Biology and the Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GG); (IK)
| | - Guoqiang Gu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Program of Developmental Biology and the Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GG); (IK)
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Isolation and Proteomics of the Insulin Secretory Granule. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11050288. [PMID: 33946444 PMCID: PMC8147143 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin, a vital hormone for glucose homeostasis is produced by pancreatic beta-cells and when secreted, stimulates the uptake and storage of glucose from the blood. In the pancreas, insulin is stored in vesicles termed insulin secretory granules (ISGs). In Type 2 diabetes (T2D), defects in insulin action results in peripheral insulin resistance and beta-cell compensation, ultimately leading to dysfunctional ISG production and secretion. ISGs are functionally dynamic and many proteins present either on the membrane or in the lumen of the ISG may modulate and affect different stages of ISG trafficking and secretion. Previously, studies have identified few ISG proteins and more recently, proteomics analyses of purified ISGs have uncovered potential novel ISG proteins. This review summarizes the proteins identified in the current ISG proteomes from rat insulinoma INS-1 and INS-1E cell lines. Here, we also discuss techniques of ISG isolation and purification, its challenges and potential future directions.
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22
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Müller A, Schmidt D, Xu CS, Pang S, D’Costa JV, Kretschmar S, Münster C, Kurth T, Jug F, Weigert M, Hess HF, Solimena M. 3D FIB-SEM reconstruction of microtubule-organelle interaction in whole primary mouse β cells. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202010039. [PMID: 33326005 PMCID: PMC7748794 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules play a major role in intracellular trafficking of vesicles in endocrine cells. Detailed knowledge of microtubule organization and their relation to other cell constituents is crucial for understanding cell function. However, their role in insulin transport and secretion is under debate. Here, we use FIB-SEM to image islet β cells in their entirety with unprecedented resolution. We reconstruct mitochondria, Golgi apparati, centrioles, insulin secretory granules, and microtubules of seven β cells, and generate a comprehensive spatial map of microtubule-organelle interactions. We find that microtubules form nonradial networks that are predominantly not connected to either centrioles or endomembranes. Microtubule number and length, but not microtubule polymer density, vary with glucose stimulation. Furthermore, insulin secretory granules are enriched near the plasma membrane, where they associate with microtubules. In summary, we provide the first 3D reconstructions of complete microtubule networks in primary mammalian cells together with evidence regarding their importance for insulin secretory granule positioning and thus their supportive role in insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Müller
- Molecular Diabetology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Deborah Schmidt
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - C. Shan Xu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Song Pang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Joyson Verner D’Costa
- Molecular Diabetology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Kretschmar
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technology Platform, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carla Münster
- Molecular Diabetology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kurth
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technology Platform, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Florian Jug
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Fondazione Human Technopole, Milano, Italy
| | - Martin Weigert
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harald F. Hess
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Michele Solimena
- Molecular Diabetology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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23
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Acosta-Montalvo A, Saponaro C, Kerr-Conte J, Prehn JHM, Pattou F, Bonner C. Proglucagon-Derived Peptides Expression and Secretion in Rat Insulinoma INS-1 Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:590763. [PMID: 33240888 PMCID: PMC7683504 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.590763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat insulinoma INS-1 cells are widely used to study insulin secretory mechanisms. Studies have shown that a population of INS-1 cells are bi-hormonal, co-expressing insulin, and proglucagon proteins. They coined this population as immature cells since they co-secrete proglucagon-derived peptides from the same secretory vesicles similar to that of insulin. Since proglucagon encodes multiple peptides including glucagon, glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1), GLP-2, oxyntomodulin, and glicentin, their specific expression and secretion are technically challenging. In this study, we aimed to focus on glucagon expression which shares the same amino acid sequence with glicentin and proglucagon. Validation of the anti-glucagon antibody (Abcam) by Western blotting techniques revealed that the antibody detects proglucagon (≈ 20 kDa), glicentin (≈ 9 kDa), and glucagon (≈ 3 kDa) in INS-1 cells and primary islets, all of which were absent in the kidney cell line (HEK293). Using the validated anti-glucagon antibody, we showed by immunofluorescence imaging that a population of INS-1 cells co-express insulin and proglucagon-derived proteins. Furthermore, we found that chronic treatment of INS-1 cells with high-glucose decreases insulin and glucagon content, and also reduces the percentage of bi-hormonal cells. In line with insulin secretion, we found glucagon and glicentin secretion to be induced in a glucose-dependent manner. We conclude that INS-1 cells are a useful model to study glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, but not that of glucagon or glicentin. Our study suggests Western blotting technique as an important tool for researchers to study proglucagon-derived peptides expression and regulation in primary islets in response to various metabolic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Acosta-Montalvo
- INSERM, U1190, Lille, France.,European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France.,University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Chiara Saponaro
- INSERM, U1190, Lille, France.,European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France.,University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Julie Kerr-Conte
- INSERM, U1190, Lille, France.,European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France.,University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - François Pattou
- INSERM, U1190, Lille, France.,European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France.,University of Lille, Lille, France.,Chirurgie Endocrinienne et Métabolique, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Caroline Bonner
- INSERM, U1190, Lille, France.,European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France.,University of Lille, Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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24
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Dutta D, Palmer XL, Ortega-Rodas J, Balraj V, Dastider IG, Chandra S. Biomechanical and Biophysical Properties of Breast Cancer Cells Under Varying Glycemic Regimens. Breast Cancer (Auckl) 2020; 14:1178223420972362. [PMID: 33239879 PMCID: PMC7672722 DOI: 10.1177/1178223420972362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes accelerates cancer cell proliferation and metastasis, particularly for cancers of the pancreas, liver, breast, colon, and skin. While pathways linking the 2 disease conditions have been explored extensively, there is a lack of information on whether there could be cytoarchitectural changes induced by glucose which predispose cancer cells to aggressive phenotypes. It was thus hypothesized that exposure to diabetes/high glucose alters the biomechanical and biophysical properties of cancer cells more than the normal cells, which aids in advancing the cancer. For this study, atomic force microscopy indentation was used through microscale probing of multiple human breast cancer cells (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231), and human normal mammary epithelial cells (MCF-10A), under different levels of glycemic stress. These were used to study both benign and malignant breast tissue behaviors. Benign cells (MCF-10A) recorded higher Young's modulus values than malignant cells (MCF-7 and MDA-231) under normoglycemic conditions, which agrees with the current literature. Moreover, exposure to high glucose (for 48 hours) decreased Young's modulus in both benign and malignant cells, to the effect that the cancer cells showed a complete loss in elasticity with high glucose. This provides a possible insight into a link between glycemic stress and cytoskeletal strength. This work suggests that reducing glycemic stress in cancer patients and those at risk can prove beneficial in restoring normal cytoskeletal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diganta Dutta
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, USA
| | - Xavier-Lewis Palmer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Jose Ortega-Rodas
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, USA
| | | | | | - Surabhi Chandra
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, USA
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25
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Ho KH, Yang X, Osipovich AB, Cabrera O, Hayashi ML, Magnuson MA, Gu G, Kaverina I. Glucose Regulates Microtubule Disassembly and the Dose of Insulin Secretion via Tau Phosphorylation. Diabetes 2020; 69:1936-1947. [PMID: 32540877 PMCID: PMC7458041 DOI: 10.2337/db19-1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton of pancreatic islet β-cells regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). We have reported that the microtubule-mediated movement of insulin vesicles away from the plasma membrane limits insulin secretion. High glucose-induced remodeling of microtubule network facilitates robust GSIS. This remodeling involves disassembly of old microtubules and nucleation of new microtubules. Here, we examine the mechanisms whereby glucose stimulation decreases microtubule lifetimes in β-cells. Using real-time imaging of photoconverted microtubules, we demonstrate that high levels of glucose induce rapid microtubule disassembly preferentially in the periphery of individual β-cells, and this process is mediated by the phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau. Specifically, high glucose induces tau hyper-phosphorylation via glucose-responsive kinases GSK3, PKA, PKC, and CDK5. This causes dissociation of tau from and subsequent destabilization of microtubules. Consequently, tau knockdown in mouse islet β-cells facilitates microtubule turnover, causing increased basal insulin secretion, depleting insulin vesicles from the cytoplasm, and impairing GSIS. More importantly, tau knockdown uncouples microtubule destabilization from glucose stimulation. These findings suggest that tau suppresses peripheral microtubules turning over to restrict insulin oversecretion in basal conditions and preserve the insulin pool that can be released following stimulation; high glucose promotes tau phosphorylation to enhance microtubule disassembly to acutely enhance GSIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kung-Hsien Ho
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Program of Developmental Biology and Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Xiaodun Yang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Program of Developmental Biology and Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Anna B Osipovich
- Program of Developmental Biology and Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | | | | | - Mark A Magnuson
- Program of Developmental Biology and Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Guoqiang Gu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Program of Developmental Biology and Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Irina Kaverina
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Program of Developmental Biology and Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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26
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Müller M, Glombek M, Powitz J, Brüning D, Rustenbeck I. A Cellular Automaton Model as a First Model-Based Assessment of Interacting Mechanisms for Insulin Granule Transport in Beta Cells. Cells 2020; 9:E1487. [PMID: 32570905 PMCID: PMC7348896 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper a first model is derived and applied which describes the transport of insulin granules through the cell interior and at the membrane of a beta cell. A special role is assigned to the actin network, which significantly influences the transport. For this purpose, microscopically measured actin networks are characterized and then further ones are artificially generated. In a Cellular Automaton model, phenomenological laws for granule movement are formulated and implemented. Simulation results are compared with experiments, primarily using TIRF images and secretion rates. In this respect, good similarities are already apparent. The model is a first useful approach to describe complex granule transport processes in beta cells, and offers great potential for future extensions. Furthermore, the model can be used as a tool to validate hypotheses and associated mechanisms regarding their effect on exocytosis or other processes. For this purpose, the source code for the model is provided online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Müller
- Institute of Dynamics and Vibrations, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (M.G.); (J.P.)
| | - Mathias Glombek
- Institute of Dynamics and Vibrations, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (M.G.); (J.P.)
| | - Jeldrick Powitz
- Institute of Dynamics and Vibrations, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (M.G.); (J.P.)
| | - Dennis Brüning
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Ingo Rustenbeck
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
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27
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Ma W, Chang J, Tong J, Ho U, Yau B, Kebede MA, Thorn P. Arp2/3 nucleates F-actin coating of fusing insulin granules in pancreatic β cells to control insulin secretion. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs236794. [PMID: 32079655 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.236794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
F-actin dynamics are known to control insulin secretion, but the point of intersection with the stimulus-secretion cascade is unknown. Here, using multiphoton imaging of β cells isolated from Lifeact-GFP transgenic mice, we show that glucose stimulation does not cause global changes in subcortical F-actin. Instead, we observe spatially discrete and transient F-actin changes around each fusing granule. This F-actin remodelling is dependent on actin nucleation and is observed for granule fusion induced by either glucose or high potassium stimulation. Using GFP-labelled proteins, we identify local enrichment of Arp3, dynamin 2 and clathrin, all occurring after granule fusion, suggesting early recruitment of an endocytic complex to the fusing granules. Block of Arp2/3 activity with drugs or shRNA inhibits F-actin coating, traps granules at the cell membrane and reduces insulin secretion. Block of formin-mediated actin nucleation also blocks F-actin coating, but has no effect on insulin secretion. We conclude that local Arp2/3-dependent actin nucleation at the sites of granule fusion plays an important role in post-fusion granule dynamics and in the regulation of insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ma
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia
| | - Jenny Chang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Jason Tong
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia
| | - Uda Ho
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Belinda Yau
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia
| | - Melkam A Kebede
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia
| | - Peter Thorn
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia
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28
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Seyedizadeh SH, Cheragh-Birjandi S, Hamedi Nia MR. The Effects of Combined Exercise Training (Resistance-Aerobic) on Serum Kinesin and Physical Function in Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (Randomized Controlled Trials). J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:6978128. [PMID: 32215272 PMCID: PMC7085367 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6978128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is one of the most common chronic complications of diabetics which causes nerve damage and muscle strength decrease in patients. This in turn results in imbalance leading to the diabetic patients' daily activity disparity. The present investigation was conducted to specifically study the effects of combined training (resistance-aerobic) on serum kinesin-1 and physical function in type 2 diabetes patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. 24 diabetic neuropathic females were randomly to be selected out and divided into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group received resistance-aerobic training for 3 sessions during eight weeks. The exercise training included resistance exercises with 2-3 sets, 6-7 exercise stations, 8-12 repetitions (reps), and 3-5 minutes of rest in between the exercises, and the aerobic exercises contained 50-65% of heart rate reserve (HRR) for 3 minutes with 30 seconds of rest interval between sets and 5-10 repetitions. Results show that the serum kinesin-1 level and aerobic endurance declined after eight weeks of combined (resistance-aerobic) exercise training, but this decrease was not significant. The upper body strength increased but it was not significant, while the lower body showed a significant strength increase. With regard to the progressive nature of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, it seems that even the little changes resulting from the combined exercise training can be useful. Nevertheless, more research is required in this area.
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29
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Bracey KM, Ho KH, Yampolsky D, Gu G, Kaverina I, Holmes WR. Microtubules Regulate Localization and Availability of Insulin Granules in Pancreatic Beta Cells. Biophys J 2019; 118:193-206. [PMID: 31839261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two key prerequisites for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in β cells are the proximity of insulin granules to the plasma membrane and their anchoring or docking to the plasma membrane (PM). Although recent evidence has indicated that both of these factors are altered in the context of diabetes, it is unclear what regulates localization of insulin granules and their interactions with the PM within single cells. Here, we demonstrate that microtubule (MT)-motor-mediated transport dynamics have a critical role in regulating both factors. Super-resolution imaging shows that whereas the MT cytoskeleton resembles a random meshwork in the cells' interior, MTs near the cell surface are preferentially aligned with the PM. Computational modeling suggests two consequences of this alignment. First, this structured MT network preferentially withdraws granules from the PM. Second, the binding and transport of insulin granules by MT motors prevents their stable anchoring to the PM. These findings suggest the MT cytoskeleton may negatively regulate GSIS by both limiting the amount of insulin proximal to the PM and preventing or breaking interactions between the PM and the remaining nearby insulin granules. These results predict that altering MT network structure in β cells can be used to tune GSIS. Thus, our study points to the potential of an alternative therapeutic strategy for diabetes by targeting specific MT regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dmitry Yampolsky
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
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30
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Santo-Domingo J, Dayon L, Wiederkehr A. Protein Lysine Acetylation: Grease or Sand in the Gears of β-Cell Mitochondria? J Mol Biol 2019; 432:1446-1460. [PMID: 31628953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria carry out many essential functions in metabolism. A central task is the oxidation of nutrients and the generation of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial metabolism needs to be tightly regulated for the cell to respond to changes in ATP demand and nutrient supply. Here, we review how protein lysine acetylation contributes to the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism in insulin target tissues and the insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cell. We summarize recent evidence showing that in pancreatic β-cells, lysine acetylation occurs on a large number of proteins involved in metabolism. Furthermore, we give a brief overview of the molecular mechanism that controls lysine acetylation dynamics. We propose that protein lysine acetylation is an important mechanism for the fine-tuning of mitochondrial activity in β-cells during normal physiology. In contrast, nutrient oversupply, oxidative stress, or inhibition of the mitochondrial deacetylase SIRT3 leads to protein lysine hyperacetylation, which impairs mitochondrial function. By perturbing mitochondrial activity in β-cells and insulin target tissues, protein lysine hyperacetylation may contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Santo-Domingo
- Mitochondrial Function, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Dayon
- Proteomics, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Wiederkehr
- Mitochondrial Function, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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31
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Regulation of Glucose-Dependent Golgi-Derived Microtubules by cAMP/EPAC2 Promotes Secretory Vesicle Biogenesis in Pancreatic β Cells. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2339-2350.e5. [PMID: 31303487 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule (MT) network is an essential regulator of insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells, which is central to blood-sugar homeostasis. We find that when glucose metabolism induces insulin secretion, it also increases formation of Golgi-derived microtubules (GDMTs), notably with the same biphasic kinetics as insulin exocytosis. Furthermore, GDMT nucleation is controlled by a glucose signal-transduction pathway through cAMP and its effector EPAC2. Preventing new GDMT nucleation dramatically affects the pipeline of insulin production, storage, and release. There is an overall reduction of β-cell insulin content, and remaining insulin becomes retained within the Golgi, likely because of stalling of insulin-granule budding. While not preventing glucose-induced insulin exocytosis, the diminished granule availability substantially blunts the amount secreted. Constant dynamic maintenance of the GDMT network is therefore critical for normal β-cell physiology. Our study demonstrates that the biogenesis of post-Golgi carriers, particularly large secretory granules, requires ongoing nucleation and replenishment of the GDMT network.
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32
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Yang J, Lv Y, Zhao Z, Li W, Xiang S, Zhou L, Gao A, Yan B, Ou L, Ling H, Xiao X, Liu J. A microRNA‑24‑to‑secretagogin regulatory pathway mediates cholesterol‑induced inhibition of insulin secretion. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:608-616. [PMID: 31173188 PMCID: PMC6605698 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a key factor leading to β‑cell dysfunction, but its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Secretagogin (Scgn), a Ca2+ sensor protein that is expressed at high levels in the islets, has been shown to play a key role in regulating insulin secretion through effects on the soluble N‑ethylmaleimide‑sensitive factor attachment receptor protein complexes. However, further studies are required to determine whether Scgn plays a role in hypercholesterolemia‑associated β‑cell dysfunction. The present study investigated the involvement of a microRNA‑24 (miR‑24)‑to‑Scgn regulatory pathway in cholesterol‑induced β‑cell dysfunction. In the present study, MIN6 cells were treated with increasing concentrations of cholesterol and then, the cellular functions and changes in the miR‑24‑to‑Scgn signal pathway were observed. Excessive uptake of cholesterol in MIN6 cells increased the expression of miR‑24, resulting in a reduction in Sp1 expression by directly targeting its 3' untranslated region. As a transcriptional activator of Scgn, downregulation of Sp1 decreased Scgn levels and subsequently decreased the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin, which is regulated by Scgn. Therefore, the focal adhesions in insulin granules were impaired and insulin exocytosis was reduced. The present study concluded that a miR‑24‑to‑Scgn pathway participates in the mechanism regulating cholesterol accumulation‑induced β‑cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Yuncheng Lv
- Laboratory of Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Zhibo Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Wu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Sunmin Xiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Lingzhi Zhou
- Department of Paediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Anbo Gao
- Laboratory of Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Bin Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Lingling Ou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Hong Ling
- Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xinhua Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Jianghua Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of The University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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Myosin Va transport of liposomes in three-dimensional actin networks is modulated by actin filament density, position, and polarity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:8326-8335. [PMID: 30967504 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901176116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell's dense 3D actin filament network presents numerous challenges to vesicular transport by teams of myosin Va (MyoVa) molecular motors. These teams must navigate their cargo through diverse actin structures ranging from Arp2/3-branched lamellipodial networks to the dense, unbranched cortical networks. To define how actin filament network organization affects MyoVa cargo transport, we created two different 3D actin networks in vitro. One network was comprised of randomly oriented, unbranched actin filaments; the other was comprised of Arp2/3-branched actin filaments, which effectively polarized the network by aligning the actin filament plus-ends. Within both networks, we defined each actin filament's 3D spatial position using superresolution stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) and its polarity by observing the movement of single fluorescent reporter MyoVa. We then characterized the 3D trajectories of fluorescent, 350-nm fluid-like liposomes transported by MyoVa teams (∼10 motors) moving within each of the two networks. Compared with the unbranched network, we observed more liposomes with directed and fewer with stationary motion on the Arp2/3-branched network. This suggests that the modes of liposome transport by MyoVa motors are influenced by changes in the local actin filament polarity alignment within the network. This mechanism was supported by an in silico 3D model that provides a broader platform to understand how cellular regulation of the actin cytoskeletal architecture may fine tune MyoVa-based intracellular cargo transport.
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Ferri G, Digiacomo L, Lavagnino Z, Occhipinti M, Bugliani M, Cappello V, Caracciolo G, Marchetti P, Piston DW, Cardarelli F. Insulin secretory granules labelled with phogrin-fluorescent proteins show alterations in size, mobility and responsiveness to glucose stimulation in living β-cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2890. [PMID: 30814595 PMCID: PMC6393586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular life of insulin secretory granules (ISGs) from biogenesis to secretion depends on their structural (e.g. size) and dynamic (e.g. diffusivity, mode of motion) properties. Thus, it would be useful to have rapid and robust measurements of such parameters in living β-cells. To provide such measurements, we have developed a fast spatiotemporal fluctuation spectroscopy. We calculate an imaging-derived Mean Squared Displacement (iMSD), which simultaneously provides the size, average diffusivity, and anomalous coefficient of ISGs, without the need to extract individual trajectories. Clustering of structural and dynamic quantities in a multidimensional parametric space defines the ISGs' properties for different conditions. First, we create a reference using INS-1E cells expressing proinsulin fused to a fluorescent protein (FP) under basal culture conditions and validate our analysis by testing well-established stimuli, such as glucose intake, cytoskeleton disruption, or cholesterol overload. After, we investigate the effect of FP-tagged ISG protein markers on the structural and dynamic properties of the granule. While iMSD analysis produces similar results for most of the lumenal markers, the transmembrane marker phogrin-FP shows a clearly altered result. Phogrin overexpression induces a substantial granule enlargement and higher mobility, together with a partial de-polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton, and reduced cell responsiveness to glucose stimulation. Our data suggest a more careful interpretation of many previous ISG-based reports in living β-cells. The presented data pave the way to high-throughput cell-based screening of ISG structure and dynamics under various physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Ferri
- NEST - Scuola Normale Superiore, Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR (CNR-NANO), Pisa, Italy
- Nanoscopy, Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Digiacomo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Zeno Lavagnino
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Margherita Occhipinti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Bugliani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Giulio Caracciolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - David W Piston
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Francesco Cardarelli
- NEST - Scuola Normale Superiore, Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR (CNR-NANO), Pisa, Italy.
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35
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Santo-Domingo J, Galindo AN, Cominetti O, De Marchi U, Cutillas P, Dayon L, Wiederkehr A. Glucose-dependent phosphorylation signaling pathways and crosstalk to mitochondrial respiration in insulin secreting cells. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:14. [PMID: 30786936 PMCID: PMC6381748 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glucose is the main secretagogue of pancreatic beta-cells. Uptake and metabolism of the nutrient stimulates the beta-cell to release the blood glucose lowering hormone insulin. This metabolic activation is associated with a pronounced increase in mitochondrial respiration. Glucose stimulation also initiates a number of signal transduction pathways for the coordinated regulation of multiple biological processes required for insulin secretion. Methods Shotgun proteomics including TiO2 enrichment of phosphorylated peptides followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry on lysates from glucose-stimulated INS-1E cells was used to identify glucose regulated phosphorylated proteins and signal transduction pathways. Kinase substrate enrichment analysis (KSEA) was applied to identify key regulated kinases and phosphatases. Glucose-induced oxygen consumption was measured using a XF96 Seahorse instrument to reveal cross talk between glucose-regulated kinases and mitochondrial activation. Results Our kinetic analysis of substrate phosphorylation reveal the molecular mechanism leading to rapid activation of insulin biogenesis, vesicle trafficking, insulin granule exocytosis and cytoskeleton remodeling. Kinase-substrate enrichment identified upstream kinases and phosphatases and time-dependent activity changes during glucose stimulation. Activity trajectories of well-known glucose-regulated kinases and phosphatases are described. In addition, we predict activity changes in a number of kinases including NUAK1, not or only poorly studied in the context of the pancreatic beta-cell. Furthermore, we pharmacologically tested whether signaling pathways predicted by kinase-substrate enrichment analysis affected glucose-dependent acceleration of mitochondrial respiration. We find that phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C contribute to short-term regulation of energy metabolism. Conclusions Our results provide a global view into the regulation of kinases and phosphatases in insulin secreting cells and suggest cross talk between glucose-induced signal transduction and mitochondrial activation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-019-0326-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Santo-Domingo
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park Bâtiment G, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Antonio Núñez Galindo
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park Bâtiment G, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ornella Cominetti
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park Bâtiment G, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Umberto De Marchi
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park Bâtiment G, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Cutillas
- Analytical Signalling Group, Centre for Cell Signalling, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Loïc Dayon
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park Bâtiment G, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Wiederkehr
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park Bâtiment G, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Hatta T, Iemura SI, Ohishi T, Nakayama H, Seimiya H, Yasuda T, Iizuka K, Fukuda M, Takeda J, Natsume T, Horikawa Y. Calpain-10 regulates actin dynamics by proteolysis of microtubule-associated protein 1B. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16756. [PMID: 30425305 PMCID: PMC6233169 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpain-10 (CAPN10) is the calpain family protease identified as the first candidate susceptibility gene for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the detailed molecular mechanism has not yet been elucidated. Here we report that CAPN10 processes microtubule associated protein 1 (MAP1) family proteins into heavy and light chains and regulates their binding activities to microtubules and actin filaments. Immunofluorescent analysis of Capn10−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts shows that MAP1B, a member of the MAP1 family of proteins, is localized at actin filaments rather than at microtubules. Furthermore, fluorescence recovery after photo-bleaching analysis shows that calpain-10 regulates actin dynamics via MAP1B cleavage. Moreover, in pancreatic islets from CAPN10 knockout mice, insulin secretion was significantly increased both at the high and low glucose levels. These findings indicate that deficiency of calpain-10 expression may affect insulin secretion by abnormal actin reorganization, coordination and dynamics through MAP1 family processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Hatta
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery (molprof), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-3-26 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 1345-0064, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichiro Iemura
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery (molprof), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-3-26 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 1345-0064, Japan.,Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Ohishi
- Division of Molecular Biotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31, Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakayama
- Biomolecular Characterization Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Seimiya
- Division of Molecular Biotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31, Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Takao Yasuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Katsumi Iizuka
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Jun Takeda
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Tohru Natsume
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery (molprof), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-3-26 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 1345-0064, Japan.
| | - Yukio Horikawa
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan.
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37
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Ferri G, Bugliani M, Marchetti P, Cardarelli F. Probing the light scattering properties of insulin secretory granules in single live cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2710-2714. [PMID: 30119894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Light scattering was recently demonstrated to serve as an intrinsic indicator for pancreatic islet cell mass and secretion. The insulin secretory granule (ISG), in particular, was proposed to be a reasonable candidate as the main intracellular source of scattered light due to the densely-packed insulin semi-crystal in the granule lumen. This scenario, if confirmed, would in principle open new perspectives for label-free single-granule imaging, tracking, and analysis. Contrary to such expectations, here we demonstrate that ISGs are not a primary source of scattering in primary human β-cells, as well as in immortalized β-like cells, quantitatively not superior to other intracellular organelles/structures, such as lysosomes and internal membranes. This result is achieved through multi-channel imaging of scattered light along with fluorescence arising from selectively-labelled ISGs. Co-localization and spatiotemporal cross-correlation analysis is performed on these signals, and compared among different cell lines. Obtained results suggest a careful re-thinking of the possibility to exploit intrinsic optical properties originating from ISGs for single-granule imaging purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Ferri
- NEST - Scuola Normale Superiore, Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR (CNR NANO), Pisa, Italy; Nanoscopy, Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova, 16163 Italy
| | - Marco Bugliani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Cardarelli
- NEST - Scuola Normale Superiore, Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR (CNR NANO), Pisa, Italy.
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38
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Computational modeling of the effect of temperature variations on human pancreatic β-cell activity. J Therm Biol 2018; 75:69-80. [PMID: 30017054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of temperature variations on the pancreatic β-cell activity and the role of different model compartments in temperature sensing have been investigated using a computational modeling approach. The results of our study show that temperature variations by several degrees can change the dynamical states of the β-cell system. In addition, temperature variations can alter the characteristic features of the membrane voltage, which correlates with insulin secretion. Simulation results show that the ion channels such as the L-type calcium, the hERG potassium, sodium channels and the glycolysis pathway are the possible sites for sensing temperature variation. Results indicate that for a small temperature change, even though the frequency and amplitude of electrical activity are altered, the area under the membrane potential curve remains almost unchanged, which implies the existence of a thermoregulatory mechanism for preserving the amount of insulin secretion. Furthermore, the computational analysis shows that the β-cell electrical activity exhibits a bursting pattern in physiological temperature (37 °C) while in vitro studies reported almost the spiking activity at lower temperatures. Since hormone-secreting systems work more efficient in bursting mode, we propose that the pancreatic β-cell works better in the physiological temperature compared with the reference temperature (33 °C).
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The role of adherens junction proteins in the regulation of insulin secretion. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20170989. [PMID: 29459424 PMCID: PMC5861323 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In healthy individuals, any rise in blood glucose levels is rapidly countered by the release of insulin from the β-cells of the pancreas which in turn promotes the uptake and storage of the glucose in peripheral tissues. The β-cells possess exquisite mechanisms regulating the secretion of insulin to ensure that the correct amount of insulin is released. These mechanisms involve tight control of the movement of insulin containing secretory vesicles within the β-cells, initially preventing most vesicles being able to move to the plasma membrane. Elevated glucose levels trigger an influx of Ca2+ that allows fusion of the small number of insulin containing vesicles that are pre-docked at the plasma membrane but glucose also stimulates processes that allow other insulin containing vesicles located further in the cell to move to and fuse with the plasma membrane. The mechanisms controlling these processes are complex and not fully understood but it is clear that the interaction of the β-cells with other β-cells in the islets is very important for their ability to develop the appropriate machinery for proper regulation of insulin secretion. Emerging evidence indicates one factor that is key for this is the formation of homotypic cadherin mediated adherens junctions between β-cells. Here, we review the evidence for this and discuss the mechanisms by which these adherens junctions might regulate insulin vesicle trafficking as well as the implications this has for understanding the dysregulation of insulin secretion seen in pathogenic states.
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40
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Watabe K, Yokawa S, Inoh Y, Suzuki T, Furuno T. Decreased intracellular granule movement and glucagon secretion in pancreatic α cells attached to superior cervical ganglion neurites. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 446:83-89. [PMID: 29318457 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3275-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Autonomic neurons innervate pancreatic islets of Langerhans and participate in the maintenance of blood glucose concentrations by controlling hormone levels through attachment with islet cells. We previously found that stimulated superior cervical ganglia (SCG) could induce Ca2+ oscillation in α cells via neuropeptide substance P using an in vitro co-culture model. In this study, we studied the effect of SCG neurite adhesion on intracellular secretory granule movement and glucagon secretion in α cells stimulated by low glucose concentration. Spinning disk microscopic analysis revealed that the mean velocity of intracellular granules was significantly lower in α cells attached to SCG neurites than that in those without neurites under low (2 mM), middle (10 mM), and high (20 mM) glucose concentrations. Stimulation by a low (2 mM) glucose concentration significantly increased glucagon secretion in α cells lacking neurites but not in those bound to neurites. These results suggest that adhesion to SCG neurites decreases low glucose-induced glucagon secretion in pancreatic α cells by attenuating intracellular granule movement activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoto Watabe
- School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8650, Japan
| | - Satoru Yokawa
- School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8650, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Inoh
- School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8650, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8650, Japan
| | - Tadahide Furuno
- School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8650, Japan.
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41
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Abstract
The eukaryotic cell's microtubule cytoskeleton is a complex 3D filament network. Microtubules cross at a wide variety of separation distances and angles. Prior studies in vivo and in vitro suggest that cargo transport is affected by intersection geometry. However, geometric complexity is not yet widely appreciated as a regulatory factor in its own right, and mechanisms that underlie this mode of regulation are not well understood. We have used our recently reported 3D microtubule manipulation system to build filament crossings de novo in a purified in vitro environment and used them to assay kinesin-1-driven model cargo navigation. We found that 3D microtubule network geometry indeed significantly influences cargo routing, and in particular that it is possible to bias a cargo to pass or switch just by changing either filament spacing or angle. Furthermore, we captured our experimental results in a model which accounts for full 3D geometry, stochastic motion of the cargo and associated motors, as well as motor force production and force-dependent behavior. We used a combination of experimental and theoretical analysis to establish the detailed mechanisms underlying cargo navigation at microtubule crossings.
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42
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Molecular regulation of insulin granule biogenesis and exocytosis. Biochem J 2017; 473:2737-56. [PMID: 27621482 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in early disease stages but a relative insulin insufficiency in later stages. Insulin, a peptide hormone, is produced in and secreted from pancreatic β-cells following elevated blood glucose levels. Upon its release, insulin induces the removal of excessive exogenous glucose from the bloodstream primarily by stimulating glucose uptake into insulin-dependent tissues as well as promoting hepatic glycogenesis. Given the increasing prevalence of T2DM worldwide, elucidating the underlying mechanisms and identifying the various players involved in the synthesis and exocytosis of insulin from β-cells is of utmost importance. This review summarizes our current understanding of the route insulin takes through the cell after its synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum as well as our knowledge of the highly elaborate network that controls insulin release from the β-cell. This network harbors potential targets for anti-diabetic drugs and is regulated by signaling cascades from several endocrine systems.
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Phelps EA, Cianciaruso C, Santo-Domingo J, Pasquier M, Galliverti G, Piemonti L, Berishvili E, Burri O, Wiederkehr A, Hubbell JA, Baekkeskov S. Advances in pancreatic islet monolayer culture on glass surfaces enable super-resolution microscopy and insights into beta cell ciliogenesis and proliferation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45961. [PMID: 28401888 PMCID: PMC5388888 DOI: 10.1038/srep45961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A robust and reproducible method for culturing monolayers of adherent and well-spread primary islet cells on glass coverslips is required for detailed imaging studies by super-resolution and live-cell microscopy. Guided by an observation that dispersed islet cells spread and adhere well on glass surfaces in neuronal co-culture and form a monolayer of connected cells, we demonstrate that in the absence of neurons, well-defined surface coatings combined with components of neuronal culture media collectively support robust attachment and growth of primary human or rat islet cells as monolayers on glass surfaces. The islet cell monolayer cultures on glass stably maintain distinct mono-hormonal insulin+, glucagon+, somatostatin+ and PP+ cells and glucose-responsive synchronized calcium signaling as well as expression of the transcription factors Pdx-1 and NKX-6.1 in beta cells. This technical advance enabled detailed observation of sub-cellular processes in primary human and rat beta cells by super-resolution microscopy. The protocol is envisaged to have broad applicability to sophisticated analyses of pancreatic islet cells that reveal new biological insights, as demonstrated by the identification of an in vitro protocol that markedly increases proliferation of primary beta cells and is associated with a reduction in ciliated, ostensibly proliferation-suppressed beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Phelps
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Cianciaruso
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jaime Santo-Domingo
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Miriella Pasquier
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Galliverti
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Pancreatic Islet Processing Facility, Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ekaterine Berishvili
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Burri
- BioImaging and Optics Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Wiederkehr
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Steinunn Baekkeskov
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Duvoor C, Dendi VS, Marco A, Shekhawat NS, Chada A, Ravilla R, Musham CK, Mirza W, Chaudhury A. Commentary: ATP: The crucial component of secretory vesicles: Accelerated ATP/insulin exocytosis and prediabetes. Front Physiol 2017; 8:53. [PMID: 28210227 PMCID: PMC5288386 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chitharanjan Duvoor
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle Rock, AR, USA; GIM FoundationLittle Rock, AR, USA
| | - Vijaya S Dendi
- GIM FoundationLittle Rock, AR, USA; Department of Internal Medicine and Hospital Medicine, Christus Trinity Mother Frances HospitalTyler, TX, USA
| | - Asween Marco
- GIM FoundationLittle Rock, AR, USA; Department of Policy, University of Arkansas for Little RockLittle Rock, AR, USA
| | - Nawal S Shekhawat
- GIM FoundationLittle Rock, AR, USA; Tutwiler ClinicTutwiler, MS, USA
| | - Aditya Chada
- GIM FoundationLittle Rock, AR, USA; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle Rock, AR, USA
| | - Rahul Ravilla
- GIM FoundationLittle Rock, AR, USA; Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle Rock, AR, USA
| | - Chaitanya K Musham
- GIM FoundationLittle Rock, AR, USA; St. Vincent Infirmary (Catholic Health Initiative)Little Rock, AR, USA
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Sorrenson B, Cognard E, Lee KL, Dissanayake WC, Fu Y, Han W, Hughes WE, Shepherd PR. A Critical Role for β-Catenin in Modulating Levels of Insulin Secretion from β-Cells by Regulating Actin Cytoskeleton and Insulin Vesicle Localization. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25888-25900. [PMID: 27777306 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.758516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The processes regulating glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and its modulation by incretins in pancreatic β-cells are only partly understood. Here we investigate the involvement of β-catenin in these processes. Reducing β-catenin levels using siRNA knockdown attenuated GSIS in a range of β-cell models and blocked the ability of GLP-1 agonists and the depolarizing agent KCl to potentiate this. This could be mimicked in both β-cell models and isolated islets by short-term exposure to the β-catenin inhibitory drug pyrvinium. In addition, short-term treatment with a drug that increases β-catenin levels results in an increase in insulin secretion. The timing of these effects suggests that β-catenin is required for the processes regulating trafficking and/or release of pre-existing insulin granules rather than for those regulated by gene expression. This was supported by the finding that the overexpression of the transcriptional co-activator of β-catenin, transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2), attenuated insulin secretion, consistent with the extra TCF7L2 translocating β-catenin from the plasma membrane pool to the nucleus. We show that β-catenin depletion disrupts the intracellular actin cytoskeleton, and by using total internal reflectance fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy, we found that β-catenin is required for the glucose- and incretin-induced depletion of insulin vesicles from near the plasma membrane. In conclusion, we find that β-catenin levels modulate Ca2+-dependent insulin exocytosis under conditions of glucose, GLP-1, or KCl stimulation through a role in modulating insulin secretory vesicle localization and/or fusion via actin remodeling. These findings also provide insights as to how the overexpression of TCF7L2 may attenuate insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brie Sorrenson
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Emmanuelle Cognard
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn L Lee
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Waruni C Dissanayake
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yanyun Fu
- the Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667
| | - Weiping Han
- the Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667
| | - William E Hughes
- the Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia, and.,the Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Peter R Shepherd
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand, .,the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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46
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Finkenstaedt-Quinn SA, Qiu TA, Shin K, Haynes CL. Super-resolution imaging for monitoring cytoskeleton dynamics. Analyst 2016; 141:5674-5688. [PMID: 27549146 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00731g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a key cellular structure that is important in the control of cellular movement, structure, and sensing. To successfully image the individual cytoskeleton components, high resolution and super-resolution fluorescence imaging methods are needed. This review covers the three basic cytoskeletal elements and the relative benefits and drawbacks of fixed versus live cell imaging before moving on to recent studies using high resolution and super-resolution techniques. The techniques covered include the near-diffraction limited imaging methods of confocal microscopy and TIRF microscopy and the super-resolution fluorescence imaging methods of STORM, PALM, and STED.
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47
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Yokawa S, Furuno T, Suzuki T, Inoh Y, Suzuki R, Hirashima N. Effect of Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 Expression on Intracellular Granule Movement in Pancreatic α Cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2016; 74:391-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-016-0737-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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48
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Zhang C, Caldwell TA, Mirbolooki MR, Duong D, Park EJ, Chi NW, Chessler SD. Extracellular CADM1 interactions influence insulin secretion by rat and human islet β-cells and promote clustering of syntaxin-1. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E874-85. [PMID: 27072493 PMCID: PMC4935136 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00318.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Contact between β-cells is necessary for their normal function. Identification of the proteins mediating the effects of β-cell-to-β-cell contact is a necessary step toward gaining a full understanding of the determinants of β-cell function and insulin secretion. The secretory machinery of the β-cells is nearly identical to that of central nervous system (CNS) synapses, and we hypothesize that the transcellular protein interactions that drive maturation of the two secretory machineries upon contact of one cell (or neural process) with another are also highly similar. Two such transcellular interactions, important for both synaptic and β-cell function, have been identified: EphA/ephrin-A and neuroligin/neurexin. Here, we tested the role of another synaptic cleft protein, CADM1, in insulinoma cells and in rat and human islet β-cells. We found that CADM1 is a predominant CADM isoform in β-cells. In INS-1 cells and primary β-cells, CADM1 constrains insulin secretion, and its expression decreases after prolonged glucose stimulation. Using a coculture model, we found that CADM1 also influences insulin secretion in a transcellular manner. We asked whether extracellular CADM1 interactions exert their influence via the same mechanisms by which they influence neurotransmitter exocytosis. Our results suggest that, as in the CNS, CADM1 interactions drive exocytic site assembly and promote actin network formation. These results support the broader hypothesis that the effects of cell-cell contact on β-cell maturation and function are mediated by the same extracellular protein interactions that drive the formation of the presynaptic exocytic machinery. These interactions may be therapeutic targets for reversing β-cell dysfunction in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Thomas A Caldwell
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - M Reza Mirbolooki
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Diana Duong
- Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Eun Jee Park
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Nai-Wen Chi
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Steven D Chessler
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California;
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49
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Heaslip AT, Nelson SR, Warshaw DM. Dense granule trafficking in Toxoplasma gondii requires a unique class 27 myosin and actin filaments. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:2080-9. [PMID: 27146112 PMCID: PMC4927281 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-12-0824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival of Toxoplasma gondii within its host cell requires protein release from vesicles, called dense granules (DGs). Through imaging of the motions of DGs in live intracellular parasites, it is shown that DG transport is dependent on F-actin and a class 27 myosin, TgMyoF, thus uncovering new critical roles for these essential proteins in the parasite’s lytic cycle. The survival of Toxoplasma gondii within its host cell requires protein release from secretory vesicles, called dense granules, to maintain the parasite’s intracellular replicative niche. Despite the importance of DGs, nothing is known about the mechanisms underlying their transport. In higher eukaryotes, secretory vesicles are transported to the plasma membrane by molecular motors moving on their respective cytoskeletal tracks (i.e., microtubules and actin). Because the organization of these cytoskeletal structures differs substantially in T. gondii, the molecular motor dependence of DG trafficking is far from certain. By imaging the motions of green fluorescent protein–tagged DGs in intracellular parasites with high temporal and spatial resolution, we show through a combination of molecular genetics and chemical perturbations that directed DG transport is independent of microtubules and presumably their kinesin/dynein motors. However, directed DG transport is dependent on filamentous actin and a unique class 27 myosin, TgMyoF, which has structural similarity to myosin V, the prototypical cargo transporter. Actomyosin DG transport was unexpected, since filamentous parasite actin has yet to be visualized in vivo due in part to the prevailing model that parasite actin forms short, unstable filaments. Thus our data uncover new critical roles for these essential proteins in the lytic cycle of this devastating pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife T Heaslip
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Shane R Nelson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - David M Warshaw
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
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50
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Secretagogin affects insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells by regulating actin dynamics and focal adhesion. Biochem J 2016; 473:1791-803. [PMID: 27095850 PMCID: PMC4901359 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Secretagogin (SCGN), a Ca2+-binding protein having six EF-hands, is selectively expressed in pancreatic β-cells and neuroendocrine cells. Previous studies suggested that SCGN enhances insulin secretion by functioning as a Ca2+-sensor protein, but the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. The present study explored the mechanism by which SCGN enhances glucose-induced insulin secretion in NIT-1 insulinoma cells. To determine whether SCGN influences the first or second phase of insulin secretion, we examined how SCGN affects the kinetics of insulin secretion in NIT-1 cells. We found that silencing SCGN suppressed the second phase of insulin secretion induced by glucose and H2O2, but not the first phase induced by KCl stimulation. Recruitment of insulin granules in the second phase of insulin secretion was significantly impaired by knocking down SCGN in NIT-1 cells. In addition, we found that SCGN interacts with the actin cytoskeleton in the plasma membrane and regulates actin remodelling in a glucose-dependent manner. Since actin dynamics are known to regulate focal adhesion, a critical step in the second phase of insulin secretion, we examined the effect of silencing SCGN on focal adhesion molecules, including FAK (focal adhesion kinase) and paxillin, and the cell survival molecules ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2) and Akt. We found that glucose- and H2O2-induced activation of FAK, paxillin, ERK1/2 and Akt was significantly blocked by silencing SCGN. We conclude that SCGN controls glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and thus may be useful in the therapy of Type 2 diabetes.
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