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Wang B, Zhao L, Ban W, Zhang X, Quan C, Teliewuhan M, He L, Chen Z, Zhang Z. Investigation and genetic polymorphism analysis of rodents infected with Echinococcus in Ili Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1433359. [PMID: 39185087 PMCID: PMC11341461 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1433359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a life-threatening disease in humans caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis. Domestic animals, dogs, foxes, and small mammals constitute the circular chain of AE. To evaluate the infection, distribution, and genetic polymorphism of AE in the Ili Prefecture (Nilka, Xinyuan and Zhaosu), we conducted this survey. Methods In June and July 2018, 267 small mammals were captured using water-infusion and mousetrap methods. Combined pathogenic and molecular biological methods were used to observe the histopathology of Echinococcus carried by rodents, amplify the mitochondrial nad1 gene of the pathogen, and investigate the genotype and haplotype diversity of Echinococcus in rodents in Ili Prefecture. Results Morphological identification revealed that these captured small mammals belonged to three species, with Microtus gregalis being the dominant species (183/267). Pathological and molecular biological results confirmed that E. multilocularis was the pathogen of echinococcosis in small mammals, with an infection rate of 15.73% (42/267). Among the three areas sampled, the highest infection rate of rodents was 25.45% (14/55) in Nilka County. However, there was no significant difference in the infection rates between regions (χ2 = 5.119, p > 0.05). Of the three captured rodent species, M. gregalis had the highest infection rate of 17.49% (32/183), but there was no significant difference in infection rates between the rodent species (χ2 = 1.364, p > 0.05). Phylogenetic analyses showed that the nad1 gene sequences obtained in this study clustered in the same clade as isolates from China. These isolates contained 21 haplotypes (Hap_1-21); Hap_2 was the most common haplotype (9/42). Furthermore, haplotype diversity (0.925 ± 0.027) and nucleotide diversity (0.01139 ± 0.00119) were higher in the Ili Prefecture than in other regions, indicating that population differentiation was high. Tajima's D and Fu's Fs tests were negative (p > 0.10), indicating that the population had expanded. The low fixation index (Fst) ranged from 0.00000 to 0.16945, indicating that the degree of genetic differentiation was different among different populations. Discussion In summary, Ili Prefecture is a high incidence area of AE, and Microtus spp. may play an important role in the transmission of AE in this area. The results of this study provide basic data for further study of the molecular epidemiology, genetic differences, and control of E. multilocularis in the Ili Prefecture, Xinjiang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Wang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences (Animal Clinical Medical Research Center, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences), Urumqi, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences (Animal Clinical Medical Research Center, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences), Urumqi, China
| | - Wanli Ban
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences (Animal Clinical Medical Research Center, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences), Urumqi, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Veterinary Department, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Urumqi, China
| | - Chenxi Quan
- Animal Disease Monitoring Department, Changji Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Changji, China
| | - Munila Teliewuhan
- Inspection and Monitoring Department, Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture Center for Animal Disease Control and Diagnosis, Yining, China
| | - Lixiong He
- Inspection Department, Kekedala Supply and Marketing Cooperative Federation of the Fourth Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Kekedala, China
| | - Zhaoyang Chen
- Inspection Department, Kekedala Supply and Marketing Cooperative Federation of the Fourth Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Kekedala, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences (Animal Clinical Medical Research Center, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences), Urumqi, China
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Zhao Q, Qi M, Jing B, Jian F, Gong P, Lu C, Yan Y, Pei Z, Ning C. Cryptosporidium spp. in large-scale sheep farms in China: prevalence and genetic diversity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11218. [PMID: 38755395 PMCID: PMC11099184 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. are significant zoonotic intestinal parasites that induce diarrhea and even death across most vertebrates, including humans. Previous studies showed that sheep are important hosts for Cryptosporidium and that its distribution in sheep is influenced by geography, feeding patterns, age, and season. Environmental factors also influence the transmission of Cryptosporidium. Molecular studies of Cryptosporidium in sheep have been conducted in only a few regions of China, and studies into the effect of sheep-housing environments on Cryptosporidium transmission are even rarer. To detect the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in large-scale sheep-housing farms, a total of 1241 fecal samples were collected from sheep, 727 environmental samples were taken from sheep housing, and 30 water samples were collected in six regions of China. To ascertain the existence of the parasite and identify the species of Cryptosporidium spp., we conducted nested PCR amplification of DNA extracted from all samples using the small-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene as a target. For a more in-depth analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. subtypes, C. xiaoi-and C. ubiquitum-positive samples underwent separate nested PCR amplification targeting the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. The amplification of the Cryptosporidium spp. SSU rRNA gene locus from the whole genomic DNA of all samples yielded a positive rate of 1.2% (20/1241) in fecal samples, 0.1% (1/727) in environmental samples, and no positive samples were found in water samples. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. infection in large-scale housed sheep was 1.7%, which was higher than that in free-ranging sheep (0.0%). The highest prevalence of infection was found in weaning lambs (6.8%). Among the different seasons, the peaks were found in the fall and winter. The most prevalent species were C. xiaoi and C. ubiquitum, with the former accounting for the majority of infections. The distribution of C. xiaoi subtypes was diverse, with XXIIIc (n = 1), XXIIId (n = 2), XXIIIe (n = 2), and XXIIIl (n = 4) identified. In contrast, only one subtype, XIIa (n = 9), was found in C. ubiquitum. In this study, C. xiaoi and C. ubiquitum were found to be the predominant species, and Cryptosporidium was found to be present in the environment. These findings provide an important foundation for the comprehensive prevention and management of Cryptosporidium in intensively reared sheep. Furthermore, by elucidating the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in sheep and its potential role in environmental transmission, this study deepens our understanding of the intricate interactions between animal health, environmental contamination, and public health dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianming Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Jing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Pihong Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyang Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqun Yan
- School of Life Science and Agronomy, ZhouKou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyang Pei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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Cheng C, Fan Z, Cheng D, Tao J. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Sheep and Goats in Jiangsu, China. Vet Sci 2024; 11:144. [PMID: 38668412 PMCID: PMC11054316 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11040144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Sheep and goats serve as crucial hosts for Cryptosporidium spp. and are primarily responsible for its transmission via the fecal-oral route. This can result in symptoms such as lamb weight loss, diarrhea, and even fatalities, leading to significant economic losses. Currently, there is a lack of scholarly research investigating the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. infection in sheep and goats specifically within Jiangsu province. This study collected fecal samples from sheep and goats, extracted their DNA, amplified target bands using nested PCR, sequenced the DNA, constructed a phylogenetic tree, and identified the genetic genotype. In total, 3 positive samples were identified out of 398 samples. Furthermore, the gene sequences of these samples exhibited significant homology with C. xiaoi in GenBank. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Cryptosporidium spp. parasites under investigation are phylogenetically related to C. xiaoi. Conducting epidemiological investigations and accurately identifying the species of Cryptosporidium spp. is of utmost importance not only for the mutton sheep farming industry in Jiangsu but also for the proactive safeguarding of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (C.C.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhengrong Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (C.C.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Darong Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (C.C.)
| | - Jianping Tao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (C.C.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Hasapis KA, Charalambidou I, Schou C, O'Dowd Phanis C, Kazamia S, Kassinis N, Hadjisterkotis E, Karanis P. First Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in the Endemic Cyprus Mouflon (Ovis gmelini ophion). Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:1035-1040. [PMID: 38062227 PMCID: PMC11001731 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00747-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cryptosporidium is an intestinal zoonotic protozoan parasite that infects domesticated and wild animals. There are no reports on the prevalence and molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium in the endemic Cyprus mouflon. The mouflon is strictly protected by national and international legislation. Its main distribution is Paphos State Forest and surrounding areas, where it may share the same water sources as free-ranging domestic goats. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and genotypes in mouflon and free-ranging goats within the mouflon range. METHODS Faecal samples of 70 mouflons and 34 free-ranging goats were screened for Cryptosporidium by PCR amplification and sequencing. RESULTS Only one sample (1/70) belonging to a mouflon was PCR positive for Cryptosporidium. Based on sequencing of the 18S rRNA locus, this species was identified as Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum). No positive sample was detected in the free-ranging goats (0/34). CONCLUSION This is the first report on the molecular identification of this Cryptosporidium species in a Cyprus mouflon. The results indicate that the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in Cyprus mouflon is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriacos A Hasapis
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, 21 Ilia Papakyriakou, 2414 Engomi, P.O. Box 24005, 1700, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Iris Charalambidou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Chad Schou
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, 21 Ilia Papakyriakou, 2414 Engomi, P.O. Box 24005, 1700, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Catherine O'Dowd Phanis
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, 21 Ilia Papakyriakou, 2414 Engomi, P.O. Box 24005, 1700, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Stefanie Kazamia
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, 21 Ilia Papakyriakou, 2414 Engomi, P.O. Box 24005, 1700, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Eleftherios Hadjisterkotis
- Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, 21 Ilia Papakyriakou, 2414 Engomi, P.O. Box 24005, 1700, Nicosia, Cyprus.
- Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, 50923, Cologne, Germany.
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Yang X, Wang J, Huang S, Song J, Fan Y, Zhao G. Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Escherichia coli in Dairy Goat Kids with Diarrhea in Partial Regions of Shaanxi Province, China. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2922. [PMID: 37760322 PMCID: PMC10526037 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Escherichia coli are important diarrheal pathogens threatening the health of humans and various animals. Goats, especially pre-weaned goat kids, that carry these pathogens are important reservoirs related to human infection. In the present study, PCR-based sequencing techniques were applied to characterize Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, E. bieneusi and E. coli in 202 fecal samples of diarrheal kids for Guanzhong dairy goats from five locations in Shaanxi Province. The positive rates of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, E. bieneusi and E. coli were 37.6% (76/202), 16.3% (33/202), 55.4% (112/202) and 78.7% (159/202) in these goat kids, respectively. Co-infection of two to four pathogens was found in 114 of 202 fecal samples. Significant differences (p < 0.001) in the positive rates of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis were found among locations and age groups. Furthermore, two Cryptosporidium species (C. parvum and C. xiaoi), two G. duodenalis assemblages (E and A), nine E. bieneusi genotypes (CHG3, CHG1, BEB6, CHG5, CHG2, SX1, CHG28, COS-II and CD6) and two E. coli pathotypes (EPEC and EHEC) were identified. As for Cryptosporidium, two (IIdA19G1 and IIdA19G2) and two (XXIIIa and XXIIIg) subtypes were recognized in samples positive for C. parvum and C. xiaoi, respectively. A phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS locus of E. bieneusi indicated that all nine genotypes of E. bieneusi identified in this study belonged to the group 2. Four virulence factors (ehxA, eae, stx2 and stx1) of EPEC and EHEC were found in E. coli strains. Collectively, this study explored the colonization frequency of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, E. bieneusi and E. coli in diarrheal kids of Guanzhong dairy goats in Shaanxi Province and expanded our understanding of the genetic composition and zoonotic potential of these pathogens in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.); (S.H.); (J.S.); (Y.F.)
| | - Junwei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.); (S.H.); (J.S.); (Y.F.)
| | - Shuang Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.); (S.H.); (J.S.); (Y.F.)
| | - Junke Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.); (S.H.); (J.S.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yingying Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.); (S.H.); (J.S.); (Y.F.)
| | - Guanghui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.); (S.H.); (J.S.); (Y.F.)
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China
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Kim AY, Alkathiri B, Lee S, Min KD, Kim S, Lee SM, Lee WK, Kwak D, Lee SH. Outbreak of severe diarrhea due to zoonotic Cryptosporidium parvum and C. xiaoi in goat kids in Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2045-2054. [PMID: 37347287 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07904-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Severe diarrhea was reported in goat kids in Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea, from 2021 to 2023, and Cryptosporidium infection was suspected. To confirm the cause of this outbreak, fecal samples were collected from goat farms where diarrhea had been reported and analyzed for Cryptosporidium infection using a molecular assay. A total of 65 fecal samples, including 37 from goats with diarrhea and 28 from goats without diarrhea, were collected from six goat farms. Forty-eight of the goats were kids (<2 months) and 17 were adults (>1 year). Cryptosporidium was identified in 53.8% (35/65) of total samples. Overall, 86.5% (32/37) of the diarrheic fecal samples tested positive; however, Cryptosporidium was not detected in any fecal sample from non-diarrheic adult goats. Therefore, cryptosporidiosis was significantly associated with diarrhea in goat kids, and adult goats were not responsible for transmission of Cryptosporidium to them. Phylogenetic analysis and molecular characterization revealed two Cryptosporidium species, namely, C. parvum (n = 28) and C. xiaoi (n = 7). In the C. parvum-positive samples, gp60 gene analysis revealed three zoonotic subtypes-IIaA18G3R1, IIdA15G1, and IIdA16G1. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to identify C. parvum IIaA18G3R1 and IIdA16G1 in goats, as well as the first to identify C. xiaoi in goats in Korea. These results suggest that goat kids play an important role as reservoir hosts for different Cryptosporidium species and that continuous monitoring with biosecurity measures is necessary to control cryptosporidiosis outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Young Kim
- Animal Quarantine Division, Agricultural Policy Bureau, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
- Graduate of Veterinary Biosecurity and Protection, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Badriah Alkathiri
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Subin Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kyung-Duk Min
- Graduate of Veterinary Biosecurity and Protection, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Soochong Kim
- Graduate of Veterinary Biosecurity and Protection, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Sang-Myeong Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Wan-Kyu Lee
- Graduate of Veterinary Biosecurity and Protection, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Dongmi Kwak
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Lee
- Graduate of Veterinary Biosecurity and Protection, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.
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Lang J, Han H, Dong H, Qin Z, Fu Y, Qin H, Zhang J, Zhao J, Li X, Zhao G, Li J, Zhang L. Molecular characterization and prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in sheep and goats in western Inner Mongolia, China. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:537-545. [PMID: 36526925 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07756-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. are zoonotic intestinal parasites that infect fish, birds, reptiles and mammals. Cryptosporidium spp. are common cause of diarrhea. In this study, a total of 1032 fecal samples were collected from the rectums of sheep and goats. The samples were analyzed using nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene of Cryptosporidium spp. The average infection rate of Cryptosporidium spp. was 2.23% (n = 23), and three Cryptosporidium species were identified, namely Cryptosporidium ubiquitum (8/23), Cryptosporidium andersoni (5/23) and Cryptosporidium xiaoi (10/23). Subtyping of C. ubiquitum and C. xiaoi was carried out by DNA sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Eight C. ubiquitum isolates were identified as zoonotic subtype XIIa. Nine C. xiaoi isolates were identified as subtypes XXIIIc (n = 1), XXIIIf (n = 3) and XXIIIg (n = 5). Subtype XXIIIg was first found in Chinese sheep. C. ubiquitum subtype XIIa was found in both sheep and goats, suggesting that sheep and goats are important sources of C. ubiquitum infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashu Lang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Han Han
- Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Heping Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Ziyang Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yin Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huikai Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junchen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China.
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Wang P, Zheng L, Liu L, Yu F, Jian Y, Wang R, Zhang S, Zhang L, Ning C, Jian F. Genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi from sheep and goats in China. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:361. [PMID: 36175887 PMCID: PMC9524073 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have molecularly characterized the potential zoonotic protozoa, Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in sheep and goats in China, therefore total 472 fecal samples were collected from eight provinces and infection rates of three protozoa were determined by PCR analysis of corresponding loci. All PCR positive samples were sequenced to identify the genotype. Results The overall infection rates for Cryptosporidium, G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi were 1.9% (9/472), 20.6% (97/472), and 44.5% (210/472), respectively. C. xiaoi (n = 5), C. ubiquitum (n = 3), and C. anderson (n = 1) were identified in goats. 97 G. duodenalis strains were successfully detected, and assembly E (n = 96) and assembly A (n = 1) were identified. Two novel G. duodenalis multilocus genotype (MLGs) were identified, with one belonging to subgroup AI and the other to subgroup E5. Nine known genotype (BEB6, CD6, CHC8, CHG3, CHG5, Peru6, CHG1, CHG2, and COS-I) and four new genotype (CHG26, CHG27, CHG28, and CHS18) were identified in E. bieneusi, with CHG3 dominant in this group. Conclusions The present results highlight the role of sheep and goats as reservoir hosts for this three gastrointestinal pathogens. In summary, we provided a platform for more detailed research on genotyping or subtyping intestinal pathogens to better understand their risks and modes of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penglin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ling Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Linke Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Fuchang Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yichen Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Sumei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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9
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Menon VK, Okhuysen PC, Chappell CL, Mahmoud M, Mahmoud M, Meng Q, Doddapaneni H, Vee V, Han Y, Salvi S, Bhamidipati S, Kottapalli K, Weissenberger G, Shen H, Ross MC, Hoffman KL, Cregeen SJ, Muzny DM, Metcalf GA, Gibbs RA, Petrosino JF, Sedlazeck FJ. Fully resolved assembly of Cryptosporidium parvum. Gigascience 2022; 11:giac010. [PMID: 35166336 PMCID: PMC8848321 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium parvum is an apicomplexan parasite commonly found across many host species with a global infection prevalence in human populations of 7.6%. Understanding its diversity and genomic makeup can help in fighting established infections and prohibiting further transmission. The basis of every genomic study is a high-quality reference genome that has continuity and completeness, thus enabling comprehensive comparative studies. FINDINGS Here, we provide a highly accurate and complete reference genome of Cryptosporidium parvum. The assembly is based on Oxford Nanopore reads and was improved using Illumina reads for error correction. We also outline how to evaluate and choose from different assembly methods based on 2 main approaches that can be applied to other Cryptosporidium species. The assembly encompasses 8 chromosomes and includes 13 telomeres that were resolved. Overall, the assembly shows a high completion rate with 98.4% single-copy BUSCO genes. CONCLUSIONS This high-quality reference genome of a zoonotic IIaA17G2R1 C. parvum subtype isolate provides the basis for subsequent comparative genomic studies across the Cryptosporidium clade. This will enable improved understanding of diversity, functional, and association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin K Menon
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pablo C Okhuysen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cynthia L Chappell
- Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Medhat Mahmoud
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Medhat Mahmoud
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qingchang Meng
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Harsha Doddapaneni
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vanesa Vee
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yi Han
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sejal Salvi
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sravya Bhamidipati
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kavya Kottapalli
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - George Weissenberger
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hua Shen
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matthew C Ross
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kristi L Hoffman
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sara Javornik Cregeen
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ginger A Metcalf
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joseph F Petrosino
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fritz J Sedlazeck
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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10
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Guo Y, Ryan U, Feng Y, Xiao L. Emergence of zoonotic Cryptosporidium parvum in China. Trends Parasitol 2021; 38:335-343. [PMID: 34972653 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic cryptosporidiosis is a major public health problem in industrialized nations; in those countries it is caused mainly by Cryptosporidium parvum IIa subtypes that are prevalent in dairy calves. Because of the short history of intensive animal farming in China, strains of C. parvum are found only on some dairy farms in this country and are the IId subtypes. However, the prevalence of C. parvum is increasing rapidly, with IIa subtypes recently detected in a few grazing animals, and both IIa and IId subtypes are emerging in humans. As animal farming intensifies, China may follow in the footsteps of industrialized nations where zoonotic cryptosporidiosis is rampant. One Health and biosecurity measures are urgently needed to slow down the dispersal of autochthonous IId subtypes and imported IIa subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Guo
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Una Ryan
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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11
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Jang DH, Cho HC, Shin SU, Kim EM, Park YJ, Hwang S, Park J, Choi KS. Prevalence and distribution pattern of Cryptosporidium spp. among pre-weaned diarrheic calves in the Republic of Korea. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259824. [PMID: 34780521 PMCID: PMC8592421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. are protozoan parasites that belong to subphylum apicomplexa and cause diarrhea in humans and animals worldwide. Data on the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and its subtypes among calves in the Republic of Korea (KOR) are sparse. Hence, our study aimed to investigate the prevalence and association between the age of calf and the identified Cryptosporidium spp. and to determine the genotypes/subtypes of Cryptosporidium spp. in pre-weaned calves with diarrhea in the KOR. A total of 460 diarrheic fecal samples were collected from calves aged 1−60 days and screened for Cryptosporidium spp. by the 18S rRNA gene. Species identification was determined using the sequencing analysis of the 18S rRNA gene, and C. parvum-positive samples were subtyped via the sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Sequence analysis based on the 18S rRNA gene revealed the presence of three Cryptosporidium spp., namely, C. parvum (n = 72), C. ryanae (n = 12), and C. bovis (n = 2). Co-infection by these species was not observed. The infection rate was the highest in calves aged 11−20 days (26.1%, 95% CI 17.1−35.1), whereas the lowest rate was observed in calves aged 21−30 days (7.7%, 95% CI 0.0−16.1). The prevalence of C. parvum was detected exclusively in calves aged ≤20 days, and the highest infection rate of C. ryanae was seen in calves ≥31 days of age. The occurrence of C. parvum (χ2 = 25.300, P = 0.000) and C. ryanae (χ2 = 18.020, P = 0.001) was significantly associated with the age of the calves. Eleven different subtypes of the IIa family that belonging to C. parvum were recognized via the sequence analyses of the gp60 gene. Except for two (IIaA18G3R1 and IIaA15G2R1) subtypes, nine subtypes were first identified in calves with diarrhea in the KOR. IIaA18G3R1 was the most frequently detected subtype (72.2% of calves), followed by IIaA17G3R1 (5.6%), IIaA15G2R1 (4.2%), IIaA19G4R1 (4.2%), IIaA16G4R1 (2.8%), IIaA17G4R1 (2.8%), IIaA19G3R (2.8%), IIaA14G1R1 (1.4%), IIaA14G3R1 (1.4%), IIaA15G1R1 (1.4%), and IIaA19G1R1 (1.4%) These results suggest that the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. is significantly associated with calf age. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate the high genetic diversity of C. parvum and the widespread occurrence of zoonotic C. parvum in pre-weaned calves. Hence, calves are a potential source of zoonotic transmission with considerable public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Jang
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Chul Cho
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Uk Shin
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Park
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunwoo Hwang
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Seong Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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12
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Qin SY, Sun HT, Lyu C, Zhu JH, Wang ZJ, Ma T, Zhao Q, Lan YG, He WQ. Prevalence and Characterization of Cryptosporidium Species in Tibetan Antelope ( Pantholops hodgsonii). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:713873. [PMID: 34552884 PMCID: PMC8450510 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.713873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an enteric apicomplexan parasite, which can infect multiple mammals including livestock and wildlife. Tibetan Antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) is one of the most famous wildlife species, that belongs to the first class protected wild animals in China. However, it has not been known whether Tibetan Antelope is infected with Cryptosporidium so far. The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence and characterization of Cryptosporidium species infection in Tibetan Antelope and the corresponding species by using molecular biological method. In the current study, a total of 627 fecal samples were randomly collected from Tibetan Antelope in the Tibet Autonomous Region (2019–2020), and were examined by PCR amplification of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. Among 627 samples, 19 (3.03%, 19/627) were examined as Cryptosporidium-positive, with 7 (2.33%, 7/300) in females and 12 (3.67%, 12/327) in males. The analysis of SSU rRNA gene sequence suggested that only two Cryptosporidium species, namely, C. xiaoi and C. ubiquitum, were identified in this study. This is the first evidence for an existence of Cryptosporidium in Tibetan Antelope. These findings extend the host range for Cryptosporidium spp. and also provide important data support for prevention and control of Cryptosporidium infection in Tibetan Antelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,General Monitoring Station for Wildlife-Borne Infectious Diseases, State Forestry and Grass Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - He-Ting Sun
- General Monitoring Station for Wildlife-Borne Infectious Diseases, State Forestry and Grass Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuang Lyu
- Animal Health Center, Shandong New Hope Liuhe Group Co. Ltd., Qingdao, China.,Animal Health Center, Qingdao Jiazhi Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Jun-Hui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, China
| | - Yun-Gang Lan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wen-Qi He
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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13
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Subtyping Cryptosporidium xiaoi, a Common Pathogen in Sheep and Goats. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070800. [PMID: 34202513 PMCID: PMC8308752 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a significant cause of diarrhea in sheep and goats. Among the over 40 established species of Cryptosporidium, Cryptosporidium xiaoi is one of the dominant species infecting ovine and caprine animals. The lack of subtyping tools makes it impossible to examine the transmission of this pathogen. In the present study, we identified and characterized the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene by sequencing the genome of C. xiaoi. The GP60 protein of C. xiaoi had a signal peptide, a furin cleavage site of RSRR, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, and over 100 O-glycosylation sites. Based on the gp60 sequence, a subtyping tool was developed and used in characterizing C. xiaoi in 355 positive samples from sheep and goats in China. A high sequence heterogeneity was observed in the gp60 gene, with 94 sequence types in 12 subtype families, namely XXIIIa to XXIIIl. Co-infections with multiple subtypes were common in these animals, suggesting that genetic recombination might be responsible for the high diversity within C. xiaoi. This was supported by the mosaic sequence patterns among the subtype families. In addition, a potential host adaptation was identified within this species, reflected by the exclusive occurrence of XXIIIa, XXIIIc, XXIIIg, and XXIIIj in goats. This subtyping tool should be useful in studies of the genetic diversity and transmission dynamics of C. xiaoi.
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14
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Ježková J, Limpouchová Z, Prediger J, Holubová N, Sak B, Konečný R, Květoňová D, Hlásková L, Rost M, McEvoy J, Rajský D, Feng Y, Kváč M. Cryptosporidium myocastoris n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae), the Species Adapted to the Nutria ( Myocastor coypus). Microorganisms 2021; 9:813. [PMID: 33921541 PMCID: PMC8069493 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp., common parasites of vertebrates, remain poorly studied in wildlife. This study describes the novel Cryptosporidium species adapted to nutrias (Myocastor coypus). A total of 150 faecal samples of feral nutria were collected from locations in the Czech Republic and Slovakia and examined for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and specific DNA at the SSU, actin, HSP70, and gp60 loci. Molecular analyses revealed the presence of C. parvum (n = 1), C. ubiquitum subtype family XIId (n = 5) and Cryptosporidium myocastoris n. sp. XXIIa (n = 2), and XXIIb (n = 3). Only nutrias positive for C. myocastoris shed microscopically detectable oocysts, which measured 4.8-5.2 × 4.7-5.0 µm, and oocysts were infectious for experimentally infected nutrias with a prepatent period of 5-6 days, although not for mice, gerbils, or chickens. The infection was localised in jejunum and ileum without observable macroscopic changes. The microvilli adjacent to attached stages responded by elongating. Clinical signs were not observed in naturally or experimentally infected nutrias. Phylogenetic analyses at SSU, actin, and HSP70 loci demonstrated that C. myocastoris n. sp. is distinct from other valid Cryptosporidium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Ježková
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.J.); (J.P.); (N.H.); (R.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Zlata Limpouchová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (Z.L.); (B.S.); (D.K.); (L.H.)
| | - Jitka Prediger
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.J.); (J.P.); (N.H.); (R.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Nikola Holubová
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.J.); (J.P.); (N.H.); (R.K.); (M.R.)
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (Z.L.); (B.S.); (D.K.); (L.H.)
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (Z.L.); (B.S.); (D.K.); (L.H.)
| | - Roman Konečný
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.J.); (J.P.); (N.H.); (R.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Dana Květoňová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (Z.L.); (B.S.); (D.K.); (L.H.)
| | - Lenka Hlásková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (Z.L.); (B.S.); (D.K.); (L.H.)
| | - Michael Rost
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.J.); (J.P.); (N.H.); (R.K.); (M.R.)
| | - John McEvoy
- Microbiological Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, 1523 Centennial Blvd, Van Es Hall, Fargo, ND 58102, USA;
| | - Dušan Rajský
- Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, 960 01 Zvolen, Slovakia;
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Martin Kváč
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 1668, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (J.J.); (J.P.); (N.H.); (R.K.); (M.R.)
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (Z.L.); (B.S.); (D.K.); (L.H.)
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15
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Utaaker KS, Chaudhary S, Kifleyohannes T, Robertson LJ. Global Goat! Is the Expanding Goat Population an Important Reservoir of Cryptosporidium? Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:648500. [PMID: 33748221 PMCID: PMC7977713 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.648500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Goats are a primary or additional income source for many families in resource-poor areas. Although often considered inferior to other livestock, the resilience of goats and their ability to thrive in a range of environments means that that they are of particular value. Furthermore, goats emit less methane than other livestock species. In these same areas, it is well-documented that cryptosporidiosis has a substantial impact on infant morbidity and mortality, as well as reducing child growth and development. As Cryptosporidium also causes diarrheal disease in goats, the question arises whether goats may represent a reservoir of infection to humans. Epidemiological studies regarding the potential for transmission of Cryptosporidium between goats and humans have largely concluded that Cryptosporidium species infecting goats are not zoonotic. However, these studies are mostly from developed countries, where goat husbandry is smaller, management routines differ greatly from those of developing countries, contact between goats and their owners is more limited, and cryptosporidiosis has less impact on human health. In this article, background information on goat husbandry in different countries is provided, along with information on Cryptosporidium prevalence among goats, at both the species and sub-species levels, and the potential for zoonotic transmission. The intention is to indicate data gaps that should be filled and to increase awareness of the role of goats as providers for low-income families, often living in areas where cryptosporidiosis is endemic and where appropriate baseline interventions could have a positive impact, regardless of species of goat or parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suman Chaudhary
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Tsegabirhan Kifleyohannes
- Parasitology, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Veterinary Basic and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Lucy Jane Robertson
- Parasitology, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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16
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Song YH, Li D, Zhou Y, Zhao B, Li JM, Shi K, Zhao D, Sun JY, Zeng FL, Du R. Prevalence of Bovine Tuberculosis in Yaks Between 1982 and 2020 in Mainland China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:397-405. [PMID: 33646056 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a major chronic bacterial disease in cattle and is the major economic and animal welfare issue in the world. Although the economic costs and public health safety risks associated with the disease are considerable, the overall epidemiology of the Chinese yak (Bos grunniens) bTB is unclear. To fully reveal the basic prevalence of yak bTB in different regions of China, we searched five databases including PubMed, Science Direct, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), Wanfang and Chongqing VIP. Based on the incidence and prevalence of yak tuberculosis in China from 1982 to 2020, a meta-analysis of yak bTB in China was established for the first time. By formulating the search formula, 97 studies were searched in five databases. According to the established exclusion criteria and excluded comments and repeated and irrelevance research, we finally selected 19 cross-sectional studies, which showed the prevalence of bTB in Chinese yaks. Random-effect meta-regression model analysis showed that the estimated prevalence of 122,729 yaks in China was 1.0 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.0-1.0). The regional prevalence varies greatly, northwest China prevalence rate 0. 39% (95% CI: 0.2-0. 64) and southwest China prevalence rate 2.59% (95% CI: 1.94-3.34); in terms of province level, the prevalence was highest in Tibet 2.59% (95% CI: 1.94-3.34), followed by Xinjiang 2.36% (95% CI: 0.86-4.58), and Shanxi has the lowest 0.00% (95% CI: 0.00-0.98). This systematic review and meta-analysis identified the estimated prevalence of bTB in Chinese yaks and estimated the underlying factors associated with bTB, including geographic location, sampling year, age, and TB detection method. Provide evidence to plan corresponding disease control strategies for policymakers and to assess future economic risks accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hao Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Dong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Kun Shi
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Research Center of Agriculture Quality Standard and Detecting Technique, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiang-Yang Sun
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Fan-Li Zeng
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Province Sika Deer Efficient Breeding and Product Development Technology Engineering Research Center, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Du
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Province Sika Deer Efficient Breeding and Product Development Technology Engineering Research Center, Changchun, China
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17
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Wang Y, Zhang B, Li J, Yu S, Zhang N, Liu S, Zhang Y, Li J, Ma N, Cai Y, Zhao Q. Development of a Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. Infection and Threatening Caused by Cryptosporidium parvum Subtype IIdA19G1 in Diarrhea Calves from Northeastern China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 21:179-190. [PMID: 33259769 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diarrheal disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. Calves are highly susceptible to Cryptosporidium spp. infection that resulted in diarrhea, growth retardation, and weight loss, and was one of the most common enteropathogens. It is especially difficult for molecular detection of calves with inapparent or subclinical infections of cryptosporidiosis. In view of this, this study established a real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) detection method to clarify its epidemic characteristics, based on Cryptosporidium 18S rRNA gene with the 150 bp product length to investigate the infection of Cryptosporidium spp. in northeastern China The standard curve equation is Ct = -2.91 × lg (Cryptosporidium spp. copies) +10.18, with better sensitivity, stability, and reproducibility. A total of 148 out of 425 fecal samples (34.82%) were detected Cryptosporidium positive with RT-qPCR, including (36.11%) in Heilongjiang province (29.60%), (29.6%) in Jilin province, and (37.50%) in Liaoning province. The infection prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium ryanae, Cryptosporidium andersoni, and Cryptosporidium bovis from calves in order from high to low was 14.35% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.2-18.1), 6.12 (95% CI, 4.0-8.8), 2.35 (95% CI, 1.1-4.3), and 0.47 (95% CI, 0.1-1.7), respectively, suggesting C. parvum was the predominant species in calves in northeastern China. Using 60-kDa glycoprotein gp60 gene, all of the 61 C. parvum-positive specimens were further precisely confirmed to IIdA19G1 subtype. This suggested that IIdA19G1 subtype of C. parvum could threaten to cause diarrhea calves from notheastern China (p < 0.01). The prevalence of 34.82% (148/425) using RT-qPCR had a significant difference compared with the prevalence of nested-PCR (23.29%) and microscopic examination (3.76%). The findings improved the epidemiological knowledge of calves infected with cryptosporidiosis in China, highlighting the importance of ongoing Cryptosporidium surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Baihui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingping Li
- College of Animal Medicine, Shangdong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary University, Weifang, China
| | - Songling Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuting Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ning Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanan Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Caffarena RD, Meireles MV, Carrasco-Letelier L, Picasso-Risso C, Santana BN, Riet-Correa F, Giannitti F. Dairy Calves in Uruguay Are Reservoirs of Zoonotic Subtypes of Cryptosporidium parvum and Pose a Potential Risk of Surface Water Contamination. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:562. [PMID: 32974408 PMCID: PMC7473207 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum, a major cause of diarrhea in calves, is of concern given its zoonotic potential. Numerous outbreaks of human cryptosporidiosis caused by C. parvum genetic subtypes are reported yearly worldwide, with livestock or water being frequently identified sources of infection. Although cryptosporidiosis has been reported from human patients in Uruguay, particularly children, epidemiologic information is scant and the role of cattle as reservoirs of zoonotic subtypes of C. parvum has not been explored. In this study, we aimed to (a)-identify C. parvum subtypes infecting dairy calves in Uruguay (including potentially zoonotic subtypes), (b)-assess their association with calf diarrhea, (c)-evaluate their spatial clustering, and (d)-assess the distance of infected calves to surface watercourses draining the farmlands and determine whether these watercourses flow into public water treatment plants. Feces of 255 calves that had tested positive for Cryptosporidium spp. by antigen ELISA were selected. Samples had been collected from 29 dairy farms in seven Uruguayan departments where dairy farming is concentrated and represented 170 diarrheic and 85 non-diarrheic calves. Selected samples were processed by nested PCRs targeting the 18S rRNA and gp60 genes followed by sequencing to identify C. parvum subtypes. Of seven C. parvum subtypes detected in 166 calves, five (identified in 143 calves on 28/29 farms) had been identified in humans elsewhere and have zoonotic potential. Subtype IIaA15G2R1 was the most frequent (53.6%; 89/166), followed by IIaA20G1R1 (24.1%; 40/166), IIaA22G1R1 (11.4%; 19/166), IIaA23G1R1 (3.6%; 6/166), IIaA17G2R1 (3%; 5/166), IIaA21G1R1 (2.4%; 4/166), and IIaA16G1R1 (1.8%; 3/166). There were no significant differences in the proportions of diarrheic and non-diarrheic calves infected with any of the C. parvum subtypes. Two spatial clusters were detected, one of which overlapped with Uruguay's capital city and its main water treatment plant (Aguas Corrientes), harvesting surface water to supply ~1,700,000 people. Infected calves on all farms were within 20–900 m of a natural surface watercourse draining the farmland, 10 of which flowed into six water treatment plants located 9–108 km downstream. Four watercourses flowed downstream into Aguas Corrientes. Calves are reservoirs of zoonotic C. parvum subtypes in Uruguay and pose a public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Darío Caffarena
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Estación Experimental INIA La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay.,Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Leonidas Carrasco-Letelier
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Programa de Producción y Sustentabilidad Ambiental, Estación Experimental INIA La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Catalina Picasso-Risso
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | | | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Estación Experimental INIA La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Federico Giannitti
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Estación Experimental INIA La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
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Ghimire TR, Bhattarai N. A survey of gastrointestinal parasites of goats in a goat market in Kathmandu, Nepal. J Parasit Dis 2019; 43:686-695. [PMID: 31749541 PMCID: PMC6841857 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-019-01148-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in goats are predominant around the world. They may be the underlying cause of the pathological and immunological consequences leading to significant economic losses of the goat industry. The main aim of the current research was to reveal the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites, including protozoa, trematodes, and nematodes in the fecal samples of goats in the goat market in Kathmandu, Nepal. A total of 400 goat fecal specimens were purposively collected from the goat market, and they were processed by direct wet mount, sedimentation, floatation techniques, and acid-fast staining, and were observed under the compound microscope. Out of a total 400 fecal samples, 349 (87.25%) were found to be infected with GI parasites among which Eimeria (80.75%), Strongyle (59.25%), Trichuris (29.75%), Strongyloides (28.75%), Moniezia (21.75%), Entamoeba (20%), Fasciola (10.25%), Balantidium (7.75%), Cryptosporidium (4%), Capillaria (1.75%), Trichomonas (1.25%), Ascaris (1.0%), Cyclospora (1%), Blastocystis (0.75%), Giardia (0.5%), and Paramphistomum (0.5%) were reported. GI parasites like protozoa and helminthes were widely distributed in the goats brought for the meat purposes in Kathmandu Valley, showing a high proportion of the goats were having higher risks of morbidity and mortality around the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirth Raj Ghimire
- Animal Research Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Namita Bhattarai
- Biotechnology Division, Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC), Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
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20
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Xiao X, Qi R, Han HJ, Liu JW, Qin XR, Fang LZ, Zhou CM, Gong XQ, Lei SC, Yu XJ. Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of Cryptosporidium, Hepatozoon and Spirometra in snakes from central China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2019; 10:274-280. [PMID: 31700790 PMCID: PMC6829678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Snakes are popular as food and traditional medicine in China. However, information about parasitic and bacterial infections in snakes from China is scarce. We investigated the prevalence of selected zoonotic agents including Cryptosporidium, Hepatozoon and Spirometra, in snakes in central China from June to October in 2018 by PCR amplification using parasite-specific primers. PCR amplification and DNA sequencing showed that 10.1% (15/149) of snakes were positive for Cryptosporidium spp., while 2.7% (4/149) were positive for Hepatozoon. Additionally, we found 36.9% (55/149) of snakes were infected with Spirometra erinaceieuropaei. The spargana burden per infected snake ranged from 1 to 26. BLAST and phylogenetic analysis of small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene and 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene showed that the parasites belonged to Cryptosporidium parvum genotype IIdA15G1, C. baileyi, C. serpentis and a Hepatozoon species. We conclude that intensively farmed snakes excrete C. parvum and C. baileyi oocysts due to ingestion of infected feeder animals, and that wild snakes in central China were commonly infected with S. erinaceieuropaei, suggesting that eating improperly cooked snakes could be risky to human health. Cryptosporidium parvum and C. baileyi were reported in farmed snakes in China for the first time. C. serpentis was detected for the first time in Ptyas dhumnades and Gloydius brevicaudus. A tentative new Hapatozoon species was first time recorded in wild Lycodon rufozonatus and G. brevicaudus. Spirometra erinaceieuropaei infection was found common in wild snakes from central China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
- Lab Animal Research Center, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Hui-Ju Han
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jian-Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xiang-Rong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Li-Zhu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Chuan-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xiao-Qing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Si-Cong Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xue-Jie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
- Corresponding author. Professor and Dean State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Health Sciences Wuhan University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China.
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21
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Xie F, Zhang Z, Zhao A, Jing B, Qi M, Wang R. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Père David's deer ( Elaphurus davidianus) from Shishou, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2019; 10:184-187. [PMID: 31667080 PMCID: PMC6812008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are important intestinal pathogens that infect humans and various animals. Few reports are available regarding the infections of the two pathogens in Père David's deer. In this study, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed Cryptosporidium infection in two (1.6%) and E. bieneusi in 45 (35.2%) of 128 fecal samples collected from Père David's deer in the National Nature Reserve of Shishou, Hubei Province, China. C. parvum (n = 1) and Cryptosporidium deer genotype (n = 1) were identified using the small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene. The C. parvum was further subtyped as IIdA20G1 by sequencing analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. The identity of E. bieneusi was confirmed by an internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene; the HLJD-V (n = 42) and MWC_d1 (n = 3) genotypes were identified, with the former clustering in group 2 and the latter in group 1. These data suggest that the Père David's deer were infected with host-specific and/or zoonotic genotypes of these pathogens, implicating Père David's deer could be a potential source of human Cryptosporidium infection. C. parvum subtype IIdA20G1 was firstly identified in Pere David's deer. Genotypes HLJD-V and MWC_d1 were detected from 45 E. bieneusi-positive samples. The present study implicated Père David's deer could be a potential source of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujie Xie
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Aiyun Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Bo Jing
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
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22
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Chen L, Hu S, Jiang W, Zhao J, Li N, Guo Y, Liao C, Han Q, Feng Y, Xiao L. Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis subtypes in crab-eating macaques. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:350. [PMID: 31307508 PMCID: PMC6631616 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3604-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-human primates are often infected with human-pathogenic Cryptosporidium hominis subtypes, but rarely with Cryptosporidium parvum. In this study, 1452 fecal specimens were collected from farmed crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Hainan, China during the period April 2016 to January 2018. These specimens were analyzed for Cryptosporidium species and subtypes by using PCR and sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA and 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) genes, respectively. RESULTS Altogether, Cryptosporidium was detected using 18S rRNA-based PCR in 132 (9.1%) sampled animals, with significantly higher prevalence in females (12.5% or 75/599 versus 6.1% or 43/706), younger animals (10.7% or 118/1102 in monkeys 1-3-years-old versus 4.0% or 14/350 in those over 3-years-old) and animals with diarrhea (12.6% or 46/365 versus 7.9% or 86/1087). Four Cryptosporidium species were identified, namely C. hominis, C. parvum, Cryptosporidium muris and Cryptosporidium ubiquitum in 86, 30, 15 and 1 animal, respectively. The identified C. parvum, C. hominis and C. ubiquitum were further subtyped by using gp60 PCR. Among them, C. parvum belonged to subtypes in two known subtype families, namely IIoA14G1 (in 18 animals) and IIdA19G1 (in 2 animals). In contrast, C. hominis mostly belonged to two new subtype families Im and In, which are genetically related to Ia and Id, respectively. The C. hominis subtypes identified included ImA18 (in 38 animals), InA14 (in six animals), InA26 (in six animals), InA17 (in one animal) and IiA17 (in three animals). The C. ubiquitum isolates belonged to subtype family XIId. By subtype, ImA18 and IIoA14G1 were detected in animals with diarrhea whereas the remaining ones were mostly found in asymptomatic animals. Compared with C. parvum and C. muris, higher oocyst shedding intensity was observed in animals infected with C. hominis, especially those infected with the Im subtype family. CONCLUSIONS Data from the study suggest that crab-eating macaques are infected with diverse C. parvum and C. hominis subtypes. The C. parvum IIo subtype family previously seen in rodents in China has apparently expanded its host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Suhui Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Wen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228 Hainan China
| | - Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Chenghong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228 Hainan China
| | - Qian Han
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228 Hainan China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
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23
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Li F, Su J, Chahan B, Guo Q, Wang T, Yu Z, Guo Y, Li N, Feng Y, Xiao L. Different distribution of Cryptosporidium species between horses and donkeys. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 75:103954. [PMID: 31295579 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have been conducted on the distribution of Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in equine animals. In this study, 878 stool specimens were collected during 2015-2019 from 551 donkeys and 327 horses in Shandong, Xinjiang, and Inner Mongolia, China and screened for Cryptosporidium spp. by PCR analysis of the small subunit rRNA gene. The Cryptosporidium species presented were identified by sequence analysis of the PCR products and subtyped by sequence analysis of the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene. The infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp. in horses and donkeys were 3.1% (10/327) and 14.5% (80/551), respectively. Four Cryptosporidium species/genotypes were identified, including C. parvum (in 5 horses), C. hominis (in 75 donkeys), Cryptosporidium horse genotype (in 5 horses and 4 donkeys) and a new genotype that is genetically related to Cryptosporidium mink genotype (in 1 donkey). All C. parvum isolates were subtyped as IIdA19G1, C. hominis as IkA16G1, and horse genotype as VIaA15G4. Data from this study indicate that four Cryptosporidium species are circulating in horses and donkeys in the study areas, with C. hominis as a dominant Cryptosporidium species in only donkeys. Attention should be paid to reduce the transmission of these zoonotic Cryptosporidium spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falei Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Jiayuan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bayin Chahan
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Xinjiang Agricultural University School of Veterinary Medicine, Uygur, Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Qingyong Guo
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Xinjiang Agricultural University School of Veterinary Medicine, Uygur, Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Tao Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dong-E-E-Jiao Co. Ltd., Done-E Country, Shandong 252201, China
| | - Zhengjie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.
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24
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Guo B, Zhang Z, Zheng X, Guo Y, Guo G, Zhao L, Cai R, Wang B, Yang M, Shou X, Zhang W, Jia B. Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Stricto in Northern Xinjiang, China. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 57:153-159. [PMID: 31104407 PMCID: PMC6526214 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus is an important zoonotic parasite globally causing cystic echinococcosis (CE) in humans and animals. In this study, prevalence of CE and variation of cox1 gene sequence were analyzed with isolates E. granulosus collected from different areas in northern Xinjiang, China. The survey showed that 3.5% of sheep and 4.1% of cattle were infected with CE. Fragment of cox1 was amplified from all the positive sheep and cattle samples by PCR. In addition, 26 positive samples across the 4 areas were included. The isolates were all E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) containing 15 haplotypes (Hap1-15), and clustered into 2 genotypes, G1 (90.1%, 91/101) and G3 (9.9%, 10/101). Hap1 was the most common haplotype (48.5%, 49/101). Hap9 were found in humans samples, indicating that sheep and cattle reservoir human CE. It is indicate that E. granulosus may impact on control of CE in livestock and humans in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoping Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Road Beisi, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, 726 Street Dongrong, North Gaoxin District, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Xueting Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, PR China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Clinical Medical Research Institute of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Yongzhong Guo
- The Friendship Hospital of Yili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture, 92 Road Stalin, Yining 835000, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Gang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, PR China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Clinical Medical Research Institute of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Li Zhao
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, 726 Street Dongrong, North Gaoxin District, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Ren Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, PR China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Clinical Medical Research Institute of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Bingjie Wang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, 726 Street Dongrong, North Gaoxin District, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Mei Yang
- Basic Medical College of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Xi Shou
- State Key Laboratory for Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, PR China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Clinical Medical Research Institute of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Wenbao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, PR China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Clinical Medical Research Institute of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Bin Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Road Beisi, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, PR China
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Qi M, Zhang Z, Zhao A, Jing B, Guan G, Luo J, Zhang L. Distribution and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi amongst grazing adult sheep in Xinjiang, China. Parasitol Int 2019; 71:80-86. [PMID: 30974206 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To assess the prevalence and molecular characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in grazing adult sheep from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, 318 fecal samples were collected and screened for the presence of these parasites by polymerase chain reaction. The overall infection rate for the three pathogens was 13.5% (43/318), with observed individual infection rates of 0.9% (3/318), 7.5% (24/318), and 6.3% (20/318) for Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi, respectively. Three Cryptosporidium species were identified amongst the samples, including C. xiaoi (n = 1), C. ubiquitum (n = 1), and C. parvum (n = 1), with gp60-based subtyping analysis identifying C. parvum as subtype IIdA15G1 and C. ubiquitum as subtype XIIa. Eight E. bieneusi genotypes were identified based on internal transcribed spacer region sequencing, including six known (BEB6, CHG1, CHG3, CHS3, CHS8, and COS-I) and two novel (designated XJS1 and XJS2) genotypes. All G. duodenalis-positive samples were identified as assemblage E based on small subunit rRNA (n = 24) and gdh (n = 10) gene sequence analysis. These data support the occurrence of host adaptation by Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi in sheep, and the zoonotic risk may posed by these parasites in Xinjiang, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China; College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Aiyun Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Bo Jing
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China.
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China.
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
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26
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Liu W, An W, Jeppesen E, Ma J, Yang M, Trolle D. Modelling the fate and transport of Cryptosporidium, a zoonotic and waterborne pathogen, in the Daning River watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 232:462-474. [PMID: 30503897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Oospores of Cryptosporidium, a waterborne pathogen of great concern, are widely distributed in surface waters in China and pose a threat to human health. This study seeks to explore the spatio-temporal patterns of Cryptosporidium concentrations. We focus on the Daning River watershed (4166 km2) of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGR) during the period 2008 to 2013 and use the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model to test two mitigation scenarios. Based on data on animal husbandry, population, agriculture and WWTPs (wastewater treatment plants), Cryptosporidium transport in the Daning River watershed was simulated using a calibrated hydrological and sediment transport model. Our model results showed that the average annual concentration of oocysts in the whole watershed was 9.5 oocysts/10L, but high spatial variability occurred, ranging from 0.7 to 33.4 oocysts/10L. Highest monthly mean oocysts concentrations at the outlets of the sub-basins were found at high runoff and high fertilization or at the lowest flow, while minimum monthly mean oocysts concentrations were recorded at high runoff only. A model parameter sensitivity analysis showed that the Cryptosporidium soil partitioning coefficient (BACTKDQ) and the temperature adjustment factor for Cryptosporidium die-off (THBACT) were the only two sensitive parameters among the microbial parameters. The construction of multiple WWTPs throughout the watershed and composting of 50% of the feces from rural citizens and livestock up to 56 days before its application as fertilizer could significantly reduce the concentration of oocysts. Our Cryptosporidium transport model and simulation results may assist in the establishment of better pollution control countermeasures in the Daning River and other similar watersheds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark; Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research (SDC), Beijing, 101408, PR China
| | - Wei An
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China.
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark; Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research (SDC), Beijing, 101408, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Ma
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Min Yang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research (SDC), Beijing, 101408, PR China
| | - Dennis Trolle
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark; Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research (SDC), Beijing, 101408, PR China
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Baroudi D, Hakem A, Adamu H, Amer S, Khelef D, Adjou K, Dahmani H, Chen X, Roellig D, Feng Y, Xiao L. Zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in lambs and goat kids in Algeria. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:582. [PMID: 30400983 PMCID: PMC6219180 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known on the occurrence and identity of Cryptosporidium species in sheep and goats in Algeria. This study aimed at investigating the occurrence of Cryptosporidium species in lambs and goat kids younger than 4 weeks. METHODS A total of 154 fecal samples (62 from lambs and 92 from kid goats) were collected from 13 sheep flocks in Médea, Algeria and 18 goat flocks across Algiers and Boumerdes. They were screened for Cryptosporidium spp. by nested-PCR analysis of a fragment of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene, followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analyses to determine the Cryptosporidium species present. Cryptosporidium parvum and C. ubiquitum were further subtyped by sequence analysis of the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene. RESULTS Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 17 fecal samples (11.0%): 9 from lambs (14.5%) and 8 from goat kids (8.7%). The species identified included C. parvum in 3 lambs, C. xiaoi in 6 lambs and 6 goat kids, and C. ubiquitum in 2 goat kids. Cryptosporidium infections were detected mostly in animals during the first two weeks of life (7/8 for goat kids and 7/9 for lambs) and in association with diarrhea occurrence (7/17 or 41.2% goat kids and 7/10 or 70.0% lambs with diarrhea were positive for Cryptosporidium spp.). Subtyping of C. parvum and C. ubiquitum isolates identified the zoonotic IIaA13G2R1 and XIIa subtype families, respectively. Minor differences in the SSU rRNA gene sequences were observed between C. xiaoi from sheep and goats. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study indicate that three Cryptosporidium species occur in lambs and goat kids in Algeria, including zoonotic C. parvum and C. ubiquitum. They are associated with the occurrence of neonatal diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djamel Baroudi
- École Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire, Rue Issaad Abbes, El Alia, Alger, Algérie
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - Ahcene Hakem
- Laboratoire exploration et valorisation des écosystèmes steppique, Université Ziane Achor, 17000 Djelfa, Algérie
| | - Haileeyesus Adamu
- Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Said Amer
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Djamel Khelef
- École Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire, Rue Issaad Abbes, El Alia, Alger, Algérie
| | - Karim Adjou
- UMR-BIPAR, ANSES-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, Paris, France
| | | | - Xiaohua Chen
- Beijing Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Dawn Roellig
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
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Mi R, Wang X, Huang Y, Mu G, Zhang Y, Jia H, Zhang X, Yang H, Wang X, Han X, Chen Z. Sheep as a Potential Source of Zoonotic Cryptosporidiosis in China. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e00868-18. [PMID: 30006394 PMCID: PMC6121973 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00868-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the prevalence and genetic characteristics of Cryptosporidium in sheep from 10 provinces in China. Fecal samples from 1,035 sheep originating from 16 farms were collected, and 295 (28.5%) were found to be Cryptosporidium positive by nested PCR. Cryptosporidium was detected at all farms, with infection rates between 5.7% and 50.0%. Three Cryptosporidium species were identified, including Cryptosporidium xiaoi (73.2%, 216/295), Cryptosporidium ubiquitum (21.7%, 64/295), and Cryptosporidium parvum (5.1%, 15/295). The distribution of Cryptosporidium species differed by province and by farm. All three species were detected in lambs and adult sheep but the highest infection rate was found in postweaned lambs. All three species were detected in all four seasons, with the highest prevalence found in autumn. Four C. parvum subtypes (IIaA15G2R1, IIaA17G2R1, IIdA18G1, and IIdA19G1) and one C. ubiquitum subtype (XIIa) were identified. For most provinces in this study, we are not aware of a previously published description or molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium infections in sheep. This information will improve our knowledge and understanding of the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in China.IMPORTANCECryptosporidium is an important zoonotic parasite that causes diarrhea in humans and animals worldwide. Previous studies suggested geographic differences in the distribution of Cryptosporidium species in sheep. However, molecular characterization studies of Cryptosporidium species in sheep have been carried out in only a few provinces in China, and the limited data available do not reflect the real situation. In this study, five districts, covering most areas where sheep are bred in China, were selected for examination of Cryptosporidium species, and Cryptosporidium infections were detected at all farms assessed, suggesting that Cryptosporidium is widespread in sheep in China. We also found geographic differences in the distribution of Cryptosporidium species but did not detect any differences between sheep age groups or seasons. Subtyping analyses showed that all of the subtypes identified in this study have been reported in humans, suggesting that sheep may be a potential source of zoonotic cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongsheng Mi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guodong Mu
- Jilin Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Changchun, China
| | - Yehua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangan Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Zahedi A, Lee GKC, Greay TL, Walsh AL, Blignaut DJC, Ryan UM. First report of Cryptosporidium parvum in a dromedary camel calf from Western Australia. Acta Parasitol 2018; 63:422-427. [PMID: 29654683 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2018-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an important enteric parasite that can contribute large numbers of infectious oocysts to drinking water catchments. As a result of its resistance to disinfectants including chlorine, it has been responsible for numerous waterborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis. Wildlife and livestock play an important role in the transmission of Cryptosporidium in the environment. Studies conducted outside Australia have indicated that camels may also play a role in the transmission of zoonotic species of Cryptosporidium. Despite Australia being home to the world's largest camel herd, nothing is known about the prevalence and species of Cryptosporidium infecting camels in this country. In the present study, C. parvum was identified by PCR amplification and sequencing of a formalin-fixed intestinal tissue specimen from a one-week old dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). Subtyping analysis at the glycoprotein 60 (gp60) locus identified C. parvum subtype IIaA17G2R1, which is a common zoonotic subtype reported in humans and animals worldwide. Histopathological findings also confirmed the presence of large numbers of variably-sized (1-3 µm in diameter) circular basophilic protozoa - consistent with Cryptosporidium spp.- adherent to the mucosal surface and occasionally free within the lumen. Further analysis of the prevalence and species of Cryptosporidium in camel populations across Australia are essential to better understand their potential for contamination of drinking water catchments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Zahedi
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Gary K C Lee
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Telleasha L Greay
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Audra L Walsh
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - David J C Blignaut
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Una M Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
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30
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Zhong Z, Tu R, Ou H, Yan G, Dan J, Xiao Q, Wang Y, Cao S, Shen L, Deng J, Zuo Z, Ma X, Zhou Z, Liu H, Yu S, Ren Z, Hu Y, Peng G. Occurrence and genetic characterization of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. from adult goats in Sichuan Province, China. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199325. [PMID: 29912930 PMCID: PMC6005483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. are common gastrointestinal protozoa in mammals. Many studies have been conducted on the distribution of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. genotypes in sheep and cattle. However, in China, information about molecular characterization and genetic analysis of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in goats is limited. In this study, 342 fecal samples from adult goats were collected from 12 farms in Sichuan Province, China. The occurrence of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in adult goats was 14.9% (51/342) and 4.7% (16/342), respectively. All G. duodenalis were identified as assemblage E, with two novel genotypes (assemblages E17 and E18) being detected at the beta-giardin (bg) locus. Based on three loci-beta-giardin (bg), triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh)-multilocus sequence typing revealed three novel multilocus genotypes (MLGs) of assemblage E (MLG-E1, E2, E3 (sc)). Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA-based PCR identified two Cryptosporidium species, namely C. xiaoi (11/16) and C. suis (5/16). This study is not only the first to report C. suis infection in adult goats in China but is also the first to use the MLG approach to identify G. duodenalis in adult goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Rui Tu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Hongping Ou
- Chengdu Agricultural College, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Guangwen Yan
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, P.R. China
| | - Jiaming Dan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Qicheng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Ya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Suizhong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Liuhong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Junliang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Ziyao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Shumin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Zhihua Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Yanchun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Guangneng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P.R. China
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31
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Genotypes and subtypes of Cryptosporidium spp. in diarrheic lambs and goat kids in northern Greece. Parasitol Int 2018; 67:472-475. [PMID: 29698792 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inconsistent data exist on the distribution of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in sheep and goats in European countries, and few such data are available from Greece. In this study, 280 fecal specimens were collected from 132 diarrheic lambs and 148 diarrheic goat kids aged 4 to 15 days on 15 farms in northern Greece, and examined for Cryptosporidium spp. using microscopy of Ziehl-Neelsen-stained fecal smears. Cryptosporidium spp. in 80 microscopy-positive fecal specimens (39 from lambs and 41 from goat kids) were genotyped by PCR-RFLP analysis of the small subunit rRNA gene and subtyped by sequence analysis the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene. Among the 33 specimens successfully genotyped, C. parvum was found in 32 and C. xiaoi in one. Seven subtypes belonging to two subtype families (IIa and IId) were identified among the 29 C. parvum specimens successfully subtyped, including IIaA14G2R1 (1/29), IIaA15G2R1 (6/29), IIaA20G1R1 (7/29), IIdA14G2 (1/29), IIdA15G1 (9/29), IIdA16G1 (3/29), and IIdA23G1 (2/29). Lambs were more commonly infected with C. parvum IIa subtypes, whereas goat kids were more with IId subtypes. The results illustrate that C. parvum is prevalent in diarrheic lambs and goat kids in northern Greece and these animals could potentially play a role in epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis.
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Huang J, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Zhao J, Wang R, Jian F, Ning C, Zhang W, Zhang L. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in deer in Henan and Jilin, China. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:239. [PMID: 29650036 PMCID: PMC5898075 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2813-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about the prevalence and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in deer in China. In this study, 662 fecal samples were collected from 11 farms in Henan and Jilin Provinces between July 2013 and August 2014, and were screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis with genotyping and subtyping methods. Results Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis were detected in 6.80% (45/662) and 1.21% (5/662) of samples, respectively. Six Cryptosporidium species/genotypes were identified based on the small subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid (SSU rRNA) gene: C. parvum (n = 11); C. andersoni (n = 5); C. ubiquitum (n = 3); C. muris (n = 1); C. suis-like (n = 1); and Cryptosporidium deer genotype (n = 24). When five of the 11 C. parvum isolates were subtyped by sequencing the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene, zoonotic subtypes IIaA15G2R2 (n = 4) and IIdA19G1 (n = 1) were found. According to a subtype analysis, three C. ubiquitum isolates belonged to XIIa subtype 2. In contrast, only assemblage E was detected in the five Giardia-positive samples with small subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid (SSU rRNA) gene sequencing. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study to report C. andersoni, as well as C. parvum zoonotic subtypes IIaA15G2R2 and IIdA19G1 in cervids. These data, though limited, suggest that cervids may be a source of zoonotic Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Cervids in the present study are likely to be of low zoonotic potential to humans, and more molecular epidemiological studies are required to clarify the prevalence and public health significance of Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis in cervids throughout China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Huang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yiqi Zhang
- Zhengzhou Foreign Language School, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yong Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Wanyu Zhang
- Basic Medicine College of the Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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Díaz P, Navarro E, Prieto A, Pérez-Creo A, Viña M, Díaz-Cao J, López C, Panadero R, Fernández G, Díez-Baños P, Morrondo P. Cryptosporidium species in post-weaned and adult sheep and goats from N.W. Spain: Public and animal health significance. Vet Parasitol 2018; 254:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Fan Y, Wang T, Koehler AV, Hu M, Gasser RB. Molecular investigation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in pre- and post-weaned calves in Hubei Province, China. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:519. [PMID: 29070070 PMCID: PMC5657125 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2463-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The protistan pathogens Cryptosporidium and Giardia can cause significant intestinal diseases in animals and humans. Cattle, particularly calves, carrying these protists can be significant reservoirs for human infections and disease. However, little is known about the genetic make-up of Cryptosporidium and Giardia populations in cattle and other ruminants in some regions of China. Results In the present study, PCR-based tools were used to genetically characterise these protists in faecal samples from a total of 339 pre- and post-weaned calves from four distinct locations in Hubei Province using markers in the large (LSU) or small (SSU) subunits of nuclear ribosomal RNA genes. Cryptosporidium andersoni, C. bovis, C. ryanae and Giardia duodenalis assemblage E were detected in 0.6%, 10.9%, 4.1% and 22.6% of calves, respectively. Conclusions This study is the first to report the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in pre- and post-weaned calves in Hubei Province, and encourages large-scale molecular studies of animals and humans, in an effort to better understand the epidemiology of these enteric pathogens in China. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-017-2463-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anson V Koehler
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Robin B Gasser
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China. .,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Feng Y, Xiao L. Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis in China. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1701. [PMID: 28932217 PMCID: PMC5592218 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis is an active research area in China. The use of genotyping and subtyping tools in prevalence studies has led to the identification of unique characteristics of Cryptosporidium infections in humans and animals. Human cryptosporidiosis in China is exemplified by the high diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. at species and subtype levels, with dominant C. hominis and C. parvum subtypes being rarely detected in other countries. Similarly, preweaned dairy calves, lambs, and goat kids are mostly infected with non-pathogenic Cryptosporidium species (C. bovis in calves and C. xiaoi in lambs and goat kids), with C. parvum starting to appear in dairy calves as a consequence of concentrated animal feeding operations. The latter Cryptosporidium species is dominated by IId subtypes, with IIa subtypes largely absent from the country. Unlike elsewhere, rodents in China appear to be commonly infected with C. parvum IId subtypes, with identical subtypes being found in these animals, calves, other livestock, and humans. In addition to cattle, pigs and chickens appear to be significant contributors to Cryptosporidium contamination in drinking water sources, as reflected by the frequent detection of C. suis, C. baileyi, and C. meleagridis in water samples. Chinese scientists have also made significant contributions to the development of new molecular epidemiological tools for Cryptosporidium spp. and improvements in our understanding of the mechanism involved in the emergence of hyper-transmissible and virulent C. hominis and C. parvum subtypes. Despite this progress, coordinated research efforts should be made to address changes in Cryptosporidium transmission because of rapid economic development in China and to prevent the introduction and spread of virulent and zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyu Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlanta, GA, United States
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Hijjawi N, Zahedi A, Kazaleh M, Ryan U. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in paediatric oncology and non-oncology patients with diarrhoea in Jordan. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 55:127-130. [PMID: 28867592 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a protozoan parasitic disease which affects human and animals worldwide. In adult immunocompetent individuals, cryptosporidiosis usually results in acute and self-limited diarrhoea; however, it can cause life threatening diarrhoea in children and immunocompromised individuals. In the present study, we compared the prevalence of Cryptosporidium species and gp60 subtypes amongst paediatric oncology patients with diarrhoea (n=160) from King Hussein Medical Centre for Cancer in Jordan, and non-oncology paediatric patients with diarrhoea (n=137) from Al-Mafraq paediatric hospital. Microscopy results using modified acid fast staining identified a significantly (p≤0.05) higher prevalence of Cryptosporidium in paediatric oncology patients with diarrhoea (14.4% - 23/160), compared to non-oncology paediatric patients with diarrhoea only (5.1% - 7/137). With the exception of one sample, all microscopy-positive samples (n=29) and an additional 3/30 microscopy-negative controls were typed to species and subtype level at the 18S and gp60 loci, respectively. All Cryptosporidium positives were typed as C. parvum. Of the 22 typed Cryptosporidium positives from the paediatric oncology patients, 21 were subtyped as IIaA17G2R1 and one as IIaA16G2R1 C. parvum subtypes. The 7 typed positives from the paediatric patients from Al-Mafraq hospital were subtyped as IIaA17G2R1 (n=5) and IIaA16G2R1 (n=2). The 3 additional positives from the 30 microscopy negative control samples were subtyped as IIaA17G2R1. The high prevalence of the IIaA17G2R1 subtype, particularly amongst oncology patients, suggests that an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis may have been occurring in oncology patients during the collection period (April to December, 2016). New therapies for cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised patients are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Hijjawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The Hashemite University, PO Box 150459, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
| | - Alireza Zahedi
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Mahmoud Kazaleh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The Hashemite University, PO Box 150459, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
| | - Una Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
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Cai M, Guo Y, Pan B, Li N, Wang X, Tang C, Feng Y, Xiao L. Longitudinal monitoring of Cryptosporidium species in pre-weaned dairy calves on five farms in Shanghai, China. Vet Parasitol 2017; 241:14-19. [PMID: 28579024 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In pre-weaned dairy calves, the zoonotic and pathogenic species Cryptosporidium parvum is the dominant Cryptosporidium species in most industrialized nations. In several studies in China, however, C. bovis has been the dominant one. To further examine the distribution of Cryptosporidium species in pre-weaned dairy calves in China, 818 fecal specimens were collected from five farms in Shanghai, with repeated samplings (up to five times) on each farm. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the small subunit rRNA gene was used to detect and genotype Cryptosporidium spp. Cryptosporidium parvum was subtyped by sequence analysis of the 60kDa glycoprotein gene. Cryptosporidium occurrence on farms varied between 25.0% (Farm 2) and 55.0% (Farm 4), with a mean infection rate of 37.0%. Three Cryptosporidium species were detected, including C. bovis (193/303 or 63.7%), C. parvum (72/303 or 23.8%) and C. ryanae (32/303 or 10.6%). Concurrent infection of C. bovis and C. ryanae was detected in six (1.9%) animals. During the first two samplings, C. bovis was the dominant species on four farms and C. parvum was detected on only one farm (Farm 1). One of the study farms (Farm 3) started to have C. parvum at the third sampling. C. parvum was associated with the occurrence of moderate or watery diarrhea, while C. bovis was not. All C. parvum were subtype IIdA19G1, which is dominant in China but rare elsewhere. Genotyping and subtyping results indicated that the introduction of C. parvum to Farm 3 was caused by brief housing of several bull calves from another farm. Data from the study suggest that C. parvum is still uncommon in pre-weaned dairy calves in China and measures should be developed to prevent its spread in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Baoliang Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaolan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chuanxiang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Mat Yusof A, Hashim N, Md Isa ML. First molecular identification of Cryptosporidium by 18S rRNA in goats and association with farm management in Terengganu. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Kaupke A, Michalski MM, Rzeżutka A. Diversity of Cryptosporidium species occurring in sheep and goat breeds reared in Poland. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:871-879. [PMID: 28058536 PMCID: PMC5313596 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was molecular identification of Cryptosporidium species and assessment of their prevalence in different breeds of sheep and goat reared in Poland. In addition, the relationship between animal age, breed type, and the frequency of Cryptosporidium infections was determined. Fecal samples from 234 lambs and 105 goat kids aged up to 9 weeks, representing 24 breeds and their cross-breeds were collected from 71 small ruminant farms across Poland. The identification of Cryptosporidium species was performed at the 18 SSU ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and COWP loci followed by subtyping of C. parvum and C. hominis strains at GP60 gene locus. The presence of Cryptosporidium DNA at the 18 SSU rRNA locus was detected in 45/234 (19.2%) lamb feces samples and in 39/105 (37.1%) taken from goats. The following Cryptosporidium species: C. xiaoi, C. bovis, C. ubiquitum, C. parvum, and C. hominis were detected in small ruminants. Infections caused by C. xiaoi were predominant without favoring any tested animal species. Subsequent GP60 subtyping revealed the presence of C. parvum IIaA17G1R1 subtype in sheep and IIdA23G1 subtype in goats. IIdA23G1 subtype was detected in a goat host for the first time. There were no significant differences found in frequency of infections between the age groups (<3 and 3-9 weeks) of lambs (P = 0.14, α > 0.05) or goat kids (P = 0.06, α > 0.05). In addition, there was no correlation observed between the frequency in occurrence of particular parasite species and breed type in relation to native sheep breeds (F = 0.11; P = 0.990 > 0.05). In the case of goats, more breed-related differences in parasite occurrence were found. The results of this study improve our knowledge on the breed-related occurrence of Cryptosporidium infections in the population of small ruminants reared in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kaupke
- Department of Food and Environmental Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Mirosław M Michalski
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Artur Rzeżutka
- Department of Food and Environmental Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland.
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Al-Habsi K, Yang R, Williams A, Miller D, Ryan U, Jacobson C. Zoonotic Cryptosporidium and Giardia shedding by captured rangeland goats. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2016; 7:32-35. [PMID: 31014653 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Faecal shedding of Cryptosporidium and Giardia by captured rangeland goats was investigated using a longitudinal study with four faecal samples collected from 125 male goats once monthly for four months, commencing immediately after capture and transport to a commercial goat depot (feedlot). Goats were composite breed and aged approximately 9-12months on arrival. Faecal samples were screened for Cryptosporidium and Giardia presence and concentration using quantitative PCR and sequencing at the 18S ribosomal RNA locus (Cryptosporidium), and glutamate dehydrogenase and β-giardin loci (Giardia). Longitudinal prevalence for Cryptosporidium was 27.2% (point prevalence range 3-14%) with 3 species identified: C. xiaoi (longitudinal prevalence 13.6%), C. ubiquitum (6.4%) and C. parvum (3.2%). Sub-typing at the gp60 locus identified C. ubiquitum XIIa, C. parvum IIaA17G2R1 and C. parvum IIaA17G4R1. This is the first report of the zoonotic C. parvum subtype IIaA17G4R1 in goats. The pattern of genotypes shed in faeces changed over the duration of study with C. ubiquitum identified only at the first and second samplings, and C. parvum identified only at the fourth sampling. Longitudinal prevalence for Giardia duodenalis was 29.6% (point prevalence range 4-12%) with all positives sub-typed as assemblage E. Only 2/125 goats were identified to be shedding Cryptosporidium or Giardia on more than one occasion. This is the first report of Cryptosporidium and Giardia genotypes in captured rangeland goats. Faecal shedding of zoonotic Cryptosporidium spp. and potentially zoonotic G.duodenalis has implications for food safety and effluent management. Keywords: Cryptosporidium; Giardia; Rangeland goats; zoonotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Al-Habsi
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western, Australia, 6150
| | - Rongchang Yang
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western, Australia, 6150
| | - Andrew Williams
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western, Australia, 6150
| | - David Miller
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western, Australia, 6150
| | - Una Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western, Australia, 6150.
| | - Caroline Jacobson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western, Australia, 6150
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Infection rate of Giardia duodenalis , Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in cashmere, dairy and meat goats in China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 41:26-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Taylan-Ozkan A, Yasa-Duru S, Usluca S, Lysen C, Ye J, Roellig DM, Feng Y, Xiao L. Cryptosporidium species and Cryptosporidium parvum subtypes in dairy calves and goat kids reared under traditional farming systems in Turkey. Exp Parasitol 2016; 170:16-20. [PMID: 27373430 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular characterizations of Cryptosporidium spp. in ruminants reared under traditional animal management systems are scarce and studies conducted thus far have revealed largely an absence of the pathogenic and zoonotic species Cryptosporidium parvum in pre-weaned animals. In this study, we examined Cryptosporidium species and subtype distribution in free-range pre-weaned dairy calves and goat kids with diarrhea. Cryptosporidium-positive specimens from pre-weaned calves on 10 farms and goat kids on 4 farms in Ankara, Balikesir, Corum, Kirikkale, and Kirsehir Provinces, Turkey were genotyped by PCR-restriction length polymorphism analysis of the small subunit rRNA gene, which identified C. parvum in 27 calves and 9 goat kids and Cryptosporidium ryanae in 1 calf. Among the C. parvum isolates successfully subtyped by DNA sequence analysis of the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene, three subtypes were detected in calves, including IIaA13G2R1 (20/23), IIdA18G1 (2/23), and IIdA20G1b (1/23), and four subtypes were detected in goat kids, including IIaA13G2R1 (3/8), IIaA15G1R1 (2/8), IIdA22G1 (2/8), and IIdA18G1 (1/8). Data of the study suggest that dairy calves reared in a traditional cow-calf system in Turkey are mainly infected with a C. parvum subtype rarely seen elsewhere, whereas goat kids are infected with diverse subtypes. As all five C. parvum subtypes found in this study are known human pathogens, pre-weaned farm animals could play a potential role in the transmission of human cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Taylan-Ozkan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hitit University, Corum 19200, Turkey
| | - Sibel Yasa-Duru
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale 71450, Turkey
| | - Selma Usluca
- National Parasitology Laboratory, Turkish National Public Health Agency, Ankara 16100, Turkey
| | - Colleen Lysen
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jianbin Ye
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Dawn M Roellig
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Koehler AV, Haydon SR, Jex AR, Gasser RB. Is Cryptosporidium from the common wombat (Vombatus ursinus) a new species and distinct from Cryptosporidium ubiquitum? INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 44:28-33. [PMID: 27320794 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The emerging zoonotic pathogen Cryptosporidium ubiquitum has been found in a variety of mammalian hosts, including humans, throughout the world. Advances in the molecular characterization of this parasite using the sequence of the 60kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene have allowed the classification of "subtypes". Sequences derived from faecal samples from the common wombat (Vombatus ursinus) have identified a novel gp60 subtype designated here as C. ubiquitum XIIg. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that subtypes of C. ubiquitum can be divided into generalist and specialist groups, which is important when considering the zoonotic potential of C. ubiquitum in the context of drinking water safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anson V Koehler
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | | | - Aaron R Jex
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Jian F, Liu A, Wang R, Zhang S, Qi M, Zhao W, Shi Y, Wang J, Wei J, Zhang L, Xiao L. Common occurrence of Cryptosporidium hominis in horses and donkeys. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 43:261-6. [PMID: 27264727 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Extensive genetic variation is observed within the genus Cryptosporidium and the distribution of Cryptosporidium species/genotypes in humans and animals appears to vary by geography and host species. To better understand the genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in horses and donkeys, we characterized five horse-derived and 82 donkey-derived Cryptosporidium isolates from five provinces or autonomous regions (Sichuan, Gansu, Henan, Inner Mongolia and Shandong) in China at the species/genotype and subtype levels. Three Cryptosporidium species/genotypes were identified based on the analysis of the SSU rRNA gene, including Cryptosporidium parvum (n=22), the Cryptosporidium horse genotype (n=4), and Cryptosporidium hominis (n=61). The identification of C. hominis was confirmed by sequence analysis of the HSP70 and actin genes. Subtyping using sequence analysis of the 60kDa glycoprotein gene identified 21 C. parvum isolates as subtype IIdA19G1, the four horse genotype isolates as subtypes VIaA15G4 (n=2) and VIaA11G3 (n=2), and the 61 C. hominis isolates as IkA16G1 (n=59) and IkA16 (n=2). The common finding of C. hominis reaffirms the heterogeneity of Cryptosporidium spp. in horses and donkeys and is possibly a reflection of endemic transmission of C. hominis in these animals. Data of the study suggest that horses and donkeys as companion animals may potentially transmit Cryptosporidium infections to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchun Jian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Aiqin Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Sumei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Yadong Shi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Jianling Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Jiujian Wei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Li P, Cai J, Cai M, Wu W, Li C, Lei M, Xu H, Feng L, Ma J, Feng Y, Xiao L. Distribution of Cryptosporidium species in Tibetan sheep and yaks in Qinghai, China. Vet Parasitol 2015; 215:58-62. [PMID: 26790738 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Few data are available on the distribution of Cryptosporidium species in Tibetan sheep and yaks, which are free-range animals living in a cold, low oxygen, and high ultraviolet radiation habitat. In this study, 904 fecal specimens were collected from 350 Tibetan sheep and 554 yaks in six counties. Cryptosporidium spp. were detected and differentiated by PCR and sequence analyses. Altogether, 43 (12.3%) Tibetan sheep and 158 (28.5%) yaks were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. In Tibetan sheep, Cryptosporidium xiaoi (39/43, 90.7%) was the dominant species, with the remaining cases (4/43, 9.3%) by Cryptosporidium ubiquitum. All C. ubiquitum specimens belonged to the subtype family XIIa. In contrast, Cryptosporidium andersoni (72/158, 45.6%), Cryptosporidium bovis (47/158, 29.7%), Cryptosporidium ryanae cattle type (35/158, 22.2%), C. ryanae buffalo type (2/158, 1.3%), and Cryptosporidium suis-like (2/158, 1.3%) were identified in yaks. Contradictory to previous observations, C. andersoni was one of the dominant Cryptosporidium species in yaks in this study. Despite sharing habitats, Tibetan sheep and yaks are evidently infected with different Cryptosporidium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jinzhong Cai
- Qinghai Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Xining 810016, China
| | - Min Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenxian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chunhua Li
- Qinghai Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Xining 810016, China
| | - Mengtong Lei
- Qinghai Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Xining 810016, China
| | - Hailing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lijun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiawen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Heckler RP, Borges DGL, Bacha FB, Onizuka MKV, Teruya LES, Neves JPL, Leal CRB, de Lemos RAA, Meireles MV, Borges FDA. First genetic identification of Cryptosporidium parvum subtype IIaA14G2R1in beef cattle in Brazil. Prev Vet Med 2015; 121:391-4. [PMID: 26342791 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Cryptosporidium spp. in a cattle herd registered with an outbreak of diarrhea was investigated and the the molecular subtyping of Cryptosporidium parvum was characterized. Fecal samples from 85 Nellore beef cattle (Bos indicus) were collected and examined with Ziehl-Neelsen modified staining method. Fifty-four cattle (63.52%) had Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in their feces. Fragments of genes encoding the 18S ribosomal RNA subunit and a 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) were amplified by nested PCR accomplished in the 11 most heavily parasitized samples, and the amplicons were sequenced. Eight of the 11 analyzed samples were positive for 18S rRNA sequences and identified monospecific infections with C. parvum. Seven samples were positive for gp60 and identified subtypes IIaA15G2R1 (6/11) and IIaA14G2R1 (1/11). This report is the first for C. parvum subtype IIaA14G2R1 in beef cattle in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Flávia Barbieri Bacha
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil
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First report of zoonotic Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia intestinalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in golden takins (Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi). INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 34:394-401. [PMID: 26190449 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetic study of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia intestinalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi at species/assemblage/genotype/subtype level facilitates understanding their mechanical transmissions and underpins their control. A total of 191 fresh faecal samples were collected from golden takins in China and examined using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Cryptosporidium spp. was detected in 15 faecal samples (7.9%), including Cryptosporidium parvum (2/15) and Cryptosporidium andersoni (13/15). MLST tool identified C. andersoni subtypes (A1, A4, A4, A1) and (A4, A4, A4, A1), and C. parvum gp60 gene subtype IId A19G1. The prevalence of G. intestinalis infection was 8.9% (17/191) and assemblage analysis identified 14 assemblage E and three assemblage B. Intra-variations were observed at triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), beta giardin (bg) and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) loci within the assemblage E, showing seven, three and three new subtypes in respective locus. Ten and one multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were present in assemblages E and B, respectively. E. bieneusi infection was positive in 14.7% (28/191) of the examined specimens, with three genotypes known (BEB6, D and I) and four novel internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genotypes (TEB1-TEB4). The present study revealed, for the first time, the presence of zoonotic C. parvum IId A19G1, G. intestinalis assemblage B and E. bieneusi genotype D and four novel genotypes in golden takins in China. These findings expand the host range of three zoonotic pathogens and have important implications for controlling cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis and microsporidiosis in humans and animals.
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Qi M, Cai J, Wang R, Li J, Jian F, Huang J, Zhou H, Zhang L. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis from yaks in the central western region of China. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:108. [PMID: 25994330 PMCID: PMC4438589 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are important causes of diarrheal diseases in humans and animals worldwide, and there is an increased interest in the role of animals in the mechanical transmission of these protozoa. To examine the role of yaks in this process, we examined the occurrence and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis in yaks in western China. RESULTS A total of 545 fecal specimens were collected from yaks from nine different counties in the central western region of China. The prevalence for Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis were 4.0 % (22/545) and 6.0 % (16/545), respectively. Mixed infections of Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis were also detected in four specimens. The prevalence of both protozoa differed significantly between some age groups, with higher rates of infection in animals < 1 year old. Sequence analysis of the small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene of the Cryptosporidium isolates identified the species as C. parvum (n = 12), C. bovis (n = 6), C. ryanae (n = 3), and C. ubiquitum (n = 1). Genotyping based on 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene from five C. parvum isolates identified all as IId with three isolates identified as IIdA15G1, one as IIdA18G1, and one as IIdA19G1. One C. ubiquitum isolate was identified as subtype VIIa. Amongst the G. duodenalis isolates, 16 were identified as assemblage E at the SSU rRNA gene. Four novel glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) subtypes and two triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) subtypes were found amongst the G. duodenalis assemblage E isolates. CONCLUSIONS The presence of C. parvum subtype IIdA15G1, IIdA18G1, and IIdA19G1 isolates further confirms the dominance of the C. parvum IId subtypes in China. These findings also indicate that yaks may be a source of zoonotic Cryptosporidium infection, and this is the first report of G. duodenalis in yaks. The data presented here provides the basis for further genotyping or subtyping studies of G. duodenalis in yaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China.
| | - Jinzhong Cai
- Qinghai Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Xining, 810016, P. R. China.
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China.
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China.
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China.
| | - Jianying Huang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China.
| | - Huan Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China.
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China.
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