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Shebindu A, Kaveti D, Umutoni L, Kirk G, Burton MD, Jones CN. A programmable microfluidic platform to monitor calcium dynamics in microglia during inflammation. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:106. [PMID: 39101003 PMCID: PMC11294448 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-024-00733-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is characterized by the elevation of cytokines and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which in turn activates microglia. These immunoregulatory molecules typically form gradients in vivo, which significantly influence microglial behaviors such as increasing calcium signaling, migration, phagocytosis, and cytokine secretion. Quantifying microglial calcium signaling in the context of inflammation holds the potential for developing precise therapeutic strategies for neurological diseases. However, the current calcium imaging systems are technically challenging to operate, necessitate large volumes of expensive reagents and cells, and model immunoregulatory molecules as uniform concentrations, failing to accurately replicate the in vivo microenvironment. In this study, we introduce a novel calcium monitoring micro-total analysis system (CAM-μTAS) designed to quantify calcium dynamics in microglia (BV2 cells) within defined cytokine gradients. Leveraging programmable pneumatically actuated lifting gate microvalve arrays and a Quake valve, CAM-μTAS delivers cytokine gradients to microglia, mimicking neuroinflammation. Our device automates sample handling and cell culture, enabling rapid media changes in just 1.5 s, thus streamlining the experimental workflow. By analyzing BV2 calcium transient latency to peak, we demonstrate location-dependent microglial activation patterns based on cytokine and ATP gradients, offering insights contrasting those of non-gradient-based perfusion systems. By harnessing advancements in microsystem technology to quantify calcium dynamics, we can construct simplified human models of neurological disorders, unravel the intricate mechanisms of cell-cell signaling, and conduct robust evaluations of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shebindu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Durga Kaveti
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
| | - Linda Umutoni
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
| | - Gia Kirk
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
| | - Michael D. Burton
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
| | - Caroline N. Jones
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
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2
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Kelly AR, Glover DJ. Information Transmission through Biotic-Abiotic Interfaces to Restore or Enhance Human Function. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:3605-3628. [PMID: 38729914 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Advancements in reliable information transfer across biotic-abiotic interfaces have enabled the restoration of lost human function. For example, communication between neuronal cells and electrical devices restores the ability to walk to a tetraplegic patient and vision to patients blinded by retinal disease. These impactful medical achievements are aided by tailored biotic-abiotic interfaces that maximize information transfer fidelity by considering the physical properties of the underlying biological and synthetic components. This Review develops a modular framework to define and describe the engineering of biotic and abiotic components as well as the design of interfaces to facilitate biotic-abiotic information transfer using light or electricity. Delineating the properties of the biotic, interface, and abiotic components that enable communication can serve as a guide for future research in this highly interdisciplinary field. Application of synthetic biology to engineer light-sensitive proteins has facilitated the control of neural signaling and the restoration of rudimentary vision after retinal blindness. Electrophysiological methodologies that use brain-computer interfaces and stimulating implants to bypass spinal column injuries have led to the rehabilitation of limb movement and walking ability. Cellular interfacing methodologies and on-chip learning capability have been made possible by organic transistors that mimic the information processing capacity of neurons. The collaboration of molecular biologists, material scientists, and electrical engineers in the emerging field of biotic-abiotic interfacing will lead to the development of prosthetics capable of responding to thought and experiencing touch sensation via direct integration into the human nervous system. Further interdisciplinary research will improve electrical and optical interfacing technologies for the restoration of vision, offering greater visual acuity and potentially color vision in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Kelly
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Dominic J Glover
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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3
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Shebindu A, Kaveti D, Umutoni L, Kirk G, Burton MD, Jones CN. A Programmable Microfluidic Platform to Monitor Calcium Dynamics in Microglia during Inflammation. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3750595. [PMID: 38234790 PMCID: PMC10793498 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3750595/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Calcium dynamics significantly influence microglial cell immune responses, regulating activation, migration, phagocytosis, and cytokine release. Understanding microglial calcium signaling is vital for insights into central nervous system immune responses and their impact on neuroinflammation. We introduce a calcium monitoring micro-total analysis system (CAM-μTAS) for quantifying calcium dynamics in microglia (BV2 cells) within defined cytokine microenvironments. The CAM-μTAS leverages the high efficiency pumping capabilities of programmable pneumatically actuated lifting gate microvalve arrays and the flow blocking capabilities of the Quake valve to deliver a cytokine treatment to microglia through a concentration gradient, therefore, biomimicking microglia response to neuroinflammation. Lifting gate microvalves precisely transfer a calcium indicator and culture medium to microglia cells, while the Quake valve controls the cytokine gradient. In addition, a method is presented for the fabrication of the device to incorporate the two valve systems. By automating the sample handling and cell culture using the lifting gate valves, we could perform media changes in 1.5 seconds. BV2 calcium transient latency to peak reveals location-dependent microglia activation based on cytokine and ATP gradients, contrasting non-gradient-based widely used perfusion systems. This device streamlines cell culture and quantitative calcium analysis, addressing limitations of existing perfusion systems in terms of sample size, setup time, and biomimicry. By harnessing advancements in microsystem technology to quantify calcium dynamics, we can construct simplified human models of neurological disorders, unravel the intricate mechanisms of cell-cell signaling, and conduct robust evaluations of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shebindu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390
| | - Durga Kaveti
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Linda Umutoni
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Gia Kirk
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Michael D. Burton
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Caroline N. Jones
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390
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4
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Leng Y, Li X, Zheng F, Liu H, Wang C, Wang X, Liao Y, Liu J, Meng K, Yu J, Zhang J, Wang B, Tan Y, Liu M, Jia X, Li D, Li Y, Gu Z, Fan Y. Advances in In Vitro Models of Neuromuscular Junction: Focusing on Organ-on-a-Chip, Organoids, and Biohybrid Robotics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211059. [PMID: 36934404 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a peripheral synaptic connection between presynaptic motor neurons and postsynaptic skeletal muscle fibers that enables muscle contraction and voluntary motor movement. Many traumatic, neurodegenerative, and neuroimmunological diseases are classically believed to mainly affect either the neuronal or the muscle side of the NMJ, and treatment options are lacking. Recent advances in novel techniques have helped develop in vitro physiological and pathophysiological models of the NMJ as well as enable precise control and evaluation of its functions. This paper reviews the recent developments in in vitro NMJ models with 2D or 3D cultures, from organ-on-a-chip and organoids to biohybrid robotics. Related derivative techniques are introduced for functional analysis of the NMJ, such as the patch-clamp technique, microelectrode arrays, calcium imaging, and stimulus methods, particularly optogenetic-mediated light stimulation, microelectrode-mediated electrical stimulation, and biochemical stimulation. Finally, the applications of the in vitro NMJ models as disease models or for drug screening related to suitable neuromuscular diseases are summarized and their future development trends and challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Leng
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaorui Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fuyin Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yulong Liao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiangyue Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kaiqi Meng
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiaheng Yu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Binyu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yingjun Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Meili Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaoling Jia
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Deyu Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Zhongze Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
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5
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Liang Q, Chen Z, Chen X, Huang Q, Sun T. Network Bursts in 3D Neuron Clusters Cultured on Microcontact-Printed Substrates. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1703. [PMID: 37763866 PMCID: PMC10534818 DOI: 10.3390/mi14091703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Microcontact printing (CP) is widely used to guide neurons to form 2D networks for neuroscience research. However, it is still difficult to establish 3D neuronal cultures on the CP substrate even though 3D neuronal structures are able to recapitulate critical aspects of native tissue. Here, we demonstrate that the reduced cell-substrate adhesion caused by the CP substrate could conveniently facilitate the aggregate formation of large-scale 3D neuron cluster networks. Furthermore, based on the quantitative analysis of the calcium activity of the resulting cluster networks, the effect of cell seeding density and local restriction of the CP substrate on network dynamics was investigated in detail. The results revealed that cell aggregation degree, rather than cell number, could take on the main role of the generation of synchronized network-wide calcium oscillation (network bursts) in the 3D neuron cluster networks. This finding may provide new insights for easy and cell-saving construction of in vitro 3D pathological models of epilepsy, and into deciphering the onset and evolution of network bursts in developmental nerve systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liang
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.L.); (X.C.); (Q.H.)
| | - Zhe Chen
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Xie Chen
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.L.); (X.C.); (Q.H.)
| | - Qiang Huang
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.L.); (X.C.); (Q.H.)
| | - Tao Sun
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (Q.L.); (X.C.); (Q.H.)
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6
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Dupuit V, Briançon-Marjollet A, Delacour C. Portrait of intense communications within microfluidic neural networks. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12306. [PMID: 37516789 PMCID: PMC10387102 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39477-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro model networks could provide cellular models of physiological relevance to reproduce and investigate the basic function of neural circuits on a chip in the laboratory. Several tools and methods have been developed since the past decade to build neural networks on a chip; among them, microfluidic circuits appear to be a highly promising approach. One of the numerous advantages of this approach is that it preserves stable somatic and axonal compartments over time due to physical barriers that prevent the soma from exploring undesired areas and guide neurites along defined pathways. As a result, neuron compartments can be identified and isolated, and their interconnectivity can be modulated to build a topological neural network (NN). Here, we have assessed the extent to which the confinement imposed by the microfluidic environment can impact cell development and shape NN activity. Toward that aim, microelectrode arrays have enabled the monitoring of the short- and mid-term evolution of neuron activation over the culture period at specific locations in organized (microfluidic) and random (control) networks. In particular, we have assessed the spike and burst rate, as well as the correlations between the extracted spike trains over the first stages of maturation. This study enabled us to observe intense neurite communications that would have been weaker and more delayed within random networks; the spiking rate, burst and correlations being reinforced over time in terms of number and amplitude, exceeding the electrophysiological features of standard cultures. Beyond the enhanced detection efficiency that was expected from the microfluidic channels, the confinement of cells seems to reinforce neural communications and cell development throughout the network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Dupuit
- Institut Néel, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Anne Briançon-Marjollet
- HP2 Laboratory, University Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1300, Grenoble, France
| | - Cécile Delacour
- Institut Néel, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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7
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Chen Z, Liang Q, Wei Z, Chen X, Shi Q, Yu Z, Sun T. An Overview of In Vitro Biological Neural Networks for Robot Intelligence. CYBORG AND BIONIC SYSTEMS 2023; 4:0001. [PMID: 37040493 PMCID: PMC10076061 DOI: 10.34133/cbsystems.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro biological neural networks (BNNs) interconnected with robots, so-called BNN-based neurorobotic systems, can interact with the external world, so that they can present some preliminary intelligent behaviors, including learning, memory, robot control, etc. This work aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the intelligent behaviors presented by the BNN-based neurorobotic systems, with a particular focus on those related to robot intelligence. In this work, we first introduce the necessary biological background to understand the 2 characteristics of the BNNs: nonlinear computing capacity and network plasticity. Then, we describe the typical architecture of the BNN-based neurorobotic systems and outline the mainstream techniques to realize such an architecture from 2 aspects: from robots to BNNs and from BNNs to robots. Next, we separate the intelligent behaviors into 2 parts according to whether they rely solely on the computing capacity (computing capacity-dependent) or depend also on the network plasticity (network plasticity-dependent), which are then expounded respectively, with a focus on those related to the realization of robot intelligence. Finally, the development trends and challenges of the BNN-based neurorobotic systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems (Beijing Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 10081, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qian Liang
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems (Beijing Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 10081, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zihou Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems (Beijing Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 10081, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems (Beijing Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 10081, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qing Shi
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems (Beijing Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 10081, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems (Beijing Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 10081, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems (Beijing Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 10081, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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8
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Habibey R, Rojo Arias JE, Striebel J, Busskamp V. Microfluidics for Neuronal Cell and Circuit Engineering. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14842-14880. [PMID: 36070858 PMCID: PMC9523714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The widespread adoption of microfluidic devices among the neuroscience and neurobiology communities has enabled addressing a broad range of questions at the molecular, cellular, circuit, and system levels. Here, we review biomedical engineering approaches that harness the power of microfluidics for bottom-up generation of neuronal cell types and for the assembly and analysis of neural circuits. Microfluidics-based approaches are instrumental to generate the knowledge necessary for the derivation of diverse neuronal cell types from human pluripotent stem cells, as they enable the isolation and subsequent examination of individual neurons of interest. Moreover, microfluidic devices allow to engineer neural circuits with specific orientations and directionality by providing control over neuronal cell polarity and permitting the isolation of axons in individual microchannels. Similarly, the use of microfluidic chips enables the construction not only of 2D but also of 3D brain, retinal, and peripheral nervous system model circuits. Such brain-on-a-chip and organoid-on-a-chip technologies are promising platforms for studying these organs as they closely recapitulate some aspects of in vivo biological processes. Microfluidic 3D neuronal models, together with 2D in vitro systems, are widely used in many applications ranging from drug development and toxicology studies to neurological disease modeling and personalized medicine. Altogether, microfluidics provide researchers with powerful systems that complement and partially replace animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouhollah Habibey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, University of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Straße 2, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jesús Eduardo Rojo Arias
- Wellcome─MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Striebel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, University of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Straße 2, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Volker Busskamp
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, University of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Straße 2, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
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Seo Y, Bang S, Son J, Kim D, Jeong Y, Kim P, Yang J, Eom JH, Choi N, Kim HN. Brain physiome: A concept bridging in vitro 3D brain models and in silico models for predicting drug toxicity in the brain. Bioact Mater 2022; 13:135-148. [PMID: 35224297 PMCID: PMC8843968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, adverse reactions to pharmaceuticals have been evaluated using 2D in vitro models and animal models. However, with increasing computational power, and as the key drivers of cellular behavior have been identified, in silico models have emerged. These models are time-efficient and cost-effective, but the prediction of adverse reactions to unknown drugs using these models requires relevant experimental input. Accordingly, the physiome concept has emerged to bridge experimental datasets with in silico models. The brain physiome describes the systemic interactions of its components, which are organized into a multilevel hierarchy. Because of the limitations in obtaining experimental data corresponding to each physiome component from 2D in vitro models and animal models, 3D in vitro brain models, including brain organoids and brain-on-a-chip, have been developed. In this review, we present the concept of the brain physiome and its hierarchical organization, including cell- and tissue-level organizations. We also summarize recently developed 3D in vitro brain models and link them with the elements of the brain physiome as a guideline for dataset collection. The connection between in vitro 3D brain models and in silico modeling will lead to the establishment of cost-effective and time-efficient in silico models for the prediction of the safety of unknown drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojin Seo
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokyoung Bang
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongtae Son
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongsup Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jeong
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilnam Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihun Yang
- Next&Bio Inc., Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Ho Eom
- Medical Device Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Nakwon Choi
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Nam Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Yonsei-KIST Convergence Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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10
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Liu W, Liu S, Li P, Yao K. Retinitis Pigmentosa: Progress in Molecular Pathology and Biotherapeutical Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094883. [PMID: 35563274 PMCID: PMC9101511 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is genetically heterogeneous retinopathy caused by photoreceptor cell death and retinal pigment epithelial atrophy that eventually results in blindness in bilateral eyes. Various photoreceptor cell death types and pathological phenotypic changes that have been disclosed in RP demand in-depth research of its pathogenic mechanism that may account for inter-patient heterogeneous responses to mainstream drug treatment. As the primary method for studying the genetic characteristics of RP, molecular biology has been widely used in disease diagnosis and clinical trials. Current technology iterations, such as gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and optogenetics, are advancing towards precise diagnosis and clinical applications. Specifically, technologies, such as effective delivery vectors, CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and iPSC-based cell transplantation, hasten the pace of personalized precision medicine in RP. The combination of conventional therapy and state-of-the-art medication is promising in revolutionizing RP treatment strategies. This article provides an overview of the latest research on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of retinitis pigmentosa, aiming for a convenient reference of what has been achieved so far.
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11
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Zhang H, Rong G, Bian S, Sawan M. Lab-on-Chip Microsystems for Ex Vivo Network of Neurons Studies: A Review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:841389. [PMID: 35252149 PMCID: PMC8888888 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.841389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing population is suffering from neurological disorders nowadays, with no effective therapy available to treat them. Explicit knowledge of network of neurons (NoN) in the human brain is key to understanding the pathology of neurological diseases. Research in NoN developed slower than expected due to the complexity of the human brain and the ethical considerations for in vivo studies. However, advances in nanomaterials and micro-/nano-microfabrication have opened up the chances for a deeper understanding of NoN ex vivo, one step closer to in vivo studies. This review therefore summarizes the latest advances in lab-on-chip microsystems for ex vivo NoN studies by focusing on the advanced materials, techniques, and models for ex vivo NoN studies. The essential methods for constructing lab-on-chip models are microfluidics and microelectrode arrays. Through combination with functional biomaterials and biocompatible materials, the microfluidics and microelectrode arrays enable the development of various models for ex vivo NoN studies. This review also includes the state-of-the-art brain slide and organoid-on-chip models. The end of this review discusses the previous issues and future perspectives for NoN studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sumin Bian
- CenBRAIN Lab, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mohamad Sawan
- CenBRAIN Lab, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Habibey R, Striebel J, Sharma K, Busskamp V. Optogenetic Control of Human Stem Cell-Derived Neurons. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2501:339-360. [PMID: 35857237 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2329-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous and optogenetically evoked activities of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons can be assessed by patch clamp and multi-electrode array (MEA) electrophysiology. Optogenetic activation of these human neurons facilitates the characterization of their functional properties at the single neuron and circuit level. Here we showcase the preparation of hiPSC-derived neurons expressing optogenetic actuators, in vitro optogenetic stimulation and simultaneous functional recordings using patch clamp and MEA electrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouhollah Habibey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Striebel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kritika Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Volker Busskamp
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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13
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Abstract
Neuroelectrophysiology is an old science, dating to the 18th century when electrical activity in nerves was discovered. Such discoveries have led to a variety of neurophysiological techniques, ranging from basic neuroscience to clinical applications. These clinical applications allow assessment of complex neurological functions such as (but not limited to) sensory perception (vision, hearing, somatosensory function), and muscle function. The ability to use similar techniques in both humans and animal models increases the ability to perform mechanistic research to investigate neurological problems. Good animal to human homology of many neurophysiological systems facilitates interpretation of data to provide cause-effect linkages to epidemiological findings. Mechanistic cellular research to screen for toxicity often includes gaps between cellular and whole animal/person neurophysiological changes, preventing understanding of the complete function of the nervous system. Building Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) will allow us to begin to identify brain regions, timelines, neurotransmitters, etc. that may be Key Events (KE) in the Adverse Outcomes (AO). This requires an integrated strategy, from in vitro to in vivo (and hypothesis generation, testing, revision). Scientists need to determine intermediate levels of nervous system organization that are related to an AO and work both upstream and downstream using mechanistic approaches. Possibly more than any other organ, the brain will require networks of pathways/AOPs to allow sufficient predictive accuracy. Advancements in neurobiological techniques should be incorporated into these AOP-base neurotoxicological assessments, including interactions between many regions of the brain simultaneously. Coupled with advancements in optogenetic manipulation, complex functions of the nervous system (such as acquisition, attention, sensory perception, etc.) can be examined in real time. The integration of neurophysiological changes with changes in gene/protein expression can begin to provide the mechanistic underpinnings for biological changes. Establishment of linkages between changes in cellular physiology and those at the level of the AO will allow construction of biological pathways (AOPs) and allow development of higher throughput assays to test for changes to critical physiological circuits. To allow mechanistic/predictive toxicology of the nervous system to be protective of human populations, neuroelectrophysiology has a critical role in our future.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Herr
- Neurological and Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, CPHEA/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, NC, United States
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14
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Zhou Y, Ding M, Nagel G, Konrad KR, Gao S. Advances and prospects of rhodopsin-based optogenetics in plant research. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:572-589. [PMID: 35237820 PMCID: PMC8491038 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Microbial rhodopsins have advanced optogenetics since the discovery of channelrhodopsins almost two decades ago. During this time an abundance of microbial rhodopsins has been discovered, engineered, and improved for studies in neuroscience and other animal research fields. Optogenetic applications in plant research, however, lagged largely behind. Starting with light-regulated gene expression, optogenetics has slowly expanded into plant research. The recently established all-trans retinal production in plants now enables the use of many microbial opsins, bringing extra opportunities to plant research. In this review, we summarize the recent advances of rhodopsin-based plant optogenetics and provide a perspective for future use, combined with fluorescent sensors to monitor physiological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97070, Germany
| | - Meiqi Ding
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97082, Germany
| | - Georg Nagel
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97070, Germany
| | - Kai R. Konrad
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97082, Germany
| | - Shiqiang Gao
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97070, Germany
- Author for communication:
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15
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Bang S, Hwang KS, Jeong S, Cho IJ, Choi N, Kim J, Kim HN. Engineered neural circuits for modeling brain physiology and neuropathology. Acta Biomater 2021; 132:379-400. [PMID: 34157452 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The neural circuits of the central nervous system are the regulatory pathways for feeling, motion control, learning, and memory, and their dysfunction is closely related to various neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the growing demand for the unraveling of the physiology and functional connectivity of the neural circuits, their fundamental investigation is hampered because of the inability to access the components of neural circuits and the complex microenvironment. As an alternative approach, in vitro human neural circuits show principles of in vivo human neuronal circuit function. They allow access to the cellular compartment and permit real-time monitoring of neural circuits. In this review, we summarize recent advances in reconstituted in vitro neural circuits using engineering techniques. To this end, we provide an overview of the fabrication techniques and methods for stimulation and measurement of in vitro neural circuits. Subsequently, representative examples of in vitro neural circuits are reviewed with a particular focus on the recapitulation of structures and functions observed in vivo, and we summarize their application in the study of various brain diseases. We believe that the in vitro neural circuits can help neuroscience and the neuropharmacology. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Despite the growing demand to unravel the physiology and functional connectivity of the neural circuits, the studies on the in vivo neural circuits are frequently limited due to the poor accessibility. Furthermore, single neuron-based analysis has an inherent limitation in that it does not reflect the full spectrum of the neural circuit physiology. As an alternative approach, in vitro engineered neural circuit models have arisen because they can recapitulate the structural and functional characteristics of in vivo neural circuits. These in vitro neural circuits allow the mimicking of dysregulation of the neural circuits, including neurodegenerative diseases and traumatic brain injury. Emerging in vitro engineered neural circuits will provide a better understanding of the (patho-)physiology of neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokyoung Bang
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Seob Hwang
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyeon Jeong
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Joo Cho
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Yonsei-KIST Convergence Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Nakwon Choi
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jongbaeg Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hong Nam Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Ming Y, Abedin MJ, Tatic-Lucic S, Berdichevsky Y. Microdevice for directional axodendritic connectivity between micro 3D neuronal cultures. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:67. [PMID: 34567779 PMCID: PMC8433170 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal cultures are widely used in neuroscience research. However, the randomness of circuits in conventional cultures prevents accurate in vitro modeling of cortical development and of the pathogenesis of neurological and psychiatric disorders. A basic feature of cortical circuits that is not captured in standard cultures of dissociated cortical cells is directional connectivity. In this work, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based device that achieves directional connectivity between micro 3D cultures is demonstrated. The device consists of through-holes for micro three-dimensional (μ3D) clusters of cortical cells connected by microtrenches for axon and dendrite guidance. The design of the trenches relies in part on the concept of axonal edge guidance, as well as on the novel concept of specific dendrite targeting. This replicates dominant excitatory connectivity in the cortex, enables the guidance of the axon after it forms a synapse in passing (an "en passant" synapse), and ensures that directional selectivity is preserved over the lifetime of the culture. The directionality of connections was verified morphologically and functionally. Connections were dependent on glutamatergic synapses. The design of this device has the potential to serve as a building block for the reconstruction of more complex cortical circuits in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Ming
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA USA
| | - Md Joynal Abedin
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA USA
| | - Svetlana Tatic-Lucic
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA USA
| | - Yevgeny Berdichevsky
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA USA
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17
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Speigel IA, Hemmings HC. Selective inhibition of gamma aminobutyric acid release from mouse hippocampal interneurone subtypes by the volatile anaesthetic isoflurane. Br J Anaesth 2021; 127:587-599. [PMID: 34384592 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which general anaesthesia occurs is poorly understood. Hippocampal interneurone subpopulations, which are critical regulators of cognitive function, have diverse neurophysiological and synaptic properties, but their responses to anaesthetics are unclear. METHODS We used live-cell imaging of fluorescent biosensors expressed in mouse hippocampal neurones to delineate interneurone subtype-specific effects of isoflurane on synaptic vesicle exocytosis. The role of voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav) subtype expression in determining isoflurane sensitivity was probed by overexpression or knockdown of specific Nav subtypes in identified interneurones. RESULTS Clinically relevant concentrations of isoflurane differentially inhibited synaptic vesicle exocytosis: to 83.1% (11.7%) of control in parvalbumin-expressing interneurones, and to 58.6% (13.3%) and 64.5% (8.5%) of control in somatostatin-expressing interneurones and glutamatergic neurones, respectively. The relative expression of Nav1.1 (associated with lower sensitivity) and Nav1.6 (associated with higher sensitivity) determined the sensitivity of exocytosis to isoflurane. CONCLUSIONS Isoflurane inhibits synaptic vesicle exocytosis from hippocampal glutamatergic neurones and GABAergic interneurones in a cell-type-specific manner depending on their expression of voltage-gated sodium channel subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris A Speigel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Hugh C Hemmings
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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18
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A novel methodology to describe neuronal networks activity reveals spatiotemporal recruitment dynamics of synchronous bursting states. J Comput Neurosci 2021; 49:375-394. [PMID: 33904004 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-021-00786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
We propose a novel phase based analysis with the purpose of quantifying the periodic bursts of activity observed in various neuronal systems. The way bursts are intiated and propagate in a spatial network is still insufficiently characterized. In particular, we investigate here how these spatiotemporal dynamics depend on the mean connection length. We use a simplified description of a neuron's state as a time varying phase between firings. This leads to a definition of network bursts, that does not depend on the practitioner's individual judgment as the usage of subjective thresholds and time scales. This allows both an easy and objective characterization of the bursting dynamics, only depending on system's proper scales. Our approach thus ensures more reliable and reproducible measurements. We here use it to describe the spatiotemporal processes in networks of intrinsically oscillating neurons. The analysis rigorously reveals the role of the mean connectivity length in spatially embedded networks in determining the existence of "leader" neurons during burst initiation, a feature incompletely understood observed in several neuronal cultures experiments. The precise definition of a burst with our method allowed us to rigorously characterize the initiation dynamics of bursts and show how it depends on the mean connectivity length. Although presented with simulations, the methodology can be applied to other forms of neuronal spatiotemporal data. As shown in a preliminary study with MEA recordings, it is not limited to in silico modeling.
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19
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Advances in 3D neuronal microphysiological systems: towards a functional nervous system on a chip. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:191-206. [PMID: 33438114 PMCID: PMC7802613 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00532-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS) designed to study the complexities of the peripheral and central nervous systems have made marked improvements over the years and have allowed researchers to assess in two and three dimensions the functional interconnectivity of neuronal tissues. The recent generation of brain organoids has further propelled the field into the nascent recapitulation of structural, functional, and effective connectivities which are found within the native human nervous system. Herein, we will review advances in culture methodologies, focused especially on those of human tissues, which seek to bridge the gap from 2D cultures to hierarchical and defined 3D MPS with the end goal of developing a robust nervous system-on-a-chip platform. These advances have far-reaching implications within basic science, pharmaceutical development, and translational medicine disciplines.
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20
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Ahmadi F, Quach ABV, Shih SCC. Is microfluidics the "assembly line" for CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing? BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:061301. [PMID: 33262863 PMCID: PMC7688342 DOI: 10.1063/5.0029846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Acclaimed as one of the biggest scientific breakthroughs, the technology of CRISPR has brought significant improvement in the biotechnological spectrum-from editing genetic defects in diseases for gene therapy to modifying organisms for the production of biofuels. Since its inception, the CRISPR-Cas9 system has become easier and more versatile to use. Many variants have been found, giving the CRISPR toolkit a great range that includes the activation and repression of genes aside from the previously known knockout and knockin of genes. Here, in this Perspective, we describe efforts on automating the gene-editing workflow, with particular emphasis given on the use of microfluidic technology. We discuss how automation can address the limitations of gene-editing and how the marriage between microfluidics and gene-editing will expand the application space of CRISPR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steve C. C. Shih
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:. Tel.: +1-(514) 848-2424 x7579
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21
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Lovett ML, Nieland TJ, Dingle YTL, Kaplan DL. Innovations in 3-Dimensional Tissue Models of Human Brain Physiology and Diseases. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1909146. [PMID: 34211358 PMCID: PMC8240470 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201909146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
3-dimensional (3D) laboratory tissue cultures have emerged as an alternative to traditional 2-dimensional (2D) culture systems that do not recapitulate native cell behavior. The discrepancy between in vivo and in vitro tissue-cell-molecular responses impedes understanding of human physiology in general and creates roadblocks for the discovery of therapeutic solutions. Two parallel approaches have emerged for the design of 3D culture systems. The first is biomedical engineering methodology, including bioengineered materials, bioprinting, microfluidics and bioreactors, used alone or in combination, to mimic the microenvironments of native tissues. The second approach is organoid technology, in which stem cells are exposed to chemical and/or biological cues to activate differentiation programs that are reminiscent of human (prenatal) development. This review article describes recent technological advances in engineering 3D cultures that more closely resemble the human brain. The contributions of in vitro 3D tissue culture systems to new insights in neurophysiology, neurological diseases and regenerative medicine are highlighted. Perspectives on designing improved tissue models of the human brain are offered, focusing on an integrative approach merging biomedical engineering tools with organoid biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Lovett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Thomas J.F. Nieland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Yu-Ting L. Dingle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155
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22
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Fantuzzo JA, Robles DA, Mirabella VR, Hart RP, Pang ZP, Zahn JD. Development of a high-throughput arrayed neural circuitry platform using human induced neurons for drug screening applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1140-1152. [PMID: 32064487 PMCID: PMC7339603 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01179j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Proper brain function relies on the precise arrangement and flow of information between diverse neural subtypes. Developing improved human cell-based models which faithfully mimic biologically relevant connectivity patterns may improve drug screening efforts given the limited success of animal models to predict safety and efficacy of therapeutics in human clinical trials. To address this need, we have developed experimental models of defined neural circuitries through the compartmentalization of neuronal cell subtypes in a 96 well plate-based platform where each microwell is divided into two compartments connected by microchannels allowing high-throughput screening (HTS) of small molecules. We demonstrate that we can generate subtype-specific excitatory and inhibitory induced neuronal cells (iNs) from human stem cell lines and that these neurons form robust functional circuits with defined connectivity. Through the use of the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP6f, we monitor calcium ion transients generated during neuronal firing between and within compartments. We further demonstrate functionality of the circuit by perturbing network activity through the addition of glutamate receptor blockers using automated liquid handling. Lastly, we show that we can stimulate network activity in defined neuronal subtypes through the expression of the designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) hM3Dq and application of the ligand clozapine-N-oxide (CNO). Our results demonstrate the formation of functional neural circuits in a high-throughput platform that is compatible with compound screening, representing an important step towards developing new screening platforms for studying and ultimately treating psychiatric brain disorders that arise from disordered neural circuit function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Fantuzzo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. and Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Denise A Robles
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Vincent R Mirabella
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 675 Hoes Lane West, Research Tower, Third Floor, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA and Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, One Robert Wood Johnson Place, MEB Third, PO Box 19, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Ronald P Hart
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Zhiping P Pang
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 675 Hoes Lane West, Research Tower, Third Floor, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA and Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, One Robert Wood Johnson Place, MEB Third, PO Box 19, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Zahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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23
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Hondrich TJJ, Deußen O, Grannemann C, Brinkmann D, Offenhäusser A. Improvements of Microcontact Printing for Micropatterned Cell Growth by Contrast Enhancement. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E659. [PMID: 31574944 PMCID: PMC6848919 DOI: 10.3390/mi10100659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Patterned neuronal cell cultures are important tools for investigating neuronal signal integration, network function, and cell-substrate interactions. Because of the variable nature of neuronal cells, the widely used coating method of microcontact printing is in constant need of improvements and adaptations depending on the pattern, cell type, and coating solutions available for a certain experimental system. In this work, we report on three approaches to modify microcontact printing on borosilicate glass surfaces, which we evaluate with contact angle measurements and by determining the quality of patterned neuronal growth. Although background toxification with manganese salt does not result in the desired pattern enhancement, a simple heat treatment of the glass substrates leads to improved background hydrophobicity and therefore neuronal patterning. Thirdly, we extended a microcontact printing process based on covalently linking the glass surface and the coating molecule via an epoxysilane. This extension is an additional hydrophobization step with dodecylamine. We demonstrate that shelf life of the silanized glass is at least 22 weeks, leading to consistently reliable neuronal patterning by microcontact printing. Thus, we compared three practical additions to microcontact printing, two of which can easily be implemented into a workflow for the investigation of patterned neuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm J J Hondrich
- Institute of Complex Systems, Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
- Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences, RWTH Aachen University, 52076 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Oliver Deußen
- Institute of Complex Systems, Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
- Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences, RWTH Aachen University, 52076 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Caroline Grannemann
- Institute of Complex Systems, Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
- Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences, RWTH Aachen University, 52076 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Dominik Brinkmann
- Institute of Complex Systems, Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
- Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences, RWTH Aachen University, 52076 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute of Complex Systems, Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
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24
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Shiri Z, Simorgh S, Naderi S, Baharvand H. Optogenetics in the Era of Cerebral Organoids. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:1282-1294. [PMID: 31227305 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The human brain has been deemed the most complex organ and has captivated neuroscientists for decades. Most studies of this organ have relied on reductionist model systems. Although all model systems are essentially wrong, cerebral organoids so far represent the closest recapitulation of human brain development and disease both in terms of cell diversity and organization. The optogenetic technique can be used in this context to study the functional neuroanatomy of the brain, to examine the neural circuits, and to determine the etiology of neurological disorders. In this opinion article, we suggest ways in which optogenetics can be combined with cerebral organoids to allow unprecedented precision and accuracy in studying normal and aberrant neurodevelopmental processes and, as well, neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shiri
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Susan Simorgh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Naderi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran.
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25
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Holloway PM, Hallinan GI, Hegde M, Lane SIR, Deinhardt K, West J. Asymmetric confinement for defining outgrowth directionality. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1484-1489. [PMID: 30899932 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00078j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Directional connectivity is required to develop accurate in vitro models of the nervous system. This research investigated the interaction of murine neuronal outgrowths with asymmetric microstructured geometries to provide insights into the mechanisms governing unidirectional outgrowth bias. The structures were designed using edge-guidance and critical turning angle principles to study different prohibitive to permissive edge-guidance ratios. The different structures enable outgrowth in the permissive direction, while reducing outgrowth in the prohibitive direction. Outgrowth bias was probabilistic in nature, requiring multiple structures for effective unidirectional bias in primary hippocampal cultures at 14 days in vitro. Arrowhead structures with acute posterior corners were optimal, enabling 100% unidirectional outgrowth bias by virtue of re-routing and delay effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Holloway
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
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26
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Fantuzzo JA, Hart RP, Zahn JD, Pang ZP. Compartmentalized Devices as Tools for Investigation of Human Brain Network Dynamics. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:65-77. [PMID: 30117633 PMCID: PMC6312734 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders have traditionally been difficult to study due to the complexity of the human brain and limited availability of human tissue. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells provide a promising avenue to further our understanding of human disease mechanisms, but traditional 2D cell cultures can only provide a limited view of the neural circuits. To better model complex brain neurocircuitry, compartmentalized culturing systems and 3D organoids have been developed. Early compartmentalized devices demonstrated how neuronal cell bodies can be isolated both physically and chemically from neurites. Soft lithographic approaches have advanced this approach and offer the tools to construct novel model platforms, enabling circuit-level studies of disease, which can accelerate mechanistic studies and drug candidate screening. In this review, we describe some of the common technologies used to develop such systems and discuss how these lithographic techniques have been used to advance our understanding of neuropsychiatric disease. Finally, we address other in vitro model platforms such as 3D culture systems and organoids and compare these models with compartmentalized models. We ask important questions regarding how we can further harness iPS cells in these engineered culture systems for the development of improved in vitro models. Developmental Dynamics 248:65-77, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Fantuzzo
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Ronald P Hart
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jeffrey D Zahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Zhiping P Pang
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Research Tower, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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27
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Abstract
The brain is the most complex organ of the body, and many pathological processes underlying various brain disorders are poorly understood. Limited accessibility hinders observation of such processes in the in vivo brain, and experimental freedom is often insufficient to enable informative manipulations. In vitro preparations (brain slices or cultures of dissociated neurons) offer much better accessibility and reduced complexity and have yielded valuable new insights into various brain disorders. Both types of preparations have their advantages and limitations with regard to lifespan, preservation of in vivo brain structure, composition of cell types, and the link to behavioral outcome is often unclear in in vitro models. While these limitations hamper general usage of in vitro preparations to study, e.g., brain development, in vitro preparations are very useful to study neuronal and synaptic functioning under pathologic conditions. This chapter addresses several brain disorders, focusing on neuronal and synaptic functioning, as well as network aspects. Recent progress in the fields of brain circulation disorders, excitability disorders, and memory disorders will be discussed, as well as limitations of current in vitro models.
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28
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Badiola-Mateos M, Hervera A, Del Río JA, Samitier J. Challenges and Future Prospects on 3D in-vitro Modeling of the Neuromuscular Circuit. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:194. [PMID: 30622944 PMCID: PMC6297173 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement of skeletal-muscle fibers is generated by the coordinated action of several cells taking part within the locomotion circuit (motoneurons, sensory-neurons, Schwann cells, astrocytes, microglia, and muscle-cells). Failures in any part of this circuit could impede or hinder coordinated muscle movement and cause a neuromuscular disease (NMD) or determine its severity. Studying fragments of the circuit cannot provide a comprehensive and complete view of the pathological process. We trace the historic developments of studies focused on in-vitro modeling of the spinal-locomotion circuit and how bioengineered innovative technologies show advantages for an accurate mimicking of physiological conditions of spinal-locomotion circuit. New developments on compartmentalized microfluidic culture systems (cμFCS), the use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and 3D cell-cultures are analyzed. We finally address limitations of current study models and three main challenges on neuromuscular studies: (i) mimic the whole spinal-locomotion circuit including all cell-types involved and the evaluation of independent and interdependent roles of each one; (ii) mimic the neurodegenerative response of mature neurons in-vitro as it occurs in-vivo; and (iii) develop, tune, implement, and combine cμFCS, hiPSC, and 3D-culture technologies to ultimately create patient-specific complete, translational, and reliable NMD in-vitro model. Overcoming these challenges would significantly facilitate understanding the events taking place in NMDs and accelerate the process of finding new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maider Badiola-Mateos
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia-Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Physics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnau Hervera
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia-Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Del Río
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia-Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Samitier
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia-Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Physics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Courte J, Renault R, Jan A, Viovy JL, Peyrin JM, Villard C. Reconstruction of directed neuronal networks in a microfluidic device with asymmetric microchannels. Methods Cell Biol 2018; 148:71-95. [PMID: 30473075 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices for controlling neuronal connectivity in vitro are extremely useful tools for deciphering pathological and physiological processes occurring in neuronal networks. These devices allow the connection between different neuronal populations located into separate culture chambers through axon-selective microchannels. In order to implement specific features of brain connectivity such as directionality, it is necessary to control axonal growth orientation in these devices. Among the various strategies proposed to achieve this goal, one of the most promising and easily reproducible is the use of asymmetric microchannels. We present here a general protocol and several guidelines for the design, production and testing of a new paradigm of asymmetric microchannels geometries based on a "return to sender" strategy. In this method, axons are either allowed to travel between the emitting and receiving chambers within straight microchannels (forward direction), or are rerouted toward their initial location through curved microchannels (reverse direction). We introduce variations of these "arches" microchannels and evaluate their respective axonal filtering capacities. Importantly, one of these variants presents an almost complete filtration of axonal growth in the non-permissive direction while allowing robust axonal invasion in the other one, with a selectivity ratio as high as 99.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josquin Courte
- Physico-Chimie Curie, Université PSL, CNRS, Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes pour la Microfluidique, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Institut Biologie Paris-Seine, CNRS, Inserm, Neuroscience Paris-Seine, Paris, France.
| | - Renaud Renault
- Physico-Chimie Curie, Université PSL, CNRS, Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes pour la Microfluidique, Paris, France
| | - Audric Jan
- Physico-Chimie Curie, Université PSL, CNRS, Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes pour la Microfluidique, Paris, France; CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Viovy
- Physico-Chimie Curie, Université PSL, CNRS, Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes pour la Microfluidique, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Peyrin
- Sorbonne Université, Institut Biologie Paris-Seine, CNRS, Inserm, Neuroscience Paris-Seine, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Villard
- Physico-Chimie Curie, Université PSL, CNRS, Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes pour la Microfluidique, Paris, France.
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30
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Osaki T, Shin Y, Sivathanu V, Campisi M, Kamm RD. In Vitro Microfluidic Models for Neurodegenerative Disorders. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 28881425 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices enable novel means of emulating neurodegenerative disease pathophysiology in vitro. These organ-on-a-chip systems can potentially reduce animal testing and substitute (or augment) simple 2D culture systems. Reconstituting critical features of neurodegenerative diseases in a biomimetic system using microfluidics can thereby accelerate drug discovery and improve our understanding of the mechanisms of several currently incurable diseases. This review describes latest advances in modeling neurodegenerative diseases in the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. First, this study summarizes fundamental advantages of microfluidic devices in the creation of compartmentalized cell culture microenvironments for the co-culture of neurons, glial cells, endothelial cells, and skeletal muscle cells and in their recapitulation of spatiotemporal chemical gradients and mechanical microenvironments. Then, this reviews neurodegenerative-disease-on-a-chip models focusing on Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Finally, this study discusses about current drawbacks of these models and strategies that may overcome them. These organ-on-chip technologies can be useful to be the first line of testing line in drug development and toxicology studies, which can contribute significantly to minimize the phase of animal testing steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Osaki
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringMassachusetts Institutes of Technology 500 Technology Square MIT Building, Room NE47‐321 Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Yoojin Shin
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringMassachusetts Institutes of Technology 500 Technology Square MIT Building, Room NE47‐321 Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Vivek Sivathanu
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringMassachusetts Institutes of Technology 500 Technology Square MIT Building, Room NE47‐321 Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Marco Campisi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringPolitecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Torino Italy
| | - Roger D. Kamm
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringMassachusetts Institutes of Technology 500 Technology Square MIT Building, Room NE47‐321 Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institutes of Technology 500 Technology Square, MIT Building, Room NE47‐321 Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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31
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Design of Cultured Neuron Networks in vitro with Predefined Connectivity Using Asymmetric Microfluidic Channels. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15625. [PMID: 29142321 PMCID: PMC5688062 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The architecture of neuron connectivity in brain networks is one of the basic mechanisms by which to organize and sustain a particular function of the brain circuitry. There are areas of the brain composed of well-organized layers of neurons connected by unidirectional synaptic connections (e.g., cortex, hippocampus). Re-engineering of the neural circuits with such a heterogeneous network structure in culture may uncover basic mechanisms of emergent information functions of these circuits. In this study, we present such a model designed with two subpopulations of primary hippocampal neurons (E18) with directed connectivity grown in a microfluidic device with asymmetric channels. We analysed and compared neurite growth in the microchannels with various shapes that promoted growth dominantly in one direction. We found an optimal geometric shape features of the microchannels in which the axons coupled two chambers with the neurons. The axons grew in the promoted direction and formed predefined connections during the first 6 days in vitro (DIV). The microfluidic devices were coupled with microelectrode arrays (MEAs) to confirm unidirectional spiking pattern propagation through the microchannels between two compartments. We found that, during culture development, the defined morphological and functional connectivity formed and was maintained for up to 25 DIV.
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32
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Fantuzzo JA, De Filippis L, McGowan H, Yang N, Ng YH, Halikere A, Liu JJ, Hart RP, Wernig M, Zahn JD, Pang ZP. μNeurocircuitry: Establishing in vitro models of neurocircuits with human neurons. TECHNOLOGY 2017; 5:87-97. [PMID: 28781993 PMCID: PMC5541685 DOI: 10.1142/s2339547817500054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurocircuits in the human brain govern complex behavior and involve connections from many different neuronal subtypes from different brain regions. Recent advances in stem cell biology have enabled the derivation of patient-specific human neuronal cells of various subtypes for the study of neuronal function and disease pathology. Nevertheless, one persistent challenge using these human-derived neurons is the ability to reconstruct models of human brain circuitry. To overcome this obstacle, we have developed a compartmentalized microfluidic device, which allows for spatial separation of cell bodies of different human-derived neuronal subtypes (excitatory, inhibitory and dopaminergic) but is permissive to the spreading of projecting processes. Induced neurons (iNs) cultured in the device expressed pan-neuronal markers and subtype specific markers. Morphologically, we demonstrate defined synaptic contacts between selected neuronal subtypes by synapsin staining. Functionally, we show that excitatory neuronal stimulation evoked excitatory postsynaptic current responses in the neurons cultured in a separate chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Fantuzzo
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Lidia De Filippis
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale Cappuccini 1, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Heather McGowan
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Nan Yang
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yi-Han Ng
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Apoorva Halikere
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jing-Jing Liu
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ronald P Hart
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Marius Wernig
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jefrey D Zahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Zhiping P Pang
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, 1 Robert Wood Johnson Place, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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33
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Stern S, Rotem A, Burnishev Y, Weinreb E, Moses E. External Excitation of Neurons Using Electric and Magnetic Fields in One- and Two-dimensional Cultures. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28518110 DOI: 10.3791/54357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A neuron will fire an action potential when its membrane potential exceeds a certain threshold. In typical activity of the brain, this occurs as a result of chemical inputs to its synapses. However, neurons can also be excited by an imposed electric field. In particular, recent clinical applications activate neurons by creating an electric field externally. It is therefore of interest to investigate how the neuron responds to the external field and what causes the action potential. Fortunately, precise and controlled application of an external electric field is possible for embryonic neuronal cells that are excised, dissociated and grown in cultures. This allows the investigation of these questions in a highly reproducible system. In this paper some of the techniques used for controlled application of external electric field on neuronal cultures are reviewed. The networks can be either one dimensional, i.e. patterned in linear forms or allowed to grow on the whole plane of the substrate, and thus two dimensional. Furthermore, the excitation can be created by the direct application of electric field via electrodes immersed in the fluid (bath electrodes) or by inducing the electric field using the remote creation of magnetic pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Stern
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies
| | - Assaf Rotem
- Department of Physics and SEAS, Harvard University
| | - Yuri Burnishev
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science
| | - Eyal Weinreb
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science
| | - Elisha Moses
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science;
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34
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Hempel CM, Werley CA, Dempsey GT, Gerber DJ. Targeting neuronal function for CNS drug discovery. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2017. [PMID: 28647082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is a pressing need for new and more effective treatments for central nervous system (CNS) disorders. A large body of evidence now suggests that alterations in synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability represent underlying factors for many neurological and psychiatric diseases. However, it has been challenging to target these complex functional domains for therapeutic discovery using traditional neuronal assay methods. Here we review advances in neuronal screening technologies and cellular model systems that enable phenotypic screening of neuronal function as a basis for novel CNS drug discovery approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Hempel
- Q-State Biosciences, 179 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Graham T Dempsey
- Q-State Biosciences, 179 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David J Gerber
- Q-State Biosciences, 179 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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35
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Vu TQ, de Castro RMB, Qin L. Bridging the gap: microfluidic devices for short and long distance cell-cell communication. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1009-1023. [PMID: 28205652 PMCID: PMC5473339 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01367h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell communication is a crucial component of many biological functions. For example, understanding how immune cells and cancer cells interact, both at the immunological synapse and through cytokine secretion, can help us understand and improve cancer immunotherapy. The study of how cells communicate and form synaptic connections is important in neuroscience, ophthalmology, and cancer research. But in order to increase our understanding of these cellular phenomena, better tools need to be developed that allow us to study cell-cell communication in a highly controlled manner. Some technical requirements for better communication studies include manipulating cells spatiotemporally, high resolution imaging, and integrating sensors. Microfluidics is a powerful platform that has the ability to address these requirements and other current limitations. In this review, we describe some new advances in microfluidic technologies that have provided researchers with novel methods to study intercellular communication. The advantages of microfluidics have allowed for new capabilities in both single cell-cell communication and population-based communication. This review highlights microfluidic communication devices categorized as "short distance", or primarily at the single cell level, and "long distance", which mostly encompasses population level studies. Future directions and translation/commercialization will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Quang Vu
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA and Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Ricardo Miguel Bessa de Castro
- College of Engineering, Swansea University Singleton Park, Swansea, UK and Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Lidong Qin
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA. and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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36
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Ganesana M, Lee ST, Wang Y, Venton BJ. Analytical Techniques in Neuroscience: Recent Advances in Imaging, Separation, and Electrochemical Methods. Anal Chem 2017; 89:314-341. [PMID: 28105819 PMCID: PMC5260807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - B. Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry, PO Box 400319, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
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37
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Neural Circuits on a Chip. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:mi7090157. [PMID: 30404330 PMCID: PMC6190100 DOI: 10.3390/mi7090157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neural circuits are responsible for the brain's ability to process and store information. Reductionist approaches to understanding the brain include isolation of individual neurons for detailed characterization. When maintained in vitro for several days or weeks, dissociated neurons self-assemble into randomly connected networks that produce synchronized activity and are capable of learning. This review focuses on efforts to control neuronal connectivity in vitro and construct living neural circuits of increasing complexity and precision. Microfabrication-based methods have been developed to guide network self-assembly, accomplishing control over in vitro circuit size and connectivity. The ability to control neural connectivity and synchronized activity led to the implementation of logic functions using living neurons. Techniques to construct and control three-dimensional circuits have also been established. Advances in multiple electrode arrays as well as genetically encoded, optical activity sensors and transducers enabled highly specific interfaces to circuits composed of thousands of neurons. Further advances in on-chip neural circuits may lead to better understanding of the brain.
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38
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Jin L, Lange W, Kempmann A, Maybeck V, Günther A, Gruteser N, Baumann A, Offenhäusser A. High-efficiency transduction and specific expression of ChR2opt for optogenetic manipulation of primary cortical neurons mediated by recombinant adeno-associated viruses. J Biotechnol 2016; 233:171-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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39
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Monceau P, Renault R, Métens S, Bottani S. Effect of threshold disorder on the quorum percolation model. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:012316. [PMID: 27575157 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.012316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We study the modifications induced in the behavior of the quorum percolation model on neural networks with Gaussian in-degree by taking into account an uncorrelated Gaussian thresholds variability. We derive a mean-field approach and show its relevance by carrying out explicit Monte Carlo simulations. It turns out that such a disorder shifts the position of the percolation transition, impacts the size of the giant cluster, and can even destroy the transition. Moreover, we highlight the occurrence of disorder independent fixed points above the quorum critical value. The mean-field approach enables us to interpret these effects in terms of activation probability. A finite-size analysis enables us to show that the order parameter is weakly self-averaging with an exponent independent on the thresholds disorder. Last, we show that the effects of the thresholds and connectivity disorders cannot be easily discriminated from the measured averaged physical quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Monceau
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS, Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet, 75013 Paris Cedex, France.,Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne, France
| | - Renaud Renault
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS, Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet, 75013 Paris Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Métens
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS, Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet, 75013 Paris Cedex, France
| | - Samuel Bottani
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS, Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet, 75013 Paris Cedex, France
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40
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Hsiao YH, Hsu CH, Chen C. A High-Throughput Automated Microfluidic Platform for Calcium Imaging of Taste Sensing. Molecules 2016; 21:E896. [PMID: 27399663 PMCID: PMC6273845 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human enteroendocrine L cell line NCI-H716, expressing taste receptors and taste signaling elements, constitutes a unique model for the studies of cellular responses to glucose, appetite regulation, gastrointestinal motility, and insulin secretion. Targeting these gut taste receptors may provide novel treatments for diabetes and obesity. However, NCI-H716 cells are cultured in suspension and tend to form multicellular aggregates, preventing high-throughput calcium imaging due to interferences caused by laborious immobilization and stimulus delivery procedures. Here, we have developed an automated microfluidic platform that is capable of trapping more than 500 single cells into microwells with a loading efficiency of 77% within two minutes, delivering multiple chemical stimuli and performing calcium imaging with enhanced spatial and temporal resolutions when compared to bath perfusion systems. Results revealed the presence of heterogeneity in cellular responses to the type, concentration, and order of applied sweet and bitter stimuli. Sucralose and denatonium benzoate elicited robust increases in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. However, glucose evoked a rapid elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) followed by reduced responses to subsequent glucose stimulation. Using Gymnema sylvestre as a blocking agent for the sweet taste receptor confirmed that different taste receptors were utilized for sweet and bitter tastes. This automated microfluidic platform is cost-effective, easy to fabricate and operate, and may be generally applicable for high-throughput and high-content single-cell analysis and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsing Hsiao
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Hsien Hsu
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Chihchen Chen
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
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Renault R, Durand JB, Viovy JL, Villard C. Asymmetric axonal edge guidance: a new paradigm for building oriented neuronal networks. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2188-91. [PMID: 27225661 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00479b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel kind of directional axon guides for brain-on-a-chip applications. Contrarily to previous works, the directionality in our design is created by rerouting axons growing in the unwanted direction back to their original compartment while leaving the other growth direction unaffected. This design yields state-of-the-art levels of directionality without the disadvantages of previously reported technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Renault
- UMR 168 Physico-Chimie Curie, CNRS, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France.
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Jang JM, Lee J, Kim H, Jeon NL, Jung W. One-photon and two-photon stimulation of neurons in a microfluidic culture system. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:1684-1690. [PMID: 27053163 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00065g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate a novel platform for optical stimulation of neural circuits combined with a microfluidic culture method and microelectrode array measurements. Neuron-on-a-chip was designed and fabricated to isolate axons without a soma or dendrite. Thus, it is readily able to manipulate the neuronal alignment and to investigate the neuronal activity at the locations we want to observe. We adapted the optical stimulation technique to the arranged neurons to generate the neuronal signals in a non-invasive fashion. A blue light-emitting diode and a femtosecond laser with 780 nm center wavelength were used for neuronal activation and the corresponding neuronal signals were measured by MEAs at the same time. We found that one-photon light via caged glutamate provoked periodic spiking. In contrast, the femtosecond pulse irradiation generated repetitive firing at constant rates. Response times of one-photon and two-photon stimulation were around 200 ms and 50 ms, respectively. We also quantified neural responses, by varying optical parameters such as exposure time and irradiation power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Myung Jang
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghyeon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyeongeun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea. and Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woonggyu Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea. and Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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Métens S, Monceau P, Renault R, Bottani S. Finite-size effects and dynamics of giant transition of a continuum quorum percolation model on random networks. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:032112. [PMID: 27078297 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.032112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We start from a continuous extension of a mean field approach of the quorum percolation model, accounting for the response of in vitro neuronal cultures, to carry out a normal form analysis of the critical behavior. We highlight the effects of nonlinearities associated with this mean field approach even in the close vicinity of the critical point. Statistical properties of random networks with Gaussian in-degree are related to the outcoming links distribution. Finite size analysis of explicit Monte Carlo simulations enables us to confirm the relevance of the mean field approach on such networks and to show that the order parameter is weakly self-averaging; dynamical relaxation is investigated. Furthermore we derive a mean field equation taking into account the effect of inhibitory neurons and discuss the equivalence with a purely excitatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Métens
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes UMR CNRS 7057, Université Paris 7, Paris Diderot, France
| | - P Monceau
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes UMR CNRS 7057, Université Paris 7, Paris Diderot, France.,Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne, France
| | - R Renault
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes UMR CNRS 7057, Université Paris 7, Paris Diderot, France
| | - S Bottani
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes UMR CNRS 7057, Université Paris 7, Paris Diderot, France
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Ollé-Vila A, Duran-Nebreda S, Conde-Pueyo N, Montañez R, Solé R. A morphospace for synthetic organs and organoids: the possible and the actual. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 8:485-503. [PMID: 27032985 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00324e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Efforts in evolutionary developmental biology have shed light on how organs are developed and why evolution has selected some structures instead of others. These advances in the understanding of organogenesis along with the most recent techniques of organotypic cultures, tissue bioprinting and synthetic biology provide the tools to hack the physical and genetic constraints in organ development, thus opening new avenues for research in the form of completely designed or merely altered settings. Here we propose a unifying framework that connects the concept of morphospace (i.e. the space of possible structures) with synthetic biology and tissue engineering. We aim for a synthesis that incorporates our understanding of both evolutionary and architectural constraints and can be used as a guide for exploring alternative design principles to build artificial organs and organoids. We present a three-dimensional morphospace incorporating three key features associated to organ and organoid complexity. The axes of this space include the degree of complexity introduced by developmental mechanisms required to build the structure, its potential to store and react to information and the underlying physical state. We suggest that a large fraction of this space is empty, and that the void might offer clues for alternative ways of designing and even inventing new organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Ollé-Vila
- ICREA-Complex Systems Lab, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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le Feber J, Postma W, de Weerd E, Weusthof M, Rutten WLC. Barbed channels enhance unidirectional connectivity between neuronal networks cultured on multi electrode arrays. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:412. [PMID: 26578869 PMCID: PMC4630305 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultured neurons on multi electrode arrays (MEAs) have been widely used to study various aspects of neuronal (network) functioning. A possible drawback of this approach is the lack of structure in these networks. At the single cell level, several solutions have been proposed to enable directed connectivity, and promising results were obtained. At the level of connected sub-populations, a few attempts have been made with promising results. First assessment of the designs' functionality, however, suggested room for further improvement. We designed a two chamber MEA aiming to create a unidirectional connection between the networks in both chambers (“emitting” and “receiving”). To achieve this unidirectionality, all interconnecting channels contained barbs that hindered axon growth in the opposite direction (from receiving to emitting chamber). Visual inspection showed that axons predominantly grew through the channels in the promoted direction. This observation was confirmed by spontaneous activity recordings. Cross-correlation between the signals from two electrodes inside the channels suggested signal propagation at ≈2 m/s from emitting to receiving chamber. Cross-correlation between the firing patterns in both chambers indicated that most correlated activity was initiated in the emitting chamber, which was also reflected by a significantly lower fraction of partial bursts (i.e., a one-chamber-only burst) in the emitting chamber. Finally, electrical stimulation in the emitting chamber induced a fast response in that chamber, and a slower response in the receiving chamber. Stimulation in the receiving chamber evoked a fast response in that chamber, but no response in the emitting chamber. These results confirm the predominantly unidirectional nature of the connecting channels from emitting to receiving chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost le Feber
- Biomedical Signals and Systems, University of Twente Enschede, Netherlands ; Clinical Neurophysiology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Wybren Postma
- Biomedical Signals and Systems, University of Twente Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Eddy de Weerd
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, University of Twente Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Marcel Weusthof
- Biomedical Signals and Systems, University of Twente Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Wim L C Rutten
- Biomedical Signals and Systems, University of Twente Enschede, Netherlands
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