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Keshtkaran M, Hassanpour S, Asadollahi KP, Zendehdel M. Effects of in ovo injection of the L-carnosine on physiological indexes of neonatal broiler chicken. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103380. [PMID: 38198911 PMCID: PMC10825529 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present investigation was to ascertain the impact of in ovo administration of L-carnosine on physiological indicators in neonatal broiler chickens. A total of 280 viable broiler eggs were allocated to 7 distinct groups: control, Sham in ovo injection of sterile water on d 7 of incubation. Groups 3 and 4 were subjected to in ovo injections of L-carnosine (25 and 50 µg) on d 7 of incubation. Group 5, functioning as a sham in ovo, received an injection of sterile water on d 18 of incubation. Groups 6 and 7 were in ovo injected with L-carnosine (25 and 50 µg) on d 18 of incubation. All eggs were subjected to incubation, and the hatching rate and body weight were measured post-hatch. Subsequently, blood samples were collected, and the levels of biochemical constituents in the serum were determined. Based on the outcomes, the administration of L-carnosine (50 µg) on d 7 of incubation led to a significant increase in post-hatch body weight compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The in ovo injection of L-carnosine (25 and 50 µg) on d 7 and 18 of incubation resulted in a significant decrease in the levels of serum glucose, triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), phosphorus (P), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT) in the newly hatched chickens (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the in-ovo injection of L-carnosine (25 and 50 µg) on d 7 and 18 of incubation led to a significant increase in the levels of serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL), calcium, and total protein (TP) in the newly hatched chickens (P < 0.05). Nonetheless, L-carnosine did not have a significant effect on the levels of serum IgY and IgA in the newly hatched chickens (P > 0.05). These findings indicate that the in ovo administration of L-carnosine yielded favorable outcomes in neonatal broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahta Keshtkaran
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Hassanpour
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kaveh Parvandar Asadollahi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Zendehdel
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, 14155-6453 Tehran, Iran
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Meftahi GH, Jahromi GP. Biochemical Mechanisms of Beneficial Effects of Beta-Alanine Supplements on Cognition. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1181-1190. [PMID: 37758316 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923080114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Using nutritional interventions to cure and manage psychiatric disorders is a promising tool. In this regard, accumulating documents support strong relationships between the diet and brain health throughout the lifespan. Evidence from animal and human studies demonstrated that β-alanine (Beta-alanine; BA), a natural amino acid, provides several benefits in fight against cognitive decline promoting mental health. This review summarizes and reports state-of-the-art evidence on how BA affects cognitive health and argues existence of potential unrevealed biochemical mechanisms and signaling cascades. There is a growing body of evidence showing that BA supplement has a significant role in mental health mediating increase of the cell carnosine and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) content. BDNF is one of the most studied neurotrophins in the mammalian brain, which activates several downstream functional cascades via the tropomyosin-related kinase receptor type B (TrkB). Activation of TrkB induces diverse processes, such as programmed cell death and neuronal viability, dendritic branching growth, dendritic spine formation and stabilization, synaptic development, cognitive-related processes, and synaptic plasticity. Carnosine exerts its main effect via its antioxidant properties. This critical antioxidant also scavenges hypochlorous acid (HOCl), another toxic species produced in mammalian cells. Carnosine regulates transcription of hundreds of genes related to antioxidant mechanisms by increasing expression of the nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and translocating Nrf2 to the nucleus. Another major protective effect of carnosine on the central nervous system (CNS) is related to its anti-glycating, anti-aggregate activities, anti-inflammatory, metal ion chelator activity, and regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. These effects could be associated with the carnosine ability to form complexes with metal ions, particularly with zinc (Zn2+). Thus, it seems that BA via BDNF and carnosine mechanisms may improve brain health and cognitive function over the entire human lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholam Hossein Meftahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Gila Pirzad Jahromi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Cesak O, Vostalova J, Vidlar A, Bastlova P, Student V. Carnosine and Beta-Alanine Supplementation in Human Medicine: Narrative Review and Critical Assessment. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071770. [PMID: 37049610 PMCID: PMC10096773 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The dipeptide carnosine is a physiologically important molecule in the human body, commonly found in skeletal muscle and brain tissue. Beta-alanine is a limiting precursor of carnosine and is among the most used sports supplements for improving athletic performance. However, carnosine, its metabolite N-acetylcarnosine, and the synthetic derivative zinc-L-carnosine have recently been gaining popularity as supplements in human medicine. These molecules have a wide range of effects—principally with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiglycation, anticarbonylation, calcium-regulatory, immunomodulatory and chelating properties. This review discusses results from recent studies focusing on the impact of this supplementation in several areas of human medicine. We queried PubMed, Web of Science, the National Library of Medicine and the Cochrane Library, employing a search strategy using database-specific keywords. Evidence showed that the supplementation had a beneficial impact in the prevention of sarcopenia, the preservation of cognitive abilities and the improvement of neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, the improvement of diabetes mellitus parameters and symptoms of oral mucositis was seen, as well as the regression of esophagitis and taste disorders after chemotherapy, the protection of the gastrointestinal mucosa and the support of Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment. However, in the areas of senile cataracts, cardiovascular disease, schizophrenia and autistic disorders, the results are inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Cesak
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Olomouc, 775 20 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Vostalova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Vidlar
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Olomouc, 775 20 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Bastlova
- Department of Rehabilitaion, University Hospital Olomouc, 775 20 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Student
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Olomouc, 775 20 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Ostfeld I, Ben-Zeev T, Zamir A, Levi C, Gepner Y, Springer S, Hoffman JR. Role of β-Alanine Supplementation on Cognitive Function, Mood, and Physical Function in Older Adults; Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040923. [PMID: 36839281 PMCID: PMC9960300 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated 10 weeks of β-alanine (BA) supplementation on changes in cognitive function, mood, and physical performance in 100 older adults (70.6 ± 8.7 y). Participants were randomized into a BA (2.4 g·d-1) or placebo (PL) group. Testing occurred prior to supplementation (PRE), at the midpoint (MID), and at week-10 (POST). Participants completed cognitive function assessments, including the Montreal cognitive assessment (MOCA) and the Stroop pattern recognition test, at each testing session. Behavioral questionnaires [i.e., the profile of mood states, geriatric depression scale (GDS), and geriatric anxiety scale (GAS)] and physical function assessments (grip strength and timed sit-to-stand) were also conducted. No difference between groups was noted in MoCA scores (p = 0.19). However, when examining participants whose MOCA scores at PRE were at or below normal (i.e., ≤26), participants in BA experienced significant improvements in MOCA scores at MID (13.6%, p = 0.009) and POST (11.8%, p = 0.016), compared to PL. No differences were noted in mood scores, GAS, or any of the physical performance measures. A significant decrease was observed in the GDS for participants consuming BA but not in PL. Results suggested that BA supplementation can improve cognitive function in older adults whose cognitive function at baseline was at or below normal and possibly reduce depression scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishay Ostfeld
- School of Health Science, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Tavor Ben-Zeev
- School of Health Science, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Amit Zamir
- School of Health Science, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Chagai Levi
- School of Health Science, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Yftach Gepner
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Shmuel Springer
- School of Health Science, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Jay R. Hoffman
- School of Health Science, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
- Correspondence:
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Ahmed A, Afzaal M, Ali SW, Muzammil HS, Masood A, Saleem MA, Saeed F, Hussain M, Rasheed A, Al Jbawi E. Effect of vegan diet (VD) on sports performance: a mechanistic review of metabolic cascades. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2120495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Ahmed
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzaal
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shinawar Waseem Ali
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Shehzad Muzammil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ammar Masood
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Awais Saleem
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muzzamal Hussain
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Amara Rasheed
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Bardin S, Lecis M, Boido D, Boutin C, Baron G, Aldini G, Berthault P, Boumezbeur F, Ciobanu L. In vivo detection of carnosine and its derivatives using chemical exchange saturation transfer. Magn Reson Med 2022; 88:1314-1323. [PMID: 35526234 PMCID: PMC9320878 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To detect carnosine, anserine and homocarnosine in vivo with chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) at 17.2 T. Methods CEST MR acquisitions were performed using a CEST‐linescan sequence developed in‐house and optimized for carnosine detection. In vivo CEST data were collected from three different regions of interest (the lower leg muscle, the olfactory bulb and the neocortex) of eight rats. Results The CEST effect for carnosine, anserine and homocarnosine was characterized in phantoms, demonstrating the possibility to separate individual contributions by employing high spectral resolution (0.005 ppm) and low CEST saturation power (0.15 μT). The CEST signature of these peptides was evidenced, in vivo, in the rat brain and skeletal muscle. The presence of carnosine and anserine in the muscle was corroborated by in vivo localized spectroscopy (MRS). However, the sensitivity of MRS was insufficient for carnosine and homocarnosine detection in the brain. The absolute amounts of carnosine and derivatives in the investigated tissues were determined by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry using isotopic dilution standard methods and were in agreement with the CEST results. Conclusion The robustness of the CEST‐linescan approach and the favorable conditions for CEST at ultra‐high magnetic field allowed the in vivo CEST MR detection of carnosine and related peptides. This approach could be useful to investigate noninvasively the (patho)‐physiological roles of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Bardin
- NeuroSpin, UMR CEA/CNRS 9027 Paris‐Saclay University Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| | - Michele Lecis
- NeuroSpin, UMR CEA/CNRS 9027 Paris‐Saclay University Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| | - Davide Boido
- NeuroSpin, UMR CEA/CNRS 9027 Paris‐Saclay University Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| | - Céline Boutin
- IRAMIS, NIMBE, UMR CEA/CNRS 3685 Laboratoire Structure et Dynamique par Résonance Magnétique Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| | - Giovanna Baron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section "Pietro Pratesi” University of Milan Milan Italy
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section "Pietro Pratesi” University of Milan Milan Italy
| | - Patrick Berthault
- IRAMIS, NIMBE, UMR CEA/CNRS 3685 Laboratoire Structure et Dynamique par Résonance Magnétique Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| | - Fawzi Boumezbeur
- NeuroSpin, UMR CEA/CNRS 9027 Paris‐Saclay University Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| | - Luisa Ciobanu
- NeuroSpin, UMR CEA/CNRS 9027 Paris‐Saclay University Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
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Solana-Manrique C, Sanz FJ, Martínez-Carrión G, Paricio N. Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects of Carnosine: Therapeutic Implications in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050848. [PMID: 35624713 PMCID: PMC9137727 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) constitute a global challenge to human health and an important social and economic burden worldwide, mainly due to their growing prevalence in an aging population and to their associated disabilities. Despite their differences at the clinical level, NDs share fundamental pathological mechanisms such as abnormal protein deposition, intracellular Ca2+ overload, mitochondrial dysfunction, redox homeostasis imbalance and neuroinflammation. Although important progress is being made in deciphering the mechanisms underlying NDs, the availability of effective therapies is still scarce. Carnosine is a natural endogenous molecule that has been extensively studied during the last years due to its promising beneficial effects for human health. It presents multimodal mechanisms of action, being able to exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-aggregate activities, among others. Interestingly, most NDs exhibit oxidative and nitrosative stress, protein aggregation and inflammation as molecular hallmarks. In this review, we discuss the neuroprotective functions of carnosine and its implications as a therapeutic strategy in different NDs. We summarize the existing works that study alterations in carnosine metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, the two most common NDs. In addition, we review the beneficial effect that carnosine supplementation presents in models of such diseases as well as in aging-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Solana-Manrique
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (C.S.-M.); (F.J.S.); (G.M.-C.)
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Francisco José Sanz
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (C.S.-M.); (F.J.S.); (G.M.-C.)
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Guillermo Martínez-Carrión
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (C.S.-M.); (F.J.S.); (G.M.-C.)
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Nuria Paricio
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (C.S.-M.); (F.J.S.); (G.M.-C.)
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-96-354-3005; Fax: +34-96-354-3029
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Benefits of a plant-based diet and considerations for the athlete. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1163-1178. [PMID: 35150294 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04902-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Individuals may opt to follow a plant-based diet for a variety of reasons, such as religious practices, health benefits or concerns for animal or environmental welfare. Such diets offer a broad spectrum of health benefits including aiding in the prevention and management of chronic diseases. In addition to health benefits, a plant-based diet may provide performance-enhancing effects for various types of exercise due to high carbohydrate levels and the high concentration of antioxidants and phytochemicals found in a plant-based diet. However, some plant-based foods also contain anti-nutrional factors, such as phytate and tannins, which decrease the bioavailability of key nutrients, such as iron, zinc, and protein. Thus, plant-based diets must be carefully planned to ensure adequate intake and absorption of energy and all essential nutrients. The current narrative review summarizes the current state of the research concerning the implications of a plant-based diet for health and exercise performance. It also outlines strategies to enhance the bioavailability of nutrients, sources of hard-to-get nutrients, and sport supplements that could interest plant-based athletes.
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Brunyé TT, Yau K, Okano K, Elliott G, Olenich S, Giles GE, Navarro E, Elkin-Frankston S, Young AL, Miller EL. Toward Predicting Human Performance Outcomes From Wearable Technologies: A Computational Modeling Approach. Front Physiol 2021; 12:738973. [PMID: 34566701 PMCID: PMC8458818 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.738973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wearable technologies for measuring digital and chemical physiology are pervading the consumer market and hold potential to reliably classify states of relevance to human performance including stress, sleep deprivation, and physical exertion. The ability to efficiently and accurately classify physiological states based on wearable devices is improving. However, the inherent variability of human behavior within and across individuals makes it challenging to predict how identified states influence human performance outcomes of relevance to military operations and other high-stakes domains. We describe a computational modeling approach to address this challenge, seeking to translate user states obtained from a variety of sources including wearable devices into relevant and actionable insights across the cognitive and physical domains. Three status predictors were considered: stress level, sleep status, and extent of physical exertion; these independent variables were used to predict three human performance outcomes: reaction time, executive function, and perceptuo-motor control. The approach provides a complete, conditional probabilistic model of the performance variables given the status predictors. Construction of the model leverages diverse raw data sources to estimate marginal probability density functions for each of six independent and dependent variables of interest using parametric modeling and maximum likelihood estimation. The joint distributions among variables were optimized using an adaptive LASSO approach based on the strength and directionality of conditional relationships (effect sizes) derived from meta-analyses of extant research. The model optimization process converged on solutions that maintain the integrity of the original marginal distributions and the directionality and robustness of conditional relationships. The modeling framework described provides a flexible and extensible solution for human performance prediction, affording efficient expansion with additional independent and dependent variables of interest, ingestion of new raw data, and extension to two- and three-way interactions among independent variables. Continuing work includes model expansion to multiple independent and dependent variables, real-time model stimulation by wearable devices, individualized and small-group prediction, and laboratory and field validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tad T Brunyé
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army DEVCOM Soldier Center, Natick, MA, United States.,Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Kenny Yau
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Kana Okano
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Grace Elliott
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Sara Olenich
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Grace E Giles
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army DEVCOM Soldier Center, Natick, MA, United States.,Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Ester Navarro
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Seth Elkin-Frankston
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army DEVCOM Soldier Center, Natick, MA, United States.,Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Alexander L Young
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Eric L Miller
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
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10
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Honceriu C, Curpan AS, Ciobica A, Ciobica A, Trus C, Timofte D. Connections between Different Sports and Ergogenic Aids-Focusing on Salivary Cortisol and Amylase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57080753. [PMID: 34440959 PMCID: PMC8400367 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57080753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Athletes are exposed to a tremendous amount of stress, both physically and mentally, when performing high intensity sports with frequent practices, pushing numerous athletes into choose to use ergogenic aids such as caffeine or β-alanine to significantly improve their performance and ease the stress and pressure that is put onto the body. The beneficial or even detrimental effects of these so-called ergogenic aids can be appreciated through the use of numerous diagnostic tools that can analyze various body fluids. In the recent years, saliva samples are gaining more ground in the field of diagnostic as it is a non-invasive procedure, contains a tremendous amount of analytes that are subject to pathophysiological changes caused by diseases, exercises, fatigue as well as nutrition and hydration. Thus, we describe here the current progress regarding potential novel biomarkers for stress and physical activity, salivary α-amylase and salivary cortisol, as well as their use and measurement in combination with different already-known or new ergogenic aids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezar Honceriu
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, B dul Carol I, No 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Alexandrina-Stefania Curpan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, B dul Carol I, No 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Alin Ciobica
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, B dul Carol I, No 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
- Center of Biomedical Research, Romanian Academy, B dul Carol I, No 8, 700505 Iasi, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Splaiul Independentei nr. 54, Sector 5, 050094 Bucuresti, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Andrei Ciobica
- Department of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16, Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.C.); (D.T.)
| | - Constantin Trus
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dunarea de Jos University, 800008 Galati, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Daniel Timofte
- Department of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16, Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.C.); (D.T.)
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11
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Jukić I, Kolobarić N, Stupin A, Matić A, Kozina N, Mihaljević Z, Mihalj M, Šušnjara P, Stupin M, Ćurić ŽB, Selthofer-Relatić K, Kibel A, Lukinac A, Kolar L, Kralik G, Kralik Z, Széchenyi A, Jozanović M, Galović O, Medvidović-Kosanović M, Drenjančević I. Carnosine, Small but Mighty-Prospect of Use as Functional Ingredient for Functional Food Formulation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1037. [PMID: 34203479 PMCID: PMC8300828 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosine is a dipeptide synthesized in the body from β-alanine and L-histidine. It is found in high concentrations in the brain, muscle, and gastrointestinal tissues of humans and is present in all vertebrates. Carnosine has a number of beneficial antioxidant properties. For example, carnosine scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as alpha-beta unsaturated aldehydes created by peroxidation of fatty acid cell membranes during oxidative stress. Carnosine can oppose glycation, and it can chelate divalent metal ions. Carnosine alleviates diabetic nephropathy by protecting podocyte and mesangial cells, and can slow down aging. Its component, the amino acid beta-alanine, is particularly interesting as a dietary supplement for athletes because it increases muscle carnosine, and improves effectiveness of exercise and stimulation and contraction in muscles. Carnosine is widely used among athletes in the form of supplements, but rarely in the population of cardiovascular or diabetic patients. Much less is known, if any, about its potential use in enriched food. In the present review, we aimed to provide recent knowledge on carnosine properties and distribution, its metabolism (synthesis and degradation), and analytical methods for carnosine determination, since one of the difficulties is the measurement of carnosine concentration in human samples. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms of carnosine's biological effects in musculature, metabolism and on immunomodulation are discussed. Finally, this review provides a section on carnosine supplementation in the form of functional food and potential health benefits and up to the present, neglected clinical use of carnosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jukić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
| | - Nikolina Kolobarić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
| | - Ana Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Pathophysiology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10E, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anita Matić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
| | - Nataša Kozina
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
| | - Zrinka Mihaljević
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
| | - Martina Mihalj
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Petar Šušnjara
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
| | - Marko Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Željka Breškić Ćurić
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital Vinkovci, Zvonarska 57, HR-32100 Vinkovci, Croatia
| | - Kristina Selthofer-Relatić
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department for Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Kibel
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anamarija Lukinac
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Clinical Hospital Center Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Luka Kolar
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vukovar General Hospital, HR-32000 Vukovar, Croatia
| | - Gordana Kralik
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Nutricin j.d.o.o. Darda, HR-31326 Darda, Croatia
| | - Zlata Kralik
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Animal Production and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Széchenyi
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marija Jozanović
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Olivera Galović
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Martina Medvidović-Kosanović
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Drenjančević
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.J.); (N.K.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (N.K.); (Z.M.); (M.M.); (P.Š.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (Ž.B.Ć.); (K.S.-R.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (G.K.); (Z.K.); (A.S.); (M.J.); (O.G.); (M.M.-K.)
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Menon K, Cameron JD, de Courten M, de Courten B. Use of carnosine in the prevention of cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese individuals: study protocol for a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e043680. [PMID: 33986049 PMCID: PMC8126302 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Carnosine, an over the counter food supplement, has been shown to improve glucose metabolism as well as cardiovascular risk factors in animal and human studies through its anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antiglycating and chelating properties. The aim of this study is to establish if carnosine supplementation improves obesity, insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, cardiovascular risk factors including arterial stiffness and endothelial function, and other risk factors related to diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the overweight and obese population. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Fifty participants will be recruited to be enrolled in a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Eligible participants with a body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 40 kg/m2 will be randomly assigned to the intervention or placebo group. Following a medical review and oral glucose tolerance test to check eligibility, participants will then undergo testing. At baseline, participants will have anthropometric measurements (BMI, dual X-ray absorptiometry and peripheral quantitative CT scan), measurements of glucose metabolism (oral glucose tolerance test, intravenous glucose tolerance test and euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp), cardiovascular measurements (central blood pressure, endothelial function and arterial stiffness), a muscle and fat biopsy, physical activity measurement, liver fibroscan, cognitive function and questionnaires to assess dietary habits, sleep quality, depression, and quality of life. Following baseline assessments, participants will be randomised to either 2 g carnosine or placebo for 15 weeks. In the 15th week, all assessments will be repeated. The preplanned outcome metric is the change between baseline and follow-up measures. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study is approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Monash Health and Monash University, Australia. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02686996.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirthi Menon
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James D Cameron
- MonashHeart and Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maximilian de Courten
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Mitchell Institute, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbora de Courten
- School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Caldo-Silva A, Furtado GE, Chupel MU, Bachi ALL, de Barros MP, Neves R, Marzetti E, Massart A, Teixeira AM. Effect of Training-Detraining Phases of Multicomponent Exercises and BCAA Supplementation on Inflammatory Markers and Albumin Levels in Frail Older Persons. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041106. [PMID: 33800577 PMCID: PMC8066027 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, it is accepted that the regular practice of exercise and branched-chain amino acids supplementation (BCAAs) can benefit the immune responses in older persons, prevent the occurrence of physical frailty (PF), cognitive decline, and aging-related comorbidities. However, the impact of their combination (as non-pharmacological interventions) in albumin and the inflammatory markers is not fully understood. Therefore, we investigated the effect of a 40-week multifactorial intervention [MIP, multicomponent exercise (ME) associated or not with BCAAs] on plasma levels of inflammatory markers and albumin in frail older persons (≥75 years old) living at residential care homes (RCH). This study consisted of a prospective, naturalistic, controlled clinical trial with four arms of multifactorial and experimental (interventions-wahshout-interventions) design. The intervention groups were ME + BCAAs (n = 8), ME (n = 7), BCAAs (n = 7), and control group (n = 13). Lower limb muscle-strength, cognitive profile, and PF tests were concomitantly evaluated with plasma levels of albumin, anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines [Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) respectively], TNF-α/IL-10 ratio, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity at four different time-points: Baseline (T1), after 16 weeks of multifactorial intervention (T2), then after a subsequent 8 weeks washout period (T3) and finally, after an additional 16 weeks of multifactorial intervention (T4). Improvement of cognitive profile and muscle strength-related albumin levels, as well as reduction in the TNF-α levels were found particularly in ME plus BCAAs group. No significant variations were observed over time for TNF-α/IL-10 ratio or MPO activity. Overall, the study showed that MIP triggered slight alterations in the inflammatory and physical function of the frail older participants, which could provide independence and higher quality of life for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Caldo-Silva
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education—(FCDEF-UC), 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.N.); (A.M.); (A.M.T.)
- Research Centre for Sport and Physical Activity, CIDAF-FCDEF-UC, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (A.C.-S.); (G.E.F.)
| | - Guilherme Eustáquio Furtado
- Research Centre for Sport and Physical Activity, CIDAF-FCDEF-UC, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISAE), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3000-232 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.-S.); (G.E.F.)
| | - Matheus Uba Chupel
- Research Centre for Sport and Physical Activity, CIDAF-FCDEF-UC, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - André L. L. Bachi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04025-002, Brazil;
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo 04829-300, Brazil
| | - Marcelo P. de Barros
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), Interdisciplinary Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo 01506-000, Brazil;
| | - Rafael Neves
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education—(FCDEF-UC), 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.N.); (A.M.); (A.M.T.)
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Alain Massart
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education—(FCDEF-UC), 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.N.); (A.M.); (A.M.T.)
- Research Centre for Sport and Physical Activity, CIDAF-FCDEF-UC, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Ana Maria Teixeira
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education—(FCDEF-UC), 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.N.); (A.M.); (A.M.T.)
- Research Centre for Sport and Physical Activity, CIDAF-FCDEF-UC, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal;
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Wells AJ, Varanoske AN, Coker NA, Kozlowski GJ, Frosti CL, Boffey D, Harat I, Jahani S, Gepner Y, Hoffman JR. Effect of β-Alanine Supplementation on Monocyte Recruitment and Cognition During a 24-Hour Simulated Military Operation. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:3042-3054. [PMID: 33105353 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Wells, AJ, Varanoske, AN, Coker, NA, Kozlowski, GJ, Frosti, CL, Boffey, D, Harat, I, Jahani, S, Gepner, Y, and Hoffman, JR. Effect of β-alanine supplementation on monocyte recruitment and cognition during a 24-hour simulated military operation. J Strength Cond Res 34(11): 3042-3054, 2020-Sustained military operations (SUSOPs) result in psychological stress and cognitive dysfunction, which may be related to the recruitment of classical monocytes into the brain. This study examined the effect of beta-alanine (BA) on cognition and monocyte recruitment during a simulated 24-hour SUSOP. Nineteen healthy men ingested 12-g/d BA or placebo for 14 days before an SUSOP. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), C-C chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2), and macrophage-1-antigen (CD11b) expression were assessed through multiplex assay and flow cytometry. Psychological stress and cognition were assessed through Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM). A composite measure of cognition (COGcomp) was generated from throughput scores extracted from 7 ANAM cognitive tests. Assessments occurred at baseline (0H), 12 hours (12H), 18 hours (18H), and 24 hours (24H). Significance was accepted at p ≤ 0.05. No significant effect of BA was noted for any variable (p's > 0.05). The frequency and severity of symptoms of psychological stress increased significantly at 18 and 24H compared with 0 and 12H (p's < 0.05). COGcomp decreased significantly at 18 and 24H compared with 0 and 12H (p's ≤ 0.001). MCP-1 peaked at 18H was significantly lower at 24H compared with 18H but remained elevated at 24H compared with 0H (p's < 0.001). CCR2 expression was significantly lower at 12 (p = 0.031), 18, and 24H (p's < 0.001). CD11b expression was significantly higher at 12H (p = 0.039) and 24H (p's = 0.003). MCP-1 was negatively associated with COGcomp (β = -0.395, p = 0.002, r2 = 0.174). Neither CCR2 or CD11b was related to COGcomp (p's > 0.05). Cognitive dysfunction during SUSOPs is related to serum concentrations of MCP-1 but is not influenced by BA supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Wells
- Institute of Exercise Physiology & Rehabilitation Science, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Alyssa N Varanoske
- Institute of Exercise Physiology & Rehabilitation Science, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Nicholas A Coker
- Institute of Exercise Physiology & Rehabilitation Science, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Gregory J Kozlowski
- Institute of Exercise Physiology & Rehabilitation Science, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Cheyanne L Frosti
- Institute of Exercise Physiology & Rehabilitation Science, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - David Boffey
- Institute of Exercise Physiology & Rehabilitation Science, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Idan Harat
- Institute of Exercise Physiology & Rehabilitation Science, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Shiva Jahani
- Accreditation, Assessment and Analytics, College of Community Innovation and Education, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Yftach Gepner
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, and Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; and
| | - Jay R Hoffman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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Chmielewska K, Dzierzbicka K, Inkielewicz-Stępniak I, Przybyłowska M. Therapeutic Potential of Carnosine and Its Derivatives in the Treatment of Human Diseases. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1561-1578. [PMID: 32202758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant progress in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, their occurrence and mortality are still high around the world. The resistance of cancer cells to the drugs remains a significant problem in oncology today, while in the case of neuro-degenerative diseases, therapies reversing the process are still yet to be found. Furthermore, it is important to seek new chemotherapeutics reversing side effects of currently used drugs or helping them perform their function to inhibit progression of the disease. Carnosine, a dipeptide constisting of β-alanine and l-histidine, has a variety of functions to mention: antioxidant, antiglycation, and reducing the toxicity of metal ions. It has therefore been proposed to act as a therapeutic agent for many pathological states. The aim of this paper was to find if carnosine and its derivatives can be helpful in treating various diseases. Literature search presented in this review includes review and original papers found in SciFinder, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Searches were based on substantial keywords concerning therapeutic usage of carnosine and its derivatives in several diseases including neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. In this paper, we review articles and find that carnosine and its derivatives are potential therapeutic agents in many diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and schizophrenia. Carnosine and its derivatives can be used in treating neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, diabetes, or schizophrenia, although their usage is limited. Therefore, there's an urge to synthesize and analyze new substances, overcoming the limitation of carnosine itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Chmielewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk 80-233, Poland
| | - Krystyna Dzierzbicka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk 80-233, Poland
| | - Iwona Inkielewicz-Stępniak
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-211, Poland
| | - Maja Przybyłowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk 80-233, Poland
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Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Non-invasive Method to Quantify Muscle Carnosine in Humans: a Comprehensive Validity Assessment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4908. [PMID: 32184463 PMCID: PMC7078313 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61587-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosine is a dipeptide abundantly found in human skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and neuronal cells having numerous properties that confers performance enhancing effects, as well as a wide-range of potential therapeutic applications. A reliable and valid method for tissue carnosine quantification is crucial for advancing the knowledge on biological processes involved with carnosine metabolism. In this regard, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) has been used as a non-invasive alternative to quantify carnosine in human skeletal muscle. However, carnosine quantification by 1H-MRS has some potential limitations that warrant a thorough experimental examination of its validity. The present investigation examined the reliability, accuracy and sensitivity for the determination of muscle carnosine in humans using in vitro and in vivo experiments and comparing it to reference method for carnosine quantification (high-performance liquid chromatography - HPLC). We used in vitro 1H-MRS to verify signal linearity and possible noise sources. Carnosine was determined in the m. gastrocnemius by 1H-MRS and HPLC to compare signal quality and convergent validity. 1H-MRS showed adequate discriminant validity, but limited reliability and poor agreement with a reference method. Low signal amplitude, low signal-to-noise ratio, and voxel repositioning are major sources of error.
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17
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Varanoske AN, Wells AJ, Boffey D, Harat I, Frosti CL, Kozlowski GJ, Gepner Y, Hoffman JR. Effects of High-Dose, Short-Duration β-Alanine Supplementation on Cognitive Function, Mood, and Circulating Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor (BDNF) in Recreationally-Active Males Before Simulated Military Operational Stress. J Diet Suppl 2020; 18:147-168. [DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1733730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa N. Varanoske
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Adam J. Wells
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - David Boffey
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Idan Harat
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Cheyanne L. Frosti
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Gregory J. Kozlowski
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Yftach Gepner
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jay R. Hoffman
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Schön M, Mousa A, Berk M, Chia WL, Ukropec J, Majid A, Ukropcová B, de Courten B. The Potential of Carnosine in Brain-Related Disorders: A Comprehensive Review of Current Evidence. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061196. [PMID: 31141890 PMCID: PMC6627134 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders represent a serious burden because of their increasing prevalence, risk of disability, and the lack of effective causal/disease-modifying treatments. There is a growing body of evidence indicating potentially favourable effects of carnosine, which is an over-the-counter food supplement, in peripheral tissues. Although most studies to date have focused on the role of carnosine in metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, the physiological presence of this di-peptide and its analogues in the brain together with their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier as well as evidence from in vitro, animal, and human studies suggest carnosine as a promising therapeutic target in brain disorders. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of carnosine in neurological, neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders, summarizing current evidence from cell, animal, and human cross-sectional, longitudinal studies, and randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schön
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia.
- Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 81439 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Aya Mousa
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia.
| | - Michael Berk
- School of Medicine, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
- Orygen, The Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, the Department of Psychiatry and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Wern L Chia
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia.
| | - Jozef Ukropec
- Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 81439 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Arshad Majid
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK.
| | - Barbara Ukropcová
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia.
- Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 81439 Bratislava, Slovakia.
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University, 81469 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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Gonçalves LDS, Franchi M, Mathor MB, Lugao AB, Carvalho VH, Medeiros MHG, Artioli GG, Varca GHC. The molecular structure of β-alanine is resistant to sterilising doses of gamma radiation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210713. [PMID: 30645623 PMCID: PMC6333371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
β-alanine is the rate-limiting point for the endogenous synthesis of carnosine in skeletal muscle. Carnosine has a wide range of implications for health, normal function and exercise performance. Whilst the physiological relevance of carnosine to different tissues remains enigmatic, β-alanine administration is a useful strategy to investigate the physiological roles of carnosine in humans. Intravenous administration of β-alanine is an interesting approach to study carnosine metabolism. However, sterilisation is mandatory due to the nature of the administration route. We evaluated whether sterilising doses of gamma radiation damages the molecular structure and leads to the loss of functional characteristics of β-alanine. Pure β-alanine was sterilised by gamma radiation in sealed glass vials using a 60Co multipurpose irradiator at a dose rate of 8.5 kGy.hour-1 totalising 10, 20, 25 30 and 40 kGy. The molecular integrity was assessed by X-ray Diffraction and changes in content were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UV-HPLC) and Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (HPLC/MS-MS). Sterility assurance was evaluated by inoculation assay. To examine whether functional properties were preserved, β-alanine was infused in one participant, who rated the level of paraesthesia on the skin using a 0-3 scale. Urinary β-alanine was quantified before and 24-h following β-alanine infusion using HPLC-ESI+-MS/MS. Irradiation resulted in no change in the crystal structure of β-alanine, no degradation, and no new peaks were identified in the dose range assayed. The inoculation assay showed the absence of viable microorganisms in all β-alanine samples, including those that did not undergo irradiation. Intravenous infusion of β-alanine resulted in paraesthesia and it detected in the urine as per normal. We conclude that gamma radiation is a suitable technique for the sterilisation of β-alanine. It does not lead to degradation, damage to the β-alanine structure, content or loss of function within the evaluated irradiation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia de Souza Gonçalves
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Mariana Franchi
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Monica B. Mathor
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Ademar B. Lugao
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Victor H. Carvalho
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Marisa H. G. Medeiros
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Guilherme Giannini Artioli
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| | - Gustavo H. C. Varca
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Arm J, Al-iedani O, Lea R, Lechner-Scott J, Ramadan S. Diurnal variability of cerebral metabolites in healthy human brain with 2D localized correlation spectroscopy (2D L-COSY). J Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 50:592-601. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jameen Arm
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine; University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW Australia
| | - Oun Al-iedani
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine; University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute; New Lambton Heights, Newcastle Australia
| | - Rod Lea
- Hunter Medical Research Institute; New Lambton Heights, Newcastle Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Australia
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- Department of Neurology; John Hunter Hospital; New Lambton Heights, Newcastle Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine; University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW Australia
| | - Saadallah Ramadan
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine; University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute; New Lambton Heights, Newcastle Australia
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21
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Zhou P, Xia D, Xia Y, Zhang H, Wang Y, Tang T, Xu S. Synergistic effect of vancomycin and l-homocarnosine alleviates Staphylococcus aureus-induced osteomyelitis in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 111:31-35. [PMID: 30572244 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteomyelitis is a well-known bone infection in humans. The primary symptoms are fever, pain, weakness, and redness of the bone. l-Homocarnosine is a bioactive peptide abundant in brain and skeletal muscles. The present study evaluated the synergistic effect of vancomycin and l-homocarnosine against osteomyelitis in the Staphylococcus aureus-induced rat model of osteomyelitis. Animals were classified into the following groups: sham (group I), osteomyelitis (group II, control), vancomycin (25 mg/kg body weight, group III), l-homobrassinolide (25 mg/kg body weight, group IV), and vancomycin (25 mg/kg body weight) + l-homobrassinolide (25 mg/kg body weight) (group V). Lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), catalase, reduced glutathione (GSH), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined. Assessments of bacterial growth and histopathological analyses were carried out. Lipid peroxidation, GSH, SOD, catalase, and Gpx levels recovered to near normal levels with the combined treatment of vancomycin and l-homocarnosine. TNF-α and IL-6 levels were reduced to near normal levels. Combined supplementation of vancomycin and l-homocarnosine reduced bacterial growth in bone and wire. Furthermore, bone infections and histopathological scores were also reduced. In summary, we showed that combined treatment of vancomycin and l-homocarnosine was more effective against bacterial growth and bone infection compared to monotherapy with vancomycin or l-homocarnosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panyu Zhou
- Department of Emergency, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Demeng Xia
- Department of Emergency, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Emergency, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hongyue Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Emergency, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Tao Tang
- Department of Emergency, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shuogui Xu
- Department of Emergency, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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22
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Varanoske AN, Wells AJ, Kozlowski GJ, Gepner Y, Frosti CL, Boffey D, Coker NA, Harat I, Hoffman JR. Effects of β-alanine supplementation on physical performance, cognition, endocrine function, and inflammation during a 24 h simulated military operation. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13938. [PMID: 30565426 PMCID: PMC6299243 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained military operations (SUSOPs) are associated with performance decrements and cognitive dysfunction. β-Alanine (BA) supplementation may have a role in increasing soldier resiliency by enhancing muscle-buffering capacity and reducing oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of BA on physical performance, cognition, endocrine function, and inflammation during a 24 h simulated SUSOP. Nineteen males were randomized into one of two groups: BA (n = 10) or placebo (n = 9; PLA) (12 g/day) for 14 days preceding the 24 h SUSOP. Assessments were performed at 0 h (0H), 12 h (12H), and 24 h (24H) during the SUSOP. No changes in visual tracking ability, jump power, or upper-body muscular endurance were observed between groups or time points (P's > 0.05). Increases in subjective feelings of soreness and fatigue were noted at 12H compared to 0H (P < 0.05) in PLA, but not in BA. Visual reaction time for PLA was slower at 24H compared to 0H (P = 0.035), and PLA made more errors on reaction time testing at 12H compared to BA (P = 0.048), but motor reaction time was faster (P = 0.016) for PLA. Simulated litter carry and 1 km run completion times increased at 24H compared to 0H in both groups (P < 0.05), however, PLA had a longer 1 km time compared to BA at 24H (P = 0.050). Increases in inflammatory and endocrine markers were observed over the SUSOP, with no differences between groups. BA supplementation appears to maintain some aspects of cognition and physical performance during a 24 h SUSOP, with no effects on endocrine function or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa N. Varanoske
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Educational and Human Sciences, Sport and Exercise ScienceUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFlorida
| | - Adam J. Wells
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Educational and Human Sciences, Sport and Exercise ScienceUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFlorida
| | - Gregory J. Kozlowski
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Educational and Human Sciences, Sport and Exercise ScienceUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFlorida
| | - Yftach Gepner
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Educational and Human Sciences, Sport and Exercise ScienceUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFlorida
| | - Cheyanne L. Frosti
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Educational and Human Sciences, Sport and Exercise ScienceUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFlorida
| | - David Boffey
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Educational and Human Sciences, Sport and Exercise ScienceUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFlorida
| | - Nicholas A. Coker
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Educational and Human Sciences, Sport and Exercise ScienceUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFlorida
| | - Idan Harat
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Educational and Human Sciences, Sport and Exercise ScienceUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFlorida
| | - Jay R. Hoffman
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Educational and Human Sciences, Sport and Exercise ScienceUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFlorida
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Qi Z, Yu X, Xu P, Hao Y, Pan X, Zhang C. l-Homocarnosine, l-carnosine, and anserine attenuate brain oxidative damage in a pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy model of ovariectomized rats. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:363. [PMID: 30105188 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1357-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the protective effect of l-homocarnosine, l-carnosine, and anserine (HCA) on seizure-induced brain injuries. We evaluated the protective effect of HCA on brain oxidative damage in a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced epilepsy model using ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The experimental groups were as follows: group I, sham; group II, sham + PTZ; group III, sham + HCA + PTZ; group IV, OVX; group V, OVZ + PTZ; and group VI, OVX + HCA + PTZ. We determined the levels of lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and thiol in brain hippocampal and cortical tissue. The biochemical markers were significantly altered in the brain tissue of OVX rats. HCA supplementation significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and increased GSH, Gpx, SOD, catalase, and thiol levels in PTZ-treated OVX rats. Rats with an ovariectomy showed a significant protective effect against PTZ through elevation of the latency of generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS). HCA substantially increased minimal clonic seizure and GTCS latency in the OVX-PTZ and sham-PTZ groups. In summary, our experimental data indicate that combined supplementation of HCA substantially increased anticonvulsant activity. Moreover, combined HCA supplementation reduced oxidative damage by decreasing lipid peroxidation and increasing antioxidant levels in the brain of a PTZ-induced seizure rodent model.
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Furst T, Massaro A, Miller C, Williams BT, LaMacchia ZM, Horvath PJ. β-Alanine supplementation increased physical performance and improved executive function following endurance exercise in middle aged individuals. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:32. [PMID: 29996843 PMCID: PMC6042354 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sarcopenia, a reduction in muscle mass and function seen in aging populations, may be countered by improving systemic carnosine stores via beta-Alanine (β-alanine) supplementation. Increasing systemic carnosine levels may result in enhanced anti-oxidant, neuro-protective and pH buffering capabilities. This enhancement should result in improved exercise capacity and executive function. Methods Twelve healthy adults (average age = 60.5 ± 8.6 yrs, weight = 81.5 ± 12.6 kg) were randomized and given either 2.4 g/d of β-alanine (BA) or Placebo (PL) for 28 days. Exercise capacity was tested via bouts on a cycle ergometer at 70% VO2 peak. Executive function was measured by Stroop Tests 5 min before exercise (T1), immediately before exercise (T2), immediately following fatigue (T3), and 5 min after fatigue (T4). Lactate measures were taken pre/post exercise. Heart rate, Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and VO2 were recorded throughout exercise testing. Results PRE average time-to-exhaustion (TTE) for the PL and BA group were not significantly different (Mean ± SD; 9.4 ± 1.4mins vs 11.1 ± 2.4mins, respectively, P = 0.7). POST BA supplemented subjects cycled significantly longer than PRE (14.6 ± 3.8mins vs 11.1 ± 2.4mins, respectively, P = 0.04) while those given PL did not (8.7 ± 2.4mins vs 9.4 ± 1.4mins, respectively, P = 0.7). PL subjects were slower in completing the Stroop test POST at T4 compared to T3 (T3 = − 13.3 ± 8.6% vs T4 = 2.1 ± 8.3%, P = 0.04), while the BA group (T3 = − 9.2 ± 6.4% vs T4 = − 2.5 ± 3.5%, P = 0.5) was not. POST lactate production expressed a trend when comparing treatments, as the BA group produced 2.4 ± 2.6 mmol/L more lactate than the PL group (P = 0.06). Within group lactate production for BA (P = 0.4) and PL (P = 0.5), RPE (P = 0.9) and heart rate (P = 0.7) did not differ with supplementation. Conclusion BA supplementation increased exercise capacity and eliminated endurance exercise induced declines in executive function seen after recovery. Increased POST TTE coupled with similar PRE vs POST lactate production indicates an improvement in the ability of BA to extend exercise durations. Furthermore, by countering endurance exercise’s accompanying deficits in executive function, the aging population can maintain benefits from exercise with improved safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Furst
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA.
| | - Alyssa Massaro
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
| | - Courtney Miller
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
| | - Brian T Williams
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
| | - Zach M LaMacchia
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
| | - Peter J Horvath
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Giannini Artioli
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Craig Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rebecca Louise Jones
- School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK
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Lancha Junior AH, Painelli VDS, Saunders B, Artioli GG. Nutritional Strategies to Modulate Intracellular and Extracellular Buffering Capacity During High-Intensity Exercise. Sports Med 2016; 45 Suppl 1:S71-81. [PMID: 26553493 PMCID: PMC4672007 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Intramuscular acidosis is a contributing factor to fatigue during high-intensity exercise. Many nutritional strategies aiming to increase intra- and extracellular buffering capacity have been investigated. Among these, supplementation of beta-alanine (~3–6.4 g/day for 4 weeks or longer), the rate-limiting factor to the intramuscular synthesis of carnosine (i.e. an intracellular buffer), has been shown to result in positive effects on exercise performance in which acidosis is a contributing factor to fatigue. Furthermore, sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate and sodium/calcium lactate supplementation have been employed in an attempt to increase the extracellular buffering capacity. Although all attempts have increased blood bicarbonate concentrations, evidence indicates that sodium bicarbonate (0.3 g/kg body mass) is the most effective in improving high-intensity exercise performance. The evidence supporting the ergogenic effects of sodium citrate and lactate remain weak. These nutritional strategies are not without side effects, as gastrointestinal distress is often associated with the effective doses of sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate and calcium lactate. Similarly, paresthesia (i.e. tingling sensation of the skin) is currently the only known side effect associated with beta-alanine supplementation, and it is caused by the acute elevation in plasma beta-alanine concentration after a single dose of beta-alanine. Finally, the co-supplementation of beta-alanine and sodium bicarbonate may result in additive ergogenic gains during high-intensity exercise, although studies are required to investigate this combination in a wide range of sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Herbert Lancha Junior
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Mello de Moraes, 65 Butanta, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil.
| | - Vitor de Salles Painelli
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Mello de Moraes, 65 Butanta, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Mello de Moraes, 65 Butanta, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Giannini Artioli
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Mello de Moraes, 65 Butanta, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
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27
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Trexler ET, Smith-Ryan AE, Stout JR, Hoffman JR, Wilborn CD, Sale C, Kreider RB, Jäger R, Earnest CP, Bannock L, Campbell B, Kalman D, Ziegenfuss TN, Antonio J. International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-Alanine. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2015; 12:30. [PMID: 26175657 PMCID: PMC4501114 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-015-0090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) provides an objective and critical review of the mechanisms and use of beta-alanine supplementation. Based on the current available literature, the conclusions of the ISSN are as follows: 1) Four weeks of beta-alanine supplementation (4-6 g daily) significantly augments muscle carnosine concentrations, thereby acting as an intracellular pH buffer; 2) Beta-alanine supplementation currently appears to be safe in healthy populations at recommended doses; 3) The only reported side effect is paraesthesia (tingling), but studies indicate this can be attenuated by using divided lower doses (1.6 g) or using a sustained-release formula; 4) Daily supplementation with 4 to 6 g of beta-alanine for at least 2 to 4 weeks has been shown to improve exercise performance, with more pronounced effects in open end-point tasks/time trials lasting 1 to 4 min in duration; 5) Beta-alanine attenuates neuromuscular fatigue, particularly in older subjects, and preliminary evidence indicates that beta-alanine may improve tactical performance; 6) Combining beta-alanine with other single or multi-ingredient supplements may be advantageous when supplementation of beta-alanine is high enough (4-6 g daily) and long enough (minimum 4 weeks); 7) More research is needed to determine the effects of beta-alanine on strength, endurance performance beyond 25 min in duration, and other health-related benefits associated with carnosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Trexler
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Jay R Hoffman
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Colin D Wilborn
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX USA
| | - Craig Sale
- Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | - Ralf Jäger
- Increnovo LLC, 2138 E Lafayette Pl, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Conrad P Earnest
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA.,Nutrabolt International, Bryan, TX USA
| | | | - Bill Campbell
- Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Douglas Kalman
- Department of Nutrition & Endocrinology, Miami Research Associates, QPS-MRA, Miami, FL USA
| | - Tim N Ziegenfuss
- The Center for Applied Health Sciences, 4302 Allen Rd, STE 120 Stow, OH USA
| | - Jose Antonio
- Exercise and Sports Science, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL USA
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